n u nv 1. MPLS l g? a.

Gii Thiu Ngy nay mng my tnh pht trin rng khp, c bit l mng Internet n ph bin trn ton th gii. V n ang pht trin c v s lng ln cht lng, bn cnh vic tng vt s user trong mng th vic gia tng dch v cng l vn rt ln, trc y nu nh ta ch c nhu cu truyn data th by gi ta cn truyn c tn hiu thoi tn hiu video v mt s dch v m rng khc, Vi mng Internet truyn thng th ngun ti nguyn v bng thng v tc l hn ch, v vy thc hin truyn tn hiu thoi v video c cht lng l khng th. Nhiu mng th h mi hn ra i nh:Frame-Relay, ISDN, ATM, chng gii quyt phn no nhng yu cu trn nhng vn cn nhiu hn ch, theo pht trin ca cng ngh mng MPLS ra i vi tng dng nhn chuyn mch n gii quyt v khc phc nhng hn ch m cc mng trc y vn cn tn ti nh: Tc , bng thng khng hu ch, delay. Mng MPLS l s k tha v kt hp ca routing thng minh trong mng IP v chuyn mch tc cao trong mng ATM, c c routing layer 3 (IP) v switching layer 2 (VPI/VCI ca ATM). MPLS l c ch chuyn mch nhn do Cisco pht trin v c IETF chun ha, h tr kh nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn lung thng tin mt cch hiu qu. MPLS l mt cng ngh kt hp c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp ba v chuyn mch lp hai cho php chuyn ti cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li (core) v nh tuyn tt mng bin (edge) bng cch da vo nhn (label). MPLS l mt phng php ci tin vic chuyn tip gi trn mng bng cc nhn c gn vi mi gi IP, t bo ATM, hoc frame lp hai. Phng php chuyn mch nhn gip cc Router v MPLSenable ATM switch ra quyt nh theo ni dung nhn tt hn vic nh tuyn phc tp theo a ch IP ch. MPLS kt ni tnh thc thi v kh nng chuyn mch lp hai vi nh tuyn lp ba, cho php cc ISP cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau m khng cn phi b i c s h tng sn c. MPLS h tr mi giao thc lp hai, trin khai hiu qu cc dch v IP trn mt mng chuyn mch IP. MPLS h tr vic to ra cc tuyn khc nhau gia ngun v ch trn mt ng trc Internet. Bng vic tch hp MPLS vo kin trc mng, cc ISP c th gim chi ph, tng li nhun, cung cp nhiu hiu qu khc nhau v t c hiu qu cnh tranh cao. b. c im c - Khng c thnh phn giao thc pha host. - MPLS ch nm trn cc router.

