1.

S o khoi cua mot he thong may tnh: S o khoi c ban cua mot he thong may tnh c trnh bay hnh ben di: Bus a ch (Address Bus) Bus d lieu (Data Bus) CPU Bus ieu khien (Control Bus) Giao tiep vao/ ra RAM ROM Cac thiet b ngoai vi Hnh 1.14 S o khoi cua mot he thong may tnh Trong s o nay ta thay ro cac thanh phan c ban cua mot he thong may tnh bao gom: Bo x ly trung tam (Central Processing Unit - CPU). Bo nh ban dan (Memory) gom bo nh ch oc (Read Only Memory ROM) va bo nh truy xuat ngau nhien (Random Access Memory -RAM). Giao tiep vao/ra dung e ghep noi vi cac thiet b ngoai vi. Cac Bus truyen thong tin

Cac khoi chc nang lien he vi nhau thong qua cac tn hieu goi la bus he thong gom 3 thanh phan: bus d lieu, bus a ch va bus ieu khien. CPU la mot vi mach ien t co o tch hp rat cao va ong vai tro chu ao trong qua trnh ieu khien hoat ong cua toan bo he thong. CPU oc ma lenh di dang cac chuoi bit 0 va 1 (tc dang nh phan) t bo nh, sau o giai ma lenh va thc hien lenh bang cach phat ra cac tn hieu ieu khien cac bo phan khac. Ben trong CPU co thanh ghi IP (Instruction Pointer) hoac PC (Program Counter) cha a ch cua lenh tiep theo ma CPU phai thc hien, thanh ghi lenh IR (Instruction Register) cha lenh oc c t bo nh, mot so thanh ghi khac dung lam toan hang e tnh toan, tao ra a ch tro en

d lieuBen trong CPU con co ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) chu trach nhiem thc hien cac phep toan logic va so hoc. Bo nh ban dan con c goi la bo nh trong gom ROM va RAM. ROM thng dung e lu tr chng trnh khi tao he thong moi khi khi ong (v du nh ROM BIOS) va CPU se oc ma lenh t ay e khi tao he thong. RAM thng c dung e cha chng trnh ng dung, d lieu, cac ket qua tnh toan trung gian va ca mot phan cua chng trnh ieu khien he thong. Bo ghep noi vao ra cho phep ghep noi he thong vi cac thiet b vao/ ra (I/O) nh man hnh, ban phm, chuot, o athong qua cac a ch cong vao/ ra (Port). Bus a ch bao gom cac tn hieu dung e chuyen tai a ch (thng c ky hieu la A v du CPU co 20 tn hieu a ch th c ky hieu t A0 en A19). Khi oc/ghi bo nh (hoac I/O), CPU a ra tren Bus nay a ch cua bo nh (hoac I/O) can oc/ ghi. Nh vay, so lng tn hieu a ch se quyet nh khong gian bo nh (tc la so lng o nh) ma CPU co the nh v c. Th du: CPU 8088/8086 co 20 bt tn hieu a ch th khong gian bo nh cua CPU nay la 220 = 1M o nh, lu y rang cac CPU cua ho 80x86 nh v theo byte nen khong gian bo nh cua CPU nay la 1Mbytes, tng t CPU Pentium II co 36 tn hieu a ch th khong gian bo nh cua no la 64Gbytes. Bus d lieu gom cac tn hieu dung e chuyen tai d lieu (thng c ky hieu la D). So tn hieu d lieu quyet nh so bit d lieu ma CPU co the x ly cung mot luc. Lu y rang cac tn hieu d lieu la hai chieu v CPU co the oc/ghi d lieu t bo nh hoac I/O. Bus ieu khien dung e ieu khien hoat ong cua he thong nh cac tn hieu /WR (Write) e bao hieu CPU oc d lieu, /RD (Read) e bao hieu CPU ghi d lieu, Ready cho ung e bao cho CPU biet bo nh (hoac I/O) san sang qua trnh trao oi d lieuDo o, Bus ieu khien cung phai la hai chieu. 2. Bo nh ban dan: 4.1 Khai niem: Bo nh thng c cau tao t cac vi mach nh, mot vi mach nh thng co cau truc nh sau: Cac tn hieu a ch Cac tn hieu ieu khien Cac tn hieu d lieu

Hnh 1.15

cau truc c ban cua mot vi mach nh.

