HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT

TRUYN S LIU
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT TRUYN S LIU

Bin son :

THS. PHM NGC NH

LI NI U
K thut truyn s liu l mt mng kin thc khng th thiu i vi sinh vin chuyn ngnh in t vin thng v cng ngh thng tin. y l nn tng nghin cu chuyn su trong chuyn ngnh ny. Mc d mang m gii php cho dch v s liu, nhng k thut truyn s liu ngy nay li l xut pht im cho a dch v mt xu th tt yu trong mng vin thng v mng my tnh hin i. Chng ta u bit rng khng c kin thc c s vng vng s khng c pht trin ng dng v vy ti liu ny s gip cho sinh vin trang b cho mnh nhng kin thc cn bn nht, thit thc nht. Cun sch ny khng ch hu ch i vi sinh vin ngnh vin thng v cng ngh thng tin, m cn cn thit cho c cc cn b k thut ang theo hc cc lp b tc hon thin kin thc ca mnh. Ti liu gm 5 chng c sp xp theo th t nhng ch t mc vt l n giao thc. Chng 1 MNG TRUYN S LIU V S CHUN HA Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau: Thng tin v truyn thng : mt vn ang c x hi quan tm trong nn kinh t mi nn kinh t thng tin , nn kinh t tr thc, nn kinh t hc hi, nn kinh t s Ci nhn tng qut v mng s liu T chc v mng mng truyn s liu hin i , Cc k thut c dng truyn s liu Nhng vn cn bn trong chun ha v m hnh tham chiu ca mng Chng 2 GIAO TIP VT L V MI TRNG TRUYN D LIU Chng ny bao gm nhng ni dung : Cc loi tn hiu : S suy gim v bin dng tn hiu Mi trng truyn dn Chun giao tip vt l Chng 3 GIAO TIP KT NI S LIU Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh nh sau: Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu. Thng tin ni tip khng ng b Thng tin ni tip ng b Mch iu khin truyn s liu Cc thit b iu khin

Chng 4 CC GIAO THC IU KHIN LIN KT S LIU. Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau: Tng quan v iu khin lin kt d liu Cc mi trng ng dng Cc giao thc thin hng k t Cc giao thc thin hng bit Chng 5 X L S LIU TRUYN Chng ny coc cc ni dung nh sau: M ha s liu mc vt l Pht hin li v sa sai Mt m ha s liu Nn s liu K thut truyn s liu trong mng my tnh cc b

Trong khi bin son mc d c nhiu c gng nhng cng khng trnh khi thiu st. Chng ti mong bn c xa gn ng gp kin nhy cng hon thin hn. H Ni, thng 6 nm 2007 Tc gi

CHNG 1 MNG TRUYN S LIU V S CHUN HA

I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau: Thng tin v truyn thng : mt vn ang c x hi quan tm trong nn kinh t mi nn kinh t thng tin , nn kinh t tr thc, nn kinh t hc hi, nn kinh t s Ci nhn tng qut v mng s liu T chc v mng mng truyn s liu hin i , Cc k thut c dng truyn s liu Nhng vn cn bn trong chun ha v m hnh tham chiu ca mng

Mc ch : gip sinh vin thy r vai tr ca truyn thng d liu ng vai tr quan trng trong cuc sng ca con ngi trong th gii vn minh hin i. Nhng khi nim ban u nhng ht sc cn thit trong lnh vc thng tin nh cc dng thng tin. Phn bit mt cch chnh xc gia thng tin v tn hiu, gia cng ch bin tn hiu cho ph hp vi mc ch v ph hp vi ng truyn vt l, s ha cc dng tn hiu, X l cc dng tn hiu s. Hiu bit mt cch tng qut v mng s liu t chc truyn i trong mng sao cho c hiu qu nht, bit mt cch su sc s kt hp gia phn cng, cc giao thc truyn thng cc thut ton to ra cc h thng truyn s liu hin i Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh gi kin thc ca mnh theo cc vn chnh sau :
Tin tc v tn hiu c hiu nh th no ? M hnh tng qut ca mt h thng truyn s liu S kt hp gia cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng to ra h thng truyn s liu hin i v m hnh h thng truyn s liu hin i c trnh by nh th no ? Cc k thut c ng dng truyn s liu trn mng s liu hin i c chun ha nh th no

II. NI DUNG 1.1. THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

Thng tin lin lc ng vai tr ht sc quang trng trong cuc sng, hu ht chng ta lun gn lin vi mt vi dng thng tin no . Cc dng trao i tin c th nh: m thoi ngi vi ngi, c sch, gi v nhn th, ni chuyn qua in thoi, xem phim hay truyn hnh, xem trin lm tranh , tham d din n . . . C hng nghn v d khc nhau v thng tin lin lc, trong gia cng ch bin truyn i trong thng tin s liu l mt phn c bit trong lnh vc thng tin.

My tnh A Thng tin user - n - user

My tnh B

AP
Thng tin My tnh - n my tnh

AP

H thng phc v truyn tin

H thng phc v truyn tin

Thng tin my tnhn mng

Mng truyn s liu AP = Applicayion process : Qu trnh ng dng Hnh 1.1. Mt h thng thng tin c bn T cc v d trn chng ta nhn thy rng mi h thng truyn tin u c cc c trng ring nhng c mt s c tnh chung cho tt c cc h thng. c trng chung c tnh nguyn l l tt c cc h thng truyn tin u nhm mc ch chuyn ti thng tin t im ny n im khc.Trong cc h thng truyn s liu, thng gi thng tin l d liu hay thng ip.Thng ip c nhiu dng khc nhau, truyn thng ip t mt im ny n im khc cn phi c s tham gia ca 3 thnh phn ca h thng: ngun tin l ni pht sinh v chuyn thng ip ln mi trng truyn, mi trng l phng tin mang thng ip ti ch thu. Cc phn t ny l yu cu ti thiu trong bt c qu trnh truyn tin no. Nu mt trong cc thnh phn ny khng tn ti , truyn tin khng th xy ra . Mt h thng truyn tin thng thng c miu t trn hnh. Cc thnh phn c bn c th xut hin di dng khc nhau tu thuc vo h thng. Khi xy dng cc thnh phn ca mt h thng truyn tin, cn phi xc nh mt s cc yu t lin quan n phm cht hot ng ca n. truyn tin hiu qu cc ch phi hiu c thng ip. Ni thu nhn thng ip phi c kh nng dch thng ip mt cch chnh xc. iu ny l hin nhin bi v trong giao tip hng ngy nu chng ta dng mt t m ngi ta khng th hiu th hiu qu thng tin khng t yu cu .Tng t, nu my tnh mong mun thng tin n vi tc ch nh v mt dng m no nhng thng tin li n vi tc khc v vi dng m khc th r rng khng th t c hiu qu truyn. Cc c trng ton cc ca mt h thng truyn c xc nh v b gii hn bi cc thuc tnh ring ca ngun tin, ca mi trng truyn v ch thu. Nhn chung, dng thng tin cn truyn quyt nh kiu ngun tin, mi trng v ch thu . Trong mt h thng truyn, hin tng nhiu c th xy ra trong tin trnh truyn v thng ip c th b ngt qung. Bt k s xm nhp khng mong mun no vo tn hiu u b gi l nhiu. C nhiu ngun nhiu v nhiu dng nhiu khc nhau.

Hiu bit c cc nguyn tc cn bn v truyn tin s gip chng ta d dng tip cn mt lnh vc c bit hp dn l thng tin s liu.Thng tin s liu lin quan n mt t hp ngun tin , mi trng v my thu trong cc kiu mng truyn s liu khc nhau.

1.2. CC DNG THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN

Tt c nhng g m con ngi mun trao i vi nhau c hiu l thng tin nhng thng tin nguyn thu ny c gia cng ch bin truyn i trong khng gian c hiu l tn hiu. Tu theo vic s dng ng truyn, tn hiu c th tm chia tn hiu thnh hai dng : tn hiu in-t v tn hiu khng phi in t . Vic gia cng tn hiu cho ph hp vi mc ch v ph hp vi ng truyn vt l c gi l x l tn hiu Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca cng ngh tin hc to ra mt cng ngh mi v truyn s liu. My tnh vi nhng tnh nng v cng to ln tr thnh ht nhn trong vic x l thng tin, iu khin cc qu trnh truy nhp s liu, my tnh v cc h thng thng tin to thnh mt h thng truyn s liu. C 2 ngun thng tin l thng tin tng t v thng tin s . Trong ngun thng tin tng t lin tc theo s thay i ca gi tr vt l th hin thng tin vi c tnh cht lng nh ting ni, tn hiu hnh nh , cn ngun thng tin s l tn hiu gin on th hin thng tin bi nhm cc gi tr gin on xc nh c tnh cht lng bng quan h vi thi gian nh tn hiu s liu. Thng tin s c nhiu u im hn so vi thng tin tng t nh : thng tin s c nhiu kh nng chng nhiu tt hn v n c cc b lp ti to li tn hiu, cung cp cht lng truyn dn tt hn vi cc khong cch, n kt hp c mi ngun dch v hin ang c, n to ra c mt t hp truyn dn s v tng i s. Nhng phn t bn dn dng trong truyn dn s l nhng mch t hp n c sn xut hng lot, v mng lin lc tr thnh mng thng minh v d chuyn i tc cho cc loi dch v khc nhau thay i th tc, x l tn hiu s (DSP) chuyn i phng tin truyn dn ... H thng thng tin s cho php thng tin iu khin c ci t vo v tch dng thng tin thc hin mt cch c lp vi vi bn cht ca phng tin truyn tin ( cp ng trc, cp si quang, vi ba, v tinh..),. V vy thit b bo hiu c th thit k ring bit vi h thng truyn dn. Chc nng iu khin c th thay i m khng ph thuc vo h thng truyn dn, ngc li h thng c th nng cp khng nh hng ti cc chc nng iu khin c 2 u ca ng truyn

1.3 KHI QUT MNG TRUYN S LIU

Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca k thut v cng ngh to ra mt bc tin di trong lnh vc truyn s liu. S kt hp gia phn cng, cc giao thc truyn thng cc thut ton to ra cc h thng truyn s liu hin di, nhng k thut c s vn c dng nhng chng c x l tinh vi hn. V c bn mt h thng truyn s liu hin i m t nh hnh 1..2. :

Giao tip DTE - DCE

Giao tip DTE - DCE

DTE

DCE

Knh truyn tin

DCE

DTE

H thng truyn ( nhn) tin

H thng nhn ( truyn ) tin

Hnh 1.2 M hnh mng truyn s liu hin i a). DTE ( Data Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui d liu) y l thit b lu tr v x l thng tin. Trong h thng truyn s liu hin i thi DTE thng l my tnh hoc my Fax hoc l trm cui ( terminal). Nh vy tt c cc ng dng ca ngi s dng ( chng trnh, d liu ) u nm trong DTE Chc nng ca DTE thng lu tr cc phn mm ng dng , ng gi d liu ri gi ra DCE hoc nhn gi d liu t DCE theo mt giao thc ( protocol) xc nh DTE trao i vi DCE thng qua mt chun giao tip no . Nh vy mng truyn s liu chnh l ni cc DTE li cho php chng ta phn chia ti nguyn , trao i d liu v lu tr thng tin dng chung b). DCE (Data Circuit terminal Equipment- Thit b cui knh d liu ) y l thut ng dng ch cc thit b dng ni cc DTE vi cc ng ( mng) truyn thng n c th l mt Modem, Multiplexer, Card mng...hoc mt thit b s no nh mt my tnh no trong trng hp my tnh l mt nt mng v DTE c ni vi mng qua nt mng . DCE c th c ci t bn trong DTE hoc ng ring nh mt thit b c lp. Trong thit b DCE thng c cc phn mm c ghi vo b nh ROM phn mm v phn cng kt hp vi nhau thc hin nhim v ca n vn l chuyn i tn hiu biu din d liu ca ngi dng thnh dng chp nhn c bi ng truyn. Gia 2 thit b DTE vic trao i d liu phi tun th theo chun, d liu phi gi theo mt Format xc nh. Th d nh chun trao i d liu tng 2 ca m hnh 7 lp l HDLC ( High level Data Link Control) Trong my Fax th giao tip gia DTE v DCE thit k v c tch hp vo trong mt thit b, phn mm iu khin c ci t trong ROM.

c). Knh truyn tin Knh truyn tin l mi trng m trn 2 thit b DTE trao i d liu vi nhau trong phin lm vic

DTE

C Cp ng trc

E Cp si quang

DTE

Modem

Transducerr
Hnh 1.3. Knh thng tin

Trong mi trng thc ny 2 h thng c ni vi nhau bng mt on cp ng trc v mt on cp si quang, modem C chuyn i tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t truyn trong cp ng trc modem D li chuyn tn hiu thnh tn hiu s v qua Tranducer E chuyn i t tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang truyn trn cp si quang cui cng Tranducer F li chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in ti DTE

1.4. MNG TRUYN S LIU

Mng truyn s liu bao gm hai hay nhiu h thng truyn ( nhn ) tin nh hnh 1..2.c ghp ni vi nhau theo nhiu hnh thc nh phn cp hoc phn chia thnh cc trung tm x l trao i tin vi cc chc nng ring ... Mng truyn s liu l mt h thng nhm ni cc my tnh li vi nhau, s thng tin gia chng c thc hin bi cc giao thc c chun ho, c ngha cc phn mm trong cc my tnh khc nhau c th cng nhau gii quyt mt cng vic hoc trao i thng tin vi nhau. Cc ng dng tin hc ngy cng rng ri do y cc hng ng dng mng x l s liu, mng u ni c th c cu trc tuyn tnh cu trc vng cu trc hnh sao... Cu trc mng phi c kh nng tip nhn cc c th khc nhau ca cc n v tc l mng phi c tnh a nng , tnh tng thch Mng s liu c thit k nhm mc ch c th ni nhiu thit b u cui vi nhau . truyn s liu ta c th dng mng in thoi hoc dng ng truyn ring c tc cao . Dch v truyn s lu trn knh thoi l mt trong cc dch v u tin ca vic truyn s liu. Trn mng ny c th c nhiu my tnh cng chng loi hoc khc loi c ghp ni li vi nhau, khi cn gii quyt nhng vn phn chia ti nguyn . cc my tnh cc u cui c th lm vic c vi nhau cn phi c cng mt protocol nht nh . Dng thc ca phng tin truyn s liu c qui nh bi bn cht t nhin ca ng dng, bi s lng my tnh lin quan v khong cch vt l gia chng. Cc dng truyn s liu trn cc dng sau: a) Nu ch c hai my tnh v c hai u t mt vn phng, th phng tin truyn s liu c th ch gm mt lin kt im ni n gin.Tuy nhin, nu chng to lc nhng v tr khc nhau trong mt thnh ph hay mt quc gia th phi cn n cc phng tin truyn ti cng

cng.. Mng in thoi cng cng c dng nhiu nht, trong trng hp ny s cn n b thch nghi gi l Modem. Sp xp truyn theo dng ny c trnh by trn hnh1.4

AP

AP

H thng phc v Truyn tin

H thng phc v Truyn tin

PSTN

Modem

Modem

Hnh 1.4 Truyn s liu ni qua mng in thoi cng cng dng modem b) Khi cn nhiu my tnh trong mt ng dng, mt mng chuyn mch s c dng cho php tt c cc my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau vo bt c thi im no. Nu tt c my tnh u nm trong mt to nh , c th xy dng mt mng ring .Mt mng nh vy c xem nh mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) .Nhiu chun mng LAN v cc thit b lin kt c to ra cho cc ng dng thc t . Hai h thng mng Lan c bn c trnh by trn hnh 1.5. Khi my tnh c t nhiu ni cch xa nhau cn lin lc vi nhau, phi dng n cc phng tin cng cng .Vic lin kt my tnh ny to nn mt mng rng ln, c gi l mng din rng WAN (Wide Area Network). Kiu mng WAN c dng ph thuc vo tng ng dng t nhin . My tnh A My tnh B

AP

AP

H thng phc v Truyn tin

H thng phc v Truyn tin

Hnh 1.5. Cc h thng LAN c bn ( lin kt LAN qua backbone trong mt vn phng ) V d nu tt c cc my tnh u thuc v mt cng ty v c yu cu truyn mt s lng d liu quan trng gia cc im , th gii php n gin nht cho vn l thu cc ng truyn t nh cung cp phng tin truyn dn v xy dng h thng chuyn mch ring ti mt Im to thnh mng t nhn .

Cc gii php thu knh ch hiu qu i vi cc cng ty ln v c ti hu ch cn i vi gi thu knh. Trong hu ht cc trng hp khc u cn n cc mng truyn dn cng cng . Bn cnh vic cung cp dch v in thoi cng cng, ngy nay hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v truyn dn u cung cp mt dch v chuyn mch s liu mang tnh cng cng. Tht ra cc mng ny tng t nh mng PSTN l c lin kt quc t, ch khc ch c thit k chuyn cho truyn s liu . Nh vy cc ng dng lin quan n my tnh c phc v bi mng s liu chuyn mch cng cng PSDN. Ngoi ra cn c th chuyn i cc mng PSTN c sn sao cho c th truyn c s liu m khng cn dng modem.Cc mng ny hot ng trong ch s (digital) hon ton c gi l mng s lin kt a dch v ISDN

1.4.1. Phn loi mng truyn s liu

Mng truyn s liu a dng v chng loi cng nh v s lng , c nhiu cch phn chia mng s liu a). Phn loi theo a l Mng ni b Mng din rng Mng ton cu b). Phn loi theo tnh cht s dng mng Mng truyn s liu k sinh Mng truyn s liu chuyn dng c). Phn loi theo topo mng Mng tuyn tnh Mng hnh sao Mng vng d). Phn loi theo k thut Mng chuyn mch knh Mng chuyn mch gi Mng chuyn mch thng bo 1.4.2. K thut chuyn mch gia cc node trong mng thc hin vic lin lc gi cc thu bao ngi ta to ra mng lin lc vi cc NODE. Cc thu bao c ni n cc node . cc thu bao c ni vo mng thng qua cc Node. S lng cc node ph thuc vo ln ca mng, nh vy mi thu bao ch cn mt cng I/O. Mi mng bao gm cc Node , cc node c ni vi nhau , s liu s truyn t ngi gi n ngi nhn theo con ng thng qua mng, cc Node c ni vi nhau theo hng truyn, s liu c nh ng t Node ny sang node ny sang node khc.

1.4.2.1. K thut chuyn mch knh Lin lc thng qua chuyn mch knh c trng bi vic cung cp cc ng ni c nh gia 2 thu bao. S lin lc qua mng chuyn mch knh bao gm 3 giai on : xc lp, truyn s liu v gii phng mch
a) Xc lp mch Trc khi c th truyn s liu , ng truyn cn c thit lp, T thu bao truy nhp vo mt node , node ny cn phi tm cc nhnh i qua mt s node khc n c thu bao b gi vic tm kim ny da vo cc thng tin v tm ng v cc thng s khc, cui cng khi 2 node thuc thu bao gi v b gi c ni vi nhau n cn kim tra xem node thuc thu bao b gi c bn khng. Nh vy l con ng ni t thu bao gi n thu bao b gi c thit lp

b) Truyn s liu Thng tin bt u truyn t im A n im E c th trong dng s hoc tng t qua im ni mch bn trong mi node, s ni mch cho php truyn 2 chiu ton phn v d liu c th truyn 2 chiu. c) Gii phng mch Sau khi hon thnh s truyn, c tn hiu bo ca thu bao gi (A) hoc b gi (E) bo cho cc node trung gian gii phng s ni mch, ng ni t A n E khng cn na. ng ni c thit lp trc khi truyn d liu nh vy dung lng cc knh cn phi d tr cho mi cp thu bao v mi node cng phi c lng chuyn mch tng ng bn trong bo m bo c s yu cu ni mch. Trong b chuyn mch s lng knh ni phi bo m bo sut c qu trnh yu cu ni cho d c hay khng c d liu truyn qua. Tuy nhin khi ng ni gia 2 thu bao c ni th d liu c truyn trn mt ng c nh.

1.4.2.2. K thut chuyn mch thng bo Chuyn mch knh c 2 nhc im:
2 thu bao cn phi hot ng trong cng thi gian truyn Nhng ngun cung cp cng phi n nh v cung cp qua mng gia 2 thu bao Hin nay nhng bc in bo, th in t, Files ca my tnh c gi l nhng thng bo v n c truyn qua mng nh s trao i nhng d liu s c trao i 2 chiu gia cc thu bao . Mt trong nhng loi mch phc v s trao i thng tin c gi l chuyn mch thng bo . Vi chuyn mch thng bo khng tn ti s thit lp v cung cp l trnh c nh gia 2 thu bao, mi thu bao mun truyn mt thng bo, n s gn a ch ca ngi nhn vo thng bo. Thng bo s c chuyn qua mng t node ny qua node khc.Ti mi node thng bo c nhn tm gi v chuyn sang node khc . cc node thng thng l nhng my tnh n gi thng bo b m. Thi gian tr mi b m bao gm c thi gian nhn thng bo vo node v thi gian xp hng ch n lt mnh c chuyn n node sau . H thng chuyn mch thng bo l h thng lun gi v chuyn tip.

1.4.2.3.Chuyn mch gi Chuyn mch gi gn ging chuyn mch thng bo . Ch khc nhau c bn l di ca mt khi d liu a vo mng c ch thnh cc gi v c gi i ti tng thi im, mi gi bao gm d liu cng vi a ch v cc thng s cn thit, cc gi khng phi l file .
Trong mng chuyn mch gi c 2 cch truyn gi c dng : Datagram v Virtual Circuit 1. DATAGRAM : cc gi l c lp ging nh trong chuyn mch thng bo, cc thng bo c lp nhau. Cch truyn nh vy, mi gi c lp ng i c th khng ging nhau gi l DATAGRAM ( DG) 2. MCH O ( Virtual Circuit ) : Trong mch o s ni logic mch c thit lp trc khi truyn mi gi, mi gi by gi gm c nhn dng VC v d liu. Mi Node vi con ng nh bit c cn phi truyn gi trc tip n u khng cn phi tm ng na. Mt trong 2 trm s chm dt kt ni bng cch truyn gi CLEAR REQUEST

10

Cng mt thi gian mt trm c th c nhiu VC n mt trm khc v c th c nhiu VC n nhiu trm khc. Nh vy tnh cht c bn ca VC l ng ni logic gia 2 trm c thit lp trc khi truyn d liu , iu khng c ngha l c mt con ng c th nh trong chuyn mch knh. Gi c gi mt node v sp hng c a ra trn ng ni. Ch khc vi DATAGRAM l trong VC NODE khng cn tm ng cho mi gi m n ch lm mt ln cho mt ln ni. Ch : Nu mt Node b h tt c cc VC qua Node u b, cn vi DG nu node b h th gi tm con ng khc. Nhng iu chnh yu ca mng chuyn mch gi l :

Routing : Chc nng u tin ca PS l nhn nhng gi t trm ngun v cung cp n n ngi nhn, hon thnh vic , mt hoc nhiu con ng thng qua mng c chn, thng thng kh nng cho php nhiu hn 1. iu c ngha l con ng c chn cn phi m bo mt s yu cu cn thit trong chc nng ng truyn nh chnh xc , n gin, n nh hp l ti u
S chn ng da vo tiu chun n gin l chn ng ngn nht ( mt ng vi node t nht ) thng qua mng. Thc t l ngi ta thng dng cc con ng c thi gian i l nh nht, Nhng khng phi khi no con ng i c thi gian nh nht cng l con ng ngn nht. Gi tr nh nht bao gm cho tng ng v ng thng qua mng bao gm tch lu gi tr b nht ca cc ng thnh phn, Nhng im cn quyt nh khi la chn gm: S quyt nh v thi gian S quyt nh v v tr Routing phn tn Routinh tp trung Mt trong nhng cch tm ng n gin l tm ng c nh. Trong trng hp , mt con ng c xc nh cho mt cp ngun. Mt th mc tm ng ti trung tm c to nn. th mc cho ta Node ngun Node ch v node ln cn phi qua. Th mc c lu li b iu khin trung tm mng. Mt k thut tm ng n gin khc l tm ng ng, K thut ny khng yu cu bt k thng tin no ca mng v n lm vic nh sau : Gi gi t mt ngun n mi Node ln cn. ti mi node n, gi va mi n li chuyn i trn trn mi ng ra, ngoi ng n n, v c tip tc nh vy Trafic control : gi tr lu lng trong mng cn phi iu ho tng hiu sut v n nh cng sut. cc phn t ca Traffic control..Traffic control c 4 loi vi mc ch khc nhau : Flow control, Congestion control, Deadlock control.

Flow control lin quan n vic iu chnh lu lng ca d liu truyn gia 2 im, c s ca Flow control l cho php b thu vi lu lng sao cho khng b trn .
in hnh ca Flow control l thc hin vi mt s loi k thut nh ca s trt

Congestion control l kim tra s nghn mc ch l nm c s ca packet c a vo mng theo mc . Mng chuyn mch gi l l mt mng xp hng ti mi Node, cc gi c xp hng da ra theo mt ng ra no , nu nh s lng cc gi n xp 11

hng nhiu hn nhiu hn lng cc gi c th truyn th ln ca hng cng phnh ra, cn nu nh lng cc gi n ( tc ) t hn lng gi i th vn d xp hng khng xy ra v tc n bng tc truyn i. Trn mi ng c cc gi n hoc i. Ta c th gi thit rng c 2 buffer cho mi ng 1 dnh cho cc gi n v 1 dnh cho gi xp hng chuyn i. Trong trng hp, gi n n c lu li b nh m n ca ng dy tng ng, Node kim tra gi n v quyt nh ng i v chuyn gi n buffer ra thch hp. gi c xp hng ch a ra vi kh nng nhanh nht, Nu nh gi n qu nhanh so vi hot ng ca Node hoc qu nhanh so vi vic xo trong b nh m ra th ng nhin gi s n m khng c gi li v lm cho ng truyn b nghn.

Deadlock control Mt Node khng chp nhn chuyn tip cc gi v n khng c buffer
dng

Error control chc nng cui cng ca chuyn mch gi l kim tra sai c nhiu nguyn nhn dn n sai, mt gi trong chuyn mch gi l : ng ni h, Node h, Trm thu nhn h

1.5. CHUN HO V M HNH THAM CHIU OSI

1.5.1. Kin trc phn tng
gim phc tp khi thit k v ci t mng mng s liu c thit k theo quan im kin trc 7 tng nguyn tc l : mi h thng trong mt mng u c s lng tng l 7 chc nng ca mi tng l nh nhau , xc nh giao din gia 2 tng k nhau v giao thc gia 2 tng ng mc ca 2 h thng kt ni vi nhau . Trn thc t d liu khng c truyn trc tip t tng th i ca h thng ny sang tng th i ca h thng kia ( tr tng thp nht trc tip s dng ng truyn vt l ) . T h thng gi truyn sang h thng nhn theo quy trnh nh sau : D liu t tng i ca h thng gi s i t tng trn xung tng di v tip tc n tng di cng tng vt l qua ng truyn vt l chuyn n h thng nhn v d liu s i ngc ln cc tng trn n tng ng mc th i. Nh vy 2 h thng kt ni vi nhau ch c tng vt l mi c kt ni vt l cn cc tng khc ch c kt ni logic

1.5.2. M hnh tham chiu

M hnh OSI c hnh thnh vo nm 1974 bi hi ng cc tiu chun c bit nh t chc cc tiu chun quc t (ISO). M hnh ny, nh l m hnh lin kt cc h thng m, hoc m hnh OSI, phn chia h thng thng tin thnh 7 lp. Mi lp thc hin mt chc nng ring bit nh mt phn cng vic cho php cc chng trnh ng dng trn cc h thng khc lin lc, nu nh chng ang hot ng trn cng mt h thng. M hnh OSI l mt m hnh kin trc c bn. M hnh khng dnh ring cho phn mm hoc phn cng no. OSI miu t cc chc nng ca mi lp nhng khng cung cp phn mm hoc thit k phn cng phc v cho m hnh ny. Mc ch sau cng ca m hnh l cho kh nng hot ng tng lai ca nhiu thit b truyn thng. Mt thit b truyn thng c th c thit k da trn m hnh ny. Thng qua vic cp nhiu ln bi cc qui nh ca LAN, c mt s d liu v thng tin thoi c thit k theo m hnh OSI.

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C 7 v ch 7 lp to ln m hnh ny (Vic qui nh cc mc v cc lp c th c s dng, hnh 1.6 m t cc lp theo trnh t t di ln trn; Lp vt l (physical layer), lp lin kt d liu Data link layer), lp mng (Network layer), lp vn chuyn (Transport layer), lp tp hp (Session layer), lp trnh by (presentation) v lp ng dng (application layer). Mi lp c mt mc ch ring v c chc nng c lp ca chng.

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Hnh 1.6.. M hnh OSI

ng dng Trnh by Phin Vn chuyn Mng Lin kt d liu Vt L

Physical layer: Lp ny nh ngha cc phng php s dng truyn v thu d liu trn mng, n bao gm: cp, cc thit b c s dng kt ni b giao tip mng ca trm ti cp. Tn hiu lin quan ti d liu truyn/thu v kh nng xc nh cc li d liu tr phng tin mng ( the cable plant). Datalink layer: lp ny ng b ho truyn dn v vn dng iu khin li vo mc khung v phc hi thng tin c th truyn trn lp vt l. Khun dng khung v CRC (kim tra vng) c thc hin ti cc lp vt l. Lp ny thc hin cc phng php truy nhp nh Ethernet v Token Ring. N lun cung cp a ch lp vt l cho khung truyn. Network layer: Lp ny iu khin vic chuyn tip cc thng bo gia cc trm. Trn c s mt s thng tin, lp ny s cho php d liu theo trnh t gia hai trm hn ch cho c hai ng logic v vt l. Lp ny cho php cc khi d liu c truyn ti cc mng khc thng qua vic s dng mt s thit b c bit nh router. Qua cc router c nh ngha ti lp ny. Transport layer: Lp ny cung cp cho truyn dn end - to - end ca d liu ( trm ngun ti trm ch). N cho php d liu c truyn mt cch tin cy, v m bo rng d liu c truyn hoc c thu khng c li, chnh xc theo trnh t. Session layer: Lp ny thit lp, duy tr v ct t lin kt gia hai trm trn mt mng. Lp ny chu trch nhim bin dch a ch tn trm. Presentation layer: Lp ny thc hin chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn d liu ca cc ng dng qua mi trng OSI. Application layer: Lp ny c s dng cho cc ng dng, l yu t thc hin trn mng. Cc ng dng nh truyn file, th in t ... Trn y l nhng g m m hnh OSI thc hin. Ngay sau khi m hnh OSI ny ra i th n c dng lm c s ni cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn. T m y ni ln kh nng hai h thng c th kt ni trao i thng tin vi nhau, nu chng tun th theo m hnh tham chin v cc chun lin quan. iu quan trng nht ca m hnh OSI l a ra cc gii php cho vn truyn thng gia cc trm khng ging nhau . Hai h thng d khc nhau nh th no u c th truyn thng vi nhau nu chng bo m nhng iu kin sau :

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Chng ci t cng mt tp cc chc nng truyn thng. Cc chc nng c t chc thnh mt tp cc tng cc tng ng mc phi cung cp cc chc nng nh nhau Cc tng ng mc phi s dng mt giao thc chung bo m bo cc iu kin trn cn phi c cc chun. Cc chun phi xc nh cc chc nng v dch v ca tng. cc chun cng phi cng xc nh cc giao thc gia cc tng ng mc . M hnh OSI 7 lp chnh l c s xy dng cc chun .

1.5.3. Phng thc hot ng

mi tng trong m hnh OSI c 2 phng thc hot ng : phng thc c lin kt (connection oriented) v phng thc khng lin kt (connectionless) Vi phng thc c lin kt trc khi truyn d liu cn thit lp mt lin lt logic gia cc thc th ng mc. nh vy qu trnh truyn thng gm 3 giai on: Thit lp lin kt logic : 2 thc th ng mc 2 h thng s thng lng vi nhau v cc thng s s s dng trong giai on sau Truyn d liu : D liu s c truyn vi c ch kim sot v qun l km theo ( nh kim sot li , kim sot lung, ct/hp d liu ) Hu b lin kt : gii phng cc ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho lin kt dng cho cc lin kt khc Mi giai on trn thng c th hin bng mt hm tng ng. Th d hm connect th hin giai on thit lp lin kt, hm Data th hin giai on truyn d liu v hm Disconnect th hin giai on hu b lin kt. Cng vi 4 hm nguyn thu trn cho mi giai on ta s c 12 th tc chnh xy dng cc dch v v cc giao thc chun theo kiu OSI. Cn i vi phng thc khng lin kt th khng cn thit lp lin kt logic v mi n v d liu c truyn c lp vi cc n v d liu trc hoc sau n. Phng thc ny ch c duy nht mt giai on truyn d liu So snh 2 phng thc hot ng trn thi phng thc c lin kt cho php truyn d liu tin cy, do c kim sot v qun l cht ch theo tng lin kt lgic, nhng ci t kh khn . Phng thc khng lin kt cho php cc PDU c th c truyn i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch, thch nghi c vi s thay i trng thi ca mng, nhng li gp phi kh khn khi tp hp li cc PDU chuyn ti ngi dng. V nguyn tc 2 tng ln cn khng nht thit phi dng chung mt phng thc hot ng.

