Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1. LÞCH Sö PH T Trión
1.1. LÞCH Sö PH T Trión
si quang
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phn 1. si quang
Tn hiu quang
Ngun
quang
Tn hiu in
Linh kin
thu quang
Si quang
Thit b pht
Phc hi
tn hiu
Thit b thu
Tn hiu quang
Thu
quang
Sa
dng
Pht
quang
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phn 1. si quang
Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng v thng tin vin thng, h thng truyn
dn quang - truyn tn hiu trn si quang 2 v ang pht trin mnh m
nhiu nc trn th gii. Do c nhiu u im hn hn cc hnh thc thng tin
khc v dung lng knh, kinh t... m thng tin quang gi vai tr chnh trong
vic truyn tn hiu cc tuyn ng trc v cc tuyn xuyn lc a, xuyn i
dng. Cng ngh ngy nay 2 to ra k thut thng tin quang pht trin v thay
i theo xu hng hin i v kinh t nht.
c bit cng ngh si quang n mode c suy hao nh iu ny 2 lm n
gin vic tng c chiu di ton tuyn thng tin quang. Thm vo khi cng
ngh thng tin quang kt hp v khuch i quang ra i lm tng chiu di
on ln gp i hoc gp n ln. Nh vy cht lng tn hiu thu trn h thng
ny s c ci thin mt cch ng k.
nc ta thng tin cp si quang ang ngy cng chim v tr quan trng.
Cc tuyn cp quang c hnh thnh, c bit l h thng cp quang H Ni H Ch Minh chim mt v tr quan trng trong thng tin ton quc.
Trong tng lai mng cp quang s c xy dng rng khp. Tuyn ng
trc cp quang s c r nhnh ti cc tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn v xy
dng tuyn cp quang ni ht.
V tr ca si quang trong mng thng tin giai on hin nay:
- Mng ng trc xuyn quc gia
- Mng ring ca cc cng ty ng st, in lc, ...
- ng trung k
- ng cp th bin lin quc gia
-
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phn 1. si quang
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phn 1. si quang
c s quang hc:
Trong :
C
V
n1 sin = n2 sin
1
Mi trng 2: n2
Tia khc x
2
Mi trng 1: n1
3
T
2
1
Tia phn x
1
Tia phn x
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phn 1. si quang
2.2.
n2
n1
n2
n
n1
Lp bc (cladding) n2
Li (core) n1
Lp bc (cladding) n2
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phn 1. si quang
n1
n1 > n2
n2
C
n1
n1
n(r)
n2
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phn 1. si quang
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phn 1. si quang
si a mode v n mode:
50 m
50 m
125 m
125 m
n1
n1
n2
n2
a) Si SI
n1 n 2
= 1%
n1
b) Si GI
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phn 1. si quang
9 m
125 m
n1
= 0,3%
n2
d = 2a =9m 10m
ng knh lp bc:
D = 2b = 125m
= 0,003 = 0,3%
n1 = 1,46
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phn 1. si quang
10
Trong :
P0 : cng sut u si (z = 0)
P(z): cng sut c ly z tnh t u si
: h s suy hao
P1 = P0
P2 = P ( L)
z
P1
P2
Trong :
P1 = P0 : cng sut a vo u si
P2 = P(L) : cng sut cui si
H s suy hao trung bnh:
(dB / km) =
A(dB)
L(km)
Trong :
A: suy hao ca si
L: chiu di si
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phn 1. si quang
3.2.
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phn 1. si quang
(dB/km)
5
4
3
2
1
0,4
0,25
0,8
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,55
(m)
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phn 1. si quang
Tn sc:
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phn 1. si quang
dmod
(ns/km)
1
0,1
0,01
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
Tn sc th (chromatic dispersion):
Do tn hiu quang truyn trn si khng phi l n sc m gm mt
Tn sc cht liu:
Chit sut ca thu tinh thay i theo bc sng nn vn tc truyn ca
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phn 1. si quang
Tn sc cht liu
8
Tn sc sc th
4
0
1200
1300
1400
1600
-4
-8
(nm)
Tn sc dn sng
-12
-16
Tn sc do tc dng ca ng dn sng:
S phn b nng lng nh sng trong si quang ph thuc vo bc
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phn 1. si quang
Tn sc th ca cc loi si:
dchr
(ps/nm.km)
12
1
2
8
4
1300
1600
0
-4
1200
1400
1500
(nm)
-8
-12
Tn sc th ca cc loi si
1: Si bnh thng (G652)
2: Si dch tn sc (G653)
3: Si san bng tn sc.
