Tp ch A CHT, lot A, s 297, 11-12/2006, tr.

38-50

C IM THU A HO V CHT LNG NC VNG VEN BIN TNH BNH THUN

BI HU VIT1, H VNG BNH2, PHM VN THANH1
2

Vin Nghin cu a cht v Khong sn, Km 9 ng Nguyn Tri, H Ni Vin a cht v Mi trng - Tng hi a cht Vit Nam, 6 Phm Ng Lo, H Ni

Tm tt: Vng ven bin tnh Bnh Thun (t C N n Hm Tn) c tm quan trng v kinh t - x hi. Vng ny nm trong i kh hn v bn kh hn duy nht nc ta. Cng cuc pht trin kinh t - x hi i hi phi m bo nhng iu kin cn thit v c s h tng, trong c nhu cu cp nc vi lng cung cp ln v cht lng tt. Vic nh gi hin trng cht lng nc, ra bin php khai thc, s dng hp l v bo v ti nguyn nc y l ht sc cn thit v cp bch cho quy hoch pht trin trong tng lai. Trn c s nghin cu cc ch tiu mi trng, nc mt trong vng c nh gi l c cht lng tt, tng khong ho thp, cc nguyn t vi lng u nm trong gii hn cho php. c im thu a ho kh phc tp v a dng. Nc di t c cc loi hnh ho hc: bicarbonat, chlorur, sulfat v hn hp, trong loi hnh nc bicarbonat natri chim ti hn 50% din tch vng nghin cu, v c bit, c mt loi hnh ho hc nc bicarbonat natri c tng khong ho >1g/l. Trong nc loi hnh ho hc ny, hm lng fluor, CO2 v cc hp cht silic kh ln. Nc di t trong vng hu ht c cht lng tt, khng nhng dng c cho mc ch sinh hot m cn c th s dng rt tt cho mt s mc ch khc nh: an dng cha bnh, khai thc soa, chn nui gia sc (b, d,...), trng cc loi cy a kim (nho, iu, thanh long,...), nui thu hi sn, nui to spirulina,... Cn c bin php bo v cc ngun nc khi b nhim bn do cc hot ng kinh t - x hi.
I. KHI QUT V VNG NGHIN CU 1. c im a l t nhin

Tnh Bnh Thun c din tch 7.828 km2, dn s 1.140.000 ngi (nm 2004). Pha bc gip cc tnh Lm ng v Ninh Thun, pha ty gip tnh ng Nai, pha ty nam gip tnh B Ra - Vng Tu, pha ng v ng nam gip bin ng. Vng nghin cu l di ven bin t C N ti Hm Tn, vi din tch khong 4000 km2, c gii hn nh sau (xem Hnh 1): pha bc l 11o20' v Bc, pha ng l ng b bin, pha nam v ty nam l 107o45' kinh ng, pha ty l on BC vi cc im B, C c ta : B

(108o15', 11o20'B); C (107o45', 11o00'B). Tnh Bnh Thun thuc vng ra ca sn ng dy Trng Sn Nam, chuyn tip dn n di ng bng ven bin. i b phn vng ny l i ni thp, ng bng ven bin nh hp. a hnh hp ngang, ko di theo hng ng bc - ty nam, phn ho thnh 4 dng a hnh sau: - i ct v cn ct ven bin, chim 18,22% din tch t nhin, phn b dc ven bin t Tuy Phong n Hm Tn, din rng nht l Bc Bnh: di khong 52 km, rng khong 20 km. a hnh ch yu l nhng i ln sng.

38

- ng bng ph sa chim 9,43% din tch t nhin, l ng bng ph sa ven bin cc lu vc t sng Lng Sng n sng Dinh, gm cc di nh hp, cao 0-12 m, ng bng thung lng sng La Ng c cao 90-120 m.

- Vng i g chim 31,66% din tch t nhin, cao 30-50 m, ko di theo hng ng bc - ty nam, t Tuy Phong n c Linh. - Vng ni thp chim 40,69% din tch t nhin. y l nhng dy ni ca khi Trng Sn Nam, chy theo hng ng bc - ty nam, t pha bc huyn Bc Bnh n ng bc huyn c Linh.
108 1200
1400
0 80

14

104

106

110

14

00 20

0 200

ng ng trl ng m a trung b nm (mm) nh

16 00

Quy Nh n

0 180

ng ng trl ng bc h i trung b nm (mm) nh Thnh ph, thx

00 16
1600

1200

V ng kh

Tuy Ho

V ng bn kh V ng nghin cu
12

Nha Trang

12

800

1000

0 120

00 24

Phan Rang
00 12

A
2200 2000

0 11

Nha Trang
120 0

800

00 20

1800

C
1600
00 16

1600

Phan Thi t
D
10 00

1200

1400

Vng Tu
10
20 00 16 00

Phan Rang
00 12

0 80

2000

2400

104

106

Hnh 1. Bn lng ma, lng bc hi trung bnh nm [8] v din tch vng nghin cu Vng nghin cu thuc i kh hu kh hn v bn kh hn. Lng ma hng nm thp (xem Bng 1): t 1259 mm/nm (Phan Thit) n 823 mm/nm (Tuy Phong). Nhn chung, lng ma gim dn theo hng t ty nam n ng bc. Phn ln lng ma trong nm tp trung vo thi k t thng 7 n thng 10 (chim 60-70% tng lng ma trung bnh nm). Lng bc hi rt cao: 1452 mm/nm (Phan Thit), 1625 mm/nm (Tuy Phong). m ni chung l thp (Tuy Phong: 77,6%). S gi nng v ngy nng rt cao (Phan Thit: 2729 gi nng, 348 ngy nng).
TB 11 12 nm 74,8 19,8 1259 89,6 136,7 1452 230 215 2729

Bng 1. Mt s yu t kh hu (trm Phan Thit) [1, 7]