III. PHN TM TT
Trong x hi thng tin yu cu c c thng tin mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc , v kp thi l nhu cu cn thit ca mi ngi. Trn cc phng tin truyn thng cn phi m bo phc v tt nh cu ny. Cc sinh vin sau khi hc xong chng ny s phi nm c cc ni dung chnh nh sau :

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Chuyn i thng tin thnh tn hiu, cc dng tn hiu, gia cng ch bin tn hiu, u im ni bt ca tn hiu s. Cc mng truyn thng s liu, nhng m hnh truyn thng c in v cc m hnh truyn s liu hin i. Cc khi chnh ca mng truyn s liu hin i bao gm:

Cc thit b u cui d liu. DTE ( Data Terminal Equipment) y l thit b lu tr v x l thng tin. Trong h thng truyn s liu hin i thi DTE thng l my tnh hoc my Fax hoc l trm cui ( terminal). Nh vy tt c cc ng dng ca ngi s dng ( chng trnh, d liu ) u nm trong DTE Chc nng ca DTE thng lu tr cc phn mm ng dng , ng gi d liu ri gi ra DCE hoc nhn gi d liu t DCE theo mt giao thc ( protocol) xc nh DTE trao i vi DCE thng qua mt chun giao tip no . Nh vy mng truyn s liu chnh l ni cc DTE li cho php chng ta phn chia ti nguyn, trao i d liu v lu tr thng tin dng chung Thit b cui knh d liu DCE (Data Circuit terminal Equipment-) y l thut ng dng ch cc thit b dng ni cc DTE vi cc ng ( mng) truyn thng n c th l mt Modem, Multiplexer, Card mng...hoc mt thit b s no nh mt my tnh no trong trng hp my tnh l mt nt mng v DTE c ni vi mng qua nt mng . DCE c th c ci t bn trong DTE hoc ng ring nh mt thit b c lp. Trong thit b DCE thng c cc phn mm c ghi vo b nh ROM phn mm v phn cng kt hp vi nhau thc hin nhim v ca n vn l chuyn i tn hiu biu din d liu ca ngi dng thnh dng chp nhn c bi ng truyn. Gia 2 thit b DTE vic trao i d liu phi tun th theo chun, d liu phi gi theo mt Format xc nh. Th d nh chun trao i d liu tng 2 ca m hnh 7 lp l HDLC ( High level Data Link Control) Trong my Fax th giao tip gia DTE v DCE thit k v c tch hp vo trong mt thit b, phn mm iu khin c ci t trong ROM.
Knh truyn tin Knh truyn tin l mi trng m trn 2 thit b DTE trao i d liu vi nhau trong phin lm vic ca mnh

Phn loi mng truyn s liu theo cc tiu ch : a). Phn loi theo a l b). Phn loi theo tnh cht s dng mng c). Phn loi theo topo mng d). Phn loi theo k thut K thut chuyn mch gia cc node trong mng K thut chuyn mch knh S lin lc qua mng chuyn mch knh bao gm 3 giai on :
xc lp, truyn s liu gii phng mch

K thut chuyn mch thng bo

Vi chuyn mch thng bo khng tn ti s thit lp v cung cp l trnh c nh gia 2 thu bao, gi v chuyn tip. Mi thu bao mun truyn mt thng bo, n s gn a ch ca ngi nhn vo thng bo. Thng

15

bo s c chuyn qua mng t node ny qua node khc.Ti mi node thng bo c nhn tm gi v chuyn sang node khc . cc node thng thng l nhng my tnh n gi thng bo b m. Thi gian tr mi b m bao gm c thi gian nhn thng bo vo node v thi gian xp hng ch n lt mnh c chuyn n node sau . H thng chuyn mch thng bo l h thng lun

Chuyn mch gi
Chuyn mch gi gn ging chuyn mch thng bo . Ch khc nhau c bn l di ca mt khi d liu a vo mng c ch thnh cc gi v c gi i ti tng thi im, mi gi bao gm d liu cng vi a ch v cc thng s cn thit, cc gi khng phi l file . Trong mng chuyn mch gi c 2 cch truyn gi c dng : Datagram v Virtual Circuit 1. DATAGRAM : cc gi l c lp ging nh trong chuyn mch thng bo, cc thng bo c lp nhau. Cch truyn nh vy, mi gi c lp ng i c th khng ging nhau gi l DATAGRAM ( DG) 3. MCH O ( Virtual Circuit ) : Trong mch o s ni logic mch c thit lp trc khi truyn mi gi, mi gi by gi gm c nhn dng VC v d liu. Mi Node vi con ng nh bit c cn phi truyn gi trc tip n u khng cn phi tm ng na. Mt trong 2 trm s chm dt kt ni bng cch truyn gi CLEAR REQUEST

Kin trc phn tng gim phc tp khi thit k v ci t mng mng s liu c thit k theo quan im kin trc 7 tng nguyn tc l : mi h thng trong mt mng u c s lng tng l 7 chc nng ca mi tng l nh nhau , xc nh giao din gia 2 tng k nhau v giao thc gia 2 tng ng mc ca 2 h thng kt ni vi nhau. Nh vy 2 h thng kt ni vi nhau ch c tng vt l mi c kt ni vt l cn cc tng khc ch c kt ni logic M hnh tham chiu
M hnh OSI l mt m hnh kin trc c bn. M hnh khng dnh ring cho phn mm hoc phn cng no. OSI miu t cc chc nng ca mi lp nhng khng cung cp phn mm hoc thit k phn cng phc v cho m hnh ny. Mc ch sau cng ca m hnh l cho kh nng hot ng tng lai ca nhiu thit b truyn thng.

IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 : Trong h thng truyn s liu cc khi c bn gm c A B C D 2 khi 4 Khi 5 Khi 7 Khi

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Cu 2 : truyn d liu t mt im ny n im khc cn phi c s tham gia ca A B C D Ngun tin, ch thu tin Ngun tin, Mi trng truyn tin Mi trng truyn tin C A v C

Cu 3 : c trng chung c tnh nguyn l cho tt c cc h thng truyn s liu l : A B C. D . Cc thit b dng trong h thng l ging nhau . Truyn s liu c iu khin . Truyn ti thng tin t im ny n im khc. . A v B u dng

Cu 4 : Mi trng truyn tin l A B C D . Khng gian t do . Cc phng tin vt l bt k c trn mng . L phng tin mang d liu ti ch thu . C 3 trn u ng

Cu 5: Ngun tin trong h thng truyn l ni A B C. D . To ra thng ip . Pht sinh v chuyn thng ip ln mi trng truyn H thng my pht sng . C 3 trn u sai

Cu 6 : Pht biu no sau y l ng A B C D Dng thng tin cn truyn.ph thuc mi trng truyn Dng thng tin cn truyn.ph thuc kiu ngun tin Dng thng tin cn truyn.ph thuc ch thu Dng thng tin cn truyn quyt nh kiu ngun tin, mi trng v ch thu

Cu 7 : Trong mt h thng truyn s liu, hin tng nhiu c th A Lm thng ip b ngt qung

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B. C D.

Xm nhp khng mong mun no vo tn hiu Do nhiu ngun nhiu khc nhau C 3 trn u ng

Cu 8: Thng tin s liu lin quan n A B C D Mt t hp ngun tin Mi trng truyn tin ch thu tin C 3 trn

Cu 9 :Tn hiu c truyn trn mng d liu l A B C D Tt c nhng g m con ngi mun trao i vi nhau Thng tin m con ngi mun trao i vi nhau Nhng thng tin nguyn thu c gia cng truyn i trn mng C ba trn u ng

Cu 10: X l tn hiu l .A B C D Gia cng tn hiu Ch bin tn hiu Lm cho tn hiu ph hp vi mc ch v ph hp vi ng truyn vt l C ba trn u ng

Cu 11: u im ca tn hiu s l A B C D C nhiu kh nng chng nhiu tt C th dng cc b lp ti to li tn hiu N kt hp c mi ngun dch v hin ang c C ba trn

Cu 12 : DTE v DCE l nhng thit b A B C C chc nng ging nhau nhng c tn gi khc nhau u l thit b u cui ca knh truyn u l thit b u cui d liu

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L hai thit b khc nhau

Cu 13 : Trong thit b DCE c A B C D Cc phn mm c ghi vo b nh ROM Khng c phn mm no Phn mm v phn cng kt hp vi nhau thc hin nhim v A v C l nhng ng

Cu 14 : Chc nng ca DTE A B C D Lu tr cc phn mm ng dng ng gi d liu ri gi ra DCE Nhn gi d liu t DCE C ba trn u ng

Cu 15: Nu ch c hai my tnh v c hai u t mt vn phng, th. A B C D Phng tin truyn s liu c th ch gm mt lin kt im ni n gin Phi dng modem Phi truyn qua h thng PSTN Phi truyn qua h thng ISDN

Cu 16 : Khi cn nhiu my tnh trong mt ng dng th cn phi A B C D Mt mng chuyn mch s c dng cho php tt c cc my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau vo bt c thi im no Xy dng mt mang LAN Nu tt c my tnh u nm trong mt to nh , c th xy dng mt mng ring Mt trong ba trn

Cu 17 : Mng s liu c th phn loi thnh A B C D Phn loi theo a l Phn loi theo topo mng Phn loi theo k thut C ba cch trn

19

Cu 18 : Lin lc thng qua chuyn mch knh c trng bi vic cung cp cc ng ni c nh gia 2 thu bao. S lin lc qua mng chuyn mch knh bao gm A B C D 2 giai on 3 giai on 4 giai on Tt c cc trn u sai

Cu 19: Lin lc thng qua chuyn mch knh c trng bi vic cung cp cc ng ni c nh gia 2 thu bao. S lin lc qua mng chuyn mch knh bao gm A B C D 2 giai on 4 giai on 8 giai on Tt c cc trn u sai

Cu 20 : M hnh OSI l mt m hnh kin trc c bn. A B C D Khng dnh ring cho phn mm hoc phn cng no. .M hnh ny c 5 lp Cho kh nng hot ng tng lai ca nhiu thit b truyn thng A v C l ng

V. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Michael Duck, Peter Bishop, Richard Read. Data communication, addison wesley 1996. [2]. Trung T. Cng ngh ATM - gii php cho mng vin thng bng rng 1998 [3] Nguyn hng Sn, Hong c Hi. K thut truyn s liu. Nh xut bn Lao ng 2002. [4] William Stallings, Data and computer communications, Prentice Hall, 2004.

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CHNG 2 GIAO TIP VT L V MI TRNG TRUYN D LIU

I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau: Cc loi tn hiu : S suy gim v bin dng tn hiu Mi trng truyn dn Chun giao tip vt l

Mc ch : Gip sinh vin thy r cc loi tn hiu c dng trong h thng truyn s liu hin i. Khi hai u cui kt ni vi nhau bng tc va phi c th truyn d liu bng cc dy i khng xon v cc mch giao tip n gin Khi dng mi trng truyn khc nhau cn phi chuyn i cc tn hiu in t cc DTE thnh dng tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn nh hng ca suy gim v bin dng ni chung c th lm thoi ho mt tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn S suy gim tn hiu gia tng theo mt hm ca tn s. Bng thng ch ra cc thnh phn tn s no ca tn hiu s c truyn qua knh m khng b suy gim. Mt ng truyn 2 dy khng xon l mi trng truyn dn n gin nht, Chng ta c th loi b cc tn hiu nhiu bng cch dng cp xon i,. Mc d c nhiu ci tin nhng cc loi dy cp kim loi vn b gii hn v tc truyn dn. Cp quang khc xa vi cc loi cp trc y, cp quang mang thng tin di dng cc chm dao ng ca nh trong si thu tinh. S liu cng c th truyn bng cch dng sng in t qua khng gian t do nh cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Mt chm sng vi ba trc x trn mang s liu c iu ch, c truyn n v tinh t trm mt t
Nhng khi nim v tn hiu, tc , bng thng, s suy gim tn hiu, s bin dng, can nhiu, tp m nhng nh hng ca chng trong cht lng truyn. nh hng ca mi trng truyn n cht lng truyn v nhng chun giao tip vt l quy nh nhm nng cao cht lng truyn Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh gi kin thc ca mnh theo cc vn chnh sau : Cc loi tn hiu ang c dng trong mng truyn s liu hin i S suy gim v bin dng ca tn hiu trn ng truyn ph thuc vo nhng yu t no ? Mi trng truyn s liu c phn loi nh th no ? Cc chun giao tip vt l c s dng hin nay l nhng chun g ?

II. NI DUNG 2.1 CC LOI TN HIU

Khi hai u cui kt ni vi nhau bng tc va phi c th truyn d liu bng cc dy i khng xon v cc mch giao tip n gin. Cc mch giao tip ny thay i cc mc tn hiu c dng bn trong thit b thnh mc tn hiu tng thch vi cp ni. Tuy nhin khi s khc bit gia cc u cui v tc bit gia tng cn phi dng cc k thut v mch phc tp hn. Hn na nu cc u cui nm cch xa nhau trn phm vi quc gia hay quc t v 21

khng c cc dch v truyn s liu cng cng, th ch c cch dng cc ng truyn c cung cp bi cc nh khai thc dch v in thoi v cc dch v vin thng khc. Khi dng mi trng ny cn phi chuyn i cc tn hiu in t cc DTE thnh dng tn hiu analog mang cc thng ip m thoi. Tng t khi nhn cng cn chuyn i tr v dng tn hiu ph hp vi dng tn hiu c dng bi DTE ch. 2.1.1 Tn hiu dng theo chun V.28 Cc mc tn hiu c quy nh dng cho mt s giao tip EIA/ITU-T c ch ra trong khuyn ngh v.28. Chun V.28 c xem l giao tip in khng cn bng. Cc tn hiu in p c dng trn ng dy l i xng so vi mc tham chiu gc (ground) v t nht l mc, +3vdc cho bit 0 v -3vdc cho bit 1. Trong thc t ngun cung cp cho mch giao tip c mc in th l 12vdc hay 15vdc, cc mch truyn cn chuyn mc tn hiu in p thp trong cc thit thit b sang mc in p cao ngoi ng dy. Cc mc tn hiu c dng y cao hn so vi mc ca TTL (2.0v 5.0 v l mc 1 v 0.2v 0.8v l mc 0) c tc dng chng suy gim v loi nhiu tt. 2.1.2. Tn hiu Dng 20mA
Mt dng tn hiu khc c th chn bn cnh EIA 232D/v.28 l giao tip dng 20mA tn ca giao tip ny ng rng dng tn hiu l dng in thay cho in p.Mc d khng m rng tc nhng n tng khong cch vt l gia 2 thit b thng tin. Tip cn c bn c trnh by trn hnh 2.11 .Hot ng chnh l trng thi chuyn mch c iu khin bi lung bit d liu truyn : chuyn mch ng tng ng vi bit 1 ,do cho dng 20mA qua ,v ngc li chuyn mch m cho bit 0 do khng cho dng 20mA qua.Ti u thu dng in c pht hin bi mch cm bin dng v cc tn hiu nh phn c ti to li giao tip ny loi b nhiu tt hn so vi giao tip iu khin bng in p. Ph hp vi ng dy di (n 1Km), nhng tc va phi.

2.1.3. Tn hiu dng theo chun RS-422A/V.11

Nu mun tng khong cch vt l v tc chng ta s dng RS-422A/V.11.Chun ny c bn da trn cp xon i v mch thu pht vi phn v c xem nh giao tip in cn bng. Mt mch pht vi phn to ra tn hiu sinh i bng nhau v ngc cc theo mi tn hiu nh phn 0 hay 1 khi c truyn. Tng t mch thu ch cm nhn theo hiu s gia hai tn hiu trn hai u vo ca chng nh nhiu tc ng ng thi ln c 2 dy s khng nh hng n tn hiu cn thu. Mt dn xut ca RS- 422A/V.11 v RS 423/V10 c th c dng cho cc u ra in p khng cn bng bi cc giao tip EIA-232D/V.24 vi mt b thu vi phn RS- 22A/V.11 thch hp trong trng hp dng cp xon i, truyn c ly 10m vi tc 10Mbps v 1Km vi tc 100kbps.

2.1.4 Cc tn hiu truyn trn cp ng trc

Khng nh bng thng thp sn c trong kt ni qua mng chuyn mch in thoi , bng thng hu hn trong cp ng trc c th ln n 350MHz (hay cao hn). C th dng bng tn cao ny mt trong 2 cch :

Ch bng c bn : trong tt c bng thng sn c c dng tip nhn mt knh tc cao (10Mbps hay cao hn). Ch bng rng : trong bng thng sn c c chia thnh mt s cc knh c tc nh hn trn mt cp.

22

2.1.4.1.Ch bng c bn
Trong ch ny cp c diu khin bi mt ngun in p ti mt u. Nh hnh dng ca cp nn hn ch c can nhiu t ngoi,. ph hp vi truyn s liu tc cao ln n 10Mbps qua khong cch vi trm mt.

2.1.4.2.Ch bng rng

Dng ch ,cc knh truyn c thc hin trn mt cp nh k thut ghp knh phn tng FDM (Frequency Division multiplexing).FDM yu cu mt modem RF (Radio Frequency) gia mi thit b v cp. Dng thut ng RF v mi knh dng tn s thuc ph tn RF. Sng mang truyn c iu ch bng d liu truyn v sng thu c gii iu ch suy ra s liu.

2.1.5. Cc tn hiu cp quang

C mt s dng m ho tn hiu quang.Mt da trn lc m ho lng cc. Loi ny to ra u ra quang 3 mc, ph hp vi hot ng ca cp t DC n 50 Mbps. 3 mc nng lng quang l : zero, mt na mc ti a v mc ti a. Module truyn thc hin t cc mc in p nh phn bn trong sang tn hiu quang 3 mc t ln cp nh cc b ni c bit v mt LED tc cao. Ti b thu, cp c kt cui vi mt b ni c bit i n diode thu quang tc cao ng trong mt module thu c bit. Module ny cha cc mch in t cn cho vic chuyn i tn hiu to ra bi diode quang t l vi mc nh sng , thnh cc mc in p bn trong tng ng vi bit 1 v 0.

2.1.6. Tn hiu v tinh v Radio

Knh truyn trong cc h thng v tinh v radio c to ra nh ghp knh phn chia tn s (FDM Frequency Division multiplexing). Bn cnh dung lng sn c ca mi knh cn c chia nh hn nh k thut ghp knh phn thi gian ng b (TDM : Time Division multiplexing) C mt s phng php iu khin truy xut khc nhau c dng iu khin truy xut vo phn dung lng c sn. Truy xut ngu nhin : tt c cc trm tranh chp knh truyn theo ngu nhin (khng c iu khin). Gn c nh : c khe thi gian cng nh tn s c gn trc cho mi trm Gn theo yu cu : khi mt trm mun truyn s liu , trc ht n yu cu dung lng knh t trung tm trung tm c chc nng phn phi dung lng truyn cho cc trm yu cu. Truy xut ngu nhin l phng php truy xut c in nht v c dng ln u tin iu khin truy xut mt knh v tinh dng chung (chia s) N ch dng vi cc ng dng trong dng th nht l ton b ti c cung cp ch l phn nh ca dung lng knh c sn v dng th hai l tt c cc hot ng truyn phn b ngu nhin. Vi phng php gn c nh , c khe thi gian v knh tn s c gn trc cho mi trm. Nhn chung vic gn trc cc knh tn s d hn gn khe thi gian. V d : trong cc ng dng v tinh da vo hub trung tm mt knh tn s c nh c gn cho mi VSAT v sau trung tm pht qung b (broadcast) ln cc knh tn s c gn trc khc. Nhn chung v ch c mt knh t hub n VSAT, nn bng tn ca knh ny rng hn so vi knh c dng cho hot ng truyn t VSAT n hub. Thng thng tc bit l 64kbps cho mi knh VSAT n hub v n 2Mbps cho knh broadcast t hub n VSAT. Lc iu khin truy xut ny c gi l a truy xut phn tn c gn trc (preassigned fequency-division multiple access hay preassigned FDMA).

23

Chng ta c th t c hiu xut knh tt hn bng cch dng phng php iu khin truy xut gn theo yu cu. Lc ny cung cp mt s khe thi gian theo yu cu _gi tt l khe thi gian theo yu cu (request time slot) , trong VSAT v cc trm di ng c th gi yu cu n hub hay trm c bn (base station) ly mt hay nhiu khe thi gian thng ip (message time slot). Nu c sn cc im trung tm s gn cc khe thi gian thng ip c bit cho hot ng truyn v thng bo vi trm yu cu bng khe thi gian bo nhn (acknowledgment time slot).Lc ny c gi l a truy xut phn thi c gn theo yu cu (demand assigned time-divion multiple access hay demand-assigned TDMA)

2.2. S SUY GIM V BIN DNG TN HIU

nh hng ca suy gim v bin dng ni chung c th lm thoi ho mt tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn 2.2.1 S suy gim
Khi mt tn hiu lan truyn dc dy dn v l do no bin ca n gim xung c gi l s suy gim tn hiu.Thng thng mc suy gim cho php c quy nh trn chiu di cp dn m bo rng h thng nhn c th pht hin v dch c tn hiu my thu.Nu trng hp cp qu di th c mt hay nhiu b khuch i (hay cn gi l repeater) c chn vo tng khong dc theo cp nhm tip nhn v ti sinh tn hiu. S suy gim tn hiu gia tng theo mt hm ca tn s trong khi tn hiu li bao gm mt gii tn v vy tn hiu s b bin dng do cc thnh phn suy gim khng bng nhau. khc phc vn ny, cc b khuch i c thit k sao cho khuch i cc tn hiu c tn s khc nhau vi h s khuch i khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn c thit b cn chnh gi l equalizer c dng cn bng s suy gim xuyn qua mt bng tn c xc nh

2.2.2 Bng thng b gii hn

Bt k mt knh hay ng truyn no : cp xon, cp ng trc, radio u c mt bng thng xc nh lin h vi n, bng thng ch ra cc thnh phn tn s no ca tn hiu s c truyn qua knh m khng b suy gim. Do khi truyn d liu qua mt knh cn phi nh gi nh hng ca bng thng ca knh i vi tn hiu s c truyn. Thng thng phi dng phng php ton hc nh gi ,cng c thng c dng nht l phng php phn tch Fourier. Phn tch Fourier cho rng bt k tn hiu tun hon no u c hnh thnh t mt dy xc nh cc thnh phn tn s ring bit. Chu k ca tn hiu xc nh thnh phn tn s c bn. Cc thnh phn tn s khc c tn s l bi s ca tn s c bn gi l cc hi bc cao ca tn s c bn. V cc knh thng tin c bng thng b gii hn nn khi tn hiu nh phn truyn qua knh , ch nhng thnh phn tn s trong di thng s c nhn bi my thu

2.2.3. S bin dng do tr pha

Tc lan truyn ca tn hiu thun nht dc theo mt ng truyn thay i tu tn s. Do khi truyn mt tn hiu s, cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau to nn n s n my thu vi tr pha khc nhau, dn n bin dng do tr ca tn hiu ti my thu. S bin dng s gia tng khi tc bit tng.Bin dng tr lm thay i cc thi khc ca tn hiu gy kh khn trong vic ly mu tn hiu.

2.2.4 S can nhiu (tp m)

Khi khng c tn hiu mt ng truyn dn hay knh truyn c xem l l tng nu mc in th trn l zero.Trong thc t c nhng tc ng ngu nhin lm cho tn hiu trn ng

24

truyn vn khc zero, cho d khng c tn hiu s no c truyn trn . Mc tn hiu ny c gi l mc nhiu ng dy. Khi mt tn hiu b suy gim th bin ca n gim n mc nhiu ng (line noise).T s nng lng trung bnh ca mt tn hiu thu c S so vi nng lng ca mc nhiu ng dy N c gi l t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR(Signal _to_noise Ratio), y l tham s quan trng lin quan n ng truyn thng thng SNR c biu din qua n v decibel (dB) SNR = 10 log 10 (S/N) (dB) R dng nu t s SNR cng cao th cht lng tn hiu thu cng cao.Ngc li nu SNR thp c ngha l cht lng tn hiu thu thp.

2.3. MI TRNG TRUYN DN

2.3.1 Mi trng truyn dn c dy 2.3.1.1. Cc ng truyn 2 dy khng xon
Mt ng truyn 2 dy khng xon l mi trng truyn dn n gin nht. Mi dy cch ly vi dy kia v c 2 xuyn t do (khng xon nhau qua mi trng khng kh). Loi dy ny thch hp cho kt ni 2 thit b cch xa nhau n 50 m dng tc bit nh hn 19,2kbps. Tn hiu thng l mc in th hay cng dng in vo tham chiu in th t (ground , khng cn bng) t ln mt dy trong khi in th t t vo dy kia Mc d mt ng 2 dy c th c dng ni 2 my tnh mt cch trc tip, nhng thng dng nht l cho kt ni mt DTE n mt thit b kt cui mch d liu cc b DCE (data circuit terminating equipment), v d nh Modem cc kt ni nh vy thng dng dy a ng cch t chc thng thng l cch ly ring mt dy cho mi tn hiu v mt dy ni t (ground). B dy hon chnh c bc trong mt cp nhiu li c bo v hay di dng mt hp Vi loi dy ny cn phi cn thn trnh can nhiu gia cc tn hiu in trong cc dy dn k nhau trong cng mt cp. Hin tng ny gi l nhiu xuyn m.Ngoi ra cu trc khng xon khin chng rt d b xm nhp bi cc tn hiu nhiu bt ngun t cc ngun tn hiu khc do bc x in t, tr ngi chnh i vi cc tn hiu truyn trn loi dy ny l ch mt dy c th b can nhiu, v d nh dy tn hiu to thm mc sai lch tn hiu gia 2 dy. V my thu hot ng trn c s phn bit mc chnh lch in th gia hai dy, nn iu ny dn n c sai tn hiu gc. Cc yu t nh hng ny ng thi to ra gii hn v c ly cng nh v tc truyn

2.3.1.2 Cc ng dy xon i
Chng ta c th loi b cc tn hiu nhiu bng cch dng cp xon i, trong mt cp dy xon li vi nhau. S xp x cc ng dy tham chiu dt v dy tn hiu c ngha khi bt k tn hiu no thm nhp th s vo c hai dy nh hng ca chng s gim i bi s trit tiu nhau. Hn na nu c nhiu cp dy xon trong cng mt cp th s xon ca mi cp trong cp cng lm gim nhiu xuyn m. Cc ng xon i cng vi mch pht v thu thch hp li dng cc u th c c t cc phng php hnh hc s l ng truyn tc xp x 1 Mbps qua c ly ngn (ngn hn 100m) v tc thp qua c ly di hn. Cc ng y ny gi l cp xon i khng bo v UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), c dng rng ri trong mng in thoi v trong nhiu ng dng truyn s liu. i vi cc cp xon bo v STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) c dng thm mt li bo v gim hn na nh hng ca tn hiu xuyn nhiu

25

2.3.1.3. Cp ng trc
Cc yu t gii hn chnh i vi cp xon l kh nng v hin tng dc gi l hiu ng ngoi da . Khi tc bit truyn gia tng dng in chy trn ng dy c khuynh hng ch chy trn b mt ca dy dn, do dng rt t phn dy c sn iu ny lm tng tr khng ca ng dy i vi c tn hiu c tn s cao, dn n suy hao ln i vi tn hiu. Ngoi ra vi tn s cao th nng lng tn hiu b tiu hao nhiu do nh hng bc x. Chnh v vy trong cc ng dng yu cu tc bit cao hn 1Mbps, chng ta dng cc mch thu pht phc tp hn Dy tn hiu trung tm c bo v hiu qu i vi cc tn hiu xuyn nhiu t ngoi nh li dy bao quanh bn ngoi, ch suy hao lng ti thiu do bc x in t v hiu ng ngoi da do c lp dy dn bao quanh. Cp ng trc c th dng vi mt s loi tn hiu khc nhau nhng thng dng nht l dng cho tc 10 Mbps trn c ly vi trm mt, nu dng iu ch tt th c th t c thng s cao hn

2.3.1.4. Cp quang
Mc d c nhiu ci tin nhng cc loi dy cp kim loi vn b gii hn v tc truyn dn. Cp quang khc xa vi cc loi cp trc y , cp quang mang thng tin di dng cc chm dao ng ca nh trong si thu tinh. Sng nh sng c bng thng rng hn sng in t , iu ny cho php cp quang t c tc truyn kh cao ln n hng trm Mbps. Sng nh sng cng min dch i vi cc nhiu in t v nhiu xuyn m. Cp quang cng cc k hu dng trong vic cc tn hiu tc thp trong mi trng xuyn nhiu nng v d nh in cao th, chuyn mch. Ngoi ra cn dng cc ni c nhu cu bo mt, v rt kh mc xen r (cu trm v mt vt l). Mt cp quang bao gm mt si thu tinh cho mi tn hiu c truyn c bc bi mt lp ph bo v ngn nga bt k mt ngun sng no t bn ngoi tn hiu nh sng pht ra bi mt b pht quang thit b ny thc hin chuyn i cc tn hiu in thng thng t mt u cui d liu thnh tn hiu quang. Mt b thu quang c dng chuyn ngc li (t quang sang in)ti my thu , thng thng b pht l diode pht quang hay laser thc hin chuyn i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang. Cc b thu dng photodiode cm quang hay photo transistor.

2.3.2. Mi trng truyn dn khng dy 2.3.2.1. ng truyn v tinh

Tt c cc mi trng truyn c tho lun trn u dng mt ng dy vt l mang thng tin truyn. S liu cng c th truyn bng cch dng sng in t qua khng gian t do nh cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Mt chm sng vi ba trc x trn mang s liu c iu ch, c truyn n v tinh t trm mt t. Trm sng ny c thu v c truyn li n cc ch xc nh trc nh mt mch tch hp thng c gi l transponder. Mt v tinh c nhiu transponder, mi transponder m trch mt bng tn c bit. Mi knh v tinh thng thng u c mt bng thng cc cao (500MHz) v c th cung cp cho hng trm lin kt tc cao thng qua k thut ghp knh. Cc v tinh dng cho mc ch lin lc thng thuc dng a tnh, c ngha l v tinh bay ht qu o quanh tri t mi 24 gi nhm ng b vi s quay quanh mnh ca tri t v do v tr ca v tinh l ng yn so vi mt t, qu o ca v tinh c chn sao cho ng truyn thng ti trm thu pht mt t, mc chun trc ca chm sng truyn li t v tinh c th khng cao tn hiu c th c tip nhn trn mt vng rng ln, hoc c th hi t tt ch thu c trn mt vng gii hn. Trong trng hp th hai tn hiu c nng lng ln cho php dng cc b thu c ng knh nh hn thng c gi l cho parabol, l cc u cui c m rt nh hay VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal). Cc v tinh c dng rng ri trong cc ng dng truyn s liu t lin kt cc mng my tnh ca quc

26

gia khc nhau cho n cung cp cc ng truyn tc cao cho cc lin kt truyn tin gia cc mng trong cng mt quc gia. Mt h thng thng tin v tin thng thng c trnh by trn hnh 2.1 ch trnh by mt ng dn n hng nhng l ng song cng c s dng trong hu ht cc ng dng thc t vi cc knh ng ln (up link) v knh ng xung (down link) lin kt vi mi trm mt t hot ng vi tn s khc nhau.Cc cu hnh thng dng khc c lin quan n trm mt t trung tm trm ny lin lc vi mt s trm VSAT phn b trn phm vi quc gia.Dng tiu biu c mt my tnh ni n mi trm VSAT v c th truyn s liu vi my tnh trung tm c ni n trm trung tm nh hnh 2.1 (b). Thng thng , im trung tm truyn rng ri n tt c cc VSAT trn mt tn s no , trong khi hng ngc li mi VSAT truyn n trung tm bng tn s khc nhau.

V tinh Antenna Up link Down link

Trm mt t Qu t

VSATs

trm trung tm

Hnh 2.1 Truyn dn v tinh :(a) im ni im (b) a im

2.3.2.2. ng truyn vi ba Cc lin kt vi ba mt t c dng rng ri thc hin cc lin kt thng tin khi khng th hay qu t tin thc hin mt mi trng truyn vt l, v d khi vt sng, sa mc, i ni him tr.v.v. Khi chm sng vi ba trc x i xuyn ngang mi trng kh quyn n c th b nhiu bi nhiu yu t nh a hnh v cc iu kin thi tit bt li. Trong khi i vi mt lin kt v tinh th chm sng i qua khong khng gian t do hn nn nh hng ca cc yu t ny t hn.Tuy nhin ,lin lc vi ba trc x xuyn mi trng kh quyn c th dng mt cch tin cy cho c ly truyn di hn 50 km. 2.3.2.3. ng truyn v tuyn tn s thp
Sng v tuyn tn s thp cng c dng thay th cc lin kt hu tuyn c c ly va phi thng qua cc b thu pht khu vc. V d kt ni mt s ln cc my tnh thu nhp s liu b tr trong mt vng n mt tnh gim st s liu t xa, hay kt ni cc my tnh trong mt thnh ph n mt my cc b hay xa. Mt trm pht v tuyn c gi l trm c bn (base station) c t ti im kt cui hu tuyn nh trn hnh 2.2 cung cp mt lin kt khng dy gia my tnh

27

v trung tm. Cn nhiu trm c bn cho cc ng dng trn yu cu phm vi rng v mt phn b user cao Phm vi bao ph ca mi trm c bn l gii hn, do s gii hn ngun pht ca n, n ch knh h tr cho ton b ti trong phm vi . Phm vi rng hn c th c thc hin bng cch t chc a trm theo cu trc t bo (cell), xem hnh 2.3. Trong thc t kch thc ca mi t bo thay i v c xc nh bi cc yu t nh mt ca v a hnh cc b. Mi trm c bn dng mt di tn s khc vi trm k. Tuy nhin, v vng ph ca mi trm c gii hn nn c th dng li bng tn ca n cho cc phn khc ca mng. Cc trm c bn c kt ni thnh mng hu tuyn. Thng thng tc s liu ca mi my tnh trong mt t bo (cell) t c vi chc kbps.

Vng ph sng trm thu pht

BS

My tnh / mng c nh

BS = Base station = u cui thu bao

Hnh 2.2 Truyn dn v tuyn theo khu vc mt t bo

F1 , F2 , F3 : tn s c dng trong cell

Hnh 2.3 Truyn dn v tuyn theo khu vc a t bo

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2.4. CC CHUN GIAO TIP VT L

2.4.1. Giao tip EIA 232D/V24
Giao tip EIA 232D/V24 c nh ngha nh l mt giao tip chun cho vic kt ni gia DTE v modem. ITU-T gi l V24.Thng thng modem c cp n nh mt DCE (Data connect Equipment) lc hnh thc hnh 2.4 ch ra v tr ca giao tip trong kt ni im ni im gia hai DTE (Data Terminal Equipment).u ni gia DTE v modem l u ni 25

Modem (DCE)

chuyn mch hay thu ring

modem (DCE)

modem (DCE)

EIA-232D/V.24
Calling DTE
PSTN

EIA-232D/V.24
Calling DTE

Hnh 2.4. chun giao tip EIA-232D/V.24 Chc nng giao tip Cc ng d liu truyn TxD (Transmitted Data) v d liu RxD (Received Data) l cc ng c DTE dng truyn v nhn d liu. Cc ng khc thc hin cc chc nng nh thi v iu khin lin quan n thit lp, xo cuc ni qua PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) v cc hot ng kim th tu chn. Cc tn hiu nh thi TxClK v RxClk c lin quan n s truyn v nhn ca d liu trn ng truyn nhn d liu. Nh bit, d liu c truyn theo ch ng b hoc ch bt ng b. Trong ch truyn bt ng b c hai ng h truyn v thu u c thc thc hin c lp c hai u my pht v my thu. Trong ch ny ch cc ng d liu truyn/nhn l c ni n modem v cc ng iu khin cn thit khc. Cc ng tn hiu ng h v vy khng cn dng v khng ni n modem. Tuy nhin trong ch truyn ng b s liu truyn v nhn c truyn nhn mt cch ng b vi tn hiu ng h tng ng v thng c to ra bi modem. Cc modem lm vic trong ch th hai ny gi l modem ng b khi tc baud nh hn tc bit th cc tn hiu ng h c to ra bi modem hot ng vi tn s thch hp so vi tc thay i tn hiu trn ng truyn Chng ta s d hiu hn v cc ng iu khin vi cc chc nng v tun t hot ng ca n trong qu trnh thit lp hay xo cuc ni qua mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN) hnh 2.5 s m t tin trnh mt cuc gi qua bc thit lp u tin ri s liu c trao i trong ch bn song cng v sau cng l cu ni s b xo.Gi s DTE khi xng gi l mt my tnh c nhn v modem ca n c dch v gi t ng. Cc dch v ny c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh V.25 Khi DTE sn sng yu cu truyn nhn d liu, tn hiu trn DTR c t mc tch cc v modem ni b s p ng bng tn hiu tch cc c t trn DSR. Cuc ni c thit lp bi DTE pht cuc gi gi s in u ra modem thc hin quay s (trng hp quay qua PSTN) n modem thu. Khi nhn c tn hiu chung t tng i gi n ,modem c gi s t RI ln mc tch cc v DTE c gi p ng li bng cch t RTS

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vo mc tch cc.Trong s p ng ny modem c gi ng thi gi sng mang (m hiu d liu ca bit 1) n modem gi bo rng cuc gi c chp nhn, sau mt thi khc gi l thi gian tr hon thi tr ny cho php modem ni gi chun b nhn d liu modem c gi t CTS mc tch cc thng bo cho DTE c gi rng n c th bt u truyn s liu. Khi pht hin c sng mang u xa gi n modem gi t CD mc tch cc lc ny cu ni c thit lp cung on chuyn tin c th bt u

Hnh 2.5 EIA 232D/V.24 : kt ni truyn d liu Bn song cng v tun t xo cu ni

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DTE c gi bt u vi vic gi mt thng ip ngn mang tnh thm d qua cu ni. Khi thng ip c gi i, n lp tc chun b nhn p ng t DTE gi bng cch t RTS v mc khng tch cc (off), pht hin c iu ny modem c gi ngng gi tn hiu sng mang v tr CD v mc khng tch cc, pha gi modem gi pht hin sng mang t u xa mt s p ng bng cch tr CD v off. truyn thng ip p ng DTE gi t RTS ln mc tch cc v modem s p ng bng mc tch trn CTS v bt u truyn s liu th tc ny sau c lp li khi mt bn tin c trao i gia hai DTE. Cui cng sau khi truyn xong cuc gi s b xo, cng vic ny u c th thc hin bi c hai DTE bng cch t RTS ca chng v mc khng tch cc, ln lt khin hai modem ct sng mang. iu ny c pht hin c hai modem v chng s t CD v off. C hai DTE sau s t DTR ca chng v off v hai modem s p ng vi mc off trn DSR do cu ni b xo. Sau mt khong thi gian DTE c gi chun b nhn cuc gi mi bng cch t DTR ln mc tch cc.