***
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phn 1. si quang
Lp ph:
Lp ph c tc dng bo v si quang:
- Chng li s xm nhp ca hi nc.
- Trnh s try st gy nn nhng vt nt
- Gim nh hng v un cong
Lp ph c bc ngay trong qu trnh ko si. Chit sut ca lp ph
ln hn chit sut ca lp bc loi b cc tia sng truyn trong lp bc v khi
s phn x ton phn khng th xy ra phn cch gia lp bc v lp ph.
Lp ph c th c nhum mu hoc c thm vng nh du, khi hn ni si
hoc ghp nh sng vo si nht thit phi ty sch lp ph. ng nht, b
dy v ng tm ca lp ph c nh hng n cht lng ca si quang.
4.2.
Lp v:
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phn 1. si quang
Lp v
250m
Lp ph
125m
Lp bc
li
Cu trc si quang
a)
Dng ng m lng:
Si quang (2 bc lp ph) c t trong mt ng m c ng knh
1,2 2mm
ngm
cht nhi
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phn 1. si quang
C tc dng ngn m
D ty sch khi cn hn ni
Kh chy.
Cu trc ng m lng c nhiu u im nn c dng trong cc ng
Dng m kht:
Mt cch n gin bo v si quang di tc dng ca nhiu iu kin
0,9mm
lp m mm
lp v
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phn 1. si quang
bng 4 si
bng 8 si
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phn 1. si quang
Tng qut:
Linh kin bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in, cn gi l linh kin
tch sng quang (hay linh kin thu quang). Linh kin ny c nhim v ngc li
so vi ngun quang , tc l to ra dng in t l vi cng sut quang chiu vo
n.
Cht lng ca linh kin bin i quang in v cht lng si quang quyt
nh c ly, dung lng v cht lng ca tuyn truyn dn quang.
Yu cu k thut ca linh kin quang in:
a)
i vi ngun quang:
-
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phn 1. si quang
rng ph:
nh sng m ngun quang thc t pht ra khng phi l ch c mt bc
Gc phng nh sng:
Nh ta 2 bit ng knh li ca si quang rt nh nu kch thc ca
n nh:
Cng sut quang m cc ngun quang thc t pht ra t nhiu ph thuc
b)
- Bc sng:
Nhy i vi bc sng hot ng ca h thng
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phn 1. si quang
nhy:
C nhy cng cao cng tt. Tc l kh nng tch c cc tn hiu
quang tht nh vi s li (BER) trong phm vi cho php. Linh kin tch sng
quang cng nhy th cng c kh nng ni rng c ly thng tin.
- p ng nhanh:
c th lm vic trong h thng c tc bit cao.
- Dng ti nh:
Khi cha c nh sng chiu vo nhng linh kin tch sng quang vn c
dng in tch sng nhiu chy qua. Dng in ny cng nh cng tt.
- Tp m:
C tp m cng thp cng tt m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N).
- tin cy cao , gi thnh h.
5.2.
Ngun quang:
5.2.1.
Nguyn l chung:
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phn 1. si quang
hay:
hC
1,24
=
E g E g (eV )
Trong :
h = 6,625 . 10-34 j.s
: Hng s Planck
C = 300.000 Km/s
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,85
1,3
Ga : Gallium
As : Arsenic
P : Phosphorus
Al : Aluminium
1,55
1,8
(nm)
In : Indium
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phn 1. si quang
5.2.2.