Thng s Lng ma (mm) Lng bc hi (mm) S gi nng (gi)

Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0,7 0,3 2,5 57,0 212,2 164,3 197,5 212,8 155,0 157,2 149, 118,2 153,9 158,9 147,8 112,7 114,2 97,4 86,1 87,7 2 252 247 277 278 217 203 212 184 218 197

39

16 00

10

0 100

14 00

A
2000

2200

1800

C
1600

50

100

150 km
D
108

Phan Thi t

Nhit trung bnh (oC) 25,3 25,5 27,0 28,5 28,3 27,7 27,2 27,0 27,3 27,2 26,8 25,8 27,0 m tng i TB (%) 76 75 77 78 81 82 84 84 83 84 80 81 80 S ngy nng (ngy) 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 29 28 23 25 348 S ngy ma (ngy) 0 1 1 4 14 13 11 8 26 17 10 10 115

H thng nc mt ca tnh bao gm cc sng nh v mt s h, bu. Tr sng La Ng bt ngun t Lm ng v ch c mt on ngn chy trn a phn tnh Bnh Thun, hu ht cc sng u bt ngun t cc dy ni trung bnh thp phn pha bc v ty bc ca tnh. Sng ngn, lng sng hp, trc din dc cng nh ngang kh dc. Sng hu nh ch hot ng vo ma ma. Vo ma kh, lng nc trn cc sng cn li khng ng k. a bn tnh c th chia

lm 8 lu vc chnh, gm: lu vc sng La Ng, lu vc sng Dinh, lu vc sng Phan, lu vc sng Mng Mn, lu vc Phan Thit, lu vc cc sui nh ven bin Mi N, lu vc sng Lu, lu vc sng Lng Sng. Cc h, bu ln trong vng l: Bu Trng (din tch 90 ha - huyn Bc Bnh), Bin Lc (din tch 280 ha - huyn Tnh Linh) v Bu Rung. Thng s thu vn v thu ho cc sng trong vng nghin cu c th hin Bng 2.

Bng 2. Mt s thng s thu vn v thu ho cc sng tnh Bnh Thun [1, 6, 7]

Sng, sui

Lu lng tng Chiu Din tch nc TB (m3/s) khong ha di lu vc nc Ma Ma (km) (km2) (g/l) kh ma 272 67 53 77 75 85 53 4100 812 465 775 800 380 1973 520 5,2 1,2 <1 0,025 149 <0,1

Loi hnh ha hc nc HCO3- Mg-Na-Ca, HCO3Na-Mg-Ca, HCO3-Cl - Mg-Ca HCO3, HCO3-Cl HCO3 - Na, HCO3-Cl - Na HCO3-Cl - Na HCO3 - Na, HCO3-Cl - Na, Cl-HCO3 - Na Cl - HCO3 , Cl HCO3 - Na, HCO3-Cl - Na HCO3 - Na , HCO3 - Na-Ca

La Ng Dinh Phan Mng Mn - C Ty Ci (Phan Thit) Sui ven bin Mi N Ly Lng Sng

9,6 0,05 - 0,10 8,2 0,04 - 0,70 38,8 0,115 - 0,193 2 0,065 - 1,038

0,02 0,04 - 0,40 1,5 38,9 0,097 - 0,228 0,019 26,75 0,088 - 0,218

Do a hnh dc, nghing nhanh v pha bin nn cc dng chy b mt thot nhanh. H s dng chy thay i trong khong 0,2-0,5. Moul dng chy bnh qun nm l 40 l/s/km2 ng bng ven bin gia Phan Thit v Phan R. Phn chnh ca tng lng cc dng chy trn mt xut hin v t gi tr ln nht vo thi k t thng 8 n thng 10. Tnh Bnh Thun c ng b bin di 192 km, vi din tch vng lnh hi khong 52.000 km2. Thy triu c ch hn hp khng u, thin v nht triu,

vi bin dao ng mc nc l 1,28 1,30 m. Mc thy triu cao nht l 2,42 m, thp nht: 0,2 m. Thm lc a nhn chung hp v su. Nc bin rt mn, thun li cho sn xut mui.
2. c im a cht - a tng: Tham gia cu trc a cht vng ven bin tnh Bnh Thun gm 19 h tng (Bng 3) v 5 phc h xm nhp. - Magma xm nhp:

1. Phc h nh Qun (Di,GDi,G/J3q): gm 3 pha xm nhp v 1 pha mch, gm 40

cc iorit, granoiorit biotit horblen, granit biotit c horblen l ch yu. 2. Phc h o C (GSy,G/Kc): gm 2 pha xm nhp v 1 pha mch, gm ch yu cc granosyenit biotit, granit biotit, granit.

3. Phc h C N (G/K2cn): gm 2 pha xm nhp v 1 pha mch, gm granit biotit, granit alaskit. 4. Phc h Phan Rang: pha mch, gm granit porphyr, granosyenit porphyr.

Bng 3. Tng hp cc phn v a tng [4]

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a tng H tng La Ng (J2 ln) H tng o Bo Lc (J3 bl) H tng Nha Trang (K nt) H tng n Dng (K2 d) H tng Sng Lu (N2 sl) H tng Tc Trng (/N2-Q11 tt) H tng Trng Bom (amQ11 tb) H tng Phan Thit (mQ12 pt) Trm tch sng - bin Q12 (amQ12) Trm tch bin Q12-3 (mQ12-3) Trm tch sng - bin Q12-3 (amQ12-3) H tng Phc Tn (/Q13 pt) Trm tch bin Q13 (mQ13)

Ni phn b Ch yu pha ty, ty bc tnh Ch yu pha bc Phan Thit, sng Lu Dc QL1A, t Vnh Ho n Phan Thit Ri rc pha ng bc tnh (thng ngun sng Lu, C Giy, Mao) Bc Lng Sn, dc sng Lu, sui Tin Ni Tnh S, ng bc Phan Thit Ty nam Hm Thanh