Hnh 2.6

Kim th : (a) ni b (b) u xa

Nu modem ni b coi nh tt, tip theo DTE tin hnh kim tra th modem u xa bng cch t RL mc tch cc pht hin c iu ny modem ni b pht lnh qui nh trc n modem u xa v tin hnh kim th. Modem u xa sau t TM mc tch cc bo DTE ni b bit ang b kim th (khng th truyn s liu lc ny) v gi tr li mt lnh thng bo chp nhn n modem th.Modem th sau khi nhn lnh p ng s t TM ln mc tch cc v DTE khi pht hin iu ny s gi mu th. Nu s liu truyn v nhn nh nhau th c hai modem hot ng tt v li ch c th DTE u xa. Nu khng c tn hiu nhn c th ng dy c vn

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2.4.2. Modem rng (Null Modem)

Vi tn hiu c phn b nh hnh 2.7 th c truyn v nhn s liu t u cui n my tnh u trn cng mt ng, v modem c cng chc nng c hai pha. Tuy nhin theo nh ngha nguyn thu chun EIA-232D/V24 l giao tip chun ni cc thit b ngoi vi vo my tnh nn dng c cn quyt nh thit b no s l my tnh v thit b no s l thit b ngoi vi v c hai thit b khng th truyn v nhn s liu trn cng mt ng dy, c 3 kh nng la chn : (1) u cui m phng modem v nh ngha cc ng mt cch thch hp hon chnh hot ng (2) My tnh m phng modem (3) C u cui v my tnh u khng thay i v cc dy dn c ni li Bt tin ca hai la chn u l khng c u cui no hay my tnh no c th c dng trc tip vi mt modem T tip cn tng qut cho vn l bng cch ni li tn hiu trn cng giao tip EIA-232D/V24 m phng mt moem, cho php u cui v my tnh ni trc tip vo modem, la chn th 3 c dng rng ri, yu cu mt modem rng (Null Modem) chn vo gia u cui v my tnh, cc ng kt ni nh m t hnh 2.7

Hnh 2.7 Kt ni modem rng Nh chng ta thy, cc ng truyn nhn trao i vi nhau tng i mt cc ng iu khin cng c i li. V d v thng thng u cui v my tnh hot ng ch song cng hon ton. Cc ng RTS v CTS c ni vi nhau ti u ng dy v sau tn hiu ny c ni n ng vo DTR. Tn hiu signal ground v shield ground c ni trc tip. Khi hai thit b lin lc vi nhau qua mt lin kt s liu ng b th ng h truyn t mi thit b thng c ni n v c dng nh ng h thu ti thit b kia, Trong vi trng hp khng

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c thit b no c ng h v ng h cho c hai thit b c to ra trong modem rng thnh phn ny c gi l b modem eliminator.

2.4.3. Giao tip EIA-530

Chun EIA-530 l giao tip c tp tn hiu ging giao tip EIA-232D/V24. iu khc nhau l giao tip EIA-530 dng cc tn hiu in v sai theo RS 422A/V11 t c c ly truyn xa hn v tc cao hn. Dng b ni 37 chn cng vi b ni tng cng 9 chn nu tp tn hiu th hai cng c dng

2.4.4. Giao tip EIA-430/V35

Giao tip EIA-430/V35 c nh ngha cho vic giao tip gia mt DTE vi mt modem ng b bng rng hot ng v tc t 48Kbps n 168 Kbps. Giao tip ny dng tp tn hiu ging vi giao tip EIA-232D/V24 ngoi tr khng c cc ng thuc knh th hai hay kim th. Cc tn hiu in l mt tp hp theo li khng cn bng (V28) v cn bng (RS 422A/V11). Cc ng tn hiu khng cn bng dng cho cc chc nng iu khin ; cc ng tn hiu cn bng dng cho d liu v tn hiu ng h. V tt c cc ng tn hiu d liu v ng h l cn bng nn trong cc trng hp truyn vi ng cp di thng hay s dng cc ng truyn nhn EIA-430/V35. Giao tip EIA-430/V35 dng b ni 34 chn hnh 2.8 (a), nhng vi cc p dng ch dng cc ng truyn s liu v ng h th c b kt ni nh hn. Cc tn hiu v giao tip ca V35 c m t trn hnh 2.8 (b)

Hnh 2.8.(a) Giao tip EIA-430/V35 dng b ni 34 chn

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Hnh 2.8 (b) Giao tip V35 cc tn hiu

2.4.5.Giao tip X21

Giao tip X21 c nh ngha cho giao tip gia mt DTE v DCE trong mt mng d liu cng cng.Giao tip X21 cng c dng nh mt giao tip kt cui cho cc mch thu ring s tc l bi s ca 64Kbps. u ni v cc ng tn hiu c trnh by trn hnh 2.9 Tt c cc ng tn hiu dng ng b pht v thu cn bng (RS-422A/V11). L giao tip ng b , bn cnh cp tn hiu truyn (T) v nhn (R) cn c tn hiu nh thi phn t bit (s) v nh

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thi byte (B). Cc tn hiu iu khin (C) v (I) c dng vi cc ng truyn v thu thit lp nn cu ni xuyn qua mt mng d liu chuyn mch s ho hon ton.

Hnh 2.9 2.4.6. Giao tip ISDN

Giao tip chun X.21 : (a) chc nng giao tip (b) cc tn hiu

Giao tip ISDN l giao tip thay th c s ho hon ton vo PSTN. Mch thoi c s ho hot ng ti tc 64kbps v mt kt cui tc c bn cung cp hai mch nh vy cng vi mt mch 16kbps cho mc ch thit lp v xo cuc gi. Ba mch ring bit c ghp knh cho mc ch truyn n v i t mt tng i gn nht ln mt cp dy.Thit b kt cui mng NT (Network Termination) tch bit cc ng dn i v n ln hai cp dy ring bit.Nng lng c th c cp t NT cho cc DTE nu c nhu cu.Giao tip gia user v NT trn hai cp dy c gi l giao tip S xem hnh 2.11. Ngun nng lng chnh t NT n thit b u cui c dn xut t cc cp truyn /nhn. Mt ngun nng lng th hai cng c sn qua chn 7 v 8. Nhm

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kt ni thit b c tc thp vo giao tip S c tc cao ny cn dng thit b c tn l b thch nghi u cui TA (terminal Adapter).

Hnh 2.11

Giao tip S ISDN : (a) chc nng (b) cc tn hiu

III. PHN TM TT
xy dng mng truyn s liu theo m hnh hin i, cht lng truyn trn mng cao, ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Trc ht sinh vin cn phi nm vng cc loi tn hiu Tn hiu V.28 l tn hiu theo chun V.28. Cc mc tn hiu c quy nh dng cho mt s giao tip EIA/ITU-T c ch ra trong khuyn ngh v.28. Chun V.28 c xem l giao tip in khng cn bng. Cc tn hiu in p c dng trn ng dy l i xng so vi mc tham chiu gc (ground) v t nht l mc, +3vdc cho bit 0 v -3vdc cho bit 1. Tn hiu Dng 20mA
Mt dng tn hiu khc c th chn bn cnh EIA 232D/v.28 l giao tip dng 20mA tn ca giao tip ny ng rng dng tn hiu l dng in thay cho in p.Mc d khng m rng tc nhng n tng khong cch vt l gia 2 thit b thng tin.

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Tn hiu RS-422A/V.11
Nu mun tng khong cch vt l v tc chng ta s dng RS-422A/V.11.Chun ny c bn da trn cp xon i v mch thu pht vi phn v c xem nh giao tip in cn bng. Mt mch pht vi phn to ra tn hiu sinh i bng nhau v ngc cc theo mi tn hiu nh phn 0 hay 1 khi c truyn.

Cc tn hiu truyn trn cp ng trc

Khng nh bng thng thp sn c trong kt ni qua mng chuyn mch in thoi , bng thng hu hn trong cp ng trc c th ln n 350MHz (hay cao hn). C th dng bng tn cao ny mt trong 2 cch: Ch bng c bn : trong tt c bng thng sn c c dng tip nhn mt knh tc cao (10Mbps hay cao hn).Ch bng rng : trong bng thng sn c c chia thnh mt s cc knh c tc nh hn trn mt cp

S suy gim
Khi mt tn hiu lan truyn dc dy dn v l do no bin ca n gim xung c gi l s suy gim tn hiu S suy gim tn hiu gia tng theo mt hm ca tn s trong khi tn hiu li bao gm mt gii tn v vy tn hiu s b bin dng do cc thnh phn suy gim khng bng nhau

Bng thng b gii hn

Bt k mt knh hay ng truyn no : cp xon, cp ng trc, radio u c mt bng thng xc nh lin h vi n, bng thng ch ra cc thnh phn tn s no ca tn hiu s c truyn qua knh m khng b suy gim

S bin dng do tr pha

Tc lan truyn ca tn hiu thun nht dc theo mt ng truyn thay i tu tn s. Do khi truyn mt tn hiu s, cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau to nn n s n my thu vi tr pha khc nhau, dn n bin dng do tr ca tn hiu ti my thu

S can nhiu (tp m)

Khi khng c tn hiu mt ng truyn dn hay knh truyn c xem l l tng nu mc in th trn l zero.Trong thc t c nhng tc ng ngu nhin lm cho tn hiu trn ng truyn vn khc zero, cho d khng c tn hiu s no c truyn trn .Mc tn hiu ny c gi l mc nhiu ng dy

Mi trng truyn c dy Cc ng truyn 2 dy khng xon

Mt ng truyn 2 dy khng xon l mi trng truyn dn n gin nht

Cc ng dy xon i
Chng ta c th loi b cc tn hiu nhiu bng cch dng cp xon i, trong mt cp dy xon li vi nhau.

Mi trng truyn dn khng dy ng truyn v tinh : S liu cng c th truyn bng cch dng sng in t qua khng gian t do nh cc h thng thng tin v tinh ng truyn vi ba : lin lc vi ba trc x xuyn mi trng kh quyn c th dng mt cch tin cy cho c ly truyn di hn 50 km.

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ng truyn v tuyn tn s thp : Sng v tuyn tn s thp cng c dng thay th cc lin kt hu tuyn c c ly va phi thng qua cc b thu pht khu vc, Mi trm c bn dng mt di tn s khc vi trm k Cc chun giao tip vt l
Cc chun trnh by trn ch l mt phn ca cc chun c nh ngha bi ITU-T dng vi mng PSTN v thng c gi l cc chun h V (V series). Hai chun giao tip vt l thng dng l V.24(EIA-232D) v V.35(EIA-430). Dng V.24 c khuynh hng ph dng vi PSTN v V35 th p dng cho cc mch bng rng tc cao hn. Cc chun khc nhau c nh ngha mt cch cng nhc v bao gm s xc nh chnh xc lc iu ch phi dng.

IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 : Chc nng cc mch giao tip :

A Thay i cc mc tn hiu B Khng thay i cc mc tn hiu C Lin kt cc mc tn hiu D Thay i cc mc tn hiu c dng bn trong thit b thnh mc tn hiu tng thch vi cp ni

Cu 2 : Khi dng cc ng truyn c cung cp bi cc nh khai thc dch v in thoi v cc dch v vin thng khc cn phi chuyn i cc tn hiu in t cc DTE thnh A Cc tn hiu nh phn

B Khng cn chuyn i tn hiu C Cn phi chuyn i cc tn hiu in t cc DTE thnh dng tn hiu analog D C ba trn u sai

Cu 3 : Cc mc tn hiu c quy nh trong khuyn ngh v.28 A L cc tn hiu 2B1Q

B L tn hiu Analogy C Tn hiu in p c dng trn ng dy l i xng so vi mc tham chiu gc (ground) D C ba trn u sai

Cu 4 : Tn hiu dng 20mA tn ca giao tip ny mc ch 38

A Dng tn hiu l dng in thay cho in p. B Khng tng c tc truyn C Tng khong cch vt l gia 2 thit b thng tin D C ba trn u ng

Cu 5 : Chun RS-422A/V.11 c cc c trng A Tng khong cch vt l v tc khi truyn B S dng mt mch pht vi phn to ra tn hiu sinh i bng nhau v ngc cc C Chun ny c bn da trn cp xon i v mch thu pht vi phn D C ba trn u ng

Cu 6 : Trong cp ng trc bng tn c th ln n 350MHz (hay cao hn). C th dng bng tn cao ny mt trong cc cch : A Ch bng hp B Ch bng c bn C D
Ch bng rng

B v C l ng

Cu 7 : C mt s dng m ho tn hiu quang.Mt da trn lc m ho lng cc. Loi ny to ra u ra quang A B C D 2 mc 3 mc

Loi ny to ra u ra quang 3 mc, ph hp vi hot ng ca cp t DC n 50 Mbps

4 mc mt chiu

Cu 8 : Ba mc nng lng quang l : A Zero, 1/3 mc ti a , mc ti a

B Zero, 1/4 mc ti a , mc ti a C D Zero, 1/2 mc ti a , mc ti a 4 mc mt chiu

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Cu 9 : Ti b thu, cp c kt cui vi mt b ni c bit i n diode thu quang tc cao ng trong mt module thu c bit chc nng ca modem ny l

Module ny cha cc mch in t

B i tn hiu to ra bi diode quang C i tn hiu to ra bi diode quang t l vi mc nh sng , thnh cc mc in p bn trong tng ng vi bit 1 v 0 D C ba trn u sai

Cu 10 : Knh truyn trong cc h thng v tinh v radio c to ra nh A

K thut ghp knh phn thi gian ng b (TDM : Time Division multiplexing)

B Ghp knh phn chia tn s (FDM Frequency Division multiplexing) C C A v B D Tt c cc trn u sai

Cu 11: C mt s phng php iu khin truy xut khc nhau c dng iu khin truy xut vo phn dung lng c sn A Truy xut ngu nhin B Gn c nh C Gn theo yu cu D Tt c cc trn u ng

Cu 12 : Truy xut ngu nhin l A Tt c cc trm tranh chp knh truyn khng c iu khin B Tt c cc trm s dng knh truyn theo danh sch ng k C
Tt c cc trm truy nhp knh theo kim sot ca my ch

D Tt c cc trn u ng

Cu 13 : Truy xut knh truyn theo phng php gn c nh l :

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A Khe thi gian c gn trc cho mi trm B Knh tn s c gn trc cho mi trm C C khe thi gian v knh tn s c gn trc cho mi trm D Tt c cc trn u sai Cu 14 : Truy xut knh truyn theo phng php gn theo yu cu l :
Cung cp mt s khe thi gian theo yu cu _gi tt l khe thi gian theo yu cu B Trm c bn cung cp mt hay nhiu khe thi gian thng ip (message time slot).

C C A v B u ng D C A v B u sai

Cu 15 : Mc suy gim cho php ca ng truyn cp l mc : A Mc c quy nh trn chiu di cp m bo h thng nhn c th pht hin v dch c tn hiu my thu B Mc m bo t s S/N ti bt k im no trn dng cp C Mc tng ch ca b khuch i D Mc can nhiu trn chiu di cp

Cu 16 : Bt k mt knh truyn no u c mt bng thng xc nh lin h vi n nh hng ca n ti A Cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu B Bin ca tn hiu C Gc pha ca tn hiu D Khng nh hng g n tn hiu Cu 17 : Khi khng c tn hiu mt ng truyn l l tng nu mc in th trn l zero. Nhng trn ng truyn vn khc zero.Mc tn hiu ny c gi l mc nhiu ng dy nguyn nhn gy nhiu c th l A L nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk). Nhiu hnh thnh do 2 dy dn t k nhau B Nhiu xung in C Nhiu nhit (therm noise) D A, B v C u l nguyn nhn gy can nhiu ng dy 41

Cu 18 : Mt mi trng truyn dn n gin nht l A ng truyn 2 dy khng xon B ng truyn 2 dy xon C ng truyn cp ng trc D ng truyn v tinh

Cu 19 : Cc v tinh dng cho mc ch lin lc thng thuc dng a tnh pht biu no sau y l ng A B C D Khng cn ng b vi s quay ca tri t Cn ng b vi s quay ca tri t
Qu o quanh tri t mt 24 gi nhm ng b vi s quay quanh mnh ca tri t v do v tr ca v tinh l ng yn so vi mt t

Qu o quanh tri t mt 12 gi

Cu 20 : Dng cc tn hiu in v sai nhm t c c ly truyn xa hn v tc cao hn.tn hiu ny trong cc chun no

A Giao tip EIA-530 B Giao tip EIA-430/V35 C Giao tip RS 422A/V11 D A v C V. TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Michael Duck, Peter Bishop, Richard Read. Data communication, addison wesley 1996. [2]. Trung T. Cng ngh ATM - gii php cho mng vin thng bng rng 1998 [3] Nguyn hng Sn, Hong c Hi. K thut truyn s liu. Nh xut bn Lao ng 2002. [4] William Stallings, Data and computer communications, Prentice Hall, 2004.

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CHNG 3 GIAO TIP KT NI S LIU

I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau: Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu. Thng tin ni tip khng ng b Thng tin ni tip ng b Mch iu khin truyn s liu Cc thit b iu khin

Mc ch : Gip sinh vin hiu r cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu, nh cc ch thng tin n cng (one way hay simplex), Bn song cng (either way hay half-duplex), Song cng hon ton (both way hay full-duplex ).
Cch thc truyn bt ng b, trong cc k t d liu m ho thng tin c truyn i ti nhng thi im khc nhau m khong thi gian ni tip gia hai k t khng cn thit phi l mt gi tr c nh. Phng php truyn ny thng c dng khi truyn dng d liu pht sinh theo nhng khong thi gian ngu nhin. Cch thc truyn bt ng b, l cch thc truyn trong khong thi gian cho mi bit l nh nhau, v trong h thng truyn k t khong thi gian t bit cui ca k t ny n bit u ca k t k tip bng khng hoc bng bi s tng thi gian cn thit truyn hon chnh mt k t. Nhng vn kim sot li. Trong qu trnh truyn lung bit gia hai DTE, rt thng xy ra sai lc thng tin, c ngha l mc tn hiu tng ng vi bit 0 b thay i lm cho my thu dch ra l bit 1 v ngc li, c bit khi c khong cch vt l truyn kh xa v d nh dng mng PSTN truyn.V th, khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b cn c phng tin pht hin cc li c th xy ra v khi xy ra li nn c phng tin sa cha chng. Nhng vn iu khin lung d liu. Nu s lng d liu truyn gia hai thit b l nh, thit b pht c th truyn tt c d liu ngay ng thi v c my thu c ti nguyn nhn d liu. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu tnh hung truyn tn iu kin ny khng th c. Do chng ta phi dng mt phng php iu khin lung d liu m bo my thu khng b qua bt k phn d liu no do khng ti nguyn lu gi. Cc giao thc lin kt.. V c bn, mt giao thc l mt tp hp cc tiu chun hay quy nh phi tun theo bi c hai i tc hai du, nhm m bo thng tin ang trao i xuyn qua mt lin kt s liu ni tip c tip nhn v c bin dch ra mt cch chnh xc. Bn cnh kim sot li v iu khin lung, giao thc lin kt s liu cng nh ngha nhng chi tit sau: Khun dng ca mu s liu ang trao i, ngha l s bit trn mt phn t thng tin v dng lc m bo ang c dng. Dng v th t cc thng ip c trao i t c tin cy gia hai i tc truyn.

43

Cc hnh thc truyn :Truyn song song Truyn ni tip, M truyn (transmission code), Cc n v d liu (data unit), Giao thc (protocol), Hot ng kt ni, ng ni v lin kt. cng l nhng iu cn thit m sinh vin phi nm c Nhng vn v ng b bit, ng b k t, Cc nguyn tc ng b, thc hin c cc phng thc truyn mt cch c th, cc nh ch to cung cp mt lot cc IC chuyn dng, cc IC ny chnh l phn cng vt l trong mt h thng thng tin, chng hot ng theo nguyn tc ca k thut s v v vy ch truyn ng b hay bt ng b ph thuc vo vic s dng ng h chung hay ring khi truyn tn hiu s i xa. Cc IC u l cc vi mch c th lp trnh c. u tin lp trnh ch hot ng mong mun bng cch ghi mt byte c ngha v thanh ghi ch mode register. Sau ghi tip byte iu khin vo thanh ghi lnh command register vi mch theo m hot ng. Giao tip truyn c th lp trnh UART 8250 cu Intel National 8250 UART dng vi h vi x l 8088/80x86 ca Intel. Cc thit b iu khin. C hai dng thit b ghp knh l : cc b ghp knh phn thi , v cc b ghp knh thng k. B ghp knh phn thi phn phi c nh cho mi u cui mt phn kh nng truyn cng chia s dng truyn tc cao vi cc u cui khc. B ghp knh thng k ch phn phi kh nng truyn theo nhu cu mang tnh thng k

Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh gi kin thc ca mnh theo cc vn chnh sau :
Cc ch thng tin , cc ch truyn Nhng vn kim sot li, iu khin lung d liu, cc giao thc lin kt Cc nguyn tc ng b bit v ng b k t Cc mch iu khin trong mng truyn s liu

II. NI DUNG 3.1.CC KHI NIM C BN V TRUYN S LIU.

3.1.1.Cc ch thng tin (Communication Modes)
Khi mt ngi ang din thuyt th thng tin c truyn i ch theo mt chiu.Tuy nhin , trong mt cuc m thoi gia hai ngi th thng ip c trao i theo hai hng .Cc thng ip ny thng c trao i ln lt nhng cng c th xy ra ng thi.Tng t, khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b, c th dng mt trong 3 ch thng tin sau : n cng (one way hay simplex) : c dng khi d liu c truyn ch theo mt hng, v d trong mt h thng thu nhp s liu nh k. Bn song cng (either way hay half-duplex) : c dng khi hai thit b kt ni vi nhau mun trao i thng tin mt cch lun phin, v d mt thit b ch gi d liu p li khi p ng mt yu cu t thit b kia. R rng hai thit b phi c th chuyn i qua li gia truyn v nhn sau mi ln truyn. Song cng hon ton (both way hay full-duplex ) :c dng khi s liu c trao i gia hai thit b theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi.

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3.1.2. Cc ch truyn (Transmission modes) 3.1.2.1.Truyn bt ng b :(asynchronous transmission)

Cch thc truyn trong cc k t d liu m ho thng tin c truyn i ti nhng thi im khc nhau m khong thi gian ni tip gia hai k t khng cn thit phi l mt gi tr c nh. ch truyn ny hiu theo bn cht truyn tn hiu s th my pht v my thu c lp trong vic s dng ng h, ng h chnh l b pht xung clock cho vic dch bit d liu (shift) v nh vy khng cn knh truyn tn hiu ng h gia hai u pht v thu. Tt nhin, c th nhn c d liu, my thu buc phi ng b theo tng k t mt. Mc d c dng ch yu truyn k t gia mt bn phm v mt my tnh, truyn bt ng b cng cn c dng truyn cc khi k t gia hai my tnh.Trong trng hp ny, mi k t k tip i ngay sau stop bit ca k t trc v cc k t trong mt khi c truyn tc thi ngay sau k t m khng c khong thi gian tr hon no gia chng.

3.1.2.2. Truyn ng b (Synchronous transmission)

Cch thc truyn trong khong thi gian cho mi bit l nh nhau, v trong h thng truyn k t khong thi gian t bit cui ca k t ny n bit u ca k t k tip bng khng hoc bng bi s tng thi gian cn thit truyn hon chnh mt k t. V gc truyn tn hiu s th my pht v my thu s dng mt ng h chung, nh my thu c th ng b c vi my pht trong hot ng dch bit thu d liu.Nh vy,cn phi c knh (cn hiu hoc l cp dy dn hoc l mt knh trn ng ghp knh hay knh do m ho ) th hai cho tn hiu ng h chung. Tuy nhin, khi xt n cc mc thng tin cao hn mc vt l trong m hnh h thng m th vic ng b ny c thc hin theo tng khi d liu v c tnh truyn ng b hiu theo ngha hp trong mt khi. Vi truyn ng b, khi d liu hon chnh c truyn nh mt lung bit lin tc khng c tr hon gia mi phn t 8 bit. cho php thit b thu hot ng c cc mc ng b khc nhau , cn c cc c trng sau: Lung bit truyn c m ho mt cch thch hp my thu c th duy tr trong mt c cu ng b bit. Tt c c frame c dn u bi mt hay nhiu byte iu khin nhm m bo my thu c th dch lung bit n theo cc ranh gii byte hay k t mt cch chnh xc. Ni dung ca mi frame oc ng gi gia mt cp k t iu khin ng b frame. Trong trng hp truyn ng b, khong thi gian gian gia hai frame truyn lin tip c cc byte nhn ri c truyn lin tip my thu duy tr c cu ng b bit v ng b byte hoc mi frame c dn u bi hai hay nhiu byte ng b c bit cho php my thu thc hin ti ng b.

3.1.3.Kim sot li (error control ) Trong qu trnh truyn lung bit gia hai DTE, rt thng xy ra sai lc thng tin, c ngha l mc tn hiu tng ng vi bit 0 b thay i lm cho my thu dch ra l bit 1 v ngc li, c bit khi c khong cch vt l truyn kh xa v d nh dng mng PSTN truyn.V th, khi truyn

45

s liu gia hai thit b cn c phng tin pht hin cc li c th xy ra v khi xy ra li nn c phng tin sa cha chng. Chng ta c th dng mt s cc lc , nhng vic chn loi no l tu thuc vo phng php truyn c dng. Khi dng phng php truyn bt ng b, v mi k t c chm sc nh mt thc t ring bit, nn thng thm mt s k s nh phn vo mi k t c truyn. K s nh phn thm vo ny gi l bit chn l parity bit. Ngc li, khi dng phng php truyn ng b, chng ta thng xc nh cc li xy ra trn mt frame hon chnh. Hn th na, ni dung ca mt frame c th rt ln v xc sut nhiu hn mt bit li gia tng. V vy cn dng tun t kim tra li phc tp hn. Cng c mt s dng kim tra li khc nhau, nhng nhn chung thit b s tnh ton ra tun t cc k s kim tra da vo ni dung ca frame ang c truyn v gn tun t ny vo ui ca frame sau k t d liu hay trc byte bo hiu kt thc frame. Trong qu trnh duyt frame, my thu c th tnh ton li mt cch tun t kim tra mi da vo nhn oc t frame hon chnh v so snh vi cc k s kim tra nhn c t my pht. Nu hai chui k s ny khng ging nhau, coi nh c mt li truyn xy ra. C hai lc ni trn ch cho php my thu pht hin li truyn. Chng ta cn my thu ly c mt bn copy khc t ngun khi bn truyn b li. C mt s lc cho php iu ny.V d xem xt trng hp mt u cui v mt my tnh truyn s liu truyn bt ng b. Khi user g vo bn phm, k t m ho c truyn n my tnh di dng in c. Ngay sau , k t tng ng vi lung bit va thu c my tnh di tr li (echo) u cui v hin ln mn hnh. Nu k t xut hin khng ging nh k t truyn trc , user c th gi mt k t c bit thng bo vi my tnh b qua k t va nhn. iu ny c gi l kim sot li. Mt phng thc c chc nng tng t cng phi c dng khi truyn cc khi k t. Chng ta s quay tr li phn sau.

3.1.4. iu khin lung (flow control)

. iu ny l ht sc quan trng khi hai thit b ang truyn thng tin qua mng s liu, khi m rt nhiu mng s m s liu trong cc b m c kch thc gii hn. Nu hai thit b hot ng vi tc khc nhau, chng ta thng phi iu khin s liu u ra ca thit b tc cao hn ngn chn trng hp tc nghn trn mng. iu khin lung thng tin gia hai thit b truyn thng c gi vn tt l iu khin lung (flow control) .

3.1.5.Cc giao thc lin kt d liu.

Kim sot li v iu khin lung l hai thnh phn thit yu ca mt ch tng qut hn l giao thc iu khin truyn s liu. V c bn, mt giao thc l mt tp hp cc tiu chun hay quy nh phi tun theo bi c hai i tc hai du, nhm m bo thng tin ang trao i xuyn qua mt lin kt s liu ni tip c tip nhn v c bin dch ra mt cch chnh xc. Bn cnh kim sot li v iu khin lung, giao thc lin kt s liu cng nh ngha nhng chi tit sau: Khun dng ca mu s liu ang trao i, ngha l s bit trn mt phn t thng tin v dng lc m bo ang c dng. Dng v th t cc thng ip c trao i t c tin cy gia hai i tc truyn.

46

3.1.6. M truyn (transmission code) Trong h thng thng tin s liu,thng mun truyn dng cc vn bn, cc gi tr s, hnh nh, m thanh,..v.v. t ni ny n ni khc. Cc thng tin th c nhiu dng, tuy nhin my tnh hay cc thit b u cui ch bit cc bit 1 hay 0 v chng l cc h thng nh phn. Cn phi chuyn cc thng tin v dng nh phn thc hin vn ph hp d liu cho my tnh, ng thi cng phi c du hiu no cho con ngi hiu c hay chuyn v dng thng tin hiu c khi nhn thng tin nh phn. Nhu cu ny l nguyn nhn cho vic ra i cc b m. Cc b m l tp hp mt s gii hn cc t hp nh phn, mi t hp bit nh phn mang ngha ca mt k t no theo quy nh ca tng b m. S lng bit nh phn trong mt t hp bit ni ln quy m ca mt b m hay s k t cha trong b m. nu gi n l s bit trong mt t hp bit th s k t c th m ho l 2n .C mt s b m thng dng nh Baudot, BCD, EBCDIC, ASCII.
Mc d cc m ny c dng xut nhp, nhng mt khi d liu c nhp vo trong my tnh n c chuyn i v c lu gi di dng s nh phn tng ng c s bit c nh, thng thng l 8, 16, hay 32 bit. Chng ta gi mu nh phn 8 bit l mt byte v mu di hn l mt t. V mt dy bit c dng biu din cho mi t , nn thng dng nhiu phn t 8 bit khi truyn d liu gia hai DTE. Do trong vi trng hp 8 bit c qua mt lin kt s liu c th i din cho mt k t c th in c m ho nh phn ( 7 bit cng vi mt bit kim tra ) trong khi trng hp khc n c th i din cho thnh phn 8 bit ca mt gi tr ln hn.Trong trng hp sau chng ta s xem xt phn t nh l byte hoc nh l octet cho cc mc ch truyn tin.

3.1.7. Cc n v d liu (data unit) Theo n v o lng dung lng thng tin th n v c bn l byte, mt byte l mt t hp 8 bit
1Kb= 2 10 byte = 1024 byte 1Mb= 210 Kb =1024 Kb 1Gb= 210 Mb = 1024 Mb 1Tb= 210 Gb = 1024 Gb Trong k thut truyn s liu i khi xem cc n v d liu truyn di dng mt k t hay mt khi gm nhiu cc k t .Vic nhm cc k t li thnh mt khi gi l ng gi d liu, v khi d liu c xem nh mt n v d liu truyn trong mt giao thc no .Mt khi d liu nh vy c gi l mt gi (packet) hay mt khung (frame).

3.1.8. Giao thc (protocol)

Giao thc truyn l tp hp cc quy nh lin quan n cc yu t k thut truyn s liu , c th ho cc cng tc cn thit v quy trnh thc hin vic truyn nhn s liu t u n cui. Tu vo vic la chn cc gii php k thut v thit k quy trnh lm vic m s c cc giao thc khc nhau. Mi giao thc s c s dng tng ng vi thit k ca n.

3.1.9.Hot ng kt ni
im ni im (point-to-point) l dng kt ni trao i thng tin trong mt u cui s liu ch lm vic vi mt u cui khc ti mt thi im . a im (multipoint) l dng kt ni trao i thng tin trong mt u cui s liu c th thng tin vi nhiu u cui khc mt cch ng thi.

47

3.1.10. ng ni v lin kt
ng ni l ng kt ni thc t xuyn qua mi trng truyn, v vy n l i tng truyn dn mng tnh vt l. Lin kt l kt ni gia cc u cui da trn cc ng ni v tn ti trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, mi ng ni c th cha nhiu lin kt, ngoi ra mt lin kt c th c kt hp t nhiu lin kt hay mt lin kt c th phn thnh nhiu lin kt. Do lin kt l i tng truyn dn ph thuc mang tnh lgic

3.2.THNG TIN NI TIP BT NG B.

3.2.1. Khi qut
Nh cp trong phn khi nim, thng thng s liu c truyn gia hai DTE di dng chui lin tip cc bit gm nhiu phn t 8 bit, gi l byte hay k t, dng ch truyn hoc ng b hoc bt ng b. Trong cc DTE, mi phn t nh vy c lu tr, x l v truyn di dng thc song song. Do , cc mch iu khin trong DTE hnh thnh nn giao tip gia thit b v lin kt d liu ni tip, v phi thc thi cc chc nng sau: Chuyn t song song sang ni tip cho mi k t hay byte chun b truyn chng ra lin kt . Chuyn t ni tip sang song song cho mi k t hay byte chun b lu tr v x l bn trong thit b. Ti my thu phi t c s ng b bit, byte, v frame. Thc hin c cu pht sinh cc k s kim tra thch hp pht hin li v kh nng pht hin li my thu phi kh thi. Vic chuyn t song song sang ni tip bi thanh ghi PISO (Parallel Input Serial Out) v vic chuyn ngc li do SIPO (Serial Input Parallel Output).

3.2.2. Nguyn tc ng b bit

Trong truyn bt ng b, ng h thu chy mt cch bt ng b vi tn hiu thu. x l thu hiu qu, cn phi c k hoch dng ng h thu ly mu tn hiu n, ngay im gia thi ca bit d liu. t c iu ny, tn hiu ng h thu nhanh gp N ln ng h pht v mi bit c dch vo SIPO sau N chu k xung ng h. S chuyn trng thi t 1 xung 0 l du hiu ca bit start, c ngha bt u ca mt k t v chng c dng khi ng b m xung clock my thu. Mi bit bao gm c bit start, c ly mu ti khong gia ca thi bit. Ngay sau khi pht hin , bit start c ly mu sau N/2 chu k xung clock, tip tc ly mu sau mi N xung clock tip theo cho mi bit trong k t. Cn lu rng, ng h thu chy bt ng b vi tn hiu n, cc v tr tng i ca hai tn hiu c th bt k v tr no trong mt chu k ca xung ng h thu, vi N cng ln th v tr ly mu c khuynh hng gn gia thi bit hn. Do vy ch truyn ny tc truyn khng th cao c.