a)
LED:
Cu to v phn loi:
Mc d nguyn l pht quang trong mi ni P N kh n gin song cu
LED Burrus:
LED Burrus c ch to theo cu trc nhiu lp (Heterostructure) bao
gm cc lp bn dn loi N v P vi b dy v nng khc nhau. Vi cu trc
nhiu lp v vch tip xc P c kch thc nh, Vng pht sng ca LED Burrus
tng i hp. Ngoi ra trn b mt ca LED c khot mt l a si quang
vo gn vng pht sng. Bc sng ca LED Burrus dng bn dn AlGaAs /
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phn 1. si quang
Lp chng phn x
Lp P+ - InGaAsP
Tip xc N
Lp N - InP ( lp nn )
Lp cch in Al2O3
Lp to nhit
Lp P - InGaAsP
Tip xc P
( 25 30m )
Lp P+ - InP
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phn 1. si quang
Lp P - AlGaAs
Lp P - AlGaAs
Lp N - AlGaAs
Cch in SIO2
Lp P - AlGaAs
Tip xc N
c tnh k thut:
Cc c tnh k thut ca LED ph thuc rt nhiu vo cu to ca chng.
Ngoi ra theo pht trin ca cng ngh bn dn, cht lng ca LED ngy
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phn 1. si quang
P(mW)
LED
(pht x mt)
10
ELED
(pht x ra)
5
0
I(mA)
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phn 1. si quang
Cng sut
tng i
1
pht x mt
pht x ra
0,5
0
900 450
00 450
300
900
0 (gc pht)
1200
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phn 1. si quang
Cng sut
tng i
1
0,5
0
40nm
800
850
900
Bc sng (nm)
rng ph ca LED
a)
LASER:
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phn 1. si quang
Mt phn x
Bn dn loi P
Lp tch cc
Bn dn loi N
nh sng
Nguyn l cu to LASER bn dn
Tip xc P
Lp P + ( InGaAsP )
Cch in ( SiO2 )
Lp P ( InP )
Lp N ( InP )
Lp P ( InP )
Lp tch cc
( InGaAsP )
Lp N ( InP )
Lp N ( InP )
Tip xc N
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phn 1. si quang
b)
c tnh k thut:
Thng s in:
- Dng in ngng:
Khi dng in kch thch cho Laser c tr s nh, Laser hot ng ch
pht x t pht nn cng sut pht rt thp. Khi c kch thch vi dng in
ln, Laser hot ng ch kch thch cng sut quang tng nhanh theo dng
kch thch.
P (mW)
T1
10
LASER
T2 >T1
T1
T2 >T1
LED
0
100
200
I(mA)
Dng ngng
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phn 1. si quang
Gc pht sng:
Gc pht sng ca Laser theo phng ngang ca lp tch cc ch trong
khong 5 100 , cn theo phng vung gc vi lp tch cc gc pht c th ln
n 400 . Nh vy mt bao ca gc pht khng phi l mt nn trn xoay m l
mt nn hnh elip
Hiu sut ghp:
Laser c vng pht sng nh, gc pht sng hp nn c hiu sut ghp nh
sng vo si quang cao.
- Trung bnh hiu sut ghp ca Laser trong khong:
30% 50%: i vi si n mode (SM)
60% 90%: i vi si a mode (MM)
tng hiu sut ghp, ngi ta c th to thm cc chi tit ph gia
ngun quang v si quang nh t thm thu knh gia ngun quang v si
quang, to u si quang c dng mt cu,...
rng ph:
Dng ph pht x ca Laser l tng hp c tuyn khuch i (do b rng
khe nng lng thay i) v c tuyn chn lc ca hc cng hng quang ( ph
thuc vo chiu di hc). So vi LED th ph pht x ca Laser rt hp, trong
khong t 1 n 4nm. Dng ph gm nhiu vch ri rc nn c gi l ph ca
Laser a mode. Ngi ta c khuynh hng ch to Laser c ph ngy cng hp
gim tn sc cht liu khi s dng bc sng 1550nm. V trong tng lai c
th s dng rng r2i k thut ghp knh theo bc sng.
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phn 1. si quang
-3
= 1 - 4 nm
0
0
< 0,1nm
-20
-25
1nm
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phn 1. si quang
Cc linh kin tch sng quang hin nay cng l loi linh kin bn dn.
Cu to ca chng cng pht trin t tip gip PN. C hai loi linh kin tch
sng quang c s dng hin nay l:
- PIN: loi diode thu quang gm ba lp bn dn P,I v N. Trong P v N
l hai lp bn dn c pha tp cht cn I (Intrinsic) khng pha tp cht hoc pha
vi nng rt thp.