Thnh phn vt cht

B dy (m)

Ct kt, ct bt kt, st kt, 750 - 800 phin st Anesit, anesitobazan, 600 - 750 anesitoacit, ryoacit Ryolit, trachyryolit, felsit, 500 - 700 ryoacit, acit v tuf ca chng acit, ryoacit, felsit, ryolit, 1250 anesitoacit 1350 Cui si kt, ct sn kt, st pha 5 - >10 ct... Bazan olivin kim, plagiobazan Cui, si, sn, bt - st 50 - 60 0,5 - 4 6 - 10 4 - 12 10 - 40 10 - 80

13

Ct c cha thch anh ng bc v ty nam Phan (86%), ilmenit, rutil, zircon, Thit, ty bc Hm Tn saphir Bc Ma Lm, L Nghi, Vnh Cui, si, ct, bt - st Ho Bc Lng Sn, Bn - - Tp di ht th Ging X, Phan Thit - Tp trn ht mn - Tp di: cui, si, sn Phan Thit, Tuy Phong - Tp trn: ct, bt, st Bazan olivin kim, B sng Lu anesitobazan - Tng b: ct thch anh mu trng Phan Thit, Hm c, Phan - Tng ven b: ct kt vi R, Tuy Phong - C N (CaO = 16-49%). Ct ht th ln sn si Ct bt ln sn si Ct, sn, si. Pha trn l bt, st - bt, st Bnh Nhn, Phan R, thnh Thm I, c cao 4-5m phn ct ht mn n va Vnh Ho, Tuy Phong, C N Ct, v s hn, cnh san h Phan R Bt, ct, mn thc vt, v s

5 - 10

14 15 16 17

Trm tch sng - bin Q13 Phan Thit (amQ13) Trm tch sng - bin Q22 Phan Thit (amQ22) Trm tch bin Q22 (mQ22) mbQ22-3

3 - 15 1-5 2-5 2-5 1-4

41

18 19

Holocen trungthng amQ22-3 (Q22-3) mQ23 Holocen thng vQ23 (Q23) aQ23 t khng phn chia (vQ)

Phan Thit Bi triu (dc b bin) Dc b bin, l nhng cn ct ni cao Trong cc thung lng sng ng bc, ty nam Phan Thit, dng cc i, g cao.

Bt, st, xc thc vt, v s Ct thch anh, xc sinh vt bin Ct gn kt yu

1-5 1-4

Ct, cui, si, t bt - st 0,5 - 2 G, cn ct, cao a hnh ti 20 - 40 100, 200 m

5. Phc h C Mng: pha mch, gm gabroiabas, gabroiorit porphyr. - t gy: H thng t gy trong vng pht trin theo 3 phng chnh: ng bc ty nam, ty bc - ng nam v kinh tuyn. - Nhm t gy B - TN: gm cc t gy thun, ko di t Hm Tn n thng ngun sng Lng Sng.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 Mu gc

- Nhm t gy TB - N: gm cc t gy ngn, ct cho nhm t gy B - TN, thng lin quan n ngun nc khong carbonic. - Nhm kinh tuyn: ch c 1 t gy ko di theo ranh gii pha ty ca tnh. Hu ht cc t gy trong vng nghin cu u hnh thnh vo cui thi k nng mnh t Jura n gia Paleogen sm.
Na2O 3,60 3,63 3,30 3,00 5,10 K2O Na2O+K2O 3,56 7,16 4,02 7,65 4,27 7,57 4,40 7,40 4,86 9,96 8,27 9,44

Tuf ryolit - acit Felsit Tuf ryolit Felsit phn di Felsit albitophyr Anesit-acit, 6 porphyrit 7 Tuf ryolit albitophyr

Bng 4. Hm lng nguyn t trong gc [3] Thnh phn ho hc (%) S mu SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO 5 69,24 0,30 13,50 3,15 0 0,17 0,80 2,85 6 73,88 0,22 11,85 2,45 0 0,14 0,48 0,84 8 72,30 0,12 13,34 2,75 0 0,23 0,36 2,29 5 70,54 0,10 14,43 1,07 2,62 0,13 0,78 1,76 5 72,34 0,08 12,74 2,45 0 0,16 0,28 0,89 6 59,70 0,77 16,81 4,60 7 72,90 0 0

0,19 1,24 3,97 4,83 3,44 0 0,75 4,85 4,59

13,35 1,60 1,24 0,03

3. c im a cht thy vn

- Cc tng cha nc: Trong vng nghin cu c cc tng cha nc sau (xem Bng 5): - Tng cha nc l hng cc thnh to trm tch Holocen (qh), - Tng cha nc l hng cc thnh to trm tch Pleistocen (qp), - Tng cha nc l hng cc thnh to trm tch Pleistocen trung - t (qp2-q), - Tng cha nc khe nt bazan Pleistocen thng (b/qp3), - Tng cha nc khe nt Pliocen (n2), - Tng cha nc khe nt Jura trung (j2). + Cc tng cha nc l hng: Cc tng cha nc l hng c hnh thnh trong

cc trm tch b ri t. Chng mang c im thy lc ca nc chy tng v phn ln hnh thnh nhng tng cha nc khng c p lc. V thc cht, cc trm tch b ri t l mt h thng thy lc ngm lin tc trong ton vng. l mt thc th bt ng nht, bao gm nhng vt liu thm v cch nc xen k nhau. Mc nc ngm trong cc trm tch ny thng su khng qu 2 m hoc t 2 n 5 m. Tuy nhin, trong nhng n ct, i ct ven bin, su mc nc ngm c th t 5 10 m, thm ch c ni ti 25 30 m. nghing ca gng nc ngm (graient thy lc) thng nh, khong 0,005 n 0,01. B dy ca cc tng cha nc thng khong 5 15 m, i ch t n 30 40 m.