Cac tn hieu a ch dung e xac nh v tr cu the cua mot o nh can oc/ ghi. Moi o nh co so bit ( o dai) 1, 2 ,4, 8 ...tuy thuoc vao nha san xuat. So lng tn hieu a ch quyet nh dung lng bo nh (so lng o nh co trong vi mach nh). V du vi mach nh co 11 tn hieu a ch th so lng o nh toi a la 211 = 2 K o nh. Cac tn hieu d lieu dung e trao oi d lieu vi noi dung cua o nh a c chon bi cac tn hieu a ch. Do o, so tn hieu d lieu xac nh kch thc cua o nh trong vi mach nh. V du: vi mach nh co so tn hieu d lieu la 8 (thng c ky hieu la D0 en D7) th moi o nh cua vi mach nh nay co kch thc la 8 bit. Cac tn hieu ieu khien dung e xac nh trang thai hoat ong cua vi mach nh nh tn hieu /CS (Chip Select) hoac /CE (Chip Enable) dung e cho phep bo nh hoat ong, /WR (Write) hoac /WE (Write Enable) xac nh trang thai ghi d lieu len vi mach nh Th du vi mach nh HM6116 la vi mach nh loai SRAM 2K x 8: Co ngha la vi mach nh nay co 2K o nh nen co 11 tn hieu a ch (A0 en A10), 1 o nh co o dai la 8 bit nen co 8 tn hieu d lieu (D0 en D7), cac tn hieu /CS = 0 th cho phep bo nh hoat ong khong th no ba trang thai, tn hieu /WE = 0 xac nh trang thai ghi len bo nh, /RD = 0 xac nh trang thai oc bo nh.
U11 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 22 19 18 20 21 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 CS OE WE HM6116 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17

Hnh 1.16 Vi mach nh SRAM

Phan loai: Co nhieu cach phan loai bo nh, cach pho bien nhat la phan thanh hai loai: Bo nh ch oc (ROM Read Only Memory) va bo nh truy cap ngau nhien (RAM Random Access Memory). Tuy theo cau truc cua ROM ma ta lai chia ra thanh cac loai PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM), EAROM (Electrically Alterable ROM), EEPROM (Electrically EPROM) hay Flash ROM. PROM la loai ROM co the ghi (lap trnh) bang thiet b ac biet goi la bo lap trnh PROM (PROM Programmer). Hoat ong ghi thng la s pha huy cac lien ket noi tai, ieu nay dan en ket qua la PROM ch co the lap trnh mot lan ma thoi. EPROM la loai ROM co the xoa c bang tia cc tm va lap trnh c bang bo lap trnh EPROM (EPROM Programmer). Qua trnh xoa bang tia cc tm nhieu lan se lam hong EPROM. EAROM co the thay oi noi dung mot bit tai mot thi iem va c dung e cha cac thong tin khi tao he thong va cac he thong nay t khi thay oi noi dung cua EAROM. Flash memory hay EEPROM la loai ROM cho phep xoa toan bo noi dung (hoac cac bank c chon) bang ien va lap trnh ma khong can lay chung ra khoi he thong. RAM thng c chia ra lam 3 loai SRAM (Static RAM), NV RAM (Non Volatile RAM) va DRAM (Dynamic RAM). SRAM duy tr noi dung cua no mien la co nguon ien ap vao, khac vi DRAM la phai c lam ti (refresh) theo chu ky. D lieu trong SRAM se b mat khi mat nguon nuoi. Cac v tr trong bo nh co the c truy xuat (oc/ ghi) theo trnh t bat ky khong lien quan en v tr truy xuat trc o. NVRAM la loai RAM khong b mat thong tin khi mat nguon ien nuoi. Hien nay, loai bo nh gan giong vi NVRAM la Flash memory. NVRAM co the c dung trong may in, Router e lu tr file cau hnh khi khi ong he thong. DRAM lu tr cac bi d lieu trong cac tu ien rieng le. So electron c lu tr trong tu ien xac nh bit lu tr la 0 hay 1. V cac bit c lu tr bang cac tu ien nen qua trnh tch ien phai c thc hien lai theo chu ky. Cac te bao DRAM nho hn va re tien hn so vi SRAM. Mot so loai DRAM thng gap: Fast Page Mode DRAM

