Mng n ron nhn to (ANN) v gii thiu mt s nghin cu ng dng trong qun l d n u t xy dng

I. Gii thiu

Mng n ron nhn to l mt m phng x l thng tin, c nghin cu ra t h thng thn kinh ca sinh vt, ging nh b no x l thng tin. N bao gm s lng ln cc mi gn kt cp cao x l cc yu t lm vic trong mi lin h gii quyt vn r rng. ANNs ging nh con ngi, c hc bi kinh nghim, lu nhng kinh nghim hiu bit v s dng trong nhng tnh hung ph hp. u tin ANN c gii thiu nm 1943 bi nh thn kinh hc Warren McCulloch v nh logic hc Walter Pits. Nhng vi nhng k thut trong thi gian ny cha cho php h nghin cu c nhiu. Nhng nm gn y m phng ANN xut hin v pht trin. Cc nghin cu ng dng c thc hin trong cc ngnh: in, in t, k thut ch to, y hc, qun s, kinh t...v mi nht l cc nghin cu ng dng trong lnh vc qun l d n xy dng. Ti Vit Nam vic nghin cu ng dng ANN vo qun l xy dng ch mi bt u trong vi nm gn y v cn c pht trin.

II.

C s l thuyt pht trin ng dng

1. Cu trc mng Neural Mi Neural (nt) l mt n v x l thng tin ca mng neural, l yu t c bn cu to nn mng neural.

wk1
uk

wk2 wk3

F (.)

output yk

Hnh 1: Cu trc 1 n ron (Neural) xi: cc tn hiu input wkp: trng s ca tng input f(.): hm hot ng yk: kt xut ca Neural b: thng s nh hng n ngng ra ca output

Phn loi cu trc mng Neural a. Mng dn tin mt lp y a cu trc mng neural n gin nht. Mng neural ny ch gm 1 lp xut, khng c lp n.

neuron input output

neuron neuron

neuron b. Mng dn tin nhiu lp

Output 1 Output 2

Output 3 Input Output Hidden layer Hnh 3: Cu trc mng neural nhiu lp

Mng neural nhiu lp c th gii quyt cc bi ton phi tuyn nh vo cc lp n. Cc lp n ny xen gia cc input bn ngoi v output ca mng. Cng nhiu lp n th kh nng m rng thng tin cng cao v x l tt mng c nhiu input v output. Ngoi ra cn c mng hi quy v mng Neural dng li.

2. Hm hot ng
Cc hm hot ng phi c cc c tinh sau: - Hm b chn trn v chn di - Hm c tnh n iu - Hm phi c tnh lin tc v trn

Trong thc t thng thng ngi ta thng chn cc hm sau: a. Hm Threhold 1 nu u > 0 f (u) = 0 nu u < 0 b. Hm piecewwise linear 1 nu u > 1/2 f (u) = u nu 1/2 > u > -1/2 0 nu u < -1/2 c. Hm sigmoid (logistic) f (u) = 1 1 + exp (-au)

d. Hm tang- hyperbol f (u) = tanh (u) = eu e-u eu + e-u 3. Tin trnh hc Tin trnh hc l tin trnh quan trng ca con ngi, nh hc m b no ngy cng tch lu nhng kinh nghim thch nghi vi mi trng v x l tnh hung tt hn. Mng neural xy dng li cu trc b no th cn phi c kh nng nhn bit d liu thng qua tin trnh hc, vi cc thng s t do ca mng c th thay i lin tc bi nhng thay i ca mi trng v mng neural ghi nh gi tr .

teach/use X1 W1

X2 Inputs X3

W2 Output Wn Neuron

Teaching input Hnh 4: Tin trnh hc Trong qu trnh hc, gi tr u vo c a vo mng v theo dng chy trong mng to thnh gi tr u ra. Tip n l qu trnh so snh gi tr to ra bi mng Neural vi gi tr ra mong mun. Nu hai gi tr ny ging nhau th khng thay i g c. Tuy nhin, nu c mt sai lch gia hai gi tr ny vt qu gi tr sai s mong mun th i ngc mng t u ra v u vo thay i mt s kt ni. y l mt qu trnh lp lin tc v c th khng dng khi khng tm cc gi tr w sao cho u ra to bi mng Neural bng ng u ra mong mun. Do trong thc t ngi ta phi thit lp tiu chun da trn mt gi tr sai s no ca hai gi tr ny, hay da trn mt s ln lp xc nh. tin cho vic trnh by, ta k hiu y l gi tr kt xut ca mng Neural, t l gi tr ra mong mun, e l sai lch gia hai gi tr ny:

e=ty
4. Gii thut Back Propagation Thut ton Back Propagation c s dng iu chnh cc trng s kt ni sao cho tng sai s E nh nht.
n