MPLS l mt giao thc c lp nn c th hot ng vi cc giao thc mng khc IP nh IPX, ATM, Frame-Relay, PPP hoc trc tip vi tng Data Link. - nh tuyn trong MPLS c dng to cc lung bng thng c nh tng t nh knh o ca ATM hay Frame Relay. - MPLS n gin ho qu trnh nh tuyn, ng thi tng cng tnh linh ng vi cc tng trung gian. c. t s n dn c Internet c ba nhm ng dng chnh: voice, data, video vi cc yu cu khc nhau. Voice yu cu tr thp, cho php tht thot d liu tng hiu qu. Video cho php tht thot d liu mc chp nhn c, mang tnh thi gian thc (realtime). Data yu cu bo mt v chnh xc cao. MPLS gip khai thc ti nguyn mng t hiu qu cao. Cc ng dng ang c trin khai nh: MPLS VPN, MPLS Traggic Engineer , MPLS QoS (Quality of service) d. im vt tri c vi I v A S tch hp: MPLS xc nhp tnh nng ca IP v ATM ch khng xp chng lp IP trn ATM. MPLS gip cho c s h tng ATM thy c nh tuyn IP v loi b cc yu cu nh x gia cc c tnh IP v ATM. MPLS khng cn a ch ATM v k thut nh tuyn. tin cy cao hn: Vi tc chuyn mch, MPLS c kh nng cung cp cho mng s an ton v nhanh chng, m bo d liu khng b tht thot nhiu, ngoi ra cn c cc c ch v cc mode trong k thut MPLS gip bo mt cho thng tin khch hng. Trc tip thc thi cc loi dch v: MPLS s dng hng i v b m ca ATM cung cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau. N h tr quyn u tin IP v loi dch v (class of servicecos) trn chuyn mch ATM m khng cn chuyn i phc tp sang cc lp ATM Forum Service. H tr hiu qu cho Mulicast v RSVP: Khc vi MPLS, xp lp IP trn ATM ny sinh nhiu bt li, c bit trong vic h tr cc dch v IP nh IP muticast v RSVP( Resource Reservation Protocol - RSVP). MPLS h tr cc dch v ny, k tha thi gian v cng vic theo cc chun v khuyn khch to nn nh x xp x ca cc c trng IP&ATM. Gim ti trn mng li: Cc dch v VPN hng dn cch MPLS h tr mi thng tin nh tuyn phn cp. Hn na,c th tch ri cc nh tuyn Internet khi li mng cung cp dch v. Ging nh d liu VPN, MPLS ch cho php truy sut bng nh tuyn Internet ti im ra vo ca mng. Vi MPLS, k thut lu lng truyn bin ca AS c gn nhn lin kt vi im tng ng. S tch ri ca nh tuyn ni khi nh tuyn Internet y cng gip hn ch li, n nh v tng tnh bo mt

Kh nng iu khin lu lng: MPLS cung cp cc kh nng iu khin lu lng sng dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng. K thut lu lng gip chuyn ti t cc phn qu ti sang cc phn cn ri ca mng da vo im ch, loi lu lng, ti, thi gian, Cc hnh thc hot ng ca MPLS: Mng MPLS dng cc nhn chuyn tip cc gi. Khi mt gi i vo mng, Node MPLS li vo nh du mt gi n lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class) c th. Trong mng MPLS nhn iu khin mi hot ng chuyn tip. iu ny c nhiu thun li hn s chuyn tip thng thng: S chuyn tip MPLS c th thc hin bng cc b chuyn mch, c th tra cu (lookup) thay th nhn m khng nh hng n header lp mng. Cc b chuyn mch ATM thc hic cc chc nng chuyn cc t bo da trn gi tr nhn. ATM-switch cn c iu khin bi mt thnh phn iu khin MPLS da vo IP nh b iu khin chuyn mch nhn. Khi mt gi vo mng n c chuyn n lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class). Router c th s dng thng tin gi, nh cng vo (ingress) hay giao tip (interface). Cc gi i vo mng c gn cc nhn khc nhau. Quyt nh chuyn tip c thc hin d dng bi router ng vo. iu ny khng c trong s chuyn tip thng thng, v s xc nh l trnh ca cc router khc vi thng tin l trnh trn gi. Mng c qun l lu lng buc gi i theo mt con ng c th, mt con ng cha c s dng. Con ng c chn trc hoc ngay khi gi i vo mng tt hn s la chn bi cc thut ton nh tuyn thng thng. Trong MPLS, mt nhn c th c dng i din cho tuyn, khng cn km trong gi. y l dng c bn ca MPLS Traffic Engineering. "Lp dch v (Class of service)" ca gi c xc nh bi nt MPLS vo (ingress MPLS node). Mt nt MPLS vo c th hu tuyn hay sa i lch trnh iu khin cc gi khc nhau. Cc trm sau c th nh li rng buc dch v bng cch thit lp PHB (per-hop behavior). MPLS cho php (khng yu cu) u tin mt phn hoc hon ton ca lp dch v t nhn. Trng hp ny nhn i din cho s kt hp ca mt FEC vi u tin hoc lp dch v. y l dng c bn ca MPLS QoS. 2. i n tr c MPLS. Thnh phn MPLS li c th chia thnh cc phn sau: o Giao thc nh tuyn lp mng (IP)