3.2.3.Nguyn tc ng b k t.
Mch iu khin truyn nhn c lp trnh hot ng vi s bit bng nhau trong mt k t k c s stop bit, start bit v bit kim tra gia thu v pht. Sau khi pht hin v nhn start bit, vic ng b k t t c ti u thu rt n gin, ch vic m ng s bit c lp trnh. Sau s chuyn k t nhn c vo thanh ghi m thu ni b v pht tn hiu thng bo vi thit b

48

iu khin (CPU) rng nhn c mt k t mi.v s i cho n khi pht hin mt start bit k tip.

3.2.4. Nguyn tc ng b frame

Khi thng ip gm khi cc k t thng xem nh mt frame thng tin (information frame) c truyn, bn cnh vic ng b bit v ng b k t, my thu cn phi xc nh c im u v im kt thc mt frame. iu ny c gi l s ng b frame. Nguyn tc n gin nht truyn mt khi k t c th in c l ng gi chng thnh mt khi hon chnh bng hai k t iu khin truyn c bit l STX v ETX. Mc d k hoch ny tho mn cho ng b frame nhng c tr ngi l nu trong d liu li c bit ging STX hay ETX th sao. khc phc vn ny, khi truyn STX hay ETX chng ta s c km theo mt DLE (Data Link Escape). Mt khc trnh nhm ln gia k t DLE i km vi STX hay ETX v byte ging DLE trong phn ni dung ca frame, khi xut hin mt byte ging DLE trong phn ni dung, n s c gp i khi truyn i.

3.3.THNG TIN NI TIP NG B.

3.3.1. Khi qut
Vic thm cc start bit v nhiu stop bit vo mi mt k t hay byte trong thng tin ni tip bt ng b lm cho hiu sut truyn gim xung, c bit l khi truyn mt thng ip gm mt khi k t. Mt khc phng php ng b bit c dng y tr ln thiu tin cy khi gia tng tc truyn. V l do ny ngi ta a ra phng php mi gi l truyn ng b, truyn ng b khc phc c nhng nhc im nh trn .Tuy nhin, cng ging nh truyn bt ng b chng ta ch cho php nhng phng php no cho php my thu t c s ng b bit , ng b k t v ng b frame. Trong thc t c hai lc truyn ni tip ng b: truyn ng b thin hng bit v truyn ng b thin hng k t.

3.3.2. Nguyn tc ng b bit.

S khc nhau c bn ca truyn bt ng b v ng b l i vi truyn bt ng b ng h thu chy bt ng b vi tn hiu n, cn truyn ng b th ng h thu chy ng b vi tn hiu n, cc start bit v stop bit khng c dng, thay v vy mi frame c truyn nh l dng lin tc cc k s nh phn. My thu ng b bit trong hai cch .Hoc l thng tin nh thi c nhng vo trong tn hiu truyn v sau c tch ra bi my thu, hoc my thu c mt ng h cc b c gi ng b vi tn hiu thu nh mt thit b gi l DPLL (Digital Phase Lock-Loop). Nh chng ta s thy, DPLL li dng s chuyn trng thi t bit 1->0 hay t 0 ->1 trong tn hiu thu duy tr s ng b qua mt khong thi gian nh k no .Lc lai ghp l kt hp c hai cch.Nguyn l hot ng ca cc lc ny c trnh by trn hnh 3.1.

49

a)M ho xung ng h
TxD B m ho ng h Mch tch tn hiu ng h RxD

My pht

My thu

PISO

ng h cc b

SIPO

b)Dng DPLL
TxD RxD B gii m bit DPLL

My pht

B m ho bit

My thu

PISO

ng h cc b

SIPO

Nx ng h cc b

c) Phi hp hai cch trn

TxD

RxD

B m ho ng h
DPLL

SIPO

PISO

ng h cc b

Nx ng h cc b

Hnh 3.1 Cc phng php ng b xung ng h

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3.3.3.Truyn ng b thin hng k t. C hai kiu iu khin truyn ng b: ng b thin hng k t v ng b thin hng bit. C hai u dng cc nguyn tc ng b bit ging nhau. Khc nhau ch yu gia hai lc l phng php c dng t c s ng b k t v ng b frame. Truyn ng b thin hng k t c dng ch yu truyn cc khi k t, nh l cc tp tin dng text. V khng c start bit hay stop bit nn cn phi c cch thc ng b k t. thc hin ng b ny, my pht thm vo cc k t iu khin truyn, gi l cc k t ng b SYN, ngay trc cc khi k t truyn. Cc k t iu khin ny phi c hai chc nng: trc ht, chng cho my thu thu duy tr ng b bit, th hai, khi iu khin c thc hin, chng cho php my thu bt u bin dch lung bit theo cc danh gii k t chnh xc_s ng b k t. Hnh 3. 2 (a) trnh by s ng b frame t c theo phng thc ging nh truyn bt ng b bng cch ng gi khi k t gia cp k t iu khin truyn STX-ETX. Cc k t iu khin SYN thng c dng bi b thu ng b k t th ng trc k t STX (start of frame) .Khi my thu c ng b bit th n chuyn vo ch lm vic gi l ch bt s liu. iu ny c trnh by trn hnh 3.2(b). Khi b thu vo ch bt s liu, n bt u dch dng bit trong mt ca s 8 bit khi tip nhn mt bit mi. Bng cch ny, khi nhn c mi bit, n kim tra xem 8 bit sau cng c ng bng k t ng b hay khng. Nu khng bng, n tip tc thu bit k tip v lp li thao tc kim tra ny. Nu tm thy k t ng b, cc k t tip c c sau mi 8 bit thu c. Khi trong trng thi ng b k t (v do c cc k t theo ng danh gii bit), my thu bt u x l mi k t thu ni tip d ra k t STX u frame. Khi pht hin mt STX, my thu x l nhn ni dung frame v ch kt thc cng vic ny khi pht hin ra k t ETX. Trn mt lin kt im-ni-im, thng thng my pht s quay tr li truyn cc k t SYN my thu duy tr c cu ng b. D nhin, ton b th tc trn u phi c lp li mi khi truyn mt frame mi. Khi d liu nh phn ang c truyn, s trong sut d liu t c ging nh phng php c m t trong mc nguyn tc ng b frame trc y, c ngha l dng mt k t DLE chn vo trc STX v ETX, v chn mt DLE vo bt c v tr no trong ni dung c cha mt DLE. Trong trng hp ny , cc k t SYN ng trc k t DLE u tin.

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a)
SYN SYN

Thi gian Hng truyn

STX ETX

ng b k t b) SYN

K t u frame

Ni dung frame

K t cui frame

Hng truyn

Thi gian SYN SYN

00011010000110100001101000010000000110
STX
My thu vo ch bt d liu

Ni dung frame

My thu pht hin k t SYN

My thu trong trng thi ng b k t

c)
Hng truyn
SYN SYN DLE STX

Chn DLE

Thi gian

DLE

DLE

DLE

ETX

Tun t u frame

Ni dung frame

Tun t cui frame

Hnh 3.2 Truyn ng b thin hng l t a) khun dng frame ; b) S ng b k t. ;

c)S trong sut ca d liu

3.3.4.Truyn ng b thin hng bit.

Vic dng mt cp k t bt u v kt thc mt frame ng b frame, cng vi vic thm vo cc k t DLE khng hiu qu cho vic truyn s liu nh phn. Hn na, dng ca cc k t

52

iu khin truyn thay i theo cc b m k t khc nhau, v vy ch c th s dng vi mt b k t. khc phc cc vn ny ngi ta dng lc truyn ng b thin hng bit .Lc ny c xem nh lc iu khin dng cho vic truyn cc frame d liu gm d liu in c v d liu nh phn.Ba lc thin hng bit ch yu c trnh by trn hnh 3.3. Chng khc nhau ch yu phng php bt u v kt thc mi frame. Lc hnh 3.3 (a) c dng nhiu cho cc lin kt im-ni-im. Bt u v kt thc mt frame bng mt c 8 bit 01111110. Dng thut ng thin hng bit v lung thu c d theo tng bit. Do v nguyn l ni dung ca frame khng nht thit phi l mt bi s ca bit. cho php my thu tip cn v duy tr c cu ng b bit, my pht phi gi mt chui cc byte idle (nhn ri) 01111111 ng trc c bt u frame.Vi NRZI m ho bit 0 trong idle cho php DPLL ti my thu tip cn v duy tr s ng b ng h. Khi nhn c c khi u frame, ni dung ca frame c c v dch theo cc khong 8 bit cho n khi gp c kt thc frame. t c tnh trong sut d liu, cn m bo c khng c nhn lm trong phn ni dung. V l do ny ngi ta dng k thut chn bit 0 hay cn gi l k thut nhi bit (bit stuffing ). Mch thc hin chc nng ny t ti u ra ca thanh ghi PISO. Mch ny ch hot ng trong qu trnh truyn ni dung ca frame. Khi c mt tun t 5 bit 1 lin tc n s t ng chn vo mt bit 0 .Bng cch ny s khng bao gi c c trong phn ni dung truyn i. Mt mch tng t ti my thu nm ngay trc li vo thanh ghi PISO thc hin chc nng g b bit 0 theo hng ngc li.

53

(a) (i) Hng truyn ng dy nhn ri

01111101111101111110

01 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

C m Ni dung frame (a) (ii)

My pht Cho php /cm
S chn bit zero

C ng

My thu
S chn bit zero

Cho php /cm

PIS

TxC

RxC

SIP

(a) (iii) Hng truyn

Cc bit zero c chn

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 - - 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 10
C m Ni dung frame Hnh 3.3. Cc phng php ng b frame thin hng bit a)Dng c C ng

54

(b) 101010 10 10101011

Ni dung frame

Preamable

Ranh gii u frame

Header c nh

Chiu di S byte c xc nh bi vng phn ni ch chiu di phn ni dung dung(bytes)

ui c nh

Preamable

JK0JK000

JK1JK111

Ranh gii u frame (c)

Ni dung frame

Ranh gii cui frame

Lung bit c m ho Manchester vi cng bc bit 1 0 J K 0 J K 0 0 0

Hnh 3.3.(tip) Cc phng php ng b frame thin hng bit b)Ch nh chiu di v ranh gii bt u frame ; c) Cng bc m ho bit

Lc trinh by trong hnh 3.3 (b) c dng trong mt vi mng LAN .Khi mi trng truyn l mi trng qung b v chia s cho tt c cc DTE. cho php tt c cc trm khc nhau t c s ng b bit. Trm truyn t vo trc ni dung frame mt mu bit gi l mu m u _preamble_ bao gm mi cp 10. Mt khi ng b, my thu d tng dng bit mt cho n khi tm thy byte khi u khung 10101011.Mt header c nh xc nh pha sau bao gm a ch, thng tin chiu di phn ni dung. Do , vi lc ny my thu ch cn m s byte thch hp xc nh s kt thc mi frame. Lc trnh by trn hnh 3.3 (c) cng c dng vi LAN. S bt u v kt thc ca mi frame c ch nh bi cc mu m bo bit khng chun. V d m Manchester, thay cho truyn mt tn hiu ti gia thi bit, mc tn hiu duy tr ti cng mc nh bit trc trong thi bit hon chnh (J) hay ti mc ngc (K).Mt ln na, pht hin u v cui frame, my thu d tng bit, trc ht pht hin JK0JK000 v sau pht hin mu kt thc JK1JK111 .V cc k hiu J, K l cc m bit khng chun, nn trong phn ni dung ca frame s khng cha cc k hiu ny, nh vy t c s trong sut d liu.

55

3.4. MCH IU KHIN TRUYN S LIU

3.4.1. Khi qut
thc hin c cc phng thc truyn mt cch c th, cc nh ch to cung cp mt lot cc IC chuyn dng, cc IC ny chnh l phn cng vt l trong mt h thng thng tin, chng hot ng theo nguyn tc ca k thut s v v vy ch truyn ng b hay bt ng b ph thuc vo vic s dng ng h chung hay ring khi truyn tn hiu s i xa. Cc IC u l cc vi mch c th lp trnh c. u tin lp trnh ch hot ng mong mun bng cch ghi mt byte c ngha v thanh ghi ch mode register. Sau ghi tip byte iu khin vo thanh ghi lnh command register vi mch theo m hot ng. V cc giao tip truyn c dng kh rng ri trong cc thit b in t hin i, cc vi mch ngoi vi LSI c bit c pht trin cho php thc hin cc loi giao tip ny. Tn tng qut ca hu ht cc IC ny l: UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) USRT (Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitter):mch ny ng b thin hng k t. USART c th hot ng theo UART hay USRT tu chn BOPs (Bit-Oriented Protocol circuits) mch ny ng b thin hng bit UCCs (Universal Communication Control circuits) c th lp trnh cho c 3 loi trn (UART,USRT hay BOPs) C UART v USART u c kh nng thc hin nhu cu chuyn i song song sang ni tip truyn s liu i xa v chuyn i ni tip sang song song khi tip nhn s liu. i vi s liu c truyn theo ch bt ng b chng cng c kh nng ng khung cho k t mt cch t ng vi START bit, PARITY bit, v cc STOP bit thch hp. Hn na, tip nhn d liu, UART v USART u c kh nng kim tra cc k t mt cch t ng pht hin li parity, v c hai loi li khc l li nh dng frame (framing error) v li chng chp k t nhn (overrun erro). Li nh dng frame c ngha l sau khi pht hin u k t vi mt START bit, my thu khng pht hin c s STOP bit thch hp. iu ny c ngha l k t truyn khng c nhn mt cch hon ho v cn phi truyn li. Li chng chp k t c ngha l k t c nhn nhng khng c b vi x l c ra khi thanh ghi d liu thu ca USART trc khi nhn tip mt k t mi.Do , k t trc b mt v s phi truyn li. Mt s khi ca UART c trnh by trn hnh 3.4. y chng ta thy rng n c bn giao tip tn hiu ch yu : giao tip vi b vi x l, giao tip truyn, giao tip thu v giao tip iu khin bt tay (handshake control interface). Cc LSI UART v USART khng th ng mt mnh trong h thng truyn tin.Hot ng ca chng c c iu khin bi mt b x l c ng dng tng qut v d nh cc b x l thng thng. Giao tip vi b x l l giao tip c dng kt ni UART vo n v x l trung tm CPU (Central Processing Unit) .Xem hnh 3.4 , chng ta thy rng giao tip ny bao gm mt bus d liu hai chiu 8-bit (D0 n D7) v 3 ng iu khin, CS,RD v WR. Tt c d liu truyn gia UART v CPU din ra qua bus d liu 8 bit ny.Hai hot ng c s dng bus ny l np d liu t phn thu ca UART vo v xut hin d liu ra phn truyn ca

56

n. Cc loi thng tin khc cng c chuyn qua gia CPU v UART . V d cc ch th iu khin ch , cc ch th lnh iu hnh, v cc thng tin trng thi.

D0-D7

TxD TxRDT

Giao tip truyn

Giao tip vi vi x l

CS UART RD WR

RxD RxRD

Giao tip thu

RTS CTS DSR DTR

Hnh 3. 4 S khi tng qut ca UART

Giao tip thu iu khin bng tay.

Cc LSI UART c th c cu hnh cho cc ch hot ng khc nhau thng qua phn mm. Cc ch th iu khin ch l nhng g phi c gi n UART khi dng cc thanh ghi iu khin ca n to ch hot ng mong mun. V d nh khung dng ca frame c dng truyn hay nhn d liu c th c cu hnh thng qua phn mm. Cc tu chn tiu biu gm chiu di k t thay i t 5 n 8 bit; kim tra chn, kim tra l hay khng kim tra, Chng ta bit mt UARRT khng th t thc hin c chc nng truyn tin. Tht vy, tun t ca cc s kin cn thit khi ng truyn v nhn c iu khin bi cc lnh ca CPU gi n UARt. V d CPU c th bt u yu cu truyn s liu bng cch ghi mt lnh vo UART khin ng iu khin hng ra RTS c thit lp mc tch cc(0). Mc tn hiu tch cc 0 trn RTS bo cho h thng u bn kia ca ng truyn( v d DCE) chun b nhn d liu .ti u thu ca ng truyn tin, CPU c th chp nhn sn sng nhn gi d liu bng bng cch gi mt lnh cho UART ca n, lm cho tn hiu iu khin DTR xung mc thp (0). Hu ht cc UART u c thanh ghi trng thi (status register) cha thng tin lin quan n trng thi hin hnh ca n. V d c th cha cc bit c ( flag bits) biu th trng thi hin hnh cu cc ng tn hiu nh RTS v DTR. iu ny cho php CPU kim tra cc trng thi lgic ca cc ng dy ny bng phn mm. Ngoi cc thng tin v mc logic ca cc ng iu khin, thanh ghi trng thi cn cha cc bit c biu th cc iu kin li nh parity, li nh dng frame v li chng chp k t.Sau khi

57

nhn mt k t, trc ht CPU c cc bit ny chc chn rng nhn c mt k t hp l, v nu cc bit ny khng mc tch cc ( khng li) th k t c c ra t thanh ghi d liu thu trong UART. Pha bn phi ca s khi hnh 3.4 chng ta c th thy giao tip truyn v giao tip thu .Giao tip truyn c hai ng tn hiu : transmit data (TxD) v transmit ready (TxRDY) . TxD l ng m qua b phn truyn ca UART xut k t ni tip ra ng truyn. Nh trnh by trn hnh 3.5., ng ra ny c ni n ng nhp d liu thu (RxD) ca b phn thu trong h thng u xa ca ng truyn.

RTS CTS DSR DTR

u cui

RTS CTS DSR DTR TxD RxD Common

My tnh

TxD RxD

Common

Hnh 3.5 Giao tip truyn bt c ng b n gin gia mt my tnh v mt u cui s liu.

Thng thng b phn truyn ca mt LSI UART ch c th gi c mt k t ti mt thi im .Cc k t ny c gi trong thanh ghi d liu truyn (transmit data register ) trong UART. V ch c mt k t c th c gi trong UART, nn UART phi pht tn hiu cho CPU mi khi n hon thnh truyn k t ny.ng TxRDY c cung cp cho mc ch ny. Ngay sau khi hon tt truyn k t trong thanh ghi d liu truyn, b phn truyn chuyn TxRDY sang mc tch cc. Tn hiu ny s gi mt ngt (Interrupt) vo CPU. Bng cch ny, s xut hin ca n c th khin cho chng trnh iu khin qua chng trnh phc v thch hp v s xut cc k t khc ra thanh ghi d liu truyn v sau hot ng truyn c khi ng tr li. B phn thu tng t nh b truyn m chng ta mi m t. Tuy nhin, y ng d liu thu (RxD ) l ng nhp, n chp nhn cc chui bit k t ni tip c truyn t b phn truyn ca h thng u xa ca ng truyn. Lu rng trong hnh 3.5. u nhp d liu ni n u truyn d liu (TxD) ca b phn truyn trong h thng ti u xa. y tn hiu hng ra (RxRDY) c dng nh mt ngt gi n CPU, thng bo cho CPU bit nhn c mt k t. Chng trnh con phc v ngt ny c khi dng, trc ht n phi xc nh k t ny c hp l hay khng v nu hp l, n phi c k t ny ra khi thanh ghi d liu thu ca UART.

58

Dng cc tn hiu iu khin bt tay RTS, DTR v CTS, cc loi giao thc truyn bt ng b khc nhau c th thc hin c thng qua cc giao tip ny. Mt giao tip truyn bt ng b dng cc ng iu khin ny c trnh by trn hnh 3.5 . Trong v d, mt giao thc c th c thit lp sao cho khi u cui s liu mun gi s liu n my tnh n s pht mt yu cu qua u ra RTS ca n. lm iu ny, CPU ca u cui s liu mt lnh n UART, lnh ny yu cu n a ng tn hiu RTS xung mc tch cc (mc lgic 0) .Mc tch cc trn RTS ca u cui c p vo u nhp DRS ca my tnh. Bng cch ny, n bo cho my tnh bit rng u cui s liu mun truyn s liu vo my tnh. Khi my tnh sn sng nhn s liu, n chp nhn yu cu ny bng cch kch hot ng ra DTR trn UART ca n. CPU trong my tnh thc hin iu ny bng cch gi mt lnh cho UART bo n chuyn DTR xung mc tch cc (mc 0). Tn hiu ny p vo u ra CTS ca UART cu u cui s liu v bo vi UART trong u cui s liu bit c th bt u xut s liu ln TxD. Cng lc , b phn thu trong UART my tnh cng bt u c s liu t ng nhp RxD ca n.

3.4.2. Giao tip truyn c th lp trnh UART 8250 ca Intel

Cc h thng thng tin bt ng b thng dng cc chip LSI gi thnh r nh : Motorola 6850 ACIA (Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapters) dng vi h vi x l 6800/68000 ca Motorola. National 8250 UART dng vi h vi x l 8088/80x86 ca Intel. Hnh 3.6 M t cu hnh c bn ca 8250 vi ba phn giao tip chnh l : giao tip vi bus xut /nhp IO ca h thng , mch nh thi v giao tip RS-232.

D7- D0

SOUT SIN RTS DTR DSR DCD CTS RI XTAL1

C P U

I/OR I/OW INTRT RESET

DISTR DOSTR INTRDT MR

Giao Tip EIA

RS-232C

B U S

A0 A1 A2

A0 A1 A2 ADS DOSTR DISTR CS2 CS1 BAUDOT

CS

XTAL2

Hnh 3.6 Cu hnh c bn ca 8250

59

3.4.2.1.Giao tip bus:

m d liu hai chiu 3 trng thi (D0 - D7) : l ca ng trao i d liu song song , cc t iu khin , v t trng thi vi CPU. DISTR,DISRT (Data Input Strobe ): tn hiu hng vo chn c thng tin t 8250 , s dng mt trong hai ng. DOSTR, DOSTR (Data Output Strobe ) : tn hiu hng vo chn ghi thng tin ra 8250 , dng mt trong hai ng. A0, A1,A2 : tn hiu nhp, l a ch dng chn cc thanh ghi bn trong 8250. S phn b cc a ch tng ng c tnh by trong bng 3.2. CS0, CS1, CS2 : cho php 8250 hot ng khi CS0=0, CS1= 1v CS2=0. ADS (Address Strobe ) khi mc logic 0 cho php thit t a ch A0, A1 ,A2 v cc CS, cho cc tn hiu ny n nh trc khi s dng. MR (Master Reset) ): khi mc logic 1 a 8250 v trng thi ban u. INTRPT : l ng xut yu cu ngt qung v CPU. Tn hiu ny ln mc logic 1 khi xy ra mt trong bn loi ngt qung m 8250 c th pht ra : c c li mc tch cc do s liu nh phn b sai ; nhn s liu tt; b m truyn khng cn s liu truyn; c thay i trng thi trn cc ng tn hiu iu khin modem. CSOUT (Chip Select Output) : khi mc logic 1 bo cho bit 8250 c chn. DDIS (Driver Disable ) : mc logic 0 khi CPU ang c 8250.

3.4.2.2.Xung ng h v s nh thi gian:

Tn s xung ng h ca 8250 c th c ly t mt tn hiu bn ngoi hoc do mt mch dao ng bn trong to ra nh ni vi thch anh.Cc tn s ny xc nh chn XTAL1, sau qua mt mch chia tn ( c th lp trnh c ) to ra mt tn s tn hiu ng h ch. Tn s ny cao hn tc baud chn 16 ln. Tn hiu ng h ch c dng iu khin mch pht bn trong 8250 sao cho mch pht v mch thu c th lm vic theo nhng tn s khc nhau. Tn s tn hiu ng h ch ny c a ra chn BAUDOT, nu chn tn s ng h ng h khc cho mch thu th a vo cc chn RCLK, cn nu dng cng tng s th ni hai chn ny li vi nhau. Cng c th x l ti tn s ng h ch to ra tn s xung ng h cho mch thu.

3.4.2.3.Cu trc bn trong v hot ng ca 8250

Hot ng ca 8250 c iu khin bi cc thnh phn iu khin v h tr iu khin gm cc thanh ghi : thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn LCR (Line Control Register) , thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (Line Status Register ), thanh ghi nhn dng ngt qung IIR ( Interrupt Identification Register), thanh ghi cho php ngt qung IER (Interrupt Enable Register), thanh ghi iu khin modem MCR (Modem Control Register), thanh ghi m truyn THR (Transsmitter Holding Register) thanh ghi m nhn

3.5. CC THIT B IU KHIN TRUYN S LIU

3.5.1. Khi qut
Trong nhiu ng dng truyn d liu c mt yu cu chung l phi p ng s phn tn cc u cui thng tin , th d nh cc my tnh c nhn, tt c cc u cui u c nhu cu truy xut mt dch v tnh ton trung tm. Dch v ny c th iu hnh mt dch v th in t trung tm hay mt c s d liu trung tm. Nu tt c cc u cui t cc v tr khc nhau, ch c mt gii

60

php cung cp mt ng thng tin ring bit cho mi u cui. Gi s cc u cui c phn b xung quang ni trc tip vo my tnh trung tm,cn nu nh cc my tnh c phn b xa trung tm hu ht du phi dng mt Modem thc hin cu ni chuyn mch hay dng ng dy thu ring. Trong cc trng hp c nhiu u cui gn nhau c th dng mt thit b gi l b ghp knh MUX (multiplexer ) ti thiu s dy dn cn ni n trung tm. Cc thit b ny c dng cng vi ng truyn dn c tc cao hn tc ca cc thit b u cui thnh phn. C hai dng thit b ghp knh l : cc b ghp knh phn thi , v cc b ghp knh thng k. B ghp knh phn thi phn phi c nh cho mi u cui mt phn kh nng truyn cng chia s dng truyn tc cao vi cc u cui khc. B ghp knh thng k ch phn phi kh nng truyn theo nhu cu mang tnh thng k

3.5.2. B ghp knh phn thi

thc hin hot ng ghp knh, vi x l dng 2 b m 2 byte cho mi UART, mt cp cho truyn v mt cp cho nhn. truyn, mi byte nhn t UART c lu gi n gin theo phng php lp trong b m 2 byte. ng thi vi x l c ni dung hin hnh ca mi b m 2 byte theo cc on 8 bit ng b vi tc bit ca lin kt tc cao. Th tc theo chiu ngc licng c xc tin tip nhn t lin kt tc cao dng b m kia. Cc bit iu khin bt tay c ci theo phng php thng nht trc nhm phn nh trng thi tng ng ca ng dy lin quan n giao tip tng ng.

3.5.3. B ghp knh thng k

Mi u cui trong mt b ghp knh phn thi lin quan n mt khe k t c nh trong mi frame. Nu u cui hay my tnh khng c d liu truyn khi b x l qut qua UART tng ng, vi x l phi chn cc k t NUL vo trong khe ny, v th rt khng hiu qu trong vic s dng bng thng ng truyn sn c. Nu lin kt d liu thuc s hu t nhn th iu ny khng cn bn tm. Nhng nu l ng truyn cng cng th n c nh hng rt ln. Phng php ghp knh hiu qu hn l ghp knh thng k ( statistical multiplexing ). B ghp knh thng k hot ng theo nguyn l tc trung bnh d liu ca k t nhp ti mt u cui thng thp hn nhiu so vi kh nng truyn dn ca ng dy. Nu dng tc d liu ca ngi dng thay v tc ca ng truyn th tc bit ca lin kt d liu chung thp hn nhiu v gi thnh gim i ng k. Gi s mt v tr xa c 8 u cui cn ni n mt my tnh trung tm xa qua ng truyn dn cng cng, gi s ng truyn c tc ti a l 4800bps. Dng mt MUX c bn v mt ng dy n, tc hot ng danh nh ca mi u cui phi nh hn 600 bp, gi s l 300 bps. nh hng ca gii hn ny l thi gian p ng ca my tnh i vi mi k t c g vo u cui thng thp hoc mt nu mt khi k t ang c truyn n u cui th thi gian gian tr c th nhn thy c. D nhin nu tc d liu trung bnh u cui l 300 bps th vi b ghp knh thng k th d liu c th c truyn bi mt u cui vi tc ti a c th l 4800 bps, do , thi gian p ng trung bnh i vi mi k t g vo c ci thin ng k. v cc k t c truyn trn lin kt s liu chung cn c theo thng k thay cho s phn phi trc, nn mi k t hay nhm k t c truyn cng phi mang thm thng tin nhn dng

III. TM TT
Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b, c th dng mt trong 3 ch thng tin sau :

61

n cng (one way hay simplex) : c dng khi d liu c truyn ch theo mt hng,. Bn song cng (either way hay half-duplex) : c dng khi hai thit b kt ni vi nhau mun trao i thng tin mt cch lun phin Song cng hon ton (both way hay full-duplex ) :c dng khi s liu c trao i gia hai thit b theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi. Cc ch truyn Truyn bt ng b :(asynchronous transmission) Cch thc truyn trong cc k t d liu m ho thng tin c truyn i ti nhng thi im khc nhau m khong thi gian ni tip gia hai k t khng cn thit phi l mt gi tr c nh. ch truyn ny hiu theo bn cht truyn tn hiu s th my pht v my thu c lp trong vic s dng ng h, ng h chnh l b pht xung clock cho vic dch bit d liu (shift) v nh vy khng cn knh truyn tn hiu ng h gia hai u pht v thu.

Truyn ng b (Synchronous transmission) Cch thc truyn trong khong thi gian cho mi bit l nh nhau, v trong h thng truyn k t khong thi gian t bit cui ca k t ny n bit u ca k t k tip bng khng hoc bng bi s tng thi gian cn thit truyn hon chnh mt k t.
Kim sot li Trong qu trnh truyn lung bit gia hai DTE, rt thng xy ra sai lc thng tin, c ngha l mc tn hiu tng ng vi bit 0 b thay i lm cho my thu dch ra l bit 1 v ngc li, c bit khi c khong cch vt l truyn kh xa v d nh dng mng PSTN truyn.V th, khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b cn c phng tin pht hin cc li c th xy ra v khi xy ra li nn c phng tin sa cha chng. iu khin lung d liu iu ny l ht sc quan trng khi hai thit b ang truyn thng tin qua mng s liu giao thc lin kt s liu cng nh ngha nhng chi tit sau: Khun dng ca mu s liu ang trao i, ngha l s bit trn mt phn t thng tin v dng lc m bo ang c dng. Dng v th t cc thng ip c trao i t c tin cy gia hai i tc truyn. M truyn (transmission code) mi t hp bit nh phn mang ngha ca mt k t no theo quy nh ca tng b m. S lng bit nh phn trong mt t hp bit ni ln quy m ca mt b m hay s k t cha trong b m. nu gi n l s bit trong mt t hp bit th s k t c th m ho l 2n Cc n v d liu (data unit) Theo n v o lng dung lng thng tin th n v c bn l byte, mt byte l mt t hp 8 bit Giao thc truyn l tp hp cc quy nh lin quan n cc yu t k thut truyn s liu , c th ho cc cng tc cn thit v quy trnh thc hin vic truyn nhn s liu t u n cui. ng ni l ng kt ni thc t xuyn qua mi trng truyn, v vy n l i tng truyn dn mng tnh vt l.

Thng tin ni tip bt ng b. Nguyn tc ng b bit, nguyn tc ng b k t, nguyn tc ng b frame Thng tin ni tip ng b Vic thm cc start bit v nhiu stop bit vo mi mt k t hay byte trong thng tin ni tip bt ng b lm cho hiu sut truyn gim xung, c bit l khi 62

truyn mt thng ip gm mt khi k t. Mt khc phng php ng b bit c dng y tr ln thiu tin cy khi gia tng tc truyn. V l do ny ngi ta a ra phng php mi gi l truyn ng b, truyn ng b khc phc c nhng nhc im nh trn

Nguyn tc ng b bit. Trong truyn bt ng b, ng h thu chy mt cch bt ng b vi tn hiu thu. x l thu hiu qu, cn phi c k hoch dng ng h thu ly mu tn hiu n, ngay im gia thi ca bit d liu Truyn ng b thin hng k t. Truyn ng b thin hng k t c dng ch yu truyn cc khi k t, V khng c start bit hay stop bit nn cn phi c cch thc ng b k t. thc hin ng b ny, my pht thm vo cc k t iu khin truyn, gi l cc k t ng b SYN, ngay trc cc khi k t truyn Truyn ng b thin hng bit.
Bt u v kt thc mt frame bng mt c 8 bit 01111110. Dng thut ng thin hng bit v lung thu c d theo tng bit. Do v nguyn l ni dung ca frame khng nht thit phi l mt bi s ca bit. cho php my thu tip cn v duy tr c cu ng b bit, my pht phi gi mt chui cc byte idle (nhn ri) 01111111 ng trc c bt u frame.Vi NRZI m ho bit 0 trong idle cho php DPLL ti my thu tip cn v duy tr s ng b ng h. Khi nhn c c khi u frame, ni dung ca frame c c v dch theo cc khong 8 bit cho n khi gp c kt thc frame. Cc thit b iu khin truyn s liu Cc IC u l cc vi mch c th lp trnh c. u tin lp trnh ch hot ng mong mun bng cch ghi mt byte c ngha v thanh ghi ch mode register. Sau ghi tip byte iu khin vo thanh ghi lnh command register vi mch theo m hot ng. V cc giao tip truyn c dng kh rng ri trong cc thit b in t hin i, cc vi mch ngoi vi LSI c bit c pht trin cho php thc hin cc loi giao tip ny. Tn tng qut ca hu ht cc IC ny l: UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) USRT (Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitter):mch ny ng b thin hng k t. USART c th hot ng theo UART hay USRT tu chn BOPs (Bit-Oriented Protocol circuits) mch ny ng b thin hng bit UCCs (Universal Communication Control circuits) c th lp trnh cho c 3 loi trn (UART,USRT hay BOPs) C UART v USART u c kh nng thc hin nhu cu chuyn i song song sang ni tip truyn s liu i xa v chuyn i ni tip sang song song khi tip nhn s liu. i vi s liu c truyn theo ch bt ng b chng cng c kh nng ng khung cho k t mt cch t ng vi START bit, PARITY bit, v cc STOP bit thch hp. B ghp knh phn thi thc hin hot ng ghp knh, vi x l dng 2 b m 2 byte cho mi UART, mt cp cho truyn v mt cp cho nhn

63

B ghp knh thng k B ghp knh thng k hot ng theo nguyn l tc trung bnh d liu ca k t nhp ti mt u cui thng thp hn nhiu so vi kh nng truyn dn ca ng dy

IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 :: Khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b, c th dng ch thng tin no

A n cng (one way hay simplex) B Bn song cng (either way hay half-duplex) C Song cng hon ton (both way hay full-duplex ) D Mt trong ba cch A, B, C

Cu 2 : Pht biu no sau y l ng trong truyn bt ng b A B

Cc k t d liu m ho thng tin c truyn i ti nhng thi im khc nhau m khong thi gian ni tip gia hai k t khng cn thit phi l mt gi tr c nh. Cc k t d liu m ho thng tin c truyn i ti nhng thi im khc nhau m khong thi gian ni tip gia hai k t cn thit phi l mt gi tr c nh.