42

Nc thng thuc loi nc nht (tng khong ha < 1 g/l). ven bin gp loi nc hi l (M = 1-5 g/l) v c bit, cc vng ca sng ln (sng Phan, Dinh, Mng Mn C Ty, Lng Sng,...), nc di t b nhim mn do s xm nhp ca nc bin. Nc l hng rt d b nhim bn. Ngun b sung cho h thng thy lc ngm ni trn l nc ma v nc t cc dng chy bt ngun t cc dy ni. Cc t gy kin to khu vc cng ng vai tr quan
K Dng hiu tn tng ti cha nc

trng trong vic b sung nc t pha cao nguyn cho cc tng cha nc ny. Qu trnh thot nc khi cc tng cha nc xy ra dc theo cc on h lu ca cc sng v ma kh v dc theo b bin. ng thi ca nc l hng thuc kiu ng thi bin i theo ma v ng thi ven b. Mc nc di t dao ng theo ma rt r rt v cc cc tr ca mc nc t chm hn so vi nc ma v nc trn mt.

Bng 5. Tng hp cc n v a cht thu vn

Din phn b

Thnh phn t cha nc

Chiu giu khong Kh nng khai thc s dy nc ho dng (m) (g/l)

B nhim mn vng Ch yu cc thung ca sng. C kh nng Ct, ct ht mn, Ngho - <0,1-1 khai thc quy m nh. lng sng, cc tam gic qh cui si, bt st 2 - 35 ca sng, cc vt gu trung bnh >1 C ngha cung cp xen k nhau ni v dc theo b bin. nc mt s thung lng sng. Nc Rng khp vng ng Ngho l Ct, bt st, sn, C ngha cung cp qp bng, t Tuy Phong n 5 - 30 <1 si, cui nc. trung bnh hng Phan Thit. Ch yu cc di i ct ven bin t Phan R Ct ht mn n Trung 0,03- C ngha cung cp qp2-q n Ging Tring, pha 5 - 40 va bnh 0,6 nc. nam Phan Thit n Hm Tn Din hp khong 30 Bazan olivin Trung 0,026- C ngha cung cp b/qp3 km2 thng ngun kim, < 20 bnh 0,336 nc. sng Ly anesitobazan L din nh khu vc Nc Tr mt s ni nc b b sng Ly - bc Cui kt, si kt, Trung <0,3 khe n2 5 - 20 nhim mn, cn li c Lng Sn v Sui ct kt, st kt bnh 0,5-4 ngha cp nc. nt Tin, phn ln b ph. Ct kt, bt kt, 15 - 20 Kh rng, ch yu C kh nng cp nc j2 st kt, i ni Ngho <0,5 pha ty, ty bc tnh quy m nh. 70 - 80 c phin st

+ Cc tng cha nc khe nt: Nc khe nt tn ti trong cc khi nt n thuc cc thnh to bazan v cc trm tch lc nguyn. Chng mang c tnh thy lc ca nc chy ri, khng nm trong mt h thng thy lc ngm lin tc. S phn b 43

ca nc khe nt mang tnh cc b vi s hnh thnh cc khi nt n cha nc v cc bn cha nc tch bit nhau bi nhng khi cch nc hoc thm nc rt yu. Nc di t trong cc loi ny thng c dng bc thang (ty thuc nt n ca

) vi su mc nc thng gp l 2 - 5 m ( vng a hnh bng phng) v trn 5 m ( vng sn dc). Cc tng cha nc khe nt thng c p cc b khi nm di cc lp cch nc v khng c p khi gc l ra trn b mt a hnh. Ni chung, nc khe nt thuc loi nc siu nht (M< 0,1 g/l). mt vi vng ca sng v ven bin, nc khe nt cng b

nhim mn t nc bin, song s xm nhp ca nc bin khng vo qu su trong t lin nh i vi cc tng cha nc l hng. Ngun b sung v tiu thot ca nc khe nt cng tng t nh nc l hng. ng thi ca nc khe nt bin i theo ma, song cc cc tr ca mc nc thng n chm hn so vi nc l hng.
- Tr lng nc di t: xem

Bng 6.

Bng 6. Tr lng nc di t tnh Bnh Thun [5]

Cc lu vc Sng La Ng Sng Dinh Sng Phan Sng Mng Mn Sng Phan Thit Ven bin Mi N Sng Lu Sng Lng Sng Tng

Cc tng cha nc l hng Tr lng tnh Tr lng ng 9 3 (x10 m ) (m3/ng) Vt Qt F MO Q 6,8 0,20 1,36 450 3,97 154.354 3,0 0,15 0,45 390 1,18 30.761 3,45 0,15 0,52 230 2,33 46.302 7,5 11,4 7,5 4,5 1,95

Cc tng cha nc khe nt Tr lng tnh Tr lng ng 9 3 (x10 m ) (m3/ng) Vt Qt F MO Q 20,0 0,020 0,400 400 5,20 179.712 3,0 0,015 0,045 50 2,01 8.683 12,1 0,015 0,182 202 0,60 10.472

0,15 1,13 300 0,54 13.997 15,0 0,020 0,300 250 0,97 20.952 0,20 0,17 0,20 0,15 2,28 1,28 0,90 0,29 8,20 380 300 300 130 0,57 1,54 8,10 1,42 18.714 9,0 0,015 0,135 150 0,97 12.571 39.917 209.952 15,0 0,020 0,300 250 5,26 113.616 15.949 538.946 1,36 346.006

Ghi ch: Vt- Th tch tng cha nc (km3); - H s nh nc; Qt- Tr lng tnh; F- Din tch cc tng cha nc (km2); MO- Moul dng ngm (l/s/km2); Q- Tr lng ng (m3/ng). Tng tr lng tnh = 9.560.000.000 m3; Tng tr lng ng = 884.952 m3/ng.
II. C IM THY A HA V CHT LNG NC 1. Nc mt

c im thy ha nc mt c nh gi cho mt s sng chnh trong vng: sng

La Ng, sng Dinh, sng Phan, sng Mng Mn - C Ty, sng Ci, sng Ly, cc sng lu vc Mi N, sng Lng Sng; mt s sui, bu Trng v nc bin. S liu chi tit c th hin cc Bng 2 v 7.