o Bin chuyn tip lp mng o Chuyn mch da trn nhn mng li o chi tit v lc nhn o Giao thc bo hiu cho phn phi nhn o iu khin lu lng o Kh nng tng thch vi cc loi chuyn tip lp 2 khc nhau (ATM, Frame Relay, PPP) Hnh 3 miu t cc giao thc c th s dng trong hot ng MPLS. Phng thc nh tuyn c th l bt k mt trong cc giao thc ph bin. Ph thuc vo mi trng hot ng, cc giao thc nh tuyn c th l OSPF, BGP, hay PNNI ca ATM, v.v Module LDP tn dng giao thc iu khin truyn tin (TCP) m bo qu trnh truyn d liu iu khin t mt LSR n LSR khc trong sut mt phin. LDP cng duy tr LIB. LDP s dng giao thc UDP trong sut giai on vn hnh tm kim ca n. Trong trng hp ny, LSR c gng xc nh cc phn t ln cn v ng thi bo hiu s c mt ca chng trong mng. iu ny c thc hin thng qua mt trao i cc gi tin hello. IP Fwd l phng thc chuyn tuyn lp IP tm ng tip theo bng cch khp a ch di nht trong bng ca chng. Vi MPLS, iu ny c thc hin bi cc LER. MPLS Fwd l phng thc chuyn tip kt ni mt nhn vi mt cng li ra cho cc gi tin. Cc lp vi miu t trong hnh hp vi ng nt t c th thc hin bng phn cng to nn hot ng nhanh v hiu qu.

Hnh 1 : H thng giao thc MPLS

3.

o t n C h i c ch ho t n tron

. C ch Fr me ode C ch ny c s dng vi cc mng IP thng thng, trong c ch ny nhn ca MPLS l nhn thc s c thit k v gn cho cc gi tin, trong mt phng Control plane s m nhim vai tr gn nhn v phn phi nhn cho cc route gia cc router chy MPLS, v trong c ch ny cc router s kt ni trc tip vi nhau qua 1 giao din Frame mode nh l PPP, cc router s s dng a ch IP thun ty trao i thng tin cho nhau nh l: Thng tin v nhn v bng nh tuyn routing table. Cn vi mng ATM hay Frame-relay chng khng c cc kt ni trc tip gia cc interface, ngha l khng th dng a ch IP thun trao i thng tin cho nhau, v vy ta phi thit lp cc knh o gia chng (PVC - permanent virtual circuit) b. C ch cell mode. Thut ng ny dng khi c mt mng gm cc ATM LSR dng MPLS trong mt phng iu khin trao i thng tin VPI/VCI thay v dng bo hiu ATM. Trong kiu t bo, nhn l trng VPI/VCI ca t bo. Sau khi trao i nhn trong mt phng iu khin, mt phng chuyn tip, router ng vo (ingress router) phn tch gi thnh cc t bo ATM, dng gi tr VCI/CPI tng ng trao i trong mt phng iu khin v truyn t bo i. Cc ATM LSR pha trong hot ng nh chuyn mch ATM chng chuyn tip mt t bo da trn VPI/VCI vo v thng tin cng ra tng ng. Cui cng, router ng ra (egress router) sp xp li cc t bo thnh mt gi. Trong : GFC (Generic Flow Control): iu khin lung chung VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): nhn dng ng o VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): nhn dng knh o PT (Payload Type): Ch th kiu trng tin CLP (Cell Loss Priority): Chc nng ch th u tin hu b t bo HEC (Header error check): Kim tra li tiu .
hn thc ho t ng ca MPLS

Hnh 2: To LSP v chuyn tip gi tin qua min MPLS

Phi tin hnh nhng bc sau y c th truyn gi tin quan min MPLS o o o o o To nhn v phn phi To bng mi router To LSP Chn nhn/ tm kim bng Chuyn tip gi