- APD (Avalanche Photo Diode): Diode thu quang c nhy v tc
cao.
- Ngoi ra cn c transistor quang (Phototransistor) c kh nng bin i
tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in nhng c thi gian p ng chm nn t c
s dng. Nu c cng ch xut hin trong cc h thng c c ly ngn v tc
chm.
Cc linh kin tch sng quang hot ng theo nguyn tc ca mt tip
gip PN phn cc ngc.
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phn 1. si quang
5.3.2.
a)
c hp th.
n
=n e
ph
Trong :
: Hiuut lng t
nph : s lng photon hp th
ne : s lng in t tch ra
Gi tr ln nht ca l 1, tc l mt photon c hp th s lm bc x
nhiu nht mt cp in t v l trng. Thng thng nh hn 1 v c tnh
theo phn trm (%). Trong nhng trng hp c bit (c hiu ng nhn) mt
photon c hp th c th lm pht sinh nhiu in t.
b)
p ng:
p ng ca linh kin tch sng quang l t s ca dng in sinh ra v
Trong :
R: p ng
Ie: Dng quang in
Popt: cng sut quang
c)
nhy:
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phn 1. si quang
nhy ca linh kin thu quang l mc cng sut quang thp nht m
linh kin c th thu c v mt t s li (BER) nht nh. Theo tiu chun
G956 ca CCITT, BER = 10-10 . nhy ca linh kin thu quang ph thuc loi
linh kin tch sng quang v mc nhiu ca b khuch i in. Ngoi ra tc
bit truyn dn cng cao th nhy ca thit b thu cng km.
d)
Di ng:
Di ng ca linh kin thu quang l khong chnh lch gia mc cng
sut cao nht v mc cng sut thp nht (tc nhy) m linh kin c th thu
c trong mt gii hn t s li (BER) nht nh.
e)
Tp m:
Tp m trong cc linh kin thu quang c th hin di dng dng in
4 KT
.B
R
Trong :
K: hng s Boltzman; 1,38 10-38 J/0K
T: nhit tuyt i, K
B: b rng bng, n v Hz
R: in tr ti, n v Ohm
Tp m nhit ca my thu quang cn ph thuc h s tp m ca b
khuch i.
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phn 1. si quang
- Tp m lng t:
Do bin ng ngu nhin nng lng ca cc photon p vo diode thu
quang. Dng tp m lng t Iq c tnh bi:
I q2 = 2 e . R . P opt B = 2 e . I
ph
.B
- Tp m dng ti:
Dng in nhiu do cc diode thu quang pht ra khi khng c nh sng
chiu vo cng gy nn tp m thng ging. Tp m do dng ti c tnh bi
cng thc:
I q2 = 2e.i D .B
Vng tip xc
( kim loi )
Cch in ( SiO2 )
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phn 1. si quang
5.3.4.
nh sng
Cu to APD
Nh vy trong APD dng quang in 2 c nhn ln M ln vi M l s
in t th cp pht sinh ng vi mt in t s cp.
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phn 1. si quang
PIN
-50
-60
APD
-70
1
10
100
1000
Mb/s
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phn 1. si quang
- Di ng:
Di ng ca APD rng hn PIN v c th iu chnh c bng cc thay
i in p phn cc thay i h s nhn M.
- Dng ti:
Dng ti ca APD ln hn so vi PIN.
- n nh:
n nh ca PIN tt hn so vi APD v h s nhn M ca APD va ph
thuc in p phn cc va thay i theo nhit .
- in p phn cc:
APD cn in p phn cc ngc cao hn PIN. in p phn cc ca APD
c th ln n hng trm volt trong khi in p phn cc cho PIN thng di 20
volt.
u nhc im ca hai loi tch sng quang PIN v APD tri ngc nhau
khng ging nh hai loi ngun quang LED v LASER. c tnh k thut ca
LASER tt hn LED v nhiu mt trong khi APD ch hn PIN v nhy v tc
lm vic. Cc mt hn ch ca APD l:
- Ch lm vic km n nh nn cn mch in phc tp.
- Dng nhiu ln
- in p phn cc cao v yu cu n nh cao
- Gi thnh cao
Do nhng dc tnh k thut trn m c APD v PIN u tn ti song song.