Bng 7. Hm lng mt s nguyn t vi lng trong nc mt [6]

S Hm lng trung bnh nguyn t vi lng trong nc Tng Loi mu (10-3 mg/l) khong pH nc phn ho (g/l) tch Cu Pb Zn A s Hg F Li B I Bin 8 31,209 7,42 1,7 3,2 4,4 3,81 0,20 1340 130,5 493 0,05 Sng, h 21 0,221 7,11 2,6 9,9 12,0 3,27 0,14 411 39,9 125 0,04 Nhn xt: - Nc cc sng, sui hu ht c thnh phn ha hc ch yu l bicarbonat natri. 44

- cc on sng gn bin, nc chuyn sang loi hnh ha hc chlorur-bicarbonat natri v chlorur natri. - Nc cc sng sui khu vc i ct ven bin c loi hnh ha hc ch yu chlorur natri. - Nc Bu Trng (trn i ct thuc x Ha Thng - Bc Bnh) c thnh phn chlorur-bicarbonat natri. - Nc bin rt mn ( Tuy Phong, M = 39,394 g/l), loi hnh ha hc chlorur natrimagnesi, cng vi kh hu kh nng, rt thun li cho lm mui. V thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng, hu ht cc mu u nm trong gii hn cho php (TCVN.1995). Hm lng fluor trong nc sng, h thp hn r rt so vi nc di t (trung bnh trong nc mt: 0,411 mg/l, trong nc di t: 1,118 mg/l - Bng 7 v 10).
2. Nc di t

- tng khong ha bin i t trn 1 n di 5 g/l. Nh vy, nhn chung nc NaHCO3 vng nghin cu c tng khong ha khng ln lm. - Trong cc cation th ion Na+ chim u th tuyt i trong tt c cc mu nc, lm cho cc im nc loi hnh ho hc ny c tn l bicarbonat natri. - Nhit nc thng trn 30oC - thuc loi nc m. - pH thay i t 7,2 n 9,19 (t trung tnh n kim). - Cc hp cht nit u c hm lng rt nh. NO2- hu nh hon ton vng mt. - Fe3+ hon ton vng mt trong cc mu nc, cn ion Fe2+ c hm lng ln nht t 0,6 mg/l, nhng thng ch < 0,1 mg/l. - Al3+ c hm lng kh cao, c mu ti 4 mg/l (ging gn sng Lng Sng). - Hm lng ca cc hp cht silic thng kh cao, thng dng SiO2, hu ht ti 50 mg/l, c mu t xp x 100 mg/l. - Hu ht cc ngun nc u cha fluor vi hm lng kh cao, thng trn 2 mg/l, c ngun ti 10-11 mg/l. Kt qu phn tch cho thy, hm lng fluor bin i t 2,05 n 11 mg/l (trung bnh 5,575 mg/l). - Br c hm lng ti a 1,7 mg/l, thng <1 mg/l. Ion io hu nh vng mt. - Kt qu phn tch hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Li ni chung u thp hn tiu chun cho php. - ng ch l s c mt ca ion PO 43vi hm lng tng i cao. mt s ngun nc t ti 5-10 mg/l. Hm lng cao ca PO43- thng l du hiu ca nhim bn, phi c lu khi dng nc ung v cha bnh. - Thnh phn kh trong nc: hm lng CO2 bin i trong phm vi rng. Nhiu ngun nc cha CO2 vi hm lng trn 500 mg/l.

c im thy ha nc di t trong vng kh phc tp v a dng. Trong vng pht hin c hu ht cc loi hnh ha hc, cc cp khong ha v cc kiu ngun gc khc nhau ca nc di t. Trong vng c cc loi hnh ha hc nc di t sau: - Loi hnh bicarbonat (I) : c chia ra cc kiu thy a ha (kiu nc): IA (M> 1 g/l) v IB (M< 1 g/l). - Loi hnh sulfat (II) - Loi hnh chlorur (III): c chia ra cc kiu thy a ha (kiu nc): IIIA (M> 1 g/l) v IIIB (M< 1g/l). - Loi hnh hn hp (IV): bicarbonatchlorur, chlorur-bicarbonat, bicarbonatchlorur-sulfat,... Chi tit v c im thu a ho c th hin Bng 8.
a. Cht lng nc:

Nc loi hnh bicarbonat, M> 1 g/l: 45

Nc loi hnh bicarbonat, M< 1g/l: - Tng khong ho nc M thng gp < 0,1 g/l, mt s ni M = 0,1-1 g/l. - Ion Na+ chim u th trong cc cation. - pH thng > 7. - Cc nguyn t Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg,... hu ht c gi tr nh, thp hn so vi tiu chun cho php. Ring fluor hu ht cc mu u xp x hoc vt qu gii hn cho php.
Loi hnh Kiu c im a l, a cht nc nc

Nc loi hnh chlorur: - V tng khong ha: loi hnh ny c cp khong ha: M> 3 g/l; 1-3 g/l; 0,51 g/l; 0,1-0,5 g/l v <0,1 g/l. Cp khong ho M> 1 g/l thng gp cc tam gic ca sng ln: sng Ci, sng Phan, sng Ly,... cc v tr thp ven bin, c s trao i gia nc di t v nc bin. - pH thng gp: 7-9.