C ch truyn ny hiu theo bn cht truyn tn hiu s th my pht v my thu khng c lp trong vic s dng ng h D C ba trn u sai

Cu 3 : Pht biu no sau y l dng A

Cch thc truyn trong khong thi gian cho mi bit l nh nhau l cch truyn ng b

B Trong h thng truyn k t khong thi gian t bit cui ca k t ny n bit u ca k t k tip bng khng l cch truyn ng b C A v B l pht biu cho phng thc truyn ng b D C A, B, C u sai

Cu 4 : Khi dng phng php truyn ng b, chng ta thng A Xc nh cc li xy ra trn mt frame hon chnh. B Thm mt s k s nh phn vo mi k t c truyn C Mi k t c kim tra nh mt thc th ring bit D C ba trn u ng

Cu 5 : iu khin lung d liu l 64

A Tng khong cch vt l v tc khi truyn B L ht sc quan trng khi hai thit b ang truyn thng tin qua mng s liu C ngn chn trng hp tc nghn trn mng D C B v C u ng

Cu 6 : Giao thc lin kt s liu nh ngha A Khun dng ca mu s liu ang trao i, ngha l s bit trn mt phn t thng tin v dng lc m ha ang c dng B Dng v th t cc thng ip c trao i t c tin cy gia hai i tc truyn. C D
Ch bng rng

A v B l ng

Cu 7 : Truyn song song l A Phng thc truyn trong cc bit ca mt hay nhiu k t c th nhn c c th c truyn ng thi B C
Mi bit ca k t cn mt knh truyn K t c to ra trc s c truyn trc

D C A, B, C u ng Cu 8 : Truyn ni tip l A L phng thc truyn trong cc bit d liu t mt ngun c truyn tun t ni tip nhau qua mt knh thng tin B L phng thc truyn trong cc bit d liu t mt ngun c truyn tun t ni tip nhau qua nhiu knh thng tin C K t to ra trc trong khi d liu thng nht s truyn sau k t to ra sau s c truyn trc D C A,B, C u ng

Cu 9 : Cc b m c th l

A M p ng cho tt c cc k t thng thng, ch s v cc du chm cu_tp hp cc k t ny c gi l k t in c B M p ng cho mt s cc k t iu khin (control character) _ cng c gi l cc k t khng th in c C Mt s cc k t iu khin (control character) D C A,B,C u ng 65

Cu 10 : n v d liu truyn c th l A Di dng mt k t mt khi gm nhiu cc k t B Di dng mt khi gm nhiu cc k t C C A v B D Tt c cc trn u sai

Cu 11: Pht biu no v giao thc truyn di y l ng A L tp hp cc quy nh lin quan n cc yu t k thut truyn s liu B C th ho cc cng tc cn thit thc hin vic truyn nhn s liu t u n cui C Tu vo vic la chn cc gii php k thut v thit k quy trnh lm vic m s c cc giao thc khc nhau D Tt c cc trn u ng Cu 12 : Hot ng kt ni bao gm A Kt ni trao i thng tin trong mt u cui s liu ch lm vic vi mt u cui khc ti mt thi im . B Kt ni trao i thng tin trong mt u cui s liu c th thng tin vi nhiu u cui khc mt cch ng thi. C
Tt c cc trm truy nhp knh theo kim sot ca my ch

D Ch bao gm A v B Cu 13 : Pht biu no v ng ni sau y l ng A ng ni l ng kt ni thc t xuyn qua mi trng truyn, v vy n l i tng truyn dn mng tnh vt l. B Mi ng ni c th cha nhiu lin kt C Cc ng ni tn ti trong mt khong thi gian nht nh c gi l lin kt D Tt c cc trn u ng Cu 14 :ng b bit c c trng A
Mch iu khin truyn nhn c lp trnh hot ng vi s bit bng nhau trong mt k t k c s stop bit, start bit v bit kim tra gia thu v pht

B Sau khi pht hin v nhn start bit, vic ng b k t t c ti u thu rt n gin, ch vic m ng s bit c lp trnh C C A v B u ng D C A v B u sai

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Cu 15 :ng b theo hng k t: A khng c start bit hay stop bit B thc hin ng b ny, my pht thm vo cc k t iu khin truyn, gi l cc k t ng b SYN, ngay trc cc khi k t truyn. C A l pht biu sai D C A v B u ng Cu 16 : Mch iu khin truyn s liu A C UART v USRT u c kh nng thc hin nhu cu chuyn i song song sang ni tip truyn s liu i xa B UART l mch thu pht khng ng b vn nng c kh nng chuyn i ni tip sang song song khi tip nhn s liu C USRT l mch thu pht ng b vn nng theo hng k t D C A, B. C u ng Cu 17 : Li nh dng frame c ngha l A Sau khi pht hin u k t vi mt START bit, my thu khng pht hin c s STOP bit thch hp B Ngha l k t truyn khng c nhn mt cch hon ho v cn phi truyn li. C Khng pht hin c START bit

D A, B u dng Cu 18 : B ghp knh phn thi dng A Dng 2 b m 2 byte cho mi UART B Vi x l c ni dung hin hnh ca mi b m 2 byte theo cc on 8 bit ng b vi tc bit ca lin kt tc cao C Dng 4 b m 2 byte cho mi UART D A v B l pht biu ng Cu 19 : Pht biu no v b ghp knh thng k sau y l ng A Tc trung bnh d liu ca k t nhp ti mt u cui thng thp hn nhiu so vi kh nng truyn dn ca ng dy B Phng php ghp knh thng k ( statistical multiplexing ). hiu qu hn ghp knh phn thi C Tc trung bnh d liu ca k t nhp ti mt u cui thng cao hn rt nhiu so vi kh nng truyn dn ca ng dy D C A v B l pht biu ng

Cu 20 : Pht biu no sau y v b ghp knh l ng

67

A C hai dng thit b ghp knh l : cc b ghp knh phn thi , v cc b ghp knh thng k B B ghp knh phn thi phn phi c nh cho mi u cui mt phn kh nng truyn cng chia s dng truyn tc cao vi cc u cui khc C Mi u cui trong mt b ghp knh phn thi lin quan n mt khe k t c nh trong mi frame D A ,B v C u ng

V. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Michael Duck, Peter Bishop, Richard Read. Data communication, addison wesley 1996. [2]. Trung T. Cng ngh ATM - gii php cho mng vin thng bng rng 1998 [3] Nguyn hng Sn, Hong c Hi. K thut truyn s liu. Nh xut bn Lao ng 2002. [4] William Stallings, Data and computer communications, Prentice Hall, 2004.

68

CHNG 4. CC GIAO THC IU KHIN LIN KT S LIU.

I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau: Tng quan v iu khin lin kt d liu Cc mi trng ng dng Cc giao thc thin hng k t Cc giao thc thin hng bit

Mc ch :
Gip sinh vin hiu r cc khi nim c bn v lp iu khin s liu lin quan n vic chuyn thng tin s liu qua mt lp lin kt s liu ni tip. Lin kt s liu c th l mt knh vt l im-ni-im. Do lp iu khin lin kt s liu l nn tng hot ng ca tt c cc ng dng truyn s liu v thng gi tt l lp lin kt s liu. Trong cc ng dng im-niim n gin, lp lin kt s liu ng vai tr l lp ng dng trc tip ..Trong cc ng dng phc tp hn, chng hn nh cc ng dng thng qua cc mng chuyn mch, lp lin kt s liu cung cp mt dch v xc nh cho tp hp cc giao thc mc cao hn Mt vi mi trng ng dng c trnh by gip sinh vin vn dng cc lin kt .Lin kt s liu c th l mt knh im-ni-im, n c th l mt kt ni vt l trc tip mt knh c thit lp qua mng in thoi cng cng dng modem, hoc mt lin kt v tuyn nh lin kt vi ba mt t hay lin kt v tinh. Lin kt s liu hot ng trn c s u cui n u cui v trong nhiu p dng nh vy, n phc v cho ng dng mt cch trc tip Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong cch hai u cui thng tin v tc bit ca lin kt. i vi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng modem, th giao thc hng k t idle RQ c dng. i vi cc lin kt tc c cao hn v c bit l cc lin kt c c l xa nh lin kt v tinh hay cc knh xuyn qua cc mng ghp knh t nhn, mt giao thc thuc loi continuous c gi l HDLC (High-Level Data link Control) c dng. y l giao thc thin hng bit ph hp vi nhiu ch khc nhau. iu khin truy nhp vo mi trng truyn chia s mt cch bnh ng, thng dng mt giao thc lin kt d liu c to cu ni. Cc giao thc trc y dng cho cc kin trc nh vy ch yu da vo s pht trin ca giao thc idle RQ thin hng k t c gi l BSC (Binary Synchronous Control) hay bisync.

Cc giao thc thin hng k t bao gm Cc giao thc n cng (simplex protocols), cc giao thc bn song cng, cc giao thc song cng hon ton. Yu cu :
Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh ga kin thc ca mnh theo cc vn chnh sau : Lp iu khin s liu lin quan n vic chuyn thng tin s liu qua mt lp lin kt s liu ni tip. lp lin kt s liu cung cp mt dch v xc nh cho tp hp cc giao thc mc cao hn Lin kt s liu hot ng trn c s u cui n u cui v trong nhiu p dng nh vy, n phc v cho ng dng mt cch trc tip

69

Cc giao thc lin kt. Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong cch hai u cui thng tin v tc bit ca lin kt i vi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng modem, th giao thc hng k t idle RQ c dng Tt c cc giao thc lin kt s liu mi u l giao thc thin hng bit

II. NI DUNG 4.1. TNG QUAN.

Lp iu khin s liu lin quan n vic chuyn thng tin s liu qua mt lp lin kt s liu ni tip. Lin kt s liu c th l mt knh vt l im-ni-im (dng cp xon , cp ng trc hay cp quang) hoc mt knh v tuyn nh lin kt v tinh hoc mt lin kt vt l hay lgic qua cc mng chuyn mch. Ch truyn c th l bt ng b v da trn giao thc iu khin truyn thin hng bit hay thin hng k t. Do lp iu khin lin kt s liu l nn tng hot ng ca tt c cc ng dng truyn s liu v thng gi tt l lp lin kt s liu. Trong cc ng dng im-ni-im n gin, lp lin kt s liu ng vai tr l lp ng dng trc tip ..Trong cc ng dng phc tp hn, chng hn nh cc ng dng thng qua cc mng chuyn mch, lp lin kt s liu cung cp mt dch v xc nh cho tp hp cc giao thc mc cao hn.Tu thuc vo ng dng, dch v user c cung cp bi lp lin kt s liu c th l dch v khng to cu ni (connectionless) hay dch v c to cu ni (connection-oriented) .Hai loi dch v c trnh by trn s tun t theo thi gian hnh 4.1 Dch v khng to cu ni c ngha l cho d c cc bit kim tra pht hin li, nhng nu pht hin bt k frame no b li th thc th giao thc lp lin kt ch lm mt thao tc n gin l loi b frame ny. Dch v ny cng c xem l dch v khng bo nhn v chc nng truyn li tr thnh mt chc nng hin nhin ca mt lp giao thc cao hn.V d , c thc hin trong cc ng dng da trn cc mng chuyn mch trong tham s BER ca cc ng truyn rt thp do xc sut truyn li nh , chng hn nh trong cc mng LAN v ISDN. Nh li rng vi loi dch v ny, giao thc lin kt s liu dng cc th tc kim sot li v iu khin lung to ra dch v tin cy. Do xc sut s liu khng li, khng trng kh cao v cc thng ip s c phn phi theo th t ging nh khi c np truyn i. t c iu ny ,trc khi truyn bt c mt frame thng tin no, mt cu ni logic gia hai thc th giao thc c thit lp thng qua dch v L_CONNECT .Tt c s liu c chuyn giao nh vo giao thc iu khin lung v truyn li thch hp. Khi tt c cc s liu c trao i, cu ni logic b xo bng dch v L_DISCONNECT.

70

(a)

DTE lp iu hin lin kt DL

DTE lp iu khin lin kt DL

Phn mn user/ Giao thc lp cao hn L_UNITDATA.request

phn mm user/ Giao thc lp cao hn

L_UNITDATA.indication L_UNITDATA.request

L_UNITDATA.indication

(b) L_CONNECT.request L_CONNECT.indication

L_CONNECT.confirm L_DATA.request L_DATA.indication L_DATA.request L_DATA.indication L_DISCONNECT.request

L_DISCONNECT.indication L_DISCONNECT.conf

Thi gian

Hnh 4.1 Cc hm thc th dch v lp iu khin lin kt d liu : (a) khng to cu ni (b) c to cu ni

Bi di ng dng ca lp lin kt s liu kh rng nn trc ht chng ta s xem xt vi mi trng ng dng khc nhau lin quan n n. Chng ta s xem xt hot ng chi tit ca cc giao thc khc nhau trong cc mc tip theo.

71

4.2. CC MI TRNG NG DNG

Mt vi mi trng ng dng c trnh by trn hnh 4.2. Chng ta c th thy rng, trong vi trng hp cc giao thc lin kt s liu ngay trong hai u cui thng tin (DTE), v d nh my tnh v tm hot ng ca giao thc c xem nh t u cui n u cui. Trong cc trng hp khc, giao thc hot ng thng qua lin kt cc b, v d lin kt ni DTE vo mng. Trng hp nh vy, ta ni giao thc ch c ngha cc b. Trong hnh 4.2 (a), lin kt s liu l mt knh im-ni-im, n c th l mt kt ni vt l trc tip (dng cp xon i, cp ng trc hay cp quang), mt knh c thit lp qua mng in thoi cng cng dng modem, mt knh thng qua mng ghp knh t nhn, hoc mt lin kt v tuyn nh lin kt vi ba mt t hay lin kt v tinh. Lin kt s liu hot ng trn c s u cui n u cui v trong nhiu p dng nh vy, n phc v cho ng dng mt cch trc tip. Do , thng dng dch v theo hng kt ni tin cy. Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong cch hai u cui thng tin v tc bit ca lin kt. i vi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng modem, th giao thc hng k t idle RQ c dng .Cc giao thc loi ny v d nh Kermit v X-modem c hai l cc giao thc truyn tp tin n gin c dng m rng truyn tin gia cc my tnh c nhn. Chng rt ging vi giao thc idle RQ i vi cc lin kt tc c cao hn v c bit l cc lin kt c c l xa nh lin kt v tinh hay cc knh xuyn qua cc mng ghp knh t nhn, mt giao thc thuc loi continuous c gi l HDLC (High-Level Data link Control) c dng. y l giao thc thin hng bit ph hp vi nhiu ch khc nhau. Kin trc ng dng c gi l topo a im. Nh chng ta thy, c mt ng dy truyn c gi l bus c dng kt ni tt c cc my tnh li vi nhau. Do chng ta phi m bo rng tt c cc hot ng truyn u c thc hin theo mt phng php c kim sot v khng bao gi c hai hot ng truyn li xy ra ng thi. Cc kin trc nh vy thng c dng trong cc ng dng c lin quan n m hnh thng tin my tnh ch/t (master/slave), trong c mt my ch (master) kt ni vi mt nhm phn tn cc my tnh t (slave). V d nh my tnh ch iu khin mt s cc u cui t phn tn ti cc im bn hng ca mt siu th hay my tnh qun l trong mt qui trnh iu khin mt nhm cc trang thit b thng minh ( dng cng ngh my tnh) t phn tn trong mt nh my. Tt c cc hot ng truyn u din ra gia my tnh ch v my tnh t chn., v vy my tnh ch iu khin th t ca tt c cc hot ng truyn. iu khin truy nhp vo mi trng truyn chia s mt cch bnh ng, thng dng mt giao thc lin kt d liu c to cu ni. Cc giao thc trc y dng cho cc kin trc nh vy ch yu da vo s pht trin ca giao thc idle RQ thin hng k t c gi l BSC (Binary Synchronous Control) hay bisync. Cc hin thc gn y da vo mt trong cc ch hot ng ca giao thc HDLC thin hng bit c gi l ch p ng thng thng NRM (Normal Response Mode) .C bisync v NRM u hot ng theo ch qut - chn (poll-select); khi my ch mun nhn d liu t mt my t , n gi cho my t mt thng ip qut (poll message), v nu n mun gi d liu n cho my t th s gi cho my t mt thng ip chn (select message).

72

(a) DTE DTE DTE DCE DCE DTE

PST N
DLP DLP DTE = DATA terminal equipment = h thng truyn tin = modem DCE = DATA circuit- terminating equipment

(b)

DTE ch (master)

DLP

Cc DTE t (slave) (c)

(c)
DTE PSE

Mng chuyn mch gi (PS) X 25

ISDN
DTE PSE DTE NTE NTE DTE

DLP PS = packet switching PSE = packet switching exchange

DLP DLP NTE = network termination equipment DLP

Hnh 4.2 Cc mi trng ng dng truyn giao thc lin kt d liu (a) im ni - im (b) a im (c) cc WAN

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(d) DTE

DLP

RING

Bus chung DLP = Data link protocol

Hnh 4.2 (d) cc mi trng ng dng truyn giao thc lin kt d liu cc LAN Hai kin trc c trnh by trn hnh 4.2(c) u lin h n cc ng dng c lin quan n cc mng chuyn mch din rng (WAN).Trong v d u tin, giao thc lin kt ch c ngha cc b v ch hot ng gia DTE v DCE, nh trong trng hp mt mng chuyn mch gi X.25. Tp giao thc X.25 c dng trong cc mng nh vy ch p dng cho lin kt cc b gia DTE v DCE.Giao thc lin kt s liu dng vi X.25 cng dn xut t HDLC, c gi l LAP-B (Link Access Procedure _Balanced). Kin trc th hai c dng vi cc mng s liu chuyn mch mch (circuit-switched data networks) v d nh IDSN. Khi mt mch c thit lp thng qua mng, n cung cp mt lin kt dim-ni-im c xem nh mch o _cho cung on chuyn d liu.Giao thc ny c th to cu ni hay khng to cu ni, c gi tng ng l chuyn frame (frame switching) v tip frame (frame relay) .Ngoi ra, th tc thit lp cuc gi lin h vi IDSN c thc hin nh dng lin kt ring gi l knh bo hiu hay knh D.Th tc ny dng mt giao thc lin kt l mt dn xut ca HDLC c gi l LAPD (Link Access Procedure D-channel). Sau cng, hai cu hnh c trnh by trn hnh 4.2(d) lin quan n ng dng trn mng cc b (LAN) .Mt c trng ca cc mng ny l dng cc lin kt c t l li bit thp, c li ngn v hot ng vi tc bit cao (xp x 10Mps). Kt qu l li him khi xy ra v thi gian chuyn frame gia u cui vi u cui din ra rt nhanh. Cc mng nh vy thng hot ng theo ch khng to cu ni, trong ch ny tt c cc hot ng truyn li v cc chc nng iu khin lung c giao cho mt lp giao thc cao hn trong hai h thng u cui. Giao thc lin kt c dng vi cc LAN l mt lp con ca HDLC c gi l LLC (Logical Link Control). Tm li, c mt s di cc giao thc lin kt s liu, mi giao thc c thit k dng cho mt mi trng ng dng c bit.

4.3.CC GIAO THC THIN HNG K T.

Cc giao thc thin hng k t c dng trong cc ng dng im-ni-im v c a im. c trng ca cc giao thc ny l dng cc k t iu khin truyn thc hin cc chc nng iu khin lin quan n qun l d lin kt, nh du u v cui frame, kim sot li v trong sut d liu. Trong sut d liu l chc nng c bit nhm ngn chn s nhm ln d liu v thng tin iu khin.

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Trong khi cp n cc giao thc hng k t, chng ta xem xt mt lin kt s liu imni-im v mt lung frame n cng (mt chiu) trnh by cc kha cnh khc nhau ca cc giao thc lin kt.Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc ng dng thc t chng ta phi m rng cc khi nim c gii thiu chp nhn s liu c trao i theo c hai hng. Tng t, nu nh c nhiu hn hai ch th truyn tham gia vo trong cu hnh a im, chng ta phi cn n mt phng php iu khin truy nhp vo mi trng truyn chia s. Chng ta s bn n cc ch im ny khi kho st cc giao thc khc nhau.

4.3.1.Cc giao thc n cng (simplex protocols). Lp giao thc ny l n gin nht v n ch cho php chuyn s liu theo mt hng t my tnh (DTE) ny n mt my tnh khc qua mt lin kt s liu im-ni-im.N c dng vi cu hnh trong hnh 4.2(a).Mt ng dng tiu biu l truyn tp tin d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh khc Mt trong nhng giao thc c dng rng ri nht l kermit. Kermit c dng rng ri truyn ni dung ca mt hay nhiu tp tin t mt my tnh ny ti mt my tnh kia thng qua mt lin kt im-ni-im. Lin kt c th l mt knh c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng (chuyn mch analog) s dng cc modem hay mt cp dy xon i vi cc b iu khin thu/pht thch hp. Thng dng truyn ng b .
Mt s phin bn ca Kermit cho php n truyn tp tin gia hai my tnh c nhn hoc gia mt my tnh c nhn vi mt my tnh server hay mainframe. C cu truyn tp tin c bn trong mi phin bn l ging nhau. Cc khc bit ch yu l cch thc m user cu my ngun dng chng trnh kermit truy nhp vo chng trnh kermit my tnh ch thi im khi u. Trc ht chng ta s xem xt phin bn c dng truyn cc tp tin gia hai my tnh c nhn. Mt tp lnh n gin sn sng cho c hai user sau khi chng trnh c chy c hai h thng.Chng c trnh by trong lc tun t theo thi gian hnh 4.3. Nu ang dng modem th mt modem phi c t ch gi v modem kia phi t ch tr li. D nhin, c hai modem phi c ci tc hot ng bng nhau. Mi user chy chng trnh kermit v nhp lnh CONNECT, lnh ny nu thnh cng s cho kt qu l mt lin kt vt l c thit lp gia hai h thng. Sau user trong h thng s nhn tp tin nhp lnh RECEIVE v user trong h thng truyn tp tin nhp vo lnh SEND cng vi tn tp tin mun truyn. Sau kermit trong h thng truyn s chuyn cc tp tin di dng nguyn vn ca chng. Khi mi phn on tp tin c truyn, mt thng bo c xut ra mn hnh ca c hai user. Sau khi tt c cc phn on ca tp tin c truyn, c hai user u thot ra khi kermit v tr v h iu hnh cc b bng lnh EXIT. truyn tp tin theo hng ngc li, th t ca cc lnh c o li gia hai my. Chng ta c th thy rng kermit khng n gin l mt giao thc lin kt s liu v n thc hin mt s cc chc nng thm vo nh c ghi tp tin cng nh phn on v ti thit tp tin. N cng c cc loi frame (cng gi l gi) lin quan n mi chc nng ny nh chng ta c th thy t dng frame chun hnh 4.4(a). C hai khc bit chnh gia dng frame c dng trong kermit v dng frame c cp n .Trc ht, mt byte xc nh chiu di (length character) c dng ch chiu di ca mi frame thay v dng mt k t iu khin ETX. Khc bit th hai l cc I-frame, ACK-frame v NAK-frame u c cng dng c bn. Cng c k t iu khin d phng CR (carriage return) c dng ti cui cu mi frame.Vic dng k t ch chiu di c li ch l ni dung frame c th l dng text hay dng nh phn v my thu ch lm cng vic n gin l nhn v ni li mt s k t hay byte thch hp (nh c ch nh trong phn header) khi tp tin ang oc ti thit

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lp. Thng thng user trong my tnh thu bit c dng tp tin hay c th suy ra n t tn ca tp tin. Ni dung ca tp tin dng text c truyn theo tun t cc khi 80 k t, mi khi c kt thc bi cp k t CR/LF (carriage return /line type).Tuy nhin , cc tp tin nh phn c truyn di dng n gin hn gm mt chui cc byte 8 bit. Bt c k t iu khin dng no nm trong phn ni dung _text hay nh phn_u oc m ho trc khi truyn nhm m bo khng gy nh hng n trng thi ca thit b thng tin trong khi truyn. iu ny l c trng ca hot ng iu khin lung trong mt s modem. Mi k t iu khin c pht hin v c i thnh tun t ca hai k t in c bao gm mt k t tin t iu khin _# ca ASCII_ km theo mt k t ASCII c th in c nm trong cng hng v ct 4 hoc ct 5 ln lt tng ng vi ct 0 hoc ct 1 trong bng m ASCII. Do Ctrl-A tr thnh #A, CR tr thnh #M v FS tr thnh #\. Khi xut hin bt k k t # no , u phi thm mt # phia trc. Tun t trao i cc frame bi cc thc th giao thc ca kermit truyn mt tp tin .Frame c gi trc tin khi ng truyn tp tin l frame gi li mi (S) . N bao gm mt danh sch tham s lin quan n giao thc, nh chiu di frame ti a v khong thi gian bt kh dng _timeout_c dng truyn li. My thu phc p bng mt frame chp nhn (Y) vi cc tham s iu khin truyn c thng nht. K tip my pht x l truyn ni dung tp tin.Trc ht, mt frame u tp tin c cha tn tp tin c truyn, tip theo l tun t cc frame d liu (D) cha ni dung ca tp tin. Sau khi frame d liu cui cng ca tp tin c truyn, my thu c thng bo bng mt thng bo kt thc tp tin (Z).Sau , cc tp tin khc c th c truyn theo cch tng t. Cui cng, khi tt c cc tp tin c truyn, my thu gi mt frame kt thc giao tc (B ) cho my thu. Kermit l mt giao thc idle RQ Do , sau khi truyn mi I-frame (I), my thu pht i cho n khi nhn c frame bo nhn (Y) _kim tra tng khi ng_hoc mt frame t chi (N)_BCC sai . d phng trng hp cc frame ny b hng, mt b nh thi c khi ng mi khi truyn mt frame mi. Ch s tun t truyn trong mi I-frame tng ln tng n v theo modulo-64 v ch s tun t thu trong mi ACK-frame (Y) v NAK-frame(N) trng vi ch s tun t trong I-frame m n bo nhn hay t chi. Cc c trng m chng ta va tho lun l c trng ti thiu lin quan n kermit

4.3.2.Cc giao thc bn song cng

Hu ht cc giao thc thin hng k t hot ng theo idle RQ, bn song cng. Ni ting nht l mt phin bn c pht trin bi IBM c gi l iu khin ng b nh phn, thng ni tt l bisync hay BSC (Binary Synchronous Control). V n l nn tng ca giao thc thin hng k t ca ISO gi l ch c bn (basic mode), nn chng ta s dng BSC nh mt v d .

Nh bao hm trong tn gi ca n, BSC thng c dng trong cc lc iu khin truyn ng b. N l giao thc c to cu ni (connection-oriented) v c dng ch yu trong cc ng dng a im, trong c mt trm (my tnh) ch iu khin tt c cc thng ip truyn n v i t mt nhm cc trm ph thuc (trm t). Cc trm ph thuc c kt ni n trm ch bng cc mng a im nu tt c cc trm u to lc ti nhng a im cch xa nhau v dng cc modem, hoc c kt ni n trm ch thng qua mng bus a im nu tt c cc trm u cng mt a im v dng cc b thu/pht. Hai cu hnh c trnh by trn hnh 4.3.

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(a)
4 wire(2-pair)line D L P D L P

D L P DTE ch (master)

BP

D L P = 4-wire modem BP = Branching point DLP = Data link protocol (b) D L P

LD/R

cc DTE t ( slave)

u cui dy
LD /R LD /R LD /R

DTE ch (master)

DLP

DLP

DLP

Cc DTE t ( slave )

LD/R = line driver /Receiver Hnh 4.3 Cc mng thin hng k t (a) a im (b) bus a im

4.3.2.1.Cc dng frame thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau lin quan n qun l lin kt, cn dng thm cc frame iu khin bn cnh cc frame mang thng tin. Ngoi ra i vi truyn ng b thin hng k t, my thu cn phi t cho c s ng b k t v ng b frame.
Cc kiu frame thng tin khc nhau_trong BSC c gi l cc khi d liu (data block)_c trnh by trn hnh 4.4.(a).

77

(a) SYN SYN SOH identifer /C trm STX Text ETX BCC

bn tin c mt khi SYN SYN SOH identifer /C trm STX Text ETX BCC

Khi u tin ca bn tin a khi SYN SYN SOH identifer STX Text ETX BCC

Khi k tip
SYN SYN SOH identifer STX Text ETX BCC

Khi sau cng Ideniifier : ch s tun t ca khi Hnh 4.4 (a) Cc dng frame ca BSC (a) d liu (b)
SYN SYN EOT /C trm P/S ENQ

Tun t qut/chn
SYN SYN ACK

p ng chn chp nhn

SYN SYN NAK

p ng chn t chi
SYN SYN ACK 0/1

bo nhn cho cc frame nh s chn l

SYN SYN NAK 0/1

t chi cho cc frame nh s chn l

SYN SYN EOT

kt thc truyn khng cn thng ip gi Hnh 4.4(b) Cc dng frame ca BSC (b) qun l Cc frame iu khin khc nhau lin quan n giao thc BSC c trnh by trn hnh 4.4 (c). Cc k t iu khin ACK v NAK c hai chc nng: Thng bo tnh trng nhn :ACK hay ANK c my thu gi li cho my pht trong khi p ng mt khi d liu c truyn n trc v do c cha mt ch s tun t.

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Phc p cho mt thng ip iu khin chn: mt ACK ch nh rng trm c chn c th nhn mt khi d liu trong khi NK ch ra s t chi t trm chn. K t iu khin ENQ c dng trong c hai frame iu khin qut (poll) v chn (select).Theo sau a ch trm ph thuc (slave) c qut hay c chn tng ng l k t iu khin P (poll) hay S (select) , tip n l k t ENQ. Sau cng l k t iu khin EOT c hai chc nng: t du hiu kt thc mt tun t trao i bn tin hon chnh v xo lin kt lun l gia hai ch th tham gia truyn tin. Cung cp mt phng tin tr lin kt v trng thi nhn ri (reset).
4.3.2.2. Hot ng ca giao thc . My tnh ch chu trch nhim lp lch cho tt c cc hot ng truyn trn mi lin kt s liu chia s. Bn tin iu khin qut c dng yu cu mt my ph thuc no gi bt k s liu ang i no m n c; bn tin iu khin chn dng hi my ph thuc c sn sng nhn s liu hay khng.
(a) (1)
Ch

(4)

poll X T X

thng ip (2)

(3)

Select Y T Y

thng ip

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(b) DLP ch Tun t chn Hoc : t khng sn sng Hoc t sn sng DLP t

Bnh thng Truyn s liu

Kt thc truyn Chn nhanh Chn nhanh Chuyn s liu

Hnh 4.5. (a) (b) cc tun t Frame ca BSC (a) lc qut chn (b) chn

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(c) DLP ch Tun t qut Hoc : khng c g truyn Hoc c s liu cn truyn DLP t (X)

Chuyn s liu

Kt thc truyn

Thi gian Hnh 4.5. (c) cc tun t Frame ca BSC (c ) qut

Hnh 4.5 (a) trnh by mt tun t qut v chn tiu biu. Mt tun t ca cc frame trao i trn mt ng dy a nhnh c m t trn hnh 4.5 (b) v 4.5 (c). Phn (b) trnh by c tun t thnh cng v khng thnh cng lin quan n hot ng chn (select) , trong khi phn (c) m t tun t lin quan n hot ng qut (poll) Trong vi trng hp, khi chn mt trm khng nht thit phi i mt bo nhn cho thng ip ENQ trc khi gi mt bn tin. V d, nu mt trm c chn trc v cu ni logic cha b xo. Trong trng hp nh vy my ch gi bn tin ngay sau thng ip iu khin chn, khng cn phi i mt ACK (hay NAK). iu ny c gi l tun t chn nhanh (fast select sequence). Trong pha qut, trc ht trm ch gi mt thng ip qut trong a ch ca trm c qut trc k t ENQ. Sau , gi s trm c qut c mt bn tin ang i truyn, n p ng bng cch gi bn tin ny. Khi nhn khi d liu, trm ch tnh ton li tun t kim tra, gi s khng c li n s gi thng bo chp nhn (ACK). Cui cng, khi hon tt truyn bn tin v c bo nhn, cu ni lun l b xo bi iu khin EOT. Hnh 4.5 m t BSC l mt giao thc idle RQ bi sau khi gi mt khi d liu, my pht phi i mt ACK hoc NAK trc khi gi khi k tip, v nu nhn c NAK th phi truyn li khi b hng. Vic dng thng ip NAK m bo rng khi d liu b hng s c truyn li khi nhn thng ip NAK thay v phi i sau khong thi gian timeout. Nh chng ta cp n, nu khi d liu truyn b hng hon ton, mt c cu timeout c tng cng nhm m

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bo cho s truyn li khi b hng ny. Dng danh nh hay ch s tun t gip my thu c th pht hin d dng s trng khi d liu .

4.3.2.3. Hiu sut ca giao thc. Chng ta tho lun nhiu hiu sut lin kt t c i vi giao thc idle RQ Tuy nhin, y chng ta li tip tc vi ti ny bi mc tiu ch yu trong vic s dng BSC l dng cho cc ng dng trong c trm ch gi v nhn d liu t nhiu trm ph thuc. Khi cn c mt tham s nh gi hiu sut kh quan trng na l thi gian trung bnh qut hoc chn tt c cc trm ph thuc trn lin kt.
Trong thc t, v idle RQ c hiu sut lin kt thp hn so vi lin kt continuous RQ, nn giao thc idle RQ c dng ch yu trong cc lin kt a nhnh (multidrop) hot ng vi tc n 64Kbps (gi s). Trong cc lin kt nh vy , thi gian cn truyn mt bn tin s l khong thi gian no vt tri trong tun t qut hay chn. V d , nu mt bn tin trung bnh l 1000 bit v tc lin kt l 10Kbps, th thi gian cn truyn mt bn tin l 0.1s. Ngc li thng ip iu khin lin quan n tun t qut hay chn l ng?n (gi s 30bit), v vy thi gian cn truyn cc thng ip ny cng ngn (0,003s i vi tc 10Kbps).Ngay c tnh lun khong thi gian 0,001s x l cc thng ip ny th tng thi gian cho mi tun t qut hay chn (0,004s) cng rt nh so vi thi gian truyn bn tin.

4.3.3.Cc giao thc song cng hon ton

C mt giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton (full-duplex). minh ho chng ta s xem xt giao thc lin kt s liu dng sm nht trong mng ARPANET iu khin lung frame thng tin xuyn qua cc lin kt ni n cc node chuyn mch trong mt mng. Cc node chuyn mch nh vy cng c gi l cc b x l thng ip giao tip vit tt l IMP (Interface Message Processor). Giao thc ny hot ng thng qua cc lin kt song cng im -ni-im kt ni hai node chuyn mch vi nhau. Giao thc ny gip truyn cc frame thng tin theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi v dng lc iu khin truyn continuous RQ cho c hai hng. Giao thc hot ng hiu qu vi ca s truyn K=8 cho cc lin kt mt t hoc K=16 cho cc lin kt v tinh. m bo mt lung frame lin tc, cho php 8 (hay 16 i vi v tinh ) lung thng tin dng-v-ch (stop-and-wait) ring bit ti bt c thi im no trong tin trnh. t c iu ny, mt lin kt vt l c php hot ng nh l 8 (hay 16) lin kt logic ring bit, lung frame i qua mi lin kt c iu khin bi c cu giao thc dng-v-ch ca n. Ch s tun t truyn trong mi header ca mi frame l hp ca hai field : mt s tun t mt bit_0 hay_1 l ch s tun t truyn bnh thng lin h vi giao thc idle RQ, v ch s knh logic LCN (logical Channel Number) ch nh knh logic m frame c gn vo .

4.3.4.V d v cc giao thc thin hng k t thng gp. 4.3.4.1.Giao thc XMODEM
Giao thc XMODEM c s dng rt rng ri v tr thnh mt trong nhng giao thc truyn nhn tp tin chun m tt c cc chng rtnh truyn s liu phi c.

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Gi d liu ca XMODEM
Trong giao thc XMODEM tt c cc field ngoi tr field thng tin, u c di l mt byte nh sau SOH Ch s th t B 1 ca s th t Thng tin Kim tra

Ch s th t ca gi truyn du tin l 1 v cc s tip theo c tng dn , module vi 256.Ngoi ra cn c field cha gi tr b 1 ca s th t gi hin hnh trong field s th t trc . Vng thng tin c di c nh l 128 bytes, thng tin c th l dng text hoc nh phn. Vng kim tra l mt byte , dng phng php kim tra kiu tng BSC v ch tnh theo ni dung ca vng thng tin. Sau ny giao thc XMODEM-CRC s dng field kim tra c di 2 byte v dng phng php kim tra CRC vi a thc sinh theo CCITT l X16 +X12+X5 +1 .