Ngun gi d liu ca n ti ch. Trong min MPLS, khng phi tt c cc ngun lu lng phi nht thit truyn qua cng mt ng. Ph thuc vo c tnh lu lng, cc LSP khc nhau c th c to ra cho cc gi vi cc yu cu cp dch v khc nhau Bng 1 biu din tng bc hot ng ca mng MPLS xy ra khi c gi d liu trong min MPLS MPLS actions To nhn v phn phi nhn M t Trc khi bt u truyn bt c lu lng no, router to quyt nh rng buc nhn vi mt FEC nht nh v xy dng bng ca n Trong LDP, lung xung router khi pht s phn b nhn v rng buc FEC/nhn Ngoi ra, cc c tnh lin quan ti lu lng v kh nng MPLS c dn xp s dng LDP To bng Khi nhn c rng buc nhn, mi LSRs to cc u vo trong bng c s d liu nhn (LIB) Ni dung ca bng s xc nh nh x gia nhn v FEC nh x gia port li vo v bng nhn u vo ti port li ra v bng nhn u ra chuyn mch Nh ng t on trong hnh 2, cc LSP c to theo hng ngc li vi s to thnh cc li vo trong LIB Chn nhn/tm kim bng Router u tin (LER1 trong hnh 2) s dng To tuyn nhn

bng LIB tm chng tip theo v yu cu nhn vi mt FEC nht nh Chui router con s dng nhn tm chng tip theo Chuyn tip gi T hnh 2 chng ta hy xem con ng ca mt gi khi n i ti ch t LSR1, LSR bin li vo, ti LSR4, LSR bin li ra LER1 c th khng c bt k nhn no cho gi ny khi xy ra yu cu ny ln u tin. Trong mng IP, n s tm a ch di nht tm cc bc tip theo. LSR1 l bc tip theo ca LER1. LER1 s khi pht cc yu cu nhn ti LSR1.

MPLS h tr DiffServ By gi khi m c MPLS v DiffServ c xem xt, chng ta c th tho lun mt cng ngh m kt hp hai gii php m bo QoS. Chng ta hy nh li l DiffServ cung cp cc c x QoS vi ton th lu lng. l mt gii php linh hot v vn hnh n gin v n khng i hi bo hiu v trng thi mi lung. Tuy nhin n khng th m bo QoS, bi v n khng chi phi tuyn mi gi, v v th trong sut qu trnh li hoc nghn, thm ch gi u tin cao cng khng c m bo bng thng. Mt khc, MPLS c th y gi theo nhng tuyn nh v kt hp vi nh tuyn rng buc-c th m bo bng thng cho cc FEC. Nhng dng c bn MPLS khng xc nh cc c x da trn cp mi lung. Kt hp phn loi da trn DiffServ v PHB vi MPLS da trn TE dn ti cht lng dch v thc s trong mng chuyn mch gi ng trc. Cc qu trnh MPLS h tr DiffServ c miu t trong RFC3270[MPLS-DiffServ]. [MPLS-DiffServ] nh ngha hai loi LSP : E-LSP v L-LSP. Trong E-LSP, mt nhn c s dng ch th FEC ch, v 3 bit trng Exp c s dng ch th cp ca lung chn PHB ca n, bao gm sp xp v loi b u tin. Ch

rng DiffServ s dng 6 bit nh ngha cc BA v tng ng vi cc PHB, trong khi E-LSP ch c 3 bt cho chc nng trn. Trong L-LSP, nhn c s dng ch th c FEC ch v k hoch u tin. Trng Exp trong L-LSP ch c s dng ch th vic loi b u tin. nh x gia tiu IP vi DiffServ v tiu chn MPLS cho E-LSP v LLSP c ch ra trong hnh 13 v 14 mt cch tng ng.Trong nhng hnh ny thut ng 5 tuple lin quan ti 5 trng trong tiu IP, bao gm a ch ngun, a ch ch IP, cng ngun v ch TCP hay UDP, v giao thc c th c s dng cho FEC ang nh ngha. Tt c cc thut ng da vo kin trc DiffServ
5-tuple (FEC) DSCP PSC Drop OA BA Label( LSP = vi OA) EXP ECN