Bng 8. c im thu a ho vng ven bin tnh Bnh Thun

c im a cht thy vn

c im thy a ha

Phn b dc cc t gy hayNc tn ti trong cc vm tch t cc i ph hy kin to nc NaHCO3 khong ha cao dc- Hm lng ion: vng Tuy Phong v cccc i ph hy kin to theo phngHCO3 50%l. thung lng gia ni, ccTB - N. Cc i rng > 1 km, b dyNa+ 50%l. thung lng sng. Cc i phi nt n cha nc n vi chc- Tng khong IA hy kin to trong cc loi mt. H s thm (K) cc i nt nha M>1 g/l acit- ryolit h tng Nhav cc lp cui sn cha nc: 1 10- Hm lng Trang (Knt), n Dngm/ng. Nhit nc: 27 35oC. McCO , SiO v F 2 2 (K2d), cc xm nhp vnc tnh (Ht) st mt t n cao hnkh cao. cc lp cui si sn t. mt t vi mt. I Bicarbonat Phn b cc a hnh cao cha nc t ngho n trung bnh. (sn ni, ng bng trcNc l hng: t cha nc c thnh ni) hoc ven ra cc t gyphn ht mn n th, chiu dy ti vi v i ph hy kin to, rachc mt. K thay i ln (0,5 5 m/ng),HCO3- 50%l. cc vm tch t ncHt = 0 > 5 m. Nc khe nt: t + IB NaHCO3 khong ha cao,cha nc nt n, K thng nh Na 50%l. M < 1g/l trong cc trm tch ht mn(0,1 0,3 m/ng), Ht = 1 > 5 m. tng n th ngun gc bin,khong ha (M) c xu hng tng dn sng-bin t, h tng Lakhi ra gn ca sng - ven bin. C lin h Ng, h tng Phc Tn. cht ch vi nc ma, nc mt. Phn b mt s din hp dng thu knh khng lin cha nc trung bnh. t sn II tc, gp mt s im trongct ht th, K n vi mt/ngy. Ht = SO4-2 50%l trm tch mQ12-3 ven cc chn1 3 m. M = 0,3 2,3 g/l. Lin h cht Na+ 50%l. Sulfat i, ni khu vc Bnh Tn,ch vi nc ma, nc mt. Sng Ly. III IIIA Phn b cc ng bng cha nc t ngho n trung bnh. Cl- 50%l. thp ven bin, cc vng tamC lin h cht ch vi nc bin hay Na+ 50%l. Chlorur gic ca sng hay cc lp ltcc trng trm tch bin c. Ht nh (<3 M > 1 g/l y ng bng ca trm tchm), K thay i trong phm vi rng, ty h tng Sng Ly, La Ng vloi t . trong cc trm tch ngun gc bin, sng - bin t.

46

 cha nc t ngho n trung bnh. Phn b cc ng bng ven K thay i trong phm vi rng, ty loi Cl- 50%l. bin, cc thung lng sng t . B dy cc tng cha nc ti + IIIB hay trong cc i ct, di ct vi chc mt. Ht t vi mt n vi Na 50%l. ven bin. t tui t chc mt. C lin h cht ch vi nc M < 1 g/l v N2 sl. ma, nc mt. cha nc ngho n trung bnh. K thay i trong phm vi rng, ty loi Phn b thnh nhng dint . Ht nh (<3 m). vng sn ni hp, cc a hnh cao (snv thung lng gia ni, loi hnh ha HCO3 < 50%l IV dc, ng bng ven ni), xenhc ch yu: HCO3 - Cl. Tin dn SO4-2 < 50%l Hn hp k gia cc loi hnh hoxung a hnh thp ven bin chuyn Cl- < 50%l hc NaHCO3 v NaCl. sang Cl - HCO3 v cc vng ng dn c c loi hnh SO4 - HCO3 , HCO3 - SO4,...
Bng 9. c trng mt s ngun nc bicarbonat khong ho cao [2, 6, 9]

Ngun a ch Nhit nc pH (OC) (x, huyn) khong Vnh Ho, 35,4 Vnh Ho 9,19 Tuy Phong 36 Ph Lc, 31 Chu Ct 8,30 Tuy Phong 33,5 Phc 8,30 - 27 Th, i Ho 8,54 32 Tuy Phong Sng Lng Ph Lc, 8,55 32 Sng Tuy Phong Ho Minh, 7,20 - 33 Nha M Tuy Phong 7,50 35 S mu phn tch 4 14

Khong SiO2 F CO2 ho (g/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) 2,801 3,678 3,316 4,789 3,485 3,959 3,123 4,017 1,897 2,259

Loi hnh ho hc nc

Xp loi nc khong

46,6- 5,24- 700 NK carbonic _ HCO3 - Na silic_ fluor, m. 69,3 10,0 792 71,5- 6,0 - 765 NK carbonic HCO3 - Na 1100 silic_fluor_rai, m. 76,9 7,9 29,2 80,9 71,2 3,75 HCO3 - Na Nc khong ho, m. NK carbonic _ silic_fluor, m.

3,3 - 600 HCO3 - Na 11,0 700 7,8

HCO3 - Na NK silic_fluor, m.

