‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺘﻰ‬ ‫‪Page 1 of 4‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻴﻞ ﻻﻣﺒﺮﺕ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﺮﻱ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﮎ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ .١٣٨٠‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ‪:‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﭼﺎﭖ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻝ )‪ (١٣٨٠‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ٥٥٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺑﻚ‪٩٦٤-٧٥١٩-٠١-× :‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻫـﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺱﻭﺟﻮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻮﻛﭙﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ؛‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫـﺮ ﻧـﻮﻉ ـ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ـ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺩﻫﻪﻱ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻓـﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞﺗـﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﻣﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ‪ :‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ـ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﺍﻳﻨﻚ‬
‫ﻃـﻴﻒ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊﺗـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑـﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷـﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺁﻣـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﭼﺸـﻤﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻌـﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ)‪.(١‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨـﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪٥‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠـﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧـﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻛـﻪ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ )‪ .(٢‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫ﭼﺸـﻤﮕﻴﺮ ﺍﺧـﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻱ ﻭﺏ ﺟﻬـﺎﻧﻲ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ‬

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‫ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔـﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣـﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻧـﻪ ﭼـﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﭼـﺎﭖ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜـﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺎﭘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﺍﺑـﺰﺍﺭ ﻣـﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ؛ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﭼﺎﭘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻳـﻚ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔـﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺷـﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ "ﺩﻳﺎﻟﻮﮒ")‪ (DIALOG‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻳـﻚ ﻭﺍﺳـﻄﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻃـﻴﻒ ﮔﻴﺞﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ـ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ـ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ "ﺑﻴﺪﺯ")‪) (Bath Information and Data Services BIDS‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ "ﺑﺚ "(‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨـﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺷـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴـﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌـﻲ [ﻭ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ] ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻃـﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪﺑـﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻠـﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻲﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﺗـﺮﻗﹼﻲ ﻧﺎﮔﻬـﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻲﺛﺒﺎﺕﺗـﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﹼﻲ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺮﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻼﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺎﻗﻼﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺑـﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ "ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ")‪ (workstation‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧـﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻔﺴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ﻣـﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪ :‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺎﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ )ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ(ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ؛ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺷﺪ؟‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳـﻨﺪﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ "ﺁﻧﻜﺎﻭﺭ")‪) (UnCover‬ﺍﺯ "ﻧﺎﻳﺖﺭﻳﺪﺭ" ﻭ "ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﻴﺸﻦ")‪ (InsideInformation‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ (‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‪،‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﭘﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ "ﻛﺎﺱ ـ ﻳﺎﺱ" )ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ()‪Current Alerting‬‬
‫‪ ، (Services combined with Individual Article Supply (CAS-IAS‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ)‬
‫‪ (search‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﻧﻤـﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳـﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢﺁﻭﺭﻱ "ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ")‪Just-in-‬‬
‫‪ (case‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻲﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﻱ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳـﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺸـﺮ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪ .‬ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺷـﻴﻮﻩ ﭼـﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﹰﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜـﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﻭ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬

‫‪file://D:\IRANDOC\Data\Books\Resource\resource-1.htm‬‬ ‫‪29/05/1381‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺘﻰ‬ ‫‪Page 3 of 4‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺁﺩﻧﻴﺲ")‪ (ADONIS‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﮔـﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺭﺟـﺎﻉ ﺑـﻪ ﺧﺪﻣـﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﻈـﻴﺮ " ُ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﺣـﻖ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷـﻨﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺘـﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺁﺳـﺎﻳﺶ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﭘﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ "ﺣﻖ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ")‬
‫‪ (copyright‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻧﻈـﻴﺮ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛـﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳـﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻭﺭ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻢﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺟـﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ـ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭـ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺮﺧﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖﻫـﺎ ﺑﻪﻣـﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺗﻮﺭّﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ـ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﻭ ‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﻲ ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ [ﭘﺎﺳـﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ] ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻞﻫـﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺁﻭﺭﻳـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻊﺗﺮ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﭘـﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺳـﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ ﻭ "ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ")‬
‫‪ (user interface‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﻱ ﻛﻨﻮﻧـﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ـ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥﻣﺪﺕ ـ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﭼﺎﭘﻲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭼﺎﭘﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜـﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺖ ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‬
‫ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ "ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﺏ " ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﻌ ﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺑﻘﻴﻪﻱ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﻱ "ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎﺕ " ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔـﻴﺮﻧﺪ ـ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﻄﻌ ﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

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1. Library & Information Statistics Tables for the United Kingdom; compiled and
published for the British Library Research & Development by the Library &
Information Statistics Unit (LISu). Loughborough University, LISU, 1995.
2. The Gale Guide to Internet Databases. Ditroit, Gale Research, 1995.

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