4.3.4.2.Giao thc YMODEM. Giao thc YMODEM l c m rng ca giao thc XMODEM, c a ra u tin vo nm 1981 chy trn h iu hnh CP/M .
YMODEM c im ci tin so vi XMODEM l n cho php truyn nhn cc khi d liu c di 1024 bytes (gp 10 ln khi d liu ca XMODEM ) . Nu ng truyn khng tt, YMODEM t ng gim di khi xung 128 bytes gim bt s byte phi truyn li khi pht hin sai. Nh vy trong trng hp xu nht th di v cht lng truyn s bng giao thc XMODEM Bn cnh , YMODEM cn c mt ci tin nhm gim kh nng h hng khi kt thc truyn mt tp tin.Nh bit XMODEM s hu b vic truyn nhn mt tp tin ngay khi nhn c mu bit ca k t Ctrl-X (k t ASCII l CAN) mu bit ny rt d c to ra bi nhiu trn ng truyn .Trong khi YMODEM yu cu phi c hai k t CAN lin tip nhau mi hu b vic truyn nhn tp tin. YMODEM cn cung cp 2 tnh nng c ngha cho ngi s dng, l vic s dng phng php pht hin v kim tra sai CRC v truyn cc thng tin lin quan n tp tin truyn cho my thu. Cc thng tin ny gm c tn tp tin, ngy, gi v kch thc tp tin c truyn, cc thng tin ny trong khi u tin khi bt u vic truyn.

4.3.4.3.Giao thc Kermit. Giao thc Kermit xut pht t trng i hc Columbia vo nm 1981. Giao thc kermit khng ch cho php thc hin truyn v nhn tp tin gia cc my tnh nh nh giao thc XMDM m cn cho php truyn v nhn tp tin gia cc h thng ln nh DCSSTM-20 v BM-370. Do giao thc kermit rt phc tp, kermit cng s dng th tc idle RQ (dng v ch) nh XMODEM, nhng c mt s im khc bit quan trng so vi XMODEM nh sau:
Kermit cho php truyn v nhn nhiu tp tin cng mt lc. Kermit yu cu i vi knh truyn rt ti thiu , nh knh ch c th truyn mt k t m ASCII , k t iu khin SOH Gi d liu ca kermit c chiu di thay i c. Cc tn hiu tr li ca my thu l nhng gi (trong khi XMODEM ch dng cc k t) .Kermit cng c th dng th tc continuous RQ nh trong gi ACK v NAK c vng (field) cha ch s th t truyn (hay nhn) ca gi.

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Kermit c cc gi a tin nh c th m rng cc chc nng ca giao thc m khng nh hng n hot ng ca cc phin bn trc, v c th b qua mt s thng s quan trng.

Gi kermit tng qut :

MARK LEN SEQ TYPE DATA CHK1 CHK2 CHK3

Gi ca kermit bao gm 6 vng(field): vng thng tin (data) c di thay i tu theo kiu gi , cc vng cn li c gi l vng iu khin (hoc l vng phc v) .Kermit qui nh d liu truyn u l cc k t m ASCII in c (t 20H-7EH) ngoi tr vng nh du (MARK), nh vy i vi cc vng cha gi tr s nh vng ch s th t th phi c chuyn i sang m in c (printable character) trc khi truyn bng cch cng thm 20H. Sau khi nhn c s chuyn tr li bng cch tr i 20H. Nh vy gi tr s ca cc vng ny khng c ln hn 94( 5EH), v nu n bng 5EH th sau khi i s tr thnh 7FH l k t iu khin DEL ch khng phi k t in c., cn nu ln hn na th sau khi i s khng cn trong phm vi ca bng ASCII . iu ny khng th p dng vng thng tin v byte d liu cn truyn c th c gi tr bt k. Nu c cc k t iu khin trong thng tin, th kermit s chuyn i bng cch : Chn thm 1 k t in c pha trc (thng dng k t # , m ASCII l 23H) EXOR k t iu khin vi 40H. i vi cc h thng s dng k t di 8 bit, th nhng k t c bit c ngha ln nht (MSB bit) bng 1 s c kermit i sang m ASCII in c bng cch vo trc mt k t (&). ngha vng trong gi c m t nh sau: Vng nh du (MARK) ; nh du bt u ca gi l k t SOH m 01H. Vng di (LEN) : s bytes trong gi tnh t sau byte ny (tc l di ca gi tr 2), gi tr ti a l 94 nh vy di ti a mt gi l 96 bytes. Vng s th t (SEQ) : s th t ca gi, modulo vi 64.Gi truyn u tin (gi S) s c s th t l 0, s th t ca gi k tip sau gi c s th t l 63 s tr li l 0. Vng kiu gi (TYPE) : phn bit cc kiu gi khc nhau.Mi kiu gi s c ni dung v nhim v khc nhau. Vng thng tin (DATA) : ni dung ca tp tin cn truyn c cha trong gi D , cn trong gi F cha tn tp tin .trong mt s kiu gi khc , vng ny khng cha g. Vng kim tra (CHECK) : c th chn vng 1 byte tng kim tra hoc 2 byte tng kim tra, hoc 3 byte CRC.Gi tr kim tra c tnh t vng i di (khng tnh vng nh du) .V cc byte ny cng phi c i ra k t in c , nhng chng li c gia tr bt k khng th gii hn gi tr nh hn 5EH nn trc khi i th 2 bit 6 v 7 s c trch ra v cng vo 6 bit thp cn li.Nh u thu c th ly li c hai gi tr ny., cn u pht sau khi bin i ta s c hai bit 6 v 7 u l 0.

4.4. CC GIAO THC THIN HNG BIT

Tt c cc giao thc lin kt s liu mi u l giao thc thin hng bit. Lu rng cc giao thc nh vy c s dng cc mu bit c nh ngha thay cho cc k t iu khin truyn nh du m u hay kt thc mt frame. My thu duyt lung bit thu theo tng bit mt tm

84

mu bit u v cui frame. ba phng php bo hiu bt u v kt thc mt frame c gi l phn nh danh gii frame ( delimiting ) c trnh by trn hnh 4.11, gm c : Mu bit duy nht khng trng vi mu no bt u v kt thc mt frame c gi l c ( 01111110 ) , kt hp vi k thut nhi cc bit 0 Mt mu bit duy nht c nh du u frame , c gi l danh gii u frame ( 10101011) v mt byte ch chiu di ( n v l byte ) trong phn header ca frame Mu xc nh danh gii u v cui frame duy nht gm cc bit c to ra do cng bc m ho Nhn chung, phng php u tin c dng vi giao thc iu khin lin kt s liu mc cao ( HDLC ) , trong khi hai phng php cn li c dng vi giao thc LLC. Trong thc t hu ht cc giao thc thin hng bt u l dn xut t giao thc HDLC , do chng ta s bn n giao thc ny trc tin .

4.4.1 Giao thc iu khin lin kt s liu mc cao HDLC ( high level Data link control )
Giao thc DHLC l mt giao thc chun ho quc t c nh ngha bi ISO dng cho c lin kt im ni - im v a im. N h tr hot ng ch trong sut, song cng hon ton v ngy nay c dng mt cch rng di trong cc mng a im v trong cc mng my tnh. HDLC c 3 c ch hot ng : 1. Ch p ng thng thng NRM ( nomal response Mode) : ch ny c dng trong cu hnh khng cn bng Trong ch ny trm th cp ch c th truyn khi nhn c ch th c bit ca trm s cp. Lin kt ny c th l im ni - im hay a im trng hp a im ch cho php mt trm s cp . 2. Ch p ng bt ng b ARM ( Asynchronous response mode ) ch ny c dng trong cu hnh khng cn bng N cho php mt trm th cp xc tin mt hot ng truyn m khng cn s cho php t trm s cp > Ch ny thng c dng trong cc cu hnh im ni - im v cc lin kt song cng v cho php th cp truyn cc frame mt cch bt ng b vi s cp . 3. Ch cn bng bt ng b ABM ( Asynchronous Balanced mode ) ; ch ny c dng ch yu trn cc lin kt song cng im ni - im cho cc ng dng truyn s liu my tnh - n my tnh v cho cc kt ni gia my tnh v mng s liu cng cng ( PSDN ) .Trong ch ny mi trm c trng thi nh nhau v thc hin c hai chc nng s cp v th cp . N l ch c dng trong giao thc ni ting X.25

4.4.2.Th tc truy xut lin kt LAPB. Th tc truy xut lin kt phin bn B cn c gi l LAPB (Link Access Procedure version B) l mt tp con ca HDLC, n c dng iu khin truyn cc I-frame qua mt lin kt s liu song cng im-ni-im ni gia mt my tnh vi mt mng chuyn mch gi cng cng (hay t nhn) Cc mng nh vy trc y thng l mng X25. Thc ra LAPB l mt phin bn m rng ca mt tp con ni ting ca HDLC l th tc truy xut lin kt phin bn A hay cn gi l LAPA.
LAPB c dng iu khin cc frame thng tin qua giao tip DTE-DCE cc b v c gi l c ngha cc b .

85

LAPB dng ch cn bng bt ng b trong DTE v DCE nh l cc trm kt hp (s cp /th cp) v tt c cc I-frame c xem nh cc frame lnh .Giao thc LAPA trc y dng ch p ng bt ng b v khng dng cc REJ-frame hay RNR-frame nh l cc frame lnh.

Bng 4.1
LAPA Loi Cc lnh RR Qun l Cc p ng RR RNR REJ Khng nh s SARM DISC UA CMDR Cc lnh RR RNR REJ SABM DISC Cc p ng RR RNR REJ UA DM FRMR Thng tin I I LAPB

Frame c dng trong LAPA v LAPB c trnh by trong bng 4.1. RR-frame v REJ-frame c dng kim sot li v RNR c dng iu khin lung. Cc frame ny khng h tr chin lc truyn li c chn la (SREJ). V d v tun t frame c trnh by trong cc hnh trc y lin quan n HDLC u ng cho LAPB.Nh chng ta ni, truyn mt frame thng tin (lnh 0 vi bit P c set th kt qu l trm s p ng mt frame qun l vi bit F cng c set. C hai trm u c th thit lp lin kt. phn bit gia hai trm, cc a ch DTE v DCE c dng theo bng 4.2.Nu mt DTE khng hot ng v mt logic m tip nhn mt frame yu cu xy dng lin kt (SABM/SABME), n phi phc p bng mt DM.

Bng 4. 2
Hng Cc a ch Cc lnh DTE DCE DCE DTE 01 HEX (B) 03 HEX (A) C 03 HEX (A) 01 HEX (B)

Nh rng trong ch SABM dng mt octet (8 bit) cho field iu khin .Cn cc ch s tun t truyn v nhn, mi ch s chim 3 bit_c 8 ch s tun t_ cho php ca s truyn v nhn ti a l 7. Nu dng ch m rng (SABME), th field iu khin c 2 octet. Do cc ch s tun t truyn v nhn c m rng n 7 bit_c 128 s tun t _lc cho php kch thc ti a ca ca s truyn l 127. Ch ny c dng cho cc lin kt rt xa v cc lin kt c tc cao.

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Ngy nay c sn cc vi mch tch hp c ln (LSI) trong c th hin thc LAPB v ghi trong b nh c bit, c gi l phn mm LAPB. Cc vi mch ny thng c xem l cc mch X.25 mc d trong ch hin thc LAPB thay v hin thc y tp giao thc X.25. S xut hin cc vi mch ny lm gia tng ng k vic s dng LAPB trong cc ng dng c s dng truyn tin gia my tnh vi my tnh.

4.4.3. Th tc a truy xut Chng ta m t vic s dng HDLC iu khin truyn cc frame s liu qua mt lin kt song cng.V HDLC iu khin truyn qua lin kt n nh vy nn cn c gi l th tc lin kt n SLP (Single Link Procedure) .Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, thng lng c sn ca mt lin kt n nh vy khng p ng nhu cu ca cc ng dng, v vy chng ta phi dng n a lin kt. phc v iu ny, mt th tc m rng ca LAPB c nh ngha v c gi l th tc a lin kt MLP (Multiple Procedure ) .
Mt MLP hot ng trn mt tp cc th tc lin kt v xem chng n gin nh l mt nhm cc lin kt c sn truyn thng tin ca user .iu ny c ngha l phn mm user khng h bit c nhiu lin kt vt l ang c dng v c x nh mt giao tip lin kt logic trc y. MLP xem tp tin cc th tc lin kt nh l mt nhm lin kt m qua s truyn cc frame ca user. N hot ng vi tp cc s tun t ring v cc th tc iu khin lung cng nh kim sot li l c lp trong tng SLP. Do nu mt SLp t dng khng hot ng, th MLP s khi ng truyn li cc frame theo cch thc thng thng dng tp lin kt c sn nh hn. thc hin lc ny, MLP thm mt field iu khin vo u ca mi frame m n tip nhn truyn trc khi chuyn frame ny cho mt SLP. Vng ny c gi l vng iu khin a lin kt MLC (Multilink Control) v kh trong sut i vi mt SLP. SLP xem phn MLC kt hp v phn ni dung frame nh l vng thng tin thng nht v x l thm vng a ch (A) v vng iu khin (C). Cc c cu iu khin lung v kim sot li lin h vi MLP rt ging nh nhng g c dng vi LAPB. Vng MLC bao gm hai octet v cha mt ch s tun t 12 bit. iu ny cung cp 4096 (0 n 4095) s tun t v do kch thc ti a ca ca s truyn l 4095 , cho php mt s lng ln lin kt ng k, mi lin kt c kh nng hot ng vi tc cao. .

4.4.4.Th tc truy xut lin kt LAPM.

Cc modem c kh nng khc phc li ngy nay s dng mt th tc c gi l LAPM (Link Access Procedure for Modem). Thng qua th tc ny chng c th chp nhn s liu c truyn bt ng b t DTE nhng s truyn s liu i theo ch d ng b thin hng bit (bit-oriented) v dng mt giao thc khc phc li da trn HDLC. 4.4.5. Th tc truy xut lin kt LAPD. Th tc truy xut lin kt knh D gi tt l LAPD (Link Access Procedure D-channel) l mt tp con ca HDLC dng cho ISDN. N c nh ngha iu khin lung I-frame lin quan mt thit vi knh bo hiu. Knh bo hiu c gi l knh D.LAPD cn c dng di dng m rng iu khin lung I-frame qua mt knh thu bao lin quan n mt dch v c gi l tip frame ( frame relay
C hai loi dch v c nh ngha dng vi LAPD .Mt s tun t theo thi gian m t hai tp hm thc th dch v . Nh chng ta c th thy, c hai loi dch v c to cu ni v khng to cu ni u c h tr.Ging nh PSTN analog, ISDN l mng chuyn mch-mch (circuit-switching network) c nghia l cn thit lp mt mch trc khi bt k thng tin no

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c truyn. iu ny c thc hin bng cch dng knh bo hiu ring_knh_D_ c mt tp giao thc ring trong LAPD l mt phn cu thnh. Dch v to cu ni c dng truyn cc thng ip thit lp gi gia mt thit b u cui v tng i cc b. Giao thc lin h c kt hp vi kim sot li.Dch v khng to cu ni c dng truyn cc bn tin lin quan n qun l v giao thc lin quan dng tip cn tng lc (best_try, cch din t khc ca dch v khng to cu ni ) khng bo nhn. Chng ta s thy , c n 8 thit b u cui c th chia s mt mch truy xut c bn ( do cng chia s cng knh D) gia mt v tr khch hng v tng i b ISDN.Tuy nhin , tt c cc bn tin thit lp gi u c gi n thit b kt cui c bit c ch ra trong vng i ch LAPD.iu ny ging vi nguyn l a ch ho c dng trong ch NRM, ngoi tr LAPD khng c my ch (master) v kin trc bus vt l ca n cho php cc u cui c ni vo truy xut bus theo mt phng thc bnh ng. Hai octet c dng cho vng a ch. Chng bao gm hai a ch thnh phn: mt danh nh ca im truy xut dch v SAPI (Service Access Point Indentifier) v mt danh nh ca thit b cui TEI (Terminal Endpoint Indentifier). v c bn, SAPI nh danh mt lp dch v m u cui lin h-thoi, s liu , va thoi va s liu _v TEI nh danh duy nht cho thit b cui trong lp dch v . Cng c mt a ch broadcast (tt c cc bit u l 1) cho php gi thng ip n tt c cc du cui trong mt lp) V d, c th s dng tt c cc my in thoi u nhn mt thng ip yu cu thit lp gi c gi n.

4.4.6.iu khin lin kt logic iu khin lin kt logic LLC (Logical Link Control) l mt dn xut HDLC c dng trong cc mng LAN. Nhng t chc tng qut ca hai loi topo c bn l bus v ring
C hai topo u dng mt mi trng chia s_bus hay ring_l ni din ra tt c cc hot ng truyn frame. Ging nh mt mng a im, chng ta cn mt phng thc iu khin truyn frame c trt t. Khng ging nh cc mng a im , khng c my tnh , v vy cn mt gii thut phn tn m bo rng mi trng c s dng theo mt phng thc bnh ng bi tt c cc DTE kt ni vo . i vi LAN, lp lin kt s liu bao gm c hai lp con: lp con iu khin truy xut mi trng MAC (Medium Access Control ), hin thc gii thut iu khin truy xut phn tn, v lp con LLC. Hot ng chi tit ca cc lp MAC khc nhau, phn ny ch tp trung vo hot ng ca lp LLC. Lu rng i vi LAN, v khng c cc tng i chuyn mch trong mng, nn lp LLC hot ng da theo giao tip ngang hng (peer basis).

III. TM TT
Trong phn tng quan nhng vn chnh c trnh by l : Lin kt s liu c th l mt knh vt l im-ni-im (dng cp xon , cp ng trc hay cp quang) hoc mt knh v tuyn nh lin kt v tinh hoc mt lin kt vt l hay lgic qua cc mng chuyn mch. Ch truyn c th l bt ng b v da trn giao thc iu khin truyn thin hng bit hay thin hng k t. Do lp iu khin lin kt s liu l nn tng hot ng ca tt c cc ng dng truyn s liu v thng gi tt l lp lin kt s liu. Trong cc ng dng im-ni-im n gin, lp lin kt s liu ng vai tr l lp ng dng trc tip. Dch v khng to cu ni c ngha l cho d c cc bit kim tra pht hin li, nhng nu pht hin bt k frame no b li th thc th giao thc lp lin kt ch lm mt thao tc n gin l loi b frame ny. Dch v ny cng c xem l dch v khng bo nhn v chc nng truyn li tr thnh mt chc nng hin nhin ca mt lp giao thc cao hn

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Trong phn cc mi trng ng dng Mt vi mi trng ng dng c trnh by trn hnh 4.2. Chng ta c th thy rng, trong vi trng hp cc giao thc lin kt s liu ngay trong hai u cui thng tin (DTE), v d nh my tnh v tm hot ng ca giao thc c xem nh t u cui n u cui. Trong cc trng hp khc, giao thc hot ng thng qua lin kt cc b, v d lin kt ni DTE vo mng. Trng hp nh vy, ta ni giao thc ch c ngha cc b. Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong cch hai u cui thng tin v tc bit ca lin kt. i vi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng modem, th giao thc hng k t idle RQ c dng .Cc giao thc loi ny v d nh Kermit v X-modem c hai l cc giao thc truyn tp tin n gin c dng m rng truyn tin gia cc my tnh c nhn. Chng rt ging vi giao thc idle RQ i vi cc lin kt tc c cao hn v c bit l cc lin kt c c l xa nh lin kt v tinh hay cc knh xuyn qua cc mng ghp knh t nhn, mt giao thc thuc loi continuous c gi l HDLC (High-Level Data link Control) c dng. y l giao thc thin hng bit ph hp vi nhiu ch khc nhau. Kin trc ng dng c gi l topo a im. Nh chng ta thy, c mt ng dy truyn c gi l bus c dng kt ni tt c cc my tnh li vi nhau. Do chng ta phi m bo rng tt c cc hot ng truyn u c thc hin theo mt phng php c kim sot v khng bao gi c hai hot ng truyn li xy ra ng thi. Cc kin trc nh vy thng c dng trong cc ng dng c lin quan n m hnh thng tin my tnh ch/t (master/slave), trong c mt my ch (master) kt ni vi mt nhm phn tn cc my tnh t (slave). iu khin truy nhp vo mi trng truyn chia s mt cch bnh ng, thng dng mt giao thc lin kt d liu c to cu ni. Cc giao thc trc y dng cho cc kin trc nh vy ch yu da vo s pht trin ca giao thc idle RQ thin hng k t c gi l BSC (Binary Synchronous Control) hay bisync Kin trc c dng vi cc mng s liu chuyn mch mch (circuit-switched data networks) v d nh IDSN. Khi mt mch c thit lp thng qua mng, n cung cp mt lin kt dimni-im c xem nh mch o _cho cung on chuyn d liu.Giao thc ny c th to cu ni hay khng to cu ni, c gi tng ng l chuyn frame (frame switching) v chuyn tip frame (frame relay) Phn cc giao thc thin hng k t gii quyt cc giao thc c dng nh sau : Cc giao thc thin hng k t c dng trong cc ng dng im-ni-im v c a im. c trng ca cc giao thc ny l dng cc k t iu khin truyn thc hin cc chc nng iu khin lin quan n qun l d lin kt, nh du u v cui frame, kim sot li v trong sut d liu. Trong khi cp n cc giao thc hng k t, chng ta xem xt mt lin kt s liu im-ni-im v mt lung frame n cng (mt chiu) trnh by cc kha cnh khc nhau ca cc giao thc lin kt.Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc ng dng thc t chng ta phi m rng cc khi nim c gii thiu chp nhn s liu c trao i theo c hai hng. Tng t, nu nh c nhiu hn hai ch th truyn tham gia vo trong cu hnh a im, chng ta phi cn n mt phng php iu khin truy nhp vo mi trng truyn chia sng sut d liu l chc nng c bit nhm ngn chn s nhm ln d liu v thng tin iu khin. Cc giao thc n cng (simplex protocols). Lp giao thc ny l n gin nht v n ch cho php chuyn s liu theo mt hng t my tnh (DTE) ny n mt my tnh khc qua mt lin kt s liu im-ni-im.N c dng vi cu hnh trong hnh 4.2(a).Mt ng dng tiu biu l truyn tp tin d liu t my tnh ny n

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my tnh khc Mt trong nhng giao thc c dng rng ri nht l kermit. Kermit c dng rng ri truyn ni dung ca mt hay nhiu tp tin t mt my tnh ny ti mt my tnh kia thng qua mt lin kt im-ni-im. Lin kt c th l mt knh c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng (chuyn mch analog) s dng cc modem hay mt cp dy xon i vi cc b iu khin thu/pht thch hp. Thng dng truyn ng b . Cc giao thc bn song cng Hu ht cc giao thc thin hng k t hot ng theo idle RQ, bn song cng. Ni ting nht l mt phin bn c pht trin bi IBM c gi l iu khin ng b nh phn, thng ni tt l bisync hay BSC (Binary Synchronous Control). V n l nn tng ca giao thc thin hng k t ca ISO gi l ch c bn (basic mode) Giao thc song cng hon ton C mt giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton (full-duplex). Giao thc ny gip truyn cc frame thng tin theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi v dng lc iu khin truyn continuous RQ cho c hai hng. Giao thc hot ng hiu qu vi ca s truyn K=8 cho cc lin kt mt t hoc K=16 cho cc lin kt v tinh. m bo mt lung frame lin tc, cho php 8 (hay 16 i vi v tinh ) lung thng tin dng-v-ch (stop-and-wait) ring bit ti bt c thi im no trong tin trnh. t c iu ny, mt lin kt vt l c php hot ng nh l 8 (hay 16) lin kt logic ring bit, lung frame i qua mi lin kt c iu khin bi c cu giao thc dng-v-ch ca n. Ch s tun t truyn trong mi header ca mi frame l hp ca hai field : mt s tun t mt bit_0 hay_1 l ch s tun t truyn bnh thng lin h vi giao thc idle RQ, v ch s knh logic LCN (logical Channel Number) ch nh knh logic m frame c gn vo . phc v lung fram song cng hon tan, cc lin kt vt l trong c hai chiu xui v ngc u h tr 8 ( hay 16) lin kt logic. Do , trong mi knh logic giao thc lin kt d liu ti mi phia ca lin kt u duy tr cc bin tun t truyn tin v nhn ring bit. Bin tun t truyn_0 hay 1_ l mt ch s tun t truyn s c gn vo frame mi k tip truyn ln knh ng ra, trong khi bin tun t thu l ch s tun t ca frame thng tin k tip mong nhn c trn knh ngc li. Ngoi ra, nhm m bo mi knh ng ra hot ng trong ch dng-vch, mi bn cng c mt bit bo bn hay rnh ri (busy/idle) lin h n mi knh, n l du hiu bo knh bn hay khng, ngha l c mt bo nhn vn cn ang pht trn knh hay khng. Phn giao thc thin hng bit Tt c cc giao thc lin kt s liu mi u l giao thc thin hng bit. Lu rng cc giao thc nh vy c s dng cc mu bit c nh ngha thay cho cc k t iu khin truyn nh du m u hay kt thc mt frame. My thu duyt lung bit thu theo tng bit mt tm mu bit u v cui frame. ba phng php bo hiu bt u v kt thc mt frame c gi l phn nh danh gii frame ( delimiting ) Giao thc DHLC . Giao thc DHLC l mt giao thc chun ho quc t c nh ngha bi ISO dng cho c lin kt im ni - im v a im. N h tr hot ng ch trong sut, song cng hon ton v ngy nay c dng mt cch rng di trong cc mng a im v trong cc mng my tnh. Mc d t vit tt DHLC kh ph bin nhng mt s nh my ln v cc t chc tiu chun vn cn gi giao thc ny bng tn ring ca h v d SDLC ( synchronous Data link control ) ca IBM. y l tin thn ca HDLC v ADCCP ( Advanced Data communications control procedure ) l tn c dng bi t chc ANSI ( American National Standards Institude ) . Bi

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HDLC c nh gha nh mt nh mt giao thc iu khin lin kt s liu tng qut. Trong HDLC cc frame c gi t trm s cp n trm th cp c gi nh cc lnh ( command ) v cc frame c gi t th cp n s cp c gi l cc p ng ( response ) HDLC c 3 c ch hot ng : 1 ch p ng thng thng NRM ( nomal response Mode) : ch ny c dng trong cu hnh khng cn bng Trong ch ny trm th cp ch c th truyn khi nhn c ch th c bit ca trm s cp. Lin kt ny c th l im ni - im hay a im trng hp a im ch cho php mt trm s cp . ch p ng bt ng b ARM ( Asynchronous response mode ) ch ny c dng trong cu hnh khng cn bng N cho php mt trm th cp xc tin mt hot ng truyn m khng cn s cho php t trm s cp > Ch ny thng c dng trong cc cu hnh im ni - im v cc lin kt song cng v cho php th cp truyn cc frame mt cch bt ng b vi s cp . Ch cn bng bt ng b ABM ( Asynchronous Balanced mode ) ; ch ny c dng ch yu trn cc lin kt song cng im ni - im cho cc ng dng truyn s liu my tnh - n my tnh v cho cc kt ni gia my tnh v mng s liu cng cng ( PSDN ) .Trong ch ny mi trm c trng thi nh nhau v thc hin c hai chc nng s cp v th cp . N l ch c dng trong giao thc ni ting X.25

Hot ng ca giao thc Qun l lin kt Trc khi truyn bt k thng tin s liu no gia s cp v mt trm th cp trn mt lin kt a im hay gia hai trm vi nhau qua mt lin kt im-ni-im, mt cu ni logic gia hai ch th truyn tin phi c thit lp.iu ny hon thnh nh s trao i frame khng nh s.

Chuyn s liu
Trong NRM, tt c cc I-frame c truyn di s iu khin ca trm s cp .Cc frame qut khng nh s UP-frame (Unnumbered Poll-frame) vi bit P c set l 1, thng c trm so cp dng qut mt trm th cp. Nu th cp khng c s liu truyn, n gi p mt RRframe trong bit F c set.Nu c s liu ang i truyn, n s truyn ngay di dng cc Iframe, trong I-frame cui cng bit F c set l 1. Hai kha cnh quan trng nht trong cung on chuyn s liu l iu khin lung v kim sot li .Kim sot li dng th tc continuous RQ theo chin lc truyn li c la chn hay truyn mt nhm, trong khi iu khin lung da vo c cu ca s. Th tc truy xut lin kt Th tc truy xut lin kt phin bn B cn c gi l LAPB (Link Access Procedure version B) l mt tp con ca HDLC, n c dng iu khin truyn cc I-frame qua mt lin kt s liu song cng im-ni-im ni gia mt my tnh vi mt mng chuyn mch gi cng cng. Th tc a truy xut Chng ta m t vic s dng HDLC iu khin truyn cc frame s liu qua mt lin kt song cng.V HDLC iu khin truyn qua lin kt n nh vy nn cn c gi l th tc lin kt n SLP (Single Link Procedure) .Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, thng lng c sn ca mt lin kt n nh vy khng p ng nhu cu ca cc ng dng, v vy chng ta phi dng n a lin kt. phc v iu ny, mt th tc m rng ca LAPB c nh ngha v c gi l th tc a lin kt MLP (Multiple Procedure ) .

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Th tc truy xut lin kt LAPM

Cc modem c kh nng khc phc li ngy nay s dng mt th tc c gi l LAPM (Link Access Procedure for Modem). Thng qua th tc ny chng c th chp nhn s liu c truyn bt ng b t DTE nhng s truyn s liu i theo ch d ng b thin hng bit (bit-oriented) v dng mt giao thc khc phc li da trn HDLC.
Th tc truy xut lin kt LAPD Th tc truy xut lin kt knh D gi tt l LAPD (Link Access Procedure D-channel) l mt tp con ca HDLC dng cho ISDN. N c nh ngha iu khin lung I-frame lin quan mt thit vi knh bo hiu. Knh bo hiu c gi l knh D.LAPD cn c dng di dng m rng iu khin lung I-frame qua mt knh thu bao lin quan n mt dch v c gi l tip frame ( frame relay . iu khin lin kt logic iu khin lin kt logic LLC (Logical Link Control) l mt dn xut HDLC c dng trong cc mng LAN. Nhng t chc tng qut ca hai loi topo c bn l bus v ring C hai topo u dng mt mi trng chia s_bus hay ring_l ni din ra tt c cc hot ng truyn frame

IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 :: Lin kt s liu c th l

A knh vt l im-ni-im B knh v tuyn nh lin kt v tinh C Lin kt vt l hay lgic qua cc mng chuyn mch. D Mt trong ba cch A, B, C

Cu 2 : u l lin kt s liu A B C D
Mt kt ni vt l trc tip (dng cp xon i, cp ng trc hay cp quang) Mt knh c thit lp qua mng in thoi cng cng dng modem, Mt lin kt v tuyn nh lin kt vi ba mt t hay lin kt v tinh

Mt trong ba trn

Cu 3 : Pht biu no sau y l ng A

Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong cch hai u cui thng tin v tc bit ca lin kt

B Giao thc hng k t idle RQ c dng khi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng modem, C Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng khng ph thuc vo khong cch v tc bit D 92 C A, B u ng

Cu 4 : Giao thc HDLC (High-Level Data link Control) c dc tnh A L giao thc thin hng bit ph hp vi nhiu ch khc nhau. B Thm mt s k s nh phn vo mi k t c truyn C Mi k t c kim tra nh mt thc th ring bit D C ba trn u ng

Cu 5 : Giao thc HDLC (High-Level Data link Control) A Dng vi cc lin kt tc c cao B Dng vi cc lin kt c c l xa nh lin kt v tinh C Thng dng vi cc lin kt tc c thp D C A v B u ng

Cu 6 : Topo a im yu cu A C mt ng dy truyn c gi l bus c dng kt ni tt c cc my tnh li vi nhau B Phi m bo rng tt c cc hot ng truyn u c thc hin theo mt phng php c kim sot v khng bao gi c hai hot ng truyn li xy ra ng thi C Tt c cc hot ng truyn u din ra gia my tnh ch v my tnh t chn., v vy my tnh ch iu khin th t ca tt c cc hot ng truyn. D Mt trong ba trn l ng

Cu 7 : Cc giao thc thin hng k t A c dng trong cc ng dng im-ni-im v c a im B Khng dng trong cc ng dng im-ni-im C Khng dng cc k t iu khin truyn nh du u v cui frame, kim sot li v trong sut d liu. D C A, B, C u ng Cu 8 Pht biu no sau y l ng vi cc giao thc thin hng k t A L phng thc truyn trong cc bit d liu t mt ngun c truyn tun t ni tip nhau qua mt knh thng tin B Dng cc k t iu khin truyn thc hin cc chc nng iu khin lin quan n qun l d lin kt C Tt c cc giao thc lin kt s liu mi u l giao thc thin hng k t. D C A,B, C u ng

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Cu 9 : Cc giao thc n cng ( simplex Protocol) c th

A Cho php chuyn s liu theo mt hng t my tnh (DTE) ny n mt my tnh khc qua mt lin kt s liu im-ni-im B Lin kt c th l mt knh c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng C S dng cc modem hay mt cp dy xon i vi cc b iu khin thu/pht thch hp. D C A,B,C u ng Cu 10 : Dng giao thc n cng ( simplex Protocol) th A Nu ang dng modem th mt modem phi c t ch gi v modem kia phi t ch tr li B .C hai modem phi c ci tc hot ng bng nhau C C A v B u ng D Tt c cc trn u sai Cu 11: Cc giao thc thin hng k t hot ng theo bn song cng. Pht biu no sau y l ng A c gi l iu khin ng b nh phn thng ni tt l bisync hay BSC (Binary Synchronous Control). B N l nn tng ca giao thc thin hng k t ca ISO C Pht biu A v B l ng D Tt c cc trn u sai Cu 12 : : Cc giao thc thin hng k t thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau lin quan n qun l lin kt cn A Cn dng thm cc frame iu khin bn cnh cc frame mang thng tin B i vi truyn ng b thin hng k t, my thu cn phi t cho c s ng b k t v ng b frame. C D
Pht biu A v B u ng Pht biu A ng cn pht biu B l sai

Cu 13 : Hot ng ca giao thc thin hng k t th hin A My tnh ch chu trch nhim lp lch cho tt c cc hot ng truyn trn mi lin kt s liu chia s. B Bn tin iu khin qut c dng yu cu mt my ph thuc no gi bt k s liu ang i no m n c C Bn tin iu khin chn dng hi my ph thuc c sn sng nhn s liu hay khng. D 94 Mt trong ba trn u ng

Cu 14 : Giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton (fullduplex). A Gip truyn cc frame thng tin theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi v dng lc iu khin truyn continuous RQ cho c hai hng B Giao thc hot ng hiu qu vi ca s truyn K=8 cho cc lin kt mt t hoc K=16 cho cc lin kt v tinh C Giao thc hot ng hiu qu vi ca s truyn K=16 cho cc lin kt mt t hoc K=8 cho cc lin kt v tinh D C A v B u ng Cu 15 : Giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton (full-duplex) yu cu . A Mt lin kt vt l c php hot ng nh l 8 (hay 16) lin kt logic ring bit B Lung frame i qua mi lin kt c iu khin bi c cu giao thc dng-v-ch ca n. C B l pht biu sai D C A v B u ng Cu 16 : Ch s trong mi header ca Frame trong giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton l A Hp ca hai field : mt s tun t mt bit_0 hay_1 l ch s tun t truyn bnh thng v ch s knh logic LCN (logical Channel Number) ch nh knh logic m frame c gn vo . B Ch c 1 field : mt s tun t mt bit_0 hay_1 l ch s tun t truyn bnh thng C
Ch c mt field : ch s knh logic LCN (logical Channel Number) ch nh knh logic m frame c gn vo .