(FPM DRAM), Extended Data Out DRAM (EDO DRAM), Burst EDO RAM (BEDO DRAM), Synchonous DRAM (RDRAM), Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), Video DRAM (VRAM), Synchronous graphics RAM (SGRAM), Pseudostatic RAM (PSRAM). Sau ay, chung toi se trnh bay mot so cau truc va tnh chat cua ROM va RAM c ban thng hay c s dung. 4.2 Cau truc va hoat ong cua ROM

Cau truc ben trong cua ROM: C che dung e lu tr thong tin ben trong ROM thay oi tuy theo cong nghe ROM khac nhau, trong hau het cac ROM s hien dien cua Diode (hay Transistor) se quyet nh tr gia lu tr 1 hay 0. S o cua mot ROM 8x4 ma ta co the thiet ke t bo giai ma va mot so Diode:

Hnh 1.17 S o ROM 8 x 4 Cac tn hieu a ch c a vao bo giai ma e chon ngo ra tng ng, moi ngo ra cua bo giai ma c goi la ng Word (Word line) v no chon mot hang (tc mot

Word) cua bang d lieu lu tr trong ROM. V du nh trong trng hp A2A1A0 = 101 th /ROW5 c chon. Moi ng thang trong hnh c goi la ng bit (bit line) v no tng ng vi mot bit ngo ra cua ROM. Nh hnh tren, moi khi ng Word c chon th ng bit bang 0 khi co mot Diode noi gia ng Word va ng bit. Nh trong trng hp hang 5 th tr gia d lieu ngo ra cua ROM (D3 D0) la 0010, lu y la cac ng bit c em thong qua cac cong ao. e lam giam o phc tap trong cac mach giai ma, tren thc te ngi ta thng dung cau truc hai chieu trong viec thiet ke ROM. Hnh ben di trnh bay cau truc ben trong cua ROM 128 x 1

Hnh 1.18 S o ROM 8x1dung cau truc hai chieu. Kien truc tong quat cua ROM ac trng c trnh bay hnh ben di. Lu y vai tro cua cac tn hieu CS va OE.

Hnh 1.19

Kien truc tong quat cua ROM

V du ve EPROM 2716 Hnh dang: S o Logic

S o chan

Hnh 1.20 Nguyen ly hoat ong Che o hoat ong oc Lap trnh Kiem tra Duy tr EP

S o chan cua EPROM 2716

G 0 1 0 X

Vpp +5V + 25 V + 25 V +5V

Q0 Q7 Data out Data in Data out Hi-Z

0 Xung vuong rong 45 - 55 ms 0 1

Lu y la hoat ong ghi phai dien ra sau khi xoa noi dung cua ROM bang tia cc tm. 4.3 Cau truc va hoat ong cua RAM

Cau truc c ban cua SRAM c trnh bay hnh ben di va SRAM thng ch co hai hoat ong truy xuat c nh ngha:

Hnh 1.21 Cau truc c ban cua SRAM Hoat ong oc: Khi mot a ch c ap vao cac ngo vao a ch (A0 en An-1) trong luc cac tn hieu CS va OE tch cc th cac ngo ra cua bo chot cua v tr nh c chon se a ra tren DOUT. Hoat ong ghi: Khi mot a ch c ap vao cac ngo vao a ch (A0 en An-1) va mot t d lieu c ap vao DIN, sau o CS va WE co hieu lc. Cac bo chot rrong v tr nh c chon se m va t nh ap vao se c lu tr. Cac v tr nh trong SRAM co ac trng giong nh cac bo chot D nh c trnh bay hnh ben di:

Hnh 1.22 cau truc cua mot v tr nh trong SRAM Bo phan lu tr trong moi te bao (Cell) la mot bo chot D. Khi tn hieu ngo vao SEL_L co hieu lc th d lieu lu tr c a ra ngo ra cua te bao (c noi vi ng bit

bit line). Khi ca hai tn hieu SEL_L va WR_L tch cc th bo chot m va bit d lieu mi c lu tr. Hnh ben di trnh bay s ket hp cua cac te bao SRAM 8x4 trong mot mang e tao thanh mot SRAM hoan chnh.

Hnh 1.23 S ket hp cac te bao SRAM 8 x4 Mac du s o nay kha n gian nhng no minh hoa c mot so tnh kha canh quan trong trong ac trng cua SRAM:

Trong cac hoat ong oc, d lieu ngo ra la mot ham to hp cua cac ngo vao a ch. Thi gian truy xuat cho cac hoat ong ghi c xac nh t thi gian ma ngo vao a ch cuoi cung tr nen on nh. Trong cac hoat ong ghi, d lieu ngo vao c lu tr trong cac bo chot D. ieu nay co ngha la d lieu phai thoa man thi gian thiet lap va lu tr theo tn hieu cho phep chot. ben trong, tn hieu WR_L co hieu lc ch khi ca hai tn hieu CS_L va WE_L co hieu lc. Do o, chu ky ghi bat au khi ca hai tn hieu CS_L va WE_L co hieu lc va ket thuc khi ca hai tn hieu nay khong con hieu lc.

Th du SRAM 32K x 8: CY7C199

S o khoi

Hnh 1.24 S o khoi cua SRAM CY7C199 S o chan:

Hnh 1.25 S o chan cua SRAM CY7C199 Qua trnh ghi d lieu len SRAM c thc hien khi cac tn hieu /WE va /CE mc thap th d lieu I/O0 en I/O7 c ghi vao o nh co a ch c xac nh bi cac tn hieu a ch A0 en A14. Qua trnh oc d lieu ra t SRAM dien ra khi cac tn hieu /CE va /OE mc thap, /WE mc cao, luc nay noi dung cua o nh co a ch xac nh bi A0 en A14 c a ra tren I/O0 en I/O7. cac trang thai khac th I/O0 en I/O7 se co tong tr cao (HiZ).
4.3 Ghep ROM va RAM e co dung lng ln hn.

Trong trng hp e co dung lng RAM, ROM ln hn, ta co the thc hien cach ghep da tren nguyen ly cua mach giai ma a ch. V du hai SRAM 6116 (2K X 8) co the ghep thanh 1 SRAM 4 K x 8 hoac 2K x 16. S o ben di trnh bay cach ghep nay.

SRAM 4K X 8

HM6116 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 /OE /WE VCC A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 /OE /WE /CS0 VCC /CS A11 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 22 19 20 21 18 24 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 OE WE CS VCC D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

2 1 3 /CS0 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 /OE /WE /CS1 VCC 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 22 19 20 21 18 24 HM6116 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 OE WE CS VCC D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

2 1 3 1 /CS1

Hnh 1.26 Ghep 2 SRAM 2K x 8 thanh 1 SRAM 4K x 8

SRAM 2K X 16
HM6116 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 /OE /WE VCC /CS A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 /OE /WE /CS VCC 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 22 19 20 21 18 24 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 OE WE CS VCC D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

HM6116 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 /OE /WE /CS VCC 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 22 19 20 21 18 24 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 OE WE CS VCC D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15

Hnh 1.27 Ghep 2 SRAM 2K x 8 thanh 1 SRAM 2K x16