Hnh 3 : nh x gia tiu IP v tiu chn MPLS vi E-LSP 5-tuple (FEC) DSCP PSC Drop OA BA Label( LSP = mt OA) EXP ECN

Hnh 4 : nh x gia tiu IP v tiu chn MPLS vi L-LSP

Ch rng hnh 3 v 4 biu din nh x mt phn ca tiu gi IP t nhin v nhn v phn EXP ca tiu chn MPLS. Chng khng t l v khng biu din ton b cu trc ca tiu Mi loi LSP c u im v nhc im ca n. E-LSP d vn hnh v linh hot hn bi v n bo v nhn v s dng trng EXP cho thnh phn DiffServ. Nhng thc t bo hiu MPLS dnh sn bng thng trn c s mi LSP, bng thng dnh cho ton b LSP v khng c m bo da trn PSC, v c th thiu bng thng

trong phc v hng i mt vi PSC no . Mt khc, L-LSP c qu nhiu vn vi vic d tr, bi v cn thit c nhiu nhn gn cho tt c cc PSC ca tt c FEC. Nhng (bi v nhn mang thng tin v sp xp) khi bng thng c dnh sn cho mt LSP cho, n kt hp vi hng i u tin m LSP thuc v. Hai hnh tip theo biu din lm sao nh tuyn v QoS ci thin cht lng nh tuyn mng bng vic s dng MPLS c bn v sau MPLS c h tr DiffServ.

Hnh 5 :Lung gi trong MPLS khng c DiffServ

Hnh 5 biu din s khc nhau gia mt tuyn bi cc gi m theo con ng ngn nht (1) v tuyn c iu khin lu lng (2). Tuyn (2) c th c chn bi v n c bng thng phc v mt FEC nh, nhng bng thng ny li khng c kt hp vi bt k cp dch v no, v th lu lng u tin (v d VoIP) khng th c bng thng cho hng i nht nh ca n. Hnh 6 biu din mt ci tin trong kin trc so vi hnh 5. Tuyn (1) v (2) ca hnh trc c v nh ng t qung. Trong m hnh kin trc ny MPLS h tr cng ngh DiffServ c trin khai, v c th dnh sn bng thng ng vi cc hng i u tin nht nh. Chng ta hy tha nhn rng lu lng VoIP s dng hng i 0, l hng i hng u trong mi LSP.

Hnh 6 : Lung gi d liu qua MPLS vi DiffServ

LSR-4 c th c bng thng qua tt c cc hng i ca n, nhng n khng c bng thng trong hng i 0 v v th , tuyn (2) khng cung cp QoS li thch hp cho lu lng VoIP. l v sao chng ta li qua hng i VoIP LSR-4. Nhng nu mt L-SLP c s dng hng i 0 vi bng thng dnh sn xc nh, sao lu lng c th i qua tuyn (3) qua LSR-2 v LSR-3, v VoIP c th nhn c vi s m bo QoS. Tm li MPLS h tr DiffServ tho mn c hai iu kin ca QoS : m bo bng thng v c x vi cc dch v hng i c phn bit. MPLS tho mn iu kin th nht : v d n thc y cc lung ng dng theo cc tuyn vi bng thng m bo; v dc theo nhng tuyn DiffServ tho mn iu kin th hai bng vic cung cp dch v hng i c phn bit i x. Ch rng MPLS h tr DiffServ vn cn n gin hn v linh hot hn IntServ vi RSVP chun. IntServ i hi bo hiu mi vi lung v trng thi mi vi lung trong mi router. Ngc li, cc LSP c th bn thn n l ton th cc vi lung v v th i hi bo hiu t hn. Thm vo , router khng lu gi trng thi mi vi lung. Thay vo cc LSR gi thng tin ton th v bng thng kh dng cho tt c cc LSP hay cho mi hng i u tin.