D C A, B. u ng Cu 17 : Th tc truy xut lin kt phin bn B cn c gi l LAPB (Link Access Procedure version B) l mt tp con ca HDLC, n dng A iu khin truyn cc I-frame qua mt lin kt s liu song cng im-ni-im ni gia mt my tnh vi mt mng chuyn mch gi cng cng B LAPB c dng iu khin cc frame thng tin qua giao tip DTE-DCE cc b C
LAPB khng dng iu khin cc frame thng tin qua giao tip DTE-DCE cc b

D A, B u dng Cu 18 : Pht biu no sau y v th tc a lin kt MLP (Multiple Procedure ) l ng . 95

A L th tc m rng ca LAPB B Trong mt vi trng hp, thng lng c sn ca mt lin kt n nh vy khng p ng nhu cu ca cc ng dng v vy chng ta phi dng n th tc a lin kt MLP (Multiple Procedure ) . C L th tc m rng ca LAPB dng 4 b m 2 byte cho mi UART D A v B l pht biu ng Cu 19 : Cc modem c kh nng A Khc phc li B Khc phc li nu s dng mt th tc c gi l LAPM (Link Access Procedure for Modem) C Khng c kh nng khc phc li D C A v B l pht biu ng

Cu 20 : iu khin lin kt logic LLC (Logical Link Control) l

A L mt dn xut HDLC c dng trong cc mng LAN. B S dng loi topo c bn l bus v ring C C hai topo u dng mt mi trng chia s_bus hay ring_l ni din ra tt c cc hot ng truyn frame D A ,B v C u ng

V. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Michael Duck, Peter Bishop, Richard Read. Data communication, addison wesley 1996. [2]. Trung T. Cng ngh ATM - gii php cho mng vin thng bng rng 1998 [3] Nguyn hng Sn, Hong c Hi. K thut truyn s liu. Nh xut bn Lao ng 2002. [4] William Stallings, Data and computer communications, Prentice Hall, 2004.

96

CHNG 5 X L S LIU TRUYN

I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau: M ha s liu mc vt l Pht hin li v sa sai Mt m ha s liu Nn s liu K thut truyn s liu trong mng my tnh cc b

Mc ch : gip sinh vin nhn thc c nhng kin thc v s liu c cung cp t my tnh hoc cc thit b u cui s liu thng dng nh phn n cc (unipolar)vi cc bit 0 v 1 c biu din cng mc in p m hoc dng. Tc truyn dn ca chng c tnh bng s bit truyn trong mt giy.
Cc s liu ny khi truyn i s c bin i sang dng tn hiu s theo cc k thut m ha khc nhau. Cc tn hiu ny c c trng bng s thay i mc in, tc truyn ca chng v th c xc nh bng tc ca s thay i ny, cn c gi l tc iu ch v c tnh bng Baud. M ha s liu mc vt l gip sinh vin hiu c mt s phng php m ha thng dng, so snh cc loi m ny ngi ta cn c vo cc yu t nh ph tn hiu, kh nng ng b tn hiu, kh nng pht hin sai, kh nng chng nhiu v giao thoa tn hiu, phc tp v kh thi. Ph tn ca tn hiu sau khi m ha s quyt nh n mt s kha cnh ca vic truyn s liu nh rng bng tn cn thit, kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu hay khng, cc loi m ph dng hin nay cng nh nhng c tnh ca chng nh : M lng cc, M BNZS (M lng cc vi s thay th N s 0 ,) M lng cc mt cao HDBN

Phn pht hin li v sa sai cho ta thy Khi d liu c truyn gia 2 DTE, cc tn hiu in i din lung bit truyn rt d b thay i sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn : ng dy truyn, lu lng truyn, loi m ng, loi iu ch, loi thit b pht, thit b thu, c bit l do s thm nhp in t cm ng ln cc ng dy t cc thit b in gn . chng sai khi truyn s liu thng c 2 cch :
Dng b gii m c kh nng t sa sai Truyn li mt b phn ca d liu thc hin vic sa sai, cch ny gi l ARQ Automatic Repeat Request .

Phng php thng dng nht c dng pht hin li ca bit trong truyn khng ng b v truyn ng b hng k t l phng php parity bit. Khi truyn i mt khi thng tin, mi k t c truyn i s c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu ngang, ng thi c khi thng tin ny cng c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu dc. Nh vy c sau mt s byte nht nh th mt byte kim tra chn l cng c gi i. byte chn l ny c to ra bng cch kim ta tnh chn l ca khi k t theo ct. Da vo cc bit kim tra ngang v dc ta xc nh c to ca bit sai v sa c bit sai ny, phng php ny c gi l phng php kim tra theo ma trn.

97

Ngoi ra phng php kim tra tn hiu bng m vng c thc hin nh sau : Tn hiu cn pht i trong khung gm k bit s c bn pht thm vo n bit na kim tra dc gi l Frame Check Sequence (FCS). Nh vy tn hiu pht i bao gm k+n bit. Bn thu khi nhn c tn hiu nay s em chia cho mt a thc c gi l a thc sinh bit trc ( bn pht v bn thu u cng chn a thc ny ). Nu kt qu chia khng d coi nh tn hiu nhn c l ng.

Phn mt m s liu gii thiu cho sinh vin mt cch khi qut ng truyn s liu trong mt s trng hp cn phi c bo mt, th d nh quc phng, ngn hng .v.v..Nh vy ngoi cc bin php x l s liu cn thit truyn thnh cng v hiu qu,s liu cn c mt m ha bng phng php no , theo mt kha m no m ch my pht v my thu mi bit c. Qu trnh mt m ha v gii mt thng c thc hin mc lin kt s liu (Data link). Tuy nhin cng c nhng vi mch c ln chuyn thc hin mt m ha v gii mt s liu. Cc chip ny cho php ngi s dng thay i cc gii thut mt m phc tp vi rt nhiu kha khc nhau la chn. Ngy nay mt m ha mc vt l cng c quan tm nhiu, c bit l mt m ha theo ng cng ngh, mt s phng php li dng cng ngh cao tin hnh mt m n, thm m mun bit bn gc phi t c trnh cng ngh tng ng mi c th thc hin c. Nn s liu khi truyn gip chng ta bit rng ni dung thng tin truyn i bao gm d liu gc di dng chui k t c chiu di c nh. Cho d y l trng hp ca nhiu ng dngtruyn s liu, vn cn c nhng trng h khc, trong d liu c nn trc khi truyn i, nn d liu l mt vic lm thit yu trong cc dch v truyn dn cng cng, v d truyn qua mng PSTN, v trong cc mng cc mng nh vy vic tnh cc da vo thi gian v c ly truyn. .
V d chng ta truyn d liu qua mng PSTN dng tc 4800 bps, thi gian truyn ht d liu l 20 pht. R rng nu dng nn d liu chng ta c th gim mt na s lng d liu truyn, v c th tit kim 50% gi tin. iu ny tng ng vi vic dng tc truyn 9600 bps nhng khng nn . Trong thc t chng ta c th dng mt lot cc gii thut nn khc nhau, mi gii thut s ph hp vi mt loi d liu. Vi modem thng minh s cung cp c trung nn thch nghi t ng thc hin cc gii thut nn ph hp vi loi d liu ang c truyn

Phn k thut truyn s liu qua mng my tnh cc b to cho sinh vin nhn thc c cc mng s liu cc b thng c gi n gin l mng cc b v gi tt l LAN. Chng thng c dng lin kt cc u cui thng tin phn b trong mt ta nh hay mt cm cng s no . Th d c th dng LAN lin kt cc my trm phn b cc vn phng trong mt cao c hay trong khun vin ca trng i hc, cng c th lin kt cc trang thit b m nn tng cu to ca chng l my tnh phn b xung quanh mt nh my hay mt bnh vin. V tt c cc thit b u c lp t trong mt phm vi hep, nn cc LAN thng c xy dng v qun l bi mt t chc no . Chnh v l do ny m cc LAN c xem l cc mng d liu t nhn, im khc bit ch yu gia mt ng truyn thng tin c thit lp bng LAN v mt cu ni c thc hin thng qua mng s liu cng cng l mt LAN thng cho tc truyn s liu nhanh hn do c trng phn cch v mt a l v c ly ngn. Trong ng cnh ca m hnh tham chiu OSI th khc bit ny ch t biu l ti cc lp ph thuc mng. Trong nhiu trng hp cc lp giao thc cp cao hn trong m hnh tham chiu ging nhau trong c LAN v mng s liu cng cng. C hai loi LAN hon ton khc nhau : LAN ni dy () v LAN khng dy (wireless LAN) nh bao hm trong tn ca tng loi , LAN ni dy dng cc dy ni c nh thc nh cp xon, cp ng trc lm mi trng truyn dn trong khi cc LAN khng dy dng sng v tuyn hay sng nh sng eer lm mi trng truyn dn, cch tip cn vi hai loi l khc nhau 98

Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh ga kin thc ca mnh theo cc vn chnh sau :
M ha s liu mc vt l l th no Nguyn nhn li khi truyn s liu trn ng truyn cc phng php pht hin li v khc phc Mt m ha s liu mc ch v bin php tin hnh Nn s liu mc ch v bin php tin hnh Mng cc b phn loi v k thut truyn s liu trn mng cc b

II. NI DUNG 5.1. M HA S LIU MC VT L

S liu cung cp t my tnh hoc cc thit b u cui s liu thng dng nh phn dn cc (unipolar) vi cc bit 0 v 1 c biu din cng mc in p m hoc dng. Tc truyn dn ca chng c tnh bng s bit truyn trong mt giy. Cc s liu ny khi truyn i s c bin i sang dng tn hiu s theo cc k thut m ha khc nhau. Cc tn hiu ny c c trng bng s thay i mc in, tc truyn ca chng v th c xc nh bng tc ca s thay i ny, cn c gi l tc iu ch v c tnh bng Baud. Cc phng php m ha thng dng bao gm : M ha NRZ M lng cc M Miller M nh phn a mc so snh cc loi m ny ngi ta cn c vo cc yu t nh ph tn hiu, kh nng ng b tn hiu, kh nng pht hin sai, kh nng chng nhiu v giao thoa tn hiu, phc tp v kh thi. Ph tn ca tn hiu sau khi m ha s quyt nh n mt s kha cnh ca vic truyn s liu nh rng bng tn cn thit, kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu hay khng, nhiu hay t. Nu tn hiu khng c thnh phn mt chiu th s c th ghp bng bin p, nh cch ly ng truyn bn ngoi vi my thu pht bn trong, gim s giao thoa do nh hng ca dng mt chiu. Kh nng ng b tn hiu lin quan n c tnh chuyn trng thi ca tn hiu c m ha gip xc nh thi im bt u v kt thc ca mi bit chnh xc v thun li hn. Ty theo phng php m ha c th cung cp kh nng pht hin sai n gin. ta xem xt mt s loi m lm th d nh sau

5.1.1. Mt s th d 5.1.1.1. M lng cc Phng php ny thc hin vic chuyn i 0 ca tn hiu nh phn sang xung ca mc 0 v 1 ca tn hiu nh phn thnh xung ca 2 mc +A v -A. c tnh ca loi m ny l khng tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v x dng lun phin +A, -A c th pht hin li. Nhc im ca loi m ny l khng c chc nng kh cc m 0 lin tc, u thu c nhiu kh khn trong vic tch ring tn hiu thi gian. gii quyt vn ny mt loi m khng c di nht nh c chuyn sang cc mu c bit dng mt m lng cc mt cao ( nh BNZS, HDBN) 99

5.1.1.2. M BNZS (M lng cc vi s thay th N s 0 ) Phng php m ho ny thc hin vic chuyn i N s 0 lin tc ca m thnh N s cc m c bit c xung vi phm quy tc lung cc . V mt thu nhn tin, s tch cc m vi phm lng cc sau chuyn chng thnh s 0 nhn c m gc . Cc m BNZS gm cc loi sau : M B6ZS l cc m nhn c do chuyn i 6 ch s 0 lin tc thnh cc mu OVBOVB. cc m ny c dng bi AT & T coi nh tiu chun giao tip ca h thng chun m ITU-T khuyn ngh cho vic bo hiu ghp knh cp 2 ( lung 6,312 Mbps).
K hiu B : xung lng cc thng thng ( cc thay i ) V : xung vi phm O : xung mc 0

M B3ZS
Vi m ny, nu s cc xung gia 3 s 0 lin tc v xung V ngay trc, cc m my c chuyn i thnh BOV v nu l n c chuyn i thnh OOV. Ti Bc M chng c s dng h thng 44,736 Mbps

M B8ZS
l m nhn c bi chuyn i 8 s 0 lin tc thnh mu OOVBOVB. Chng c dng h thng 1,544 Mbps ca Bc M

5.1.1.3. M lng cc mt cao HDBN y l phng php chuyn i cc m s thnh cc xeri xung vi phm lng cc ( V: Violate) ti bit cui cng s (N+1) ca cc m s 0 lin tc. b gii m loi b c thnh phn 1 chiu c th dc gy ra bi cc xung khng lin tc th s xung B gia xung v v xung i sau n phi l s chn. do s phn cc ca xung V lun thay i nn cc yu t mt chiu b trit tiu. Cc dng c bit hin c gm BOO...V hock OOO...V y v tr bit u tin c dng bin s xung B gia cc xung V thnh s l v tr bit cui cng phi lun lun l V . Tt c c v tr cn li phi l O. Th d v m lng cc my cao nh sau :
HDB2 HDB3

5.2. PHT HIN LI V SA SAI.

5.2.1. Tng quan Khi d liu c truyn gia 2 DTE, cc tn hiu in i din lung bit truyn rt d b thay i sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn : ng dy truyn, lu lng truyn, loi m ng, loi iu ch, loi thit b pht, thit b thu, c bit l do s thm nhp in t cm ng ln cc ng dy t cc thit b in gn ,Nu cc ng dy tn ti trong mt mi trng xuyn nhiu th d nh mng in thoi cng cng. iu ny c ngha l cc tn hiu i din cho bit 1 b u thu dch ra nh bit nh phn 0 v ngc li. xc sut thng tin thu c bi DTE ch ging thng tin truyn t c gi tr cao, cn phi c mt vi bin php ni thu c kh nng nhn bit thng tin thu c c cha li hay khng, nu c li s c mt c cu thch hp thu v bn copy chnh xc ca thng tin.
chng sai khi truyn s liu thng c 2 cch :

100

Dng b gii m c kh nng t sa sai Truyn li mt b phn ca d liu thc hin vic sa sai, cch ny gi l ARQ Automatic Repeat Request .

M hnh minh ho vic bo v v sa sai nh sau : Bo v M Sa sai T sa ARQ Truyn li vi s dng v i Truyn li lin tc Truyn li vi s lp li la chn

5.2.2. Phng php kim tra chn l theo k t ( parity bit ) Phng php thng dng nht c dng pht hin li ca bit trong truyn khng ng b v truyn ng b hng k t l phng php parity bit. Vi cch ny my pht s thm vo mi k t truyn mt bit kim tra parity c tnh ton trc khi truyn. Khi nhn c thng tin truyn, my thu s thc hin cc thao tc tnh ton trn cc k t thu c , v so snh vi bit parity thu c. Nu chng bng nhau, c gi s l khng c li, y ta dng t gi s, bi v cch ny c th khng pht hin c li trong khi li vn tn ti trong d liu. Nhng nu chng khc nhau th chc chn mt li xy ra .
tnh ton parity bit cho mt k t, s cc bit trong m k t c cng module 2 vi nhau v parity bit c chn sao cho tng s cc bit 1 bao gm c parity bit l chn (even parity) hoc l l (odd parity)

Trong b m ASCII mi k t c 7 bit v mt bit kim tra Vi kim tra chn gi tr ca bit kim tra l 0 nu s lng cc bit c gi tr 1 trong 7 bit l chn v c gi tr 1 trong trng hp ngc li. Vi kim tra l th ngc li. Thng thng ngi ta s dng kim tra chn v bit kim tra gi l P. Gi tr kim tra cho php u thu pht hin nhng sai st n gin Th d K t A E M ASCII 1000001 1010001 T m pht i Bit kim tra P 10000010 10100011 0 1

Phng php parity bit ch pht hin cc li n bit (s lng bit li l s l )v khng th pht hin cc li 2 bit (hay s bit li l mt s chn) 5.2.3. Phng php kim tra theo ma trn Khi truyn i mt khi thng tin, mi k t c truyn i s c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu ngang, ng thi c khi thng tin ny cng c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu dc. Nh vy c sau mt s byte nht nh th mt byte kim tra chn l cng c gi i. byte chn l ny c to ra bng cch kim ta tnh chn l ca khi k t theo ct. Da vo cc bit kim tra ngang v dc ta xc nh c to ca bit sai v sa c bit sai ny. Mt Frame coi nh mt khi k t sp xp c 2 chiu. mi k t c bit kim tra chn l P. Nu ta sp xp cc bit ca k t ng v tr tng ng t trn xung th ta c mt khi cc k t
Tnh theo chiu ngang, gi tr bit chn l P ca dng th i s l :

101

Rj =

b1j + b2j + +bnj

y l php cng modun 2

Vi Rj :: bit kim tra th t th j bi j : bit th i ca k t th j n : s lng bit trong mt k t Nu tnh theo chiu dc ta c : Ci = bi 1 + bi 2 + bi 3 ...... + bi m Vi Ci :: bit kim tra ct th i m : s lng k t trong mt Frame. Chng ta c th thy rng mc d cc li 2 bit trong mt k t s thot khi kim tra parity theo hng, nhng chng s b pht hin bi kim tra parity theo ct tng ng. D nhin iu ny l ng ch khi khng c li 2 bit xy ra trong cng mt ct ti cng thi im. R rng xc sut xy ra trng hp ny nh hn nhiu so vi xc sut xy ra li 2 bit trong mt k t. Vic dng kim tra theo ma trn ci thin ng k cc c trng pht hin li ca kim tra chn l Tuy nhin phng php ny cung khng hon ton hiu qu. Gi s bit th nht v bit th 3 ca k t th nht b sai kim tra hng s khng b sai, nhng kim tra chn l ca ct s pht hin bit th nht v th 3 b sai, ta bit s truyn b sai nhng khng bit sai v tr no. By gi ta lai gi thit rng bit th nht v bit th 3 ca k t th 5 cng b sai ng thi v bit th nht v bit th 3 ca k t th nht, lc ta khng pht hin c ct b sai, kt qu thu c b sai nhng ta khng pht hin c

5.2.4. Phng php m d tha CRC Mt t m c vit di dng mt a thc

C(x) = ( Cn-1 Xn-1 + Cn-2 Xn-2+ ......+ C1 X + C0 ) Phng php kim tra tn hiu bng m vng c thc hin nh sau : Tn hiu cn pht i trong khung gm k bit s c bn pht thm vo n bit na kim tra dc gi l Frame Check Sequence (FCS). Nh vy tn hiu pht i bao gm k+n bit. Bn thu khi nhn c tn hiu nay s em chia cho mt a thc c gi l a thc sinh bit trc ( bn pht v bn thu u cng chn a thc ny ). Nu kt qu chia khng d coi nh tn hiu nhn c l ng. Vn c t ra l n bit thm vo s c xc nh nh th no khi bit khung tin cn truyn i, bit a thc sinh c chn ?. N bit thm vo c gi l CRC ( Cyclic Redundancy Check). Phng php to ra CRC bao gm vic dch thng bo sang tri c bit ( c chnh l bc ca a thc chn trc) sau thc hin php chia cho da thc c chn ny . Kt qu d li ca php chia chnh l CRC. Bn thu sau khi nhn c thng bo cng em chia cho hm bit trc nh bn pht. Nu kt qu bng 0. php truyn khng sai s. Tnh FCS gm 4 bc : Bc 1 chuyn thng bo nh phn thnh a thc M(x).Chn hm cho trc G(x) c bc c , G(x)= xc+1 ( c chnh l di ca CRC) Bc 2 : Nhn M(x) vi Xc Bc 3 Thc hin php tnh M(x).Xc/G(x) ta c phn nguyn v s d: Q(x)+ R(x)/G(x)

102

R(x) chnh l CRC Bc 4 : Thnh lp FCS chnh l thng bo cn truyn i FCS = Xc.M(x) +R(x) Th d : cn truyn thng tin 110101 1) To M(x) = X5 +X4 + X2 + 1 Chn c=3 G(x) = X3 +1 2) Tnh X3. M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) +R(x)/G(x) X8 + X7 + X5 + X3 X8 X7 + X7 + X4 X4 +X X3 +X X3 + 1 X+1 Vy R(x) = X+1 Q(x) = X5 + X4 + X +1 FCS = Xc.M(x) + R(x) + X8 + X7 + X5 + X3 + X + 1 Thng tin cn truyn l 110101011 Thu v kim tra CRC kim tra sai s khi truyn, b phn thu em khi thng tin thu c chia cho G(x) theo modul 2 nu phn d cn li l 0 m nhn c l ng, nu phn d khc 0 m nhn c l sai . Kim tra CRC: Ta c hm pht i pht i : FCS = Xc.M(x) +R(x) v Xc.M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/ G(x) Ti u thu ta thu c : FCS em gi tr thu c ny chia cho Hm sinh m G(x) X5 X3

X3 +1
X5 + X4 + X +1

ta c :

FCS /G(x) = = = =
M ( 1+1)2 = 0

Xc.M(x) +R(x) G(x) Xc.M(x) + G(x) Q(x) + + R(x) G(x) R(x) . G(x) R(x) G(x) + (1+1)2 R(x) G(x)

Q(x) +

FCS /G(x) = Q(x)

103

Phn d bng 0 Th d : Thng tin truyn i l : 110101011 Thng tin nhn c l : 110101011 iu ny c ngha l truyn ng tc l R(x) phi bng 0 Kim tra CRC nh sau : Chuyn thng tin nhn c thnh a thc : 110101011 X8 + X7 + X5 + X3 +X+1 a thc sinh m c bn thu v bn pht u bit G(x) = X3 +1 em a thc nhn c chia cho a thc G(x) chc chn phn d s bng 0 Thc hin php chia nh sau : X8 + X7 + X5 + X3 + X +1 X8 X7 + X7 + X 4 X4 + X3 + X X4 X3 X3 + X +1 +1 0 =R(x) Mch to CRC to m CRC c th dng phn mm d tnh CRC cho tng gi d liu , hoc tnh ton sn lu vo bng gi tr CRC cho 256 byte sau khi tnh CRC cho tng byte th tra bng. Tuy nhin trong thc t nhanh v gim thi gian hot ng ca b vi x l ngi ta thng dng phn cng to CRC v kim tra. Ngi ta c th to m CRC di 12 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit. Mch in s bao gm cc b ghi dch v cc b cng modul 2, s lng ct ca b ghi dch ph thuc vo gi tr C chn ca hm sinh G(x) X5 X3

X3 +1
X5 + X4 + X +1

X2
Q N
Q

X1
Q N
Q

X0
Q N
Q Thng bo

CLK
Hinh 5.1. Mch to CRC dng ghi dch vi G(x)= X3+1 Thanh ghi

104

X2

X1

X0 Thng bo : 110101

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

Thng bo

110101

0 1 1 CRC

5.3. MT M HA S LIU
5.3.1. Khi qut
ng truyn s liu trong mt s trng hp cn phi c bo mt, th d nh quc phng, ngn hng .v.v..Nh vy ngoi cc bin php x l s liu cn thit truyn thnh cng v hiu qu,s liu cn c mt m ha bng phng php no , theo mt kha m no m ch my pht v my thu mi bit c. Qu trnh mt m ha v gii mt thng c thc hin mc lin kt s liu (Data link). Tuy nhin cng c nhng vi mch c ln chuyn thc hin mt m ha v gii mt s liu. Cc chip ny cho php ngi s dng thay i cc gii thut mt m phc tp vi rt nhiu kha khc nhau la chn. Ngy nay mt m ha mc vt l cng c quan tm nhiu, c bit l mt m ha theo ng cng ngh, mt s phng php li dng cng ngh cao tin hnh mt m n, thm m mun bit bn gc phi y c trnh cng ngh tng ng mi c th thc hin c.

5.3.2. Mt m ha c in Bn gc s c m ha bng mt kha c xc nh trc to ra mt bn m. Bn m chnh l bn c truyn ln kn. Khi thm nhp vo knh, i phng c th thu trm c bn m nhng v khng bit kha m nn kh tm ra c bn gc.
V mt ton hc c th m phng mt m c in nh sau : Mt h thng m l mt tp c 5 thnh phn (P,C,K,E,D) trong : P l tp hp hu hn cc bn gc c th C l tp hp hu hn cc m gc c th K l tp hp kha c th i vi mi k K c mt lut mt m eK : P C; eK E v mt lut gii m tng ng dK: C P, dK D. Mi eK v dK l nhng nh x sao cho dK(eK(x))=x x P Gi s thng tin gc cn truyn l mt chui x1, x2, x3. x4xn vi n l mt s nguyn ln hn hoc bng 1. Mi k hiu xi (1 i n c mt m bng lut eK vi kha K thng nht vi bn thu. Ni pht s xc nh cc y theo y= eK(xi)v bn m s pht ln knh l y = y1, y2, y3,y4.yn. pha thu hp l, s tm ra bn gc bng cch dng nh x dK(yi)=xi, ch eK v dK phi l cc nh x 1-1, ngha l vi x1 x2 th y1 y2.

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C nhiu phng php mt m c in sau y chng ta xt mt phng php m dch vng. Phng php ny c c s l php ton module. minh ha ta xt vic mt m ha trn b ch ci ting Anh gm 26 ch ci. Dng php module 26 nh sau : eK(x) =x+K module 26 dK(x) =x - K module 26 Bng 5.1. S tng ng ca cc ch ci v cc s theo module 26 nh sau A 0 N 13 Th d Gi s kha m dch vng ny l 9 v bn gc l : Gonewththewind Tin hnh mt m nh sau : Trc ht chng ta bin i bn gc thnh chui cc s nguyn theo php ly tng ng trn bng 5.1 ta c : 6 14 13 4 22 13 4 22 13 5 22 8 5 17 8 13 17 22 19 3 2 12 16 7 19 7 15 23 2 16 B 1 O 14 C 2 P 15 D 3 Q 16 E 4 R 17 F 5 S 18 G 6 T 19 H 7 U 20 I 8 V 21 J 9 W 22 K 10 X 23 L 11 Y 24 M 12 Z 25

Sau cng thm 9 vo mi gi tr ri module 26 ta c :

T chui cc gi tr trn ly cc gi tr tng ng trong bng 5.1.ta c bng m s truyn i l : pxwnfrcqcqnfrwm khi thu c bn m ny, my thu s tin hnh bin i thnh dy cc gi tr tng ng trong bng 5.1..Ly gi tr tr bt i 9 ri module 26, i gi tr ca kt qu thnh k t cui cng s c bn c

5.3.3. Mt m kha cng khai Mt trong nhng phng php mt m ha hin i l mt m kha cng khai. Phng php mt m ny ng dng tnh cht c bit ca cc hm by sp mt chiu tng kh v gy cn tr hot ng ca thm m. H mt m kha cng khai da trn logarit ri rc c dng kh ph bin v c gi l h mt m Elgamal. minh ha h mt m Elgamal sau y s trnh by mt cc hnh thc cc bc. Trc ht bn gc x s c nh du bng cch nhn vi k to
ra y2. Gi tr k cng c gi i nh mt phn ca bn m ni thu hp l bit c a s suy din ra c k t k sau s chia y2 cho k c x Th d cho p = 2579, cho =2, a = 765. khi = 2765 mod 2579=949 Gi s mun gi bn tin x=1299 chn s ngu nhin k=853 y1= 2853 mod 2579 = 435 y2= 1299.949853 mod 2579 =2396

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 u thu khi nhn c bn m y =(435,2396) s tin hnh tnh ra bn gc x= 2396.(435765)-1 mod 2579 =1299

5.4. NN S LIU
5.4.1.Khi qut
Chng ta vn gi thit rng ni dung thng tin truyn i bao gm d liu gc di dng chui k t c chiu di c nh. Cho d y l trng hp ca nhiu ng dng truyn s liu, vn cn c nhng trng hp khc, trong d liu c nn trc khi truyn i, nn d liu l mt vic lm thit yu trong cc dch v truyn dn cng cng, v d truyn qua mng PSTN, v trong cc mng cc mng nh vy vic tnh cc da vo thi gian v c ly truyn. . V d chng ta truyn d liu qua mng PSTN dng tc 4800 bps, thi gian truyn ht d liu l 20 pht. R rng nu dng nn d liu chng ta c th gim mt na s lng d liu truyn, v c th tit kim 50% gi tin. iu ny tng ng vi vic dng tc truyn 9600 bps nhng khng nn . Trong thc t chng ta c th dng mt lot cc gii thut nn khc nhau, mi gii thut s ph hp vi mt loi d liu. Vi modem thng minh s cung cp c trng nn thch nghi t ng thc hin cc gii thut nn ph hp vi loi d liu ang c truyn

5.4.2. Nn nh n gin m cho cc ch s (Packed decimal )

Khi cc frame ch bao gm cc k t s hc ang c truyn, chng ta c th tit kim ng k bng cch gim s bit trn mi k t t 7 xung 4 thng qua m BCD, thay cho m ASCII.

5.4.3. Nn theo m ha quan h.

Mt phng php khc c s dng khi truyn d liu s hc k tip ch khc nhau phn nh v gi tr l ch gi lng khc nhau gia cc gi tr ny cng vi mt gi tr tham kho. iu ny c gi l m ha quan h v n c th em li hiu qu c bit trong cc ng dng ghi nhn d liu. Th d nu gim st t xa mc nc ca dng sng thng c mc nc theo cc khong thi gian nh trc . ti thiu thi gian cn truyn thay v truyn gi tr ch mc nc tuyt i, chng ta ch cn truyn i cc gi tr khc nhau.

5.4.4. Nn bng cch b bt cc k t ging nhau.

Thng thng khi cc frame gm cc k t c th in ang c truyn thng xut hin chui lp li cc k t ging nhau. Thit b iu khin ti my pht s qut ni dung ca frame trc khi truyn nu gp mt chui k t lin tip ging nhau th chng s c thay th bi tun t s v k t.

5.4.5. Nn theo m ha thng k

khng phi tt cc cc k t trong mt frame truyn u c cng mt tn sut xut hinCc k t no c tn sut xut hin ln th c m ha vi s lng bt t hn cc k t c tn sut xut hin thp. Do s bit trn mi k t thay i nn chng ta phi dng phng php truyn ng b thin hng bit.

5.5. K THUT TRUYN S LIU TRONG MNG MY TNH CC B

5.5.1. Tng quan Cc mng s liu cc b thng c gi n gin l mng cc b v gi tt l LAN. Chng thng c dng lin kt cc u cui thng tin phn b trong mt ta nh hay mt cm cng s no . Th d c th dng LAN lin kt cc my trm phn b cc vn phng trong mt cao 107

c hay trong khun vin ca trng i hc, cng c th lin kt cc trang thit b m nn tng cu to ca chng l my tnh phn b xung quanh mt nh my hay mt bnh vin. V tt c cc thit b u c lp t trong mt phm vi hep nn cc LAN thng c xy dng v qun l bi mt t chc no . Chnh v l do ny m cc LAN c xem l cc mng d liu t nhn, im khc bit ch yu gia mt ng truyn thng tin c thit lp bng LAN v mt cu ni c thc hin thng qua mng s liu cng cng l mt LAN thng cho tc truyn s liu nhanh hn do c trng phn cch v mt a l v c ly ngn. Trong ng cnh ca m hnh tham chiu OSI th khc bit ny ch t biu l ti cc lp ph thuc mng. Trong nhiu trng hp cc lp giao thc cp cao hn trong m hnh tham chiu ging nhau trong c LAN v mng s liu cng cng. C hai loi LAN hon ton khc nhau : LAN ni dy () v LAN khng dy (wireless LAN) nh bao hm trong tn ca tng loi , LAN ni dy dng cc dy ni c nh thc nh cp xon, cp ng trc lm mi trng truyn dn trong khi cc LAN khng dy dng sng v tuyn hay sng nh sng eer lm mi trng truyn dn, cch tip cn vi hai loi l khc nhau.

5.5.2.Mng LAN ni dy Trc khi nghin cu cu trc v hot ng ca cc kiu LAN ni y ta cn ch n cc yu t cn chn la trong xy dng LAN 5.5.2.1. Topo.
Hu ht cc mng din rng WAN th d nh mng in thoi cng cng PSTN ( public switching telephone network ), dng topo dng li, tuy nhin do c th phm vi vt l gii hn ca cc thu bao (DTE ) trn LAN nn cho php dng cc topo n gin hn. C 4 topo thng dng l Star, Bus, Ring, Tree Hnh 5.1.

Dng Bus

Dng Ring

Dng cy

Dng Star

Dng Star m rng

Dng mt li Hnh 5.1. Cc topo thng dng

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Tng i PABX l mt dng Star Topo. Mt cu ni c thit lp xuyn qua mt tng i PABX Analog truyn thng bng nhiu phng php ging vi mt cu ni c thc hin qua mng PSTN Analog , trong tt c cc con ng xuyn qua mng u c thit k ch mang tn hiu thoi c bng thng gii hn. Do mun truyn s liu phi dng cc modem, tuy nhin hu ht cc PABX hin i dng k thut chuyn mch s v do cng c gi l tng i s c nhn PDX (Pritvate Digital eXchange).Vi s xut hin cc IC gi r thc hin cc chc nngchuyn i analog digital v ngc li,lm cho vic m rng ch lm vic digital thu bao nhanh chng tr thnh hin thc. iu ny c ngha nhng ng chuyn mch 64 Kbps thng c dng cho in thoi s s lun c sn ti mi kt cui thu bao, do c th c dng cho c thoi v s liu. Tuy nhin ng dng ch yu ca PDX l cung cp mt ng truyn dn chuyn mch cho phin thng tin cc b gia cc u cui tch hp thoi v s liu, phc v trao i th in t, truyn tp tin Hn th na, k thut s trong PDX cho php cung cp cc dch v nh voice store and forward v teleconferencing. Cc topo thch hp hn vi cc LAN c thit k thc hin chc nng ca cc mng truyn s liu nh nhm lin kt vi my tinh cc b, l topo dng Bus v dng Ring, thng thng trong topo dng Bus cp mng c dn qua cc v tr c DTE cn ni vo trong mng, v mt kt ni vt l c thc hin ti cho php cc DTE truy xut cc dch v mng. tip l mt mch iu khin truy xut v cc gii thut c dng chia s bng thng truyn dn c sn cho nhm DTE c ni vo mng. Vi topo Ring cp mng i t mt DTE n mt DTE khc cho n khi cc DTE c ni thnh vi nhau thnh mt vng. c trng ca Ring l mt lin kt im ni im trc tip vi mi DTE lng ging hot ng theo mt chiu.. Cn mt gii thut thch hp lm nhim v chia s vic s dng Ring gia cc user trong nhm. Tc truyn d liu c dng trong Bus v Ring vo khong t 1 n 100 Mbps, iu kh ph hp vi vic lin kt nhm cc thit b cc b da trn nn my tnh chng hn nh cc Workstation trong cc vn phng hay cc b iu khin thng minh xung quanh mt h x l no .