Bng 10. Hm lng mt s nguyn t vi lng trong nc di t [6]

Hm lng trung bnh nguyn t vi lng trong nc (10-3 mg/l) Cu 1,9 3,1 Pb 7,2 11,0 Zn 49,35 19,6 As 1,80 5,9 Hg 0,32 0,04 F 5575 1188 Li 544 111 B 131 197 I 0,04 0,04

Loi nc Nc khong HCO3-Na Nc di t

- Cc nguyn t Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Li hu ht c gi tr nh, thp hn tiu chun cho php (xem Bng 10). Ring fluor vn c gi tr tng i cao ( cp khong ho M> 1 g/l: F = 0,31-3 mg/l; trung bnh 1,15mg/l; cp khong ho M< 1 g/l: F = 0,42-2,06 mg/l; trung bnh 0,945 mg/l). Nc loi hnh hn hp: 47

- Tng khong ha nc thng < 1 g/l; mt s trng hp M = 1-3 g/l, thuc loi hnh chlorur - sulfat hoc sulfat - chlorur. Cc cp khong ha cao ch yu tp trung cc ca sng ln v gim dn v pha lc a. - pH = 6,1-9,8; thng gp 7-8.
b. Mt s hn ch ca vic dng nc trong vng

+) Do d tha silic v c bit l fluor nn trong vng c biu hin v bnh nhim fluor (fluorosis). Hm lng fluor vt qu xa so vi gii hn cho php (1 mg/l TCVN.1995). Cc b mu nghin cu xc nh gi tr hm lng fluor nh sau: - Nc trong thnh to Holocen (qh): F = 0,48-3,75 mg/l. - Nc trong thnh to Pleistocen (qp): F = 0,34-10 mg/l. - Nc trong thnh to Neogen (n): F = 3,75 mg/l. - Nc trong thnh to phun tro v xm nhp: F = 1,1-11 mg/l. c bit hm lng fluor trong 5 ngun nc khong Tuy Phong c gi tr t 3,3 n 11 mg/l (vt xa gii hn cho php).
Vng nghin cu H Ni Mc Chu (Sn La) m Hng (Tuyn Quang) Ninh Ho (Khnh Ho) Tuy Phong - Bc Bnh (Bnh Thun)

Theo T chc y t th gii, nc ung khng c cha nng fluor qu 1,5 mg/l (WHO, 1994). Nng di 1,5 mg/l l c li trong vic phng bnh su rng. Fluor cng to iu kin pht trin cu trc xng ngi v ng vt. Tuy nhin, liu lng fluor trn 1,5 mg/l lm tng mc nghim trng ca bnh m rng, long xng v tru ct sng. Bnh nhim fluor hin nay cha c phng thuc no cha c. +) Vng Tuy Phong - Bc Bnh thuc trng a ho thiu calci: hm lng calci trong nc v trong t vng Tuy Phong Bc Bnh rt thp. Kt qu tnh t s K = Ca/ (Na+K): trong t = 0,85 v trong nc = 0,23, thp hn t vi n vi chc ln so vi cc vng khc trn lnh th nc ta (xem Bng 11).
K 14,09 27,29 3,09 2,20 0,85 Kn 1,48 33,40 10,87 0,28 0,23

Bng 11. H s Ca/(Na+K) trong t (K) v trong nc (Kn) [3]

Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc trn th gii cho thy l nhng vng kh nng, tha fluor, thiu calci (nh n , Bangladesh,...), th s ngi mc bnh v xng rt ln. Ngoi ra, vng nghin cu, theo iu tra ca S Y t Bnh Thun, s tr em b suy dinh dng, ci xng hin nay chim t l kh cao.
c. Hin trng v trin vng cp nc

Vic cp nc cho cc khu th tnh Bnh Thun tng i kh khn, hin da ch yu vo cc ngun nc mt. Thnh ph Phan Thit ly nc t h Ph Hi v h Sng Quao vi lng cung cp gn 20.000 m3/ng; khu vc i ct Bc Bnh ly nc t Bu Trng vi lu lng 1.000 m3/ng,...

Vic khai thc nc di t mi c thc hin mt s vng ring l nh Lin Hng (Tuy Phong), th trn Sng Mao (Bc Bnh) v i ct pha nam Phan R Ca bng nhng trm cp nc nh vi lng cung cp mi trm khng qu 1.000 m3/ng. Phan Thit, c cp nc di t t di cn ct pha nam vi lng cung cp khong 3.000m3/ng. Nhn dn cng t o ging v khai dn mch l ven cc i ct ly nc sinh hot v sn xut. Chng trnh cung cp nc sch thi cng kh nhiu ging, tuy nhin lng cung cp cn nh v cht lng nc cha m bo. Trong tng lai, ngoi vic tng cng khai thc cc ngun nc ma, nc mt (t 48

cc p Ph Hi, Sng Quao, Cm Hang, Bu Trng,...), cn ch n cc ngun nc di t: - Vng Hm Tn - Hm Thun Nam: c th khai thc nc t cc trm tch t, mt phn t cc i nt n trong trm tch h tng La Ng bng cc ging khoan su 2050m v cc ging tia, ging ngang, hnh lang thu nc chn cc di i ct. Mi cng trnh c th cung cp t 20 n 200m3/ng. - Vng Phan Thit - Hm Thun Bc Bc Bnh: c th khai thc nc t cc di bi tch ven sng, cc tng ct v mt phn t tng Neogen. Mi cng trnh c th t mt vi trm m3/ng. - Vng Tuy Phong: c th b tr cc ging v hnh lang khai thc dc thm sng Lng Sng, t cu i Ho v pha thng lu. Cc ging su vi chc mt v lu lng c th t 100 m3/ng. Ngoi ra, c th khai thc nc di t bng cc ging, l khoan nng vi lu lng khai thc mi cng trnh khong 10 m3/ng. khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc mt cch bn vng, trnh nguy c b nhim v cn kit, gy nh hng xu i vi mi trng sng, cn phi tng cng bo v chng. Bo v nc di t cn c ngha l ci to v lm giu n. Mun vy, cn nghin cu p dng phng php b sung nhn to nc di t vng c yu cu cp thit, nh vng kh hn Bnh Thun (ni c iu kin t nhin cho php) bng cch xy dng cc h cha, p ngn dng chy mt. Vic lm ny khng ch c ngha l ly c nc t h cha v b sung nhn to nc di t m cn c tc dng lm nht ho cc vng nc di t c khong ho cao, y li s xm nhp ca nc mn vo tng nc nht, ci to t (gim nguy c mui ho th nhng)...
KT LUN