E = (t (xi, w) y (xi))2
i=1

Trong : t (xi, w): gi tr ca tp mu y (xi): gi tr kt xut ca mng Trc tin , ta xt trn 1 Neural, mi Neural u c gi tr vo v ra, mi gi tr u c mt trng s nh gi mc nh hng ca gi tr vo . Thut ton Back Propagation s iu chnh cc trng s gi tr ej = Tj yj l nh nht. Trc ht ta phi xc nh v tr ca mi neuron. Neuron no l ca lp n v neuron no l ca lp xut. Ta cn bit cc k hiu:

wij: vector trng s ca neuron j s u vo i uj: vector gi tr kt xut ca neuron trong lp j x1 Wij x2 W2j xi 1 x3
W

tj

fj (.)
sum

ej

(i 1)j Wij Neuron j Hnh 5: M hnh tnh ton mt neuron Gi tr sai s ca neuron j ti vng lp th n

ej (n) = tj (n) yj (n) - Tng bnh phng sai s ca mng neural:

k

E (n) =
-

1 e2j (n) 2 j =1
p

Ti neuron j ta c tng trng s input:

uj (n) = wij.xj (n)

i= 0

Gi tr kt xut ca neuron j:

yj (n) = fj (uj(n))
- Tnh ton gi tr o hm sai s cho mi neuron wij

Gi tr iu chnh trng s:

Nh vy qu trnh iu chnh trng s c th c xc nh theo cc cng thc trn, tuy nhin ta cn phi xc nh v tr ca neuron thuc lp no (lp n hay lp xut). iu ny rt quan trng trong vic tnh ton cho tng h s iu chnh trng s.

Nh vy tu theo hm hot ng ta c th tnh d dng tnh ton cc gi tr iu chnh trng s cho tng trng s tng ng theo thut ton Back Propagation. III. Mt s nghin cu ng dng ANN trong qun l xy dng

1. Florence Yean Yng (Singapore) v MinLiu (USA): nghin cu ng dng Neural network d bo k hoch thc hin xy dng d n Singapore. Theo nghin cu ny tc gi thc hin trn 11 php o, 65 nhn t tc ng n s thnh cng ca 33 d n trc y. Ch ra 6 php o c th d bo s thnh cng ca k hoch thc hin d n vi mc chnh xc hp l: tm quan trng d n, tc xy dng, tc gii quyt vn kh khn, s lun phin thay th cng nhn ngh vic, cht lng ca h thng v thit b. 2. V lnh vc d ton chi ph cho mt d n: Tarek Hegazy v Amr Ayed ng dng ANN d ton chi ph cho mt d n ng cao tc. 3. Hoijat Adeli v Mingyang Wu d ton gi b tng ct thp va h cho d n xy dng ng. 4. Xishi Huang, Danny Ho, Jing Ren, Luiz F.Caprest ng dng Neural Fuzzy pht trin m hnh COMOCO, trn c s d liu kinh nghim ca cc d n trc y, m hnh ny cho php c lng c chi ph ca cc d n khc ln hn v c ng dng trong c lng chi ph ca d n cng nghip. 5. Jason Portas v Simaan AbouRizk ng dng m hnh Neural network nh gi kh nng sn xut xy dng. 6. Irem Dikmen v M. Talat Birgonul ng dng ANN nh gi th trng quc t trong quyt nh thc hin d n, da trn cc nhn t ca mt d n quc t gm: ngun tin, khi th trng, s thnh cng ca nn kinh t, kiu hp ng, h s ri ro. 7. Hashem Al- Tabtabai ng dng ANN xy dng m hnh phn tch kinh nghim v h thng d bp cho d n xy dng. Trn c s d liu cc d n trc y v: tin thc hin ca nh thu, dng ngn lu, vt liu v thit b, thi tit v mi trng, phn trm cng vic hon thnh, cht lng, gi c vt t, thu, bo him... d bo phn trm thay i ca k hoch, phn trm thay i ca cht lng, cng nhn lao ng sn xut, thay i mc lng lao ng, thay i gi vt t, thay i chi ph u t, thay i chi ph trong qu trnh thc hin d n. 8. VK Gupta, JG Chen, MB Murtaza ng dng phn loi cc d n xy dng cng nghip, theo cc bin quan h: v tr xy dng, lao ng, vn v t chc, c im khu vc, ri ro ca d n v mi trng. Nh vy ng dng ANN trong qun l d n xy dng cho php gii quyt v d bo cc vn v chi ph, cht lng, k hoch - tin cng nhu tu vn trong quyt nh thc hin d n. Nhm tc gi cng ang thc hin mt nghin cu v d bo chi ph thc t ca d n xy dng bng ng dng ANN v ang xy dng mt phn mm p dng nghin cu ni trn vo thc t Vit Nam. Hy vng trong tng lai s c nhiu nh nghin cu Vit Nam tip tc pht trin cc ng dng ca ANN vo trong ngnh xy dng ni chung v lnh vc qun l xy dng ni ring. KS. Phan Vn Khoa, TS. Lu Trng Vn, GS. L Kiu (Ngun tin: T/C Kinh t xy dng, s 2/2006)