5.5.2.2. Mi trng truyn dn Mi trng truyn dn to ra cc ng lin kt vt l cc nt mng c th l cp ng trc, cp si quang, cp xon i, radio.. Mi loi mi trng truyn dn u ch ph hp vi tnh trng kt ni mng v yu cu tc truyn d liu gia cc nt mng. Cp xon , cp ng trc , cp quang l mi trng truyn dn ca ch yu ca mng LAN
a) Cp xon i ( Twisted- pair Cable) Loi cp ny gm 2 ng dy dn ng c xon vo nhau nhm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gy ra bi bn thn chng vi nhau. C 2 loi cp xon i c dng l cp c v bc kim STP (Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng c v bc kim UTP STP: Lp bc kim bn ngoi cp xon i c tc dng chng nhiu in t. C nhiu loi STP c loi ch gm 1 i dy xon trong v bc kim, nhng cng c loi gm nhiu i dy xon. Tc thng truyn trn cp ny l 155Mbit/s, khong cch l 100 m. UTP : tnh nng tng t nh STP ch km v kh nng chng nhiu v suy hao do khng c v bc kim. C 5 loi thng dng l :

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UTP loi 1 v 2 : s dng thch hp cho truyn thoi v s liu tc thp ( di 4Mbit/s) UTP loi 3 : thch hp cho vic truyn d liu tc ln n 16 Mbit/s UTP loi 4 : thch hp cho vic truyn d liu tc ln n 20 Mbit/s UTP loi 5 : thch hp cho vic truyn d liu tc ln n 100 Mbit/s Trn phn ln cc tuyn thu bao, cp i c dng mt cch ph bin v d dng v kinh t nhng cp i ny c cch in cn thn bng Polyvinyl hoc Poliethylene, c xon vo mt si cp, 10 n 2400 chic cp i c nhm li to thnh nhiu loi cp khc nhau tng thm cc c tnh k thut, PVC hoc PE c c dng v sau lp bc cp s c ph bn ngoi cc dy cp. trnh h hng v b m h/ ngt mch in ngi ta dng bng nhm hoc ng vo gia cc v. Mt cch tng qut vi cc loi cp a phng cc dy in li c ng knh 0,4 0,5, 0,65 v 0,9 mm c s dng mt cch rng ri b) Cp ng trc (coaxial cable) Cp ng trc c ch tao bng mt si dy dn ng cht c bao quanh bng mt dy trung tnh gm nhiu si nh bn li , gia 2 dy ny c mt lp cch ly bn ngoi c mt lp v bo v. C 2 h thng truyn khc nhau c dng vi cp ng trc: Bng tn c s ( Baseband ) H truyn trn bng tn c s nhn tn hiu s n t my tnh v truyn trc tip tn y qu cp n trm thu, truyn n knh,tc truyn t ti 10Mbit/s, khong cch ti a l 4000 m Bng rng (Broadband) H truyn bng rng i tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t c tn s v tuyn (RF) v truyn n n trm thu , ti tn hiu c tn s v tuyn c i li thnh tn hiu s, Mt b gii iu bin m nhn vic , mi trm phi c mt modem ring dng vi bng tn rng, Cp ng trc bng tn rng l mi trng truyn a knh, tc truyn ti da 5Mbit/s, khong cch truyn khong 50Km. Cc loi cp ng trc sau y thng hay c dng: RG-8 v RG-11 c tr khng 50 m RG-59 c tr khng 75 m RG-62 c tr khng 93 m Cp ng trc c suy hao nh so vi cc loi cp ng khc c) Cp si quang ( Fiber Optic Cable) Cp si quang l cng ngh mi nht dc dng trong cc mng. Mt chm tia sng c ri xuyn sut si thu tinh lun dc theo dy cp, b phn iu bin s iu khin tia sng y thnh tn hiu. Do dng chm tia sng truyn tin nn h thng ny chng c nhiu in t bn ngoi , bn thn cp khng t gy nhiu nn c th truyn d liu vi tc cc nhanh v khng h sai st. Cp si quang cng l mi trng a knh ( multichannel medium). Thng lng ca cp si quang rt ln . Dng cp si quang c nhng kh khn : t tin , kh hn ni , kh mc r nhnh vo cc trm b xung. Cp si quang c th hot ng mt trong 2 ch : single mode (ch mt ng dn quang duy nht ) hoc Multi mode ( c nhiu ng dn quang ) Cn c vo ng knh li si quang, ng knh lp o bc v ch hot ng hin nay c 4 loi cp si quang hay c dng, l:

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Cp c ng knh li si 8,3 micro/dng knh lp o 125 micro/single mode Cp c ng knh li si 50 micron/dng knh lp o 125micro/single mode Cp c ng knh li si 62,5 micron/dng knh lp o 125 micron/single mode Cp c ng knh li si 100 micron/dng knh lp o 125 micron/single mode Ta thy ng knh li si rt nh nn rt kh khn khi phi u ni cp si quang, cn phi c cng ngh c bit i hi chi ph cao Gii thng cho cp si quang c th t ti 2 Gb/s, suy hao trong cp si quang rt thp, Tn hiu truyn trn cp si quang khng b pht hin v b thu trm, an ton thng tin trn mng c bo m bo.

5.4.2.3. ATM LAN Mng LAN c phn chia thnh 3 th h :

Th h th nht tiu biu l CSMA/CD LAN ( Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection) a truy xut cm nhn sng mang c pht hin ng v Token Ring LAN ( dng Token l mt frame nh c gi l th bi chy vng trn mng khi tt c cc trm u rnh ri, bt c khi no cc trm mun truyn phi i cho n khi n pht hin mt Token chuyn qua n.Trm truyn s bt ly Token thng qua thao tc sa mt bit trong chuyn n t mt Token thnh mt tun t bit nh du u frame ca mt s frame d liu. Sau trm ny thm v truyn phn cn li ca cc trng cn thit xy dng mt frame d liu hon chnh. Th h th nht cung cp kt ni terminal-to-host v h tr cc kin trc Client/server vi tc va phi Th h th hai tiu biu l FDDI, th h th hai p ng nhu cu cho cc LAN ng trc v h tr cho cc my tram c tc cao Th h th ba tiu biu l cc ATM LAN, th h th ba c thit k cung cp kh nng phi hp thng lngv bo m truyn ti theo thi gian thc, p ng cho cc ng dng a phng tin. Cc yu cu thng thng i vi LAN th h th ba gm c : H tr nhiu lp dch v tin cy, th d dch v video trc tuyn c th yu cu cu ni tin cy c tc c tc 2Mbps, cht lng dch v c th chp nhn c, trong khi chuyn tp tin ch cn dng mt lp dch v c bn . Cung cp thng lng di rng, c kh nng m rng dung lng trn tng host ( cho php cc ng dng cn lng d liu xut/nhp ln trn mt host ) v c trn dung lng phi hp ( cho php ci t m rng t vi host n vi trm host tc cao) Lm phng tin lin kt mng gia k thut LAN v WAN ATM rt l tng cho vic p ng cc yu cu trn nh vo cc ng dn o v cc knh o, rt d tch hp cc lp a dch v. Theo kiu kt ni c nh hay chuyn mch, ATM rt d m rng bng cch thm nhiu node chuyn mch v dng tc cao hn (hay thp hn)cho cc thit b kt ni vo. Sau cng, vi vic tng cng s dng phng php vn chuyn bng t bo (cell) trong xy dng mng din rng, th vic dng ATM trong mt mng u cui cho php xa dn ranh gii gia LAN v WAN. Cc loi ATM LAN gm c :

111

Getway to ATM LAN l mt chuyn mch ATM ng vai tr nh mt Router v b tp trung ti lin kt mt mng u cui vo ATM WAN Backbone ATM Switch : l mt chuyn mch ATM n hay mt chuyn mch ATM cc b lin kt lin kt cc LAN khc nhau. Workgroup ATM : l cc trm a phng tin cht lng cao v cc h thng u cui khc c kt ni trc tip vo mt chuyn mch ATM Trn y l ba cu hnh thun nht. Trong thc t mt hn hp ca hai hay c ba loi cng c th c dng to ra ATM LAN

5.5.3. Cc LAN khng dy 5.5.3.1. Khi qut Cc loi LAN c dy hu ht u dng cp ng trc hay cp xon i lm mi trng vt l truyn. Gi thnh ch yu lin quan n LAN chnh l chi ph lp t ng cp vt l. Hn th na, nu kin trc s kt ni cc my tnh thay i th chi ph thc hin tng ng vi chi phi lp t t u khi thay i k hoch ni dy. y chnh l mt trong cc l do LAN khng dy pht trin. Cc lan khng dy l cc LAN khng dng cc ng dy ni vt l lm mi trng truyn dn chnh.
L do th hai l s xut hin thit b u cui l my tnh xch tay. Khi k thut cng tr nn tin tin th cc thit b nh vy nhanh chng so snh c vi my tnh c nh. Mc d l do chnh dng cc thit b ny l tnh di ng, chng thng phi thng tin lin lc vi cc my tnh khc.Cc my tnh khc c th l my tnh xch tay(di ng) hoc ph bin hn l cc my tnh c vo mng LAN ni dy . V d nh cc thit b u cui trong siu th lin h vi my tnh lu tr xa cp nht c s d liu ca kho hng, hoc trong bnh vin, mt y ta vi mt my tnh xch tay c th truy xut vo h s ca bnh nhn c lu gi trong c s d liu ti my ch. Mt tp cc chun LAN khng dy c pht trin bi t chc IEEE gi l IEEE 802.11. Thut ng v vi thuc tnh c bit ca 802.11 l duy nht i vi chun ny v khng b nh hng trong tt c cc sn phm thng mi. c tnh ca n tng trng cho cc nng lc mng c yu cu i vi LAN khng dy Mt s minh ha hai ng dng ca LAN khng dy c trnh by tn hnh 5.2. Trong ng dng th nht truy xut vo my tnh server ang c ni vo LAN c dy cn dng mt thit b trung gian c gi l n v truy xut di ng PAU (Portable Access Unit) thng thng vng ph sng ca PAU l t 50 n 100 mt v trong mt d n lp t ln c nhiu n v nh vy phn b xung quanh mt im. Tp hp cc n v ny cung cp kh nng truy xut vo LAN c dy v do l truy xut vo cc my tnh server cho cc my tnh xch tay,hay my tnh c nh , mi thit b u cui ny c th bt c ni no xung quanh im ny. Loi ng dng ny c gi l LAN khng dy c h tng c s. Trong ng dng th hai mt tp cc my tnh di ng c th thng tin vi nhau hnh thnh mt LAN khng dy n gin hay LAN khng dy khng c h tng c s. V d iu ny c th trong phng hi tho hay sn bay.

112

Hnh 5.2. Cc LAN khng dy a) Cc topo ng dng b) Cc kha cnh k thut

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5.5.3.2.ng truyn khng dy C hai loi ng truyn c dng trong LAN khng dy l sng trong di tn s radio v cc tn hiu hng ngoi tuyn. 5.5.3.2.1.ng truyn bng sng radio Cc sng rado c dng rng trong pht thanh truyn hnh i chng v cc mng in thoi di ng, v sng radio c th xuyn qua cc trng ngi vt, nn cc phng php iu khin cht ch c p dng khi dng ph ca sng radio. Di ng dng rng cng c ngha l bng thng ca radio l khan him. i vi mt ng dng c bit, mt bng tn xc nh phi c phn phi mt cch chnh thc. Trc y iu ny c thc hin c bn trn mt quc gia, nhng vi tc gia tng ng dng th cc sp xp mang tnh quc t ang c k kt, qua ring cc bng tn chn cho cc ng dng lin quan n quc t.
Cc nhu cu gii hn pht sng radio vo mt bng tn no v trong cc my thu lin quan ch chn cc tn hiu trong bng tn ny lm cho cc mch inlin quan n cc h thng truyn tin radio phc tp hn nhiu so vi h thng truyn hng ngoi. Tuy nhin, vic s dng rng ri sng radio, c bit l trong s lng ln sn phm dn dng khin cho gi thnh thit k h thng radio mc chp nhn c. Radio chim gii tn t 10 kHz n 1GHz trong c nhng bng tn nh : Sng ngn VHF ( Very High Frequency) UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

Tn tht ng truyn
Tt cc cc my thu radio u c thit k hot ng vi mt t s SNR quy nh ngha l t s nng lng tn hiu thu c trn nng lng ca nhiu ti my thu khng c thp hn mt gi tr cho trc, nhn chung phc tp ca my thu tng th SNR gim, tuy nhin vi gi thnh h ca cc my tnh xch tay cng c ngha l gi c chp nhn c ca cc n v giao tip mng radio phi c th so snh tng xng vi gi thnh ca cc my tnh xch tay. Do , iu ny cng ng ngha vi t s SNR ca my thu phi c thit k mc cao nu c th. Nng lng thu c my thu khng ch ph thuc vo nng lng tn hiu pht di m cn ph thuc vo khong cch gia my thu v my pht. Trong khng gian t do, nng lng ca tn hiu radio suy gim t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch tnh t ngun. Ngoi ra trong mi trng b bao ph bi vn phng cng s, s suy gim cn tng hn na. Doi cho my thu hot ng c vi mt SNR c th chp nhn c, n phi hot ng trong h thng c mc nng lng cng cao cng tt v vi mt vng ph sng c gii h. Trong thc t, vi cc my tnh xch tay, nng lng ca tn hiu c pht b gii hn bi s tiu th ti n v giao tip mng radi, iu ny lm gia tng mt lng ti i vi ngun ca my tnh. cng l l do v sao vng ph sng ca LAN n gin khng h tng c s li ngn hn LAN c h tng c s

Nhiu xuyn knh

V sng radio lan truyn xuyn qua hu ht cc chng ngi vt vi mc suy gim va phi, iu ny c th to ra to ra s tip nhn nhiu t cc my pht khc cng ang hot ng trong cng bng tn v c t trong phng k cn ca cng ta nh. Do vi LAN n gin, v nhiu LAN nh vy c th c thit lp trong cc phng gn nhau, nn cc k thut phi theo l cho php vi user trong cng mt bng tn cng tn ti.

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Trong mt LAN khng dy c h tng c s , v topo bit v tng din tch vng ph sng ca mng khng dy nhiu , tng t nh LAN c dy th bng thng c sn c th c chia thnh mt s bng con sao cho vng ph sng ca cc bng k nhau dng mt tn s khc nhau . iu ny to ra mt hiu sut s dng bng thng tt hn v bo m cho tt c cc cell k nhau mi cell dng mt tn s khc nhau nn mc nhiu xuyn knh c gim ti a

a ng
Cc tn hiu radio chu nh hng bi a ng, ngha l ti bt c thi im no my thu u nhn tn hiu xut pht t cng mt my pht, mi tn hiu c dn theo mt con ng khc nhau gia my pht v my thu. iu ny gi l s phn tn a ng v khin cho cc tn hiu lin quan n mu/bit trc xuyn nhiu cc tn hiu lin quan n mu/ bit k tip. iu ny c gi l nhiu xuyn mu . R rng tc bit cng cao, khong thi bit cng ngn th xuyn nhiu mu cng ln. Ngoi ra cn mt suy gim gi l fading gy ra bi s thay i chiu di ng i ca cc tn hiu thu khc nhau, n lm gia tng khong dch pha tng quan gia chng, c th to ra cc tn hiu phn x khc nhau lm suy gim ng k tn hiu trn tuyn trc tip, v trong mt gii hn no c th kh ln nhau. Hin tng ny gi l Rayleigh Fading. khc phc hin tng ny, hai anten thng c dng vi khong cch vt l gia chng bng 1/4 bc sng, cc tn hiu thu c t c hai anten c kt hp li thnh mt tn hiu thu thng nht. K thut ny c gi l phn tp khng gian ( Space diversity ). Mt gii php khc l dng k thut c gi l cn bng ( equalization). Cc nh hng suy gim v tr ca tn hiu trc tip ( tng ng nh tn hiu phn x a ng ) b loi tr khi tn hiu thu thc s. V cc tn hiu phn x thay i theo cc v tr khc nhau ca my pht v my thu nn qu trnh ny phi thch nghi. Do mch in c dng y c gi l b cn bng thch nghi ( adaptive equalizer)

5.5.3.2.2. ng truyn bng sng hng ngoi Sng hng ngoi c tn s rt cao hn sng radio ( hn 1014 Hz ), cc thit b c phn loi theo chiu di bc sng ca tn hiu hng ngoi thu c thay v dng tn s, chiu di bc sng o lng theo nm 1nm bng 10-9 m. hai bc sng c dng ph bin nht l 800nm v 1300nm.
Mt u im ca dng hng ngoi l khng c mt quy nh no v vic dng n. Hng ngoi c bc sng t nh nh sng nhn thy c v do c biu hin nh nhau : v d nh phn x t cc b mt nhn bng, n xuyn qua thy tinh , nhng khng xuyn qua c bc tng hay cc vt th m c khc, do sng hng ngoi b gii hn trong mt cn phng, t lm gim mc nhiu xuyn knh trong cc ng dng LAN khng dy. Mt im khc cng cn ch l nhiu do nh sng ca mi trng xung quanh nh nh sng mt tri, nh sng n in, cc ngun sng hunh quang tt c u cha mt mc ng k tia hng ngoi. lng nh sng hng ngoi ny c thu t b thu quang cng vi lng hng ngoi t ngun pht chnh, iu ny c ngha l mc nhiu c th cao , dn n nhu cu pht tn hiu phi cao t c t s SNR chp nhn c. Trong thc t tn tht ng truyn i vi hng ngoi c th cao. Ngoi ra cc b pht sng hng ngoi c hiu sut thp khi bin i nng lng t in sang quang. gim mc nhiu, trong thc t thng chuyn hn hp tn hiu thu c qua b lc bng gc (optical bandpass filter), b lc ny lm suy gim cc tn hiu nm ngoi bng tn gc ca tn hiu c truyn

115

III. TM TT
Phn m ha mc vt l cn ch nhng im sau, cc phng php m ha thng dng bao gm M lng cc M ha NRZ M Miller M nh phn a mc so snh cc loi m ny ngi ta cn c vo cc yu t nh ph tn hiu, kh nng ng b tn hiu, kh nng pht hin sai, kh nng chng nhiu v giao thoa tn hiu, phc tp v kh thi. Ph tn ca tn hiu sau khi m ha s quyt nh n mt s kha cnh ca vic truyn s liu nh rng bng tn cn thit, kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu hay khng, nhiu hay t. Nu tn hiu khng c thnh phn mt chiu th s c th ghp bng bin p, nh cch ly ng truyn bn ngoi vi my thu pht bn trong, gim s giao thoa do nh hng ca dng mt chiu. Kh nng ng b tn hiu lin quan n c tnh chuyn trng thi ca tn hiu c m ha gip xc nh thi im bt u v kt thc ca mi bit chnh xc v thun li hn. Phn pht hin li v sa li cn chy Khi d liu c truyn gia 2 DTE, cc tn hiu in i din lung bit truyn rt d b thay i sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn : ng dy truyn, lu lng truyn, loi m ng, loi iu ch, loi thit b pht, thit b thu, c bit l do s thm nhp in t cm ng ln cc ng dy t cc thit b in gn ,Nu cc ng dy tn ti trong mt mi trng xuyn nhiu th d nh mng in thoi cng cng. iu ny c ngha l cc tn hiu i din cho bit 1 b u thu dch ra nh bit nh phn 0 v ngc li. xc sut thng tin thu c bi DTE ch ging thng tin truyn t c gi tr cao, cn phi c mt vi bin php ni thu c kh nng nhn bit thng tin thu c c cha li hay khng, nu c li s c mt c cu thch hp thu v bn copy chnh xc ca thng tin. chng sai khi truyn s liu thng c 2 cch : Dng b gii m c kh nng t sa sai Truyn li mt b phn ca d liu thc hin vic sa sai, cch ny gi l ARQ Automatic Repeat Request .

Phn nn s liu Chng ta vn gi thit rng ni dung thng tin truyn i bao gm d liu gc di dng chui k t c chiu di c nh. Cho d y l trng hp ca nhiu ng dng truyn s liu, vn cn c nhng trng h khc, trong d liu c nn trc khi truyn i, nn d liu l mt vic lm thit yu trong cc dch v truyn dn cng cng, v d truyn qua mng PSTN, v trong cc mng cc mng nh vy vic tnh cc da vo thi gian v c ly truyn. . Trong thc t chng ta c th dng mt lot cc gii thut nn khc nhau, mi gii thut s ph hp vi mt loi d liu. Vi modem thng minh s cung cp c trung nn thch nghi t ng thc hin cc gii thut nn ph hp vi loi d liu ang c truyn .Khi cc frame ch bao gm cc k t s hc ang c truyn, chng ta c th tit kim ng k bng cch gim s bit trn mi k t t 7 xung 4 thng qua m BCD, thay cho m ASCII. Mt phng php khc c s dng khi truyn d liu s hc k tip ch khc nhau phn nh v gi tr l ch gi lng khc nhau gia cc gi tr ny cng vi mt gi tr tham kho. iu ny c gi l m ha quan h v n c th em li hiu qu c bit trong cc ng dng ghi nhn d liu.Thng thng khi cc frame gm cc k t c th in ang c truyn thng xut hin chui lp li cc k t ging

116

nhau. Thit b iu khin ti my pht s qut ni dung ca frame trc khi truyn nu gp mt chui k t lin tip ging nhau th chng s c thay th bi tun t s v k t khng phi tt cc cc k t trong mt frame truyn u c cng mt tn sut xut hin Cc k t no c tn sut xut hin ln th c m ha vi s lng bt t hn cc k t c tn sut xut hin thp. Do s bit trn mi k t thay i nn chng ta phi dng phng php truyn ng b thin hng bit Phn k thut truyn s liu trn mng cc b vi ni dung : Cc mng s liu cc b thng c gi n gin l mng cc b v gi tt l LAN. Chng thng c dng lin kt cc u cui thng tin phn b trong mt ta nh hay mt cm cng s no . V tt c cc thit b u c lp t trong mt phm vi hep nn cc LAN thng c xy dng v qun l bi mt t chc no . im khc bit ch yu gia mt ng truyn thng tin c thit lp bng LAN v mt cu ni c thc hin thng qua mng s liu cng cng l mt LAN thng cho tc truyn s liu nhanh hn do c trng phn cch v mt a l v c ly ngn. Mng LAN ni dy Hu ht cc mng din rng WAN th d nh mng in thoi cng cng PSTN ( public switching telephone network ), dng topo dng li, tuy nhin do c th phm vi vt l gii hn ca cc thu bao (DTE ) trn LAN nn cho php dng cc topo n gin hn. C 4 topo thng dng l Star, Bus, Ring, Tree . Cc topo thch hp hn vi cc LAN c thit k thc hin chc nng ca cc mng truyn s liu nh nhm lin kt vi my tinh cc b, l topo dng Bus v dng Ring. Tc truyn d liu c dng trong Bus v Ring vo khong t 1 n 100 Mbps, iu kh ph hp vi vic lin kt nhm cc thit b cc b da trn nn my tnh chng hn nh cc Workstation trong cc vn phng hay cc b iu khin thng minh xung quanh mt h x l no .

Mng LAN khng dy Mt tp cc chun LAN khng dy c pht trin bi t chc IEEE gi l IEEE 802.11. Thut ng v vi thuc tnh c bit ca 802.11 l duy nht i vi chun ny v khng b nh hng trong tt c cc sn phm thng mi. c tnh ca n tng trng cho cc nng lc mng c yu cu i vi LAN khng dy c hai dng LAN khng dy l LAN khng dy c h tng c s, LAN khng dy khng c h tng c s

IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 : so snh cc loi m c dng ngi ta cn c vo

A Ph tn hiu B Kh nng ng b tn hiu C Kh nng pht hin sai. D Mt trong ba cch A, B, C

Cu 2 : Sau khi m ha s liu mc vt l. Ph tn ca tn hiu sau khi m ha A

Quyt nh n mt s kha cnh ca vic truyn s liu nh rng bng tn cn thit

B Kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu hay khng, nhiu hay t. C D
Mt lin kt v tuyn nh lin kt vi ba mt t hay lin kt v tinh

Mt trong ba trn 117

Cu 3 : Sau khi m ha s liu mc vt l. Nu tn hiu khng c thnh phn mt chiu A C th ghp bng bin p, nh cch ly ng truyn bn ngoi vi my thu pht bn trong B Khng th ghp bng bin p C Gim s giao thoa do nh hng ca dng mt chiu D C A, C u ng

Cu 4 : Sau khi m ha s liu mc vt l. Pht biu no sau y l ng A Gip xc nh thi im bt u v kt thc ca mi bit chnh xc v thun li hn.. B Kh nng ng b tn hiu lin quan n c tnh chuyn trng thi ca tn hiu c m ha C Ty theo phng php m ha c th cung cp kh nng pht hin sai n gin D C ba trn u ng

Cu 5 : M lng cc l A Phng php ny thc hin vic chuyn i 0 ca tn hiu nh phn sang xung ca mc 0 v 1 ca tn hiu nh phn thnh xung ca 2 mc +A v -A B c tnh ca loi m ny l tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v khng th pht hin li C c tnh ca loi m ny l khng tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v x dng lun phin +A, -A c th pht hin li D C A v C u ng

Cu 6 : Pht biu no v m BNZS (M lng cc vi s thay th N s 0 ) l ng A Phng php m ho ny thc hin vic chuyn i N s 0 lin tc ca m thnh N s cc m c bit c xung vi phm quy tc lung cc B Tch cc m vi phm lng cc sau chuyn chng thnh s 0 nhn c m gc C Phng php m ho ny thc hin vic chuyn i N s 1 lin tc ca m thnh N s cc m c bit c xung vi phm quy tc lung cc D C ba trn l ng Cu 7 : Khi d liu c truyn gia 2 DTE, Pht biu no sau y l sai A Cc tn hiu in i din lung bit truyn khng h b thay i B Cc tn hiu in i din lung bit truyn rt d b thay i do nhiu nguyn nhn C ng dy truyn, lu lng truyn, loi m ng, loi iu ch, loi thit b pht, thit b thu,u c th l nguyn nhn lm bit truyn b thay i D Bit truyn b sai c ngha l cc tn hiu i din cho bit 1 b u thu dch ra nh bit nh phn 0 v ngc li 118

Cu 8 xc sut thng tin thu c bi DTE ch ging thng tin truyn t c gi tr cao A Cn phi c mt vi bin php ni thu c kh nng nhn bit thng tin thu c c cha li hay khng B Nu c li s c mt c cu thch hp thu v bn copy chnh xc ca thng tin. C Khng cn nhn bit li ti u thu D C A,B u ng

Cu 9 : Trong b m ASCII, pht biu no sau y l ng

A Mi k t c 7 bit B Mi k t c 8 bit C .K c bit kim tra chn (l) mi k t truyn i c 8 bit D C A,B,C u sai Cu 10 : Trong b m ASCII, pht biu no sau y l sai A Mi k t c 7 bit v mt bit kim tra B Vi kim tra chn gi tr ca bit kim tra l 0 nu s lng cc bit c gi tr 1 trong 7 bit l chn v c gi tr 1 trong trng hp ngc li. C Vi kim tra l gi tr ca bit kim tra l 1 nu s lng cc bit c gi tr 1 trong 7 bit l chn v c gi tr 0 trong trng hp ngc li. D Tt c cc trn u sai Cu 11: tnh ton parity bit cho mt k t, pht biu no sau y l sai A Ph thuc vo kim tra chn B Ph thuc vo kim tra l C S cc bit trong m k t c cng module 2 vi nhau v parity bit c chn sao cho tng s cc bit 1 bao gm c parity bit l chn (even parity) hoc l l (odd parity) D Tt c cc trn u sai Cu 12 : : Pht biu no sau y v phng php parity bit l pht biu sai A Phng php parity bit ch pht hin cc li n bit (s lng bit li l s l ) B Phng php parity bit khng th pht hin cc li 2 bit (hay s bit li l mt s chn) C D Phng php parity bit khng th pht hin cc li 1 bit (hay s bit li l mt sl)
Pht biu A,B ng cn pht biu C l sai

119

Cu 13 : Kim tra li theo phng php khi, pht biu no sau y l sai A Khi truyn i mt khi thng tin, mi k t c truyn i s c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu ngang, ng thi c khi thng tin ny cng c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu dc B C sau mt s byte nht nh th mt byte kim tra chn l cng c gi i C Byte chn l ny c to ra bng cch kim ta tnh chn l ca khi k t theo ct D Mt trong ba trn u ng

Cu 14 : : Kim tra li theo phng php khi, pht biu no sau y l ng A Da vo cc bit kim tra ngang v dc ta xc nh c to ca bit sai v sa c bit sai ny B Ta khng sp xp cc bit ca k t ng v tr tng ng t trn xung th ta cng c mt khi cc k t C Khng cn sp xp cc bit ca k t ng v tr tng ng t trn xung D C A v B , C u ng Cu 15 : Kim tra li theo phng php khi, pht biu no l sai A D cc li 2 bit trong mt k t s thot khi kim tra parity theo hng, nhng chng s b pht hin bi kim tra parity theo ct tng ng. B Li 2 bit trong mt k t s thot khi kim tra parity theo hng, v chng s khng b pht hin bi kim tra parity theo ct tng ng khi c li 2 bit xy ra cng mt ct ti cng mt thi im C Vic dng kim tra theo khi ci thin ng k cc c trng pht hin li ca kim tra chn l D Li 2 bit trong mt k t s thot khi kim tra parity theo hng, chng cng s khng b pht hin bi kim tra parity theo ct tng ng.trong bt k trng hp no Cu 16 : Trong phng php m d tha CRC pht hin li pht biu no sau y l sai A a thc sinh bit trc ( bn pht v bn thu u cng chn a thc ny ). B a thc sinh ch bn pht hoc ch bn thu chn trc . C Bc ca a thc sinh m chnh l di c thm vo t m gc trc khi truyn i D Ly t m thu c chia cho a thc sinh nu s d bng 0 t m thu c l ng Cu 17 : N bit thm vo t m gc gi l CRC thao tc no khng dng xc nh CRC A Dch m gc (thng bo) sang tri C bit. C l bc ca a thc sinh B Thc hin php chia m gc c dch cho da thc c chn ny C
Chn a thc sinh

D Khng cn ly phn d trong php chia

120

Cu 18 : Nn nh n gin m cho cc ch s (Packed decimal ) c ngha l A Khi cc frame ch bao gm cc k t s hc ang c truyn B Gim s bit trn mi k t t 7 xung 4 thng qua m BCD, thay cho m ASCII. C Gim s bit trn mi k t v k s t 7 xung 4 thng qua m BCD, thay cho m ASCII. D A v B l pht biu ng Cu 19 : Trong vic dng m ha quan h, pht biu no sau y l sai A Phng php s dng khi truyn d liu s hc k tip ch khc nhau phn nh v gi tr B Phng php m ha quan h s dng khi truyn d liu l ch gi lng khc nhau gia cc gi tr ny cng vi mt gi tr tham kho C Phng php m ha quan h s ch dng khi truyn d liu khng phi d liu s hc D C A v B l pht biu ng

Cu 20 : trong mng LAN khng dy dng tn s radio , pht biu no sau y l sai

A Tt cc cc my thu radio u c thit k hot ng vi mt t s SNR quy nh B T s nng lng tn hiu thu c trn nng lng ca nhiu ti my thu khng c thp hn mt gi tr cho trc C phc tp ca my thu tng th SNR gim D C ba trn u sai

V. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Michael Duck, Peter Bishop, Richard Read. Data communication, addison wesley 1996. [2]. Trung T. Cng ngh ATM - gii php cho mng vin thng bng rng 1998 [3] Nguyn hng Sn, Hong c Hi. K thut truyn s liu. Nh xut bn Lao ng 2002. [4] William Stallings, Data and computer communications, Prentice Hall, 2004.

121

P N
CHNG 1 1D 2D
6D 11D 16D 7D 12D 17D 2C 7C 12A 17D 2A 7D 12A 17D

3C 8D 13D 18B 3C 8C 13A 18A 3C 8A 13D 18D

4C 9C 14D 19D 4D 9C 14A 19C 4D 9D 14C 19D

5B 10D 15A 20D 5D 10C 15A 20C 5D 10C 15D 20D

CHNG 2
1D 6D 11D 16A

CHNG 3
1D 6D 11D 16D

CHNG 4
1D 6D 11C 16A 2D 7A 12C 17D 3D 8D 13D 18D 4D 9D 14D 19B 5D 10C 15D 20D

CHNG 5
1D 6A 11D 16B 2D 7A 12C 17D 3D 8D 13D 18D 4D 9C 14A 19C 5D 10D 15B 20D

122

MC LC
CHNG 1.................................................................................................................................... 3 MNG TRUYN S LIU V S CHUN HA................................................................... 3 I Phn gii thiu..................................................................................................................... 3 II. Ni dung.............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Thng tin v truyn thng.................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Cc dng thng tinv x l thng tin ..................................................................... 5 1.3 Khi qut mng truyn s liu ............................................................................................. 5 1.4. Mng truyn s liu ............................................................................................................. 7 1.5. Chun ha v m hnh tham chiu..................................................................................... 12 III. Tm tt ............................................................................................................................... 14 IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ....................................................................................................... 16 V. Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................ 20 CHNG 2.................................................................................................................................... 1 GIAO TIP VT L V MI TRNG TRUYN D LIU ........................................... 21 I Phn gii thiu.................................................................................................................... 21 II. Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 21 2.1 Cc loi tn hiu. ............................................................................................................. 21 2.2. S suy gim v bin dng tn hiu ..................................................................................... 24 2.3. Mi trng truyn dn ....................................................................................................... 25 2.4. Cc chun giao tip vt l ................................................................................................. 29 III. Tm tt .............................................................................................................................. 36 IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ...................................................................................................... 38 V. Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................................. 43 CHNG 3.................................................................................................................................. 43 GIAO TIP KT NI S LIU ............................................................................................... 43 I Phn gii thiu........................................................................................................................ II. Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 44 3.1. Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu. ............................................................................ 44 3.2 Thng tin ni tip bt ng b........................................................................................... 48 3.3. Thng tin ni tip ng b................................................................................................. 49 3.4. Mch iu khin truyn s liu.......................................................................................... 56 3.5. Cc thit b iu khin truyn s liu ................................................................................ 60 III. Tm tt .............................................................................................................................. 61 IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ...................................................................................................... 64 V. Ti liu tham kho 68 CHNG 4.................................................................................................................................. 69 CC GIAO THC IU KHIN LIN KT S LIU. ..................................................... 69 I Phn gii thiu................................................................................................................... 69 II. Ni dung............................................................................................................................ 70 4.1. Tng quan. ......................................................................................................................... 70 4.2. Cc mi trng ng dng .................................................................................................. 72 4.3. Cc giao thc thin hng k t........................................................................................ 74 4.4. Cc giao thc thin hng bit............................................................................................ 84 III. Tm tt ............................................................................................................................... 88 IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ...................................................................................................... 92 V. Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................ 96 CHNG 5.................................................................................................................................. 97

123

X L S LIU TRUYN ........................................................................................................ 97 I Phn gii thiu ................................................................................................................... 97 II. Ni dung ............................................................................................................................ 99 5.1. M ha s liu mc vt l ................................................................................................. 99 5.2. Pht hin li v sa li . ................................................................................................... 100 5.3. Mt m ha s liu . ......................................................................................................... 105 5.4. Nn s liu........................................................................................................................ 107 5.5. K thut truyn s liu trong mng my tnh cc b ....................................................... 107 III. Tm tt .............................................................................................................................. 116 IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp...................................................................................................... 117 V. Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................ 121 P N CHO CU HI CC CHNG........................................................................... 122

124

K THUT TRUYN S LIU

M s: 412TSL340
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1