- Trong vng nghin cu, nc di t c cc loi hnh ho hc: bicarbonat, sulfat, chlorur v hn hp, trong , rt ph bin nc di t c loi hnh ho hc bicarbonat natri. Chng phn b trn 50% din tch ca vng, tn ti ch yu cc dng a hnh tng i cao (ni cao, thung lng trc ni v ng bng ven ni); c bit, c mt loi hnh ho hc nc bicarbonat natri, vi tng khong ho >1 g/l. Trong nc loi hnh ho hc ny, cng vi gi tr tuyt i cao ca ion HCO3- v Na+, hm lng CO2, fluor v cc hp cht silic kh ln. - Nc trong vng (nc mt v nc di t) hu ht c cht lng tt, khng nhng dng c cho mc ch n ung sinh hot m cn c th s dng rt tt cho mt s mc ch khc nh: an dng, cha bnh, khai thc soa, chn nui gia sc (b, d,...), trng cc loi cy a kim (nho, iu, thanh long,...), nui thu hi sn, nui to spirulina,... - Vic s dng cc ngun nc di t cho mc ch n ung sinh hot c mt s hn ch, do mt s khu vc trong vng c hm lng fluor trong nc tng i cao, hm lng calci trong nc rt thp. Trong vng c biu hin v bnh nhim fluor. Cn dng nc c hm lng fluor nh hoc phi c bin php kh lc fluor trc khi s dng cho mc ch n ung sinh hot. B sung lng calci thiu bng khu phn thc n hp l. Hm lng fluor trong nc mt s ngun nc khong thng cao hn mc cho php (F = 3,3-11 mg/l). - Hng khai thc s dng v bo v cc ngun nc mt cch bn vng, trnh nguy c nhim, cn kit bng cc bin php: xy dng cc h cha, p ngn dng chy mt (cc sng ln v cc sng sui nh), gio dc thc cng ng, quy hoch khai thc s dng cc ngun nc phi c c s khoa hc v ch li ch v kinh t, gim st cht ch vic khai thc s dng cc ngun nc, m

49

rng mng li quan trc cht lng v tr lng nc, y mnh trng rng u ngun v cc di i ct ven bin, x l nc thi v cht thi trc khi x ra mi trng,...
VN LIU

5. Nguyn Trng Giang, V Cng Nghip, ng Hu n, V Ngc Trn, 1998. Nc di t cc ng bng ven bin Nam Trung B. Cc C & KSVN, H Ni. 6. Phm Vn Thanh, H Vng Bnh, Bi Hu Vit, 2002. Nghin cu nh gi c im a cht mi trng i kh v bn kh t Nha Trang n Bnh Thun. Lu tr a cht, H Ni. 7. Tng cc Kh tng thu vn, 1996. Atlas Vit Nam. Tng cc a chnh. H Ni. 8. Trung tm Tiu chun - Cht lng Nh nc, 1995. Cc tiu chun Nh nc Vit Nam v mi trng, Tp 1: Cht lng nc. H Ni. 9. V Cng Nghip (Ch bin), 1998. Danh b cc ngun nc khong v nc nng Vit Nam. Cc C & KS VN, H Ni. 10. V Ngc Trn (Ch bin), 1986. Bo co Lp bn a cht thu vn - a cht cng trnh t l 1/200.000 vng Gia Ray - B Ra t l 1/200.000. Lu tr a cht, H Ni.

1. Cc Thng k tnh Bnh Thun, 2005. Nin gim thng k nm 2004 tnh Bnh Thun. Bnh Thun. 2. H Vng Bnh, Nguyn Kim Ngc, 1990. Bo co nh gi nc khong cacbonic v tch t soa t nhin vng Thun Hi v im k Mil (k Lk), m rng kh nng thu hi v s dng chng. Lu tr a cht, H Ni. 3. H Vng Bnh, Bi Hu Vit v nnk, 2000. iu tra a ho mi trng nh hng n sc kho cng ng v cy trng, vt nui Vit Nam. Lu tr Lin hip cc hi Khoa hc v K thut Vit Nam, H Ni. 4. Nguyn c Thng (Ch bin), 1999. a cht v khong sn cc nhm t Phan Thit v Gia Ray - B Ra. Thuyt minh cc t bn a cht t l 1/200.000. Cc C & KS VN, H Ni.

SUMMARY Hydrogeochemical characteristics and water quality in the coastal area of Bnh Thun Province

Bi Hu Vit, H Vng Bnh, Phm Vn Thanh The coastal area of Bnh Thun Province (from C N to Hm Tn) is an important socioeconomic development area. It is the only dry and semi-dry zone of our country. The socioeconomic development is ensured by good conditions of infrastructure, including water demand with sufficient supply and good quality. The evaluation of the water quality and proposal on the directions for exploitation, utilization and protection of the water sources in this area are the indispensable and urgent problems for the planning of the development of the area in the future. Based on the results of sample analysis of environmental criteria, the surface water of this area has been evaluated as still plausibly fresh with low total dissolved solids and the content of microelements in allowable level. The hydrogeochemical characteristics are diversified and complicated. The groundwater is composed of 4 chemical types: bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate and mixed one, among them, bicarbonate sodium water makes up more than 50% of the studied area, especially, the bicarbonate sodium water exists with total dissolved solids of more than 1 g/l. In this water type, fluorine, CO2 and silica are of high content.

50

Most of groundwater sources have good quality; they are not only good for drinking, but also can be used for other purposes: medical service, soda exploitation, livestock breeding (beef, goat...), planting alkaliphilic plants (vine, cashew, blue dragon...), aquaculture, spirulina seaweed culture... Necessary measures for protection of surface water and groundwater must be carried on, such as preserving the studied area from man-made pollution. Ngy nhn bi: 12-4-2006 Ngi bin tp: Tin Hng

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