NOCKHARDY

K
CHLORINE - Reactions
Water
strong acid

NOTES
GROUP VII
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
bleaches by oxidation

THE HALOGENS
A
Cold alkali

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY
G L AN CE

AT

2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) > NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)

SIMILARITIES within the Group

Examples of DISPROPORTIONATION

Non-metals Form negative ions

Similar electronic configuration ... ns2 np5 Diatomic covalent molecules

TRENDS down the Group

SILVER NITRATE Ion Ppt

Boiling point Electronegativity Oxidising power Formula

INCREASES - Increased Van der Waals forces DECREASES - Increased shielding and radius DECREASES - Increased shielding and radius

TESTING FOR HALIDES

dil. NH3 conc. NH3

OXIDISING ABILITY - DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS Cl2 + 2Br > Br2 + 2Cl Cl2 + 2I Br2 + 2I > I2 + 2Br > I2 + 2Cl

Cl Br I

white cream yellow

AgCl AgBr AgI

soluble insoluble insoluble

soluble insoluble

chlorine oxidises bromide ions to bromine

chlorine oxidises iodide ions to iodine

CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID Halide Observation(s) Product NaCl NaBr misty fumes misty fumes brown vapour colourless gas NaI HCl HBr Br2 SO2

O.S. -1 -1 0 +4

Reaction type Displacement of Cl Displacement of Br Oxidation of Br Reduction of H2SO4

bromine oxidises iodide ions to iodine

REDUCING ABILITY

Trend Reason

F < Cl < Br < I Easier to remove electrons from larger ions

HYDROGEN HALIDES HBr -69C

At RTP all are colourless gases, EXCEPT HF is a colourless liquid HI -35C

B.Pt

HF 20C

HCl -85C

misty fumes purple vapour colourless gas yellow solid bad egg smell

HI I2 SO2 S H2S

-1 0 +4 0 -2

Displacement of Cl Oxidation of I Reduction of H2SO4

J. L. HOPTON 1998

HF value is much higher than expected (hydrogen bonding)