C th gi c cc u im ca PIN v khc phc cc nhc im ca n
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phn 1. si quang
bng cch dng kt hp PIN vi mt Transistor trng (FET) trong mch tin
khuch i. Hai linh kin kt hp ny c gi l PIN - FET, chng c s
dng kh ph bin trong cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay, nhy ca
PIN - FET c th so snh c vi APD.
***
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1)
Cc yu cu v mng truyn dn :
Song song bn cnh cc dch v v thoi, ngy nay ngi ta pht trin
thm nhiu loi hnh dch v mi quan trng nh l telefax, truyn dn data,
truyn dn video... trong cht lng v kh nng p ng cc yu cu v
bng tn hoc cc giao tip tng thch... Lun lun ng mt vai tr quan trng
hng u.
tho m2n cc yu cu trn, ngnh vin thng phi c cc thay i cn
thit p ng kp thi.
- Thi gian thit lp lung truyn dn ngn dung lng tho m2n theo mi
yu cu.
- Tng cng kh nng sn sng phc v cc mng vin thng.
- Gi thnh thit lp mng thp, chi ph dnh cho cc khon khai thc, bo
tr, bo dng... Phi gim.
- C kh nng quc t ho dch v.
2) Khi nim v SDH ( Synchronous Digital Hierachy ):
Cc h thng PDH pht trin khng p ng c cc nhu cu trn do
phi c mt th h truyn dn mi trn th gii. K thut SDH ra i to ra mt
cuc cch mng trong nghnh vin thng, th hin mt k thut tin tin c th
p ng rng r2i cc yu cu ca cc thu bao, ngi khai thc cng nh cc nh
sn xut...Tho m2n cc yu cu i hi t ra cho ngnh vin thng, khc phc
cc nhc im ca th h PDH m chng ta ang s dng hin nay.
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Trong tng lai h thng ng b SDH s ngy cng pht trin mnh nh
cc u im vt tri hn so vi PDH v mt im quan trng l SDH c kh
nng kt hp vi PDH trong mng li hin ti, n cho php thc hin vic hin
i ho dn dn theo tng giai on pht trin.
S lng
PDH
SDH
Nm
2000
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CEPT
1,5
45
Mbit/s
6
Thng tin
gim st
POH
140
Mbit/s
34
Container
Ptr
Pointer
byte-by-byte
multiplexing
SOH
Thng tin
qun l
STM-1
155,520 Mbit/s
byte-by-byte
multiplexing
STM-N
N155,520 Mbit/s
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Cc mc phn cp s ng b.
G.708
G.709
G.780
G.781
G.782
G.783
G.784
Qun l SDH.
G.957
SDH
G.958
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gii php lung do khng tit kim v kh thc hin ng thi i hi nhiu
thit b phc tp.
- Cc thng tin v bo tr khng c lin kt trn ton tuyn thng tin m
ch i vi tng on truyn dn ring l. Th tc bo tr cho ton tuyn phc
tp.
- cha c tiu chun chung cho thit b ng dy, cc nh sn xut mi ch
c tiu chun c trng ring cho thit b ring ca h.
- C nhiu thit b ghp lung. Mt lung 2Mbit/s c th s i qua nhiu
hng trc khi i n ch do vn qun l lung ti mi trm phi ng
b v cht ch. Trong thc t nhiu khi sinh ra li lm trong thc t hoc u ni
khng ch nh hng n lung ang kt ni m c th s gy ra mt lin lc cho
nhng lung khc ang khai thc.
- H thng PDH thiu cc phng tin gim st, o th t xa m ch tin
hnh ngay ti ch.
c im ca SDH :
u im :
Trong PDH vic ghp knh c tin hnh ti mi cp, qu trnh ghp
phi ln lt qua cc mc trung gian t 2 n 140 Mb/s. Vic truy cp trc tip
n mt lung 2Mbit/s trong mt lung 140 Mb/s l khng th thc hin c.
Chng hn nh khi cn ni cho cc lung 2 Mb/s th phi thc hin h knh t
lung 140 Mb/s qua nhiu cp xung n 2 Mb/s ri mi dng cp nhy thc
hin ni cho. Mng li ny rt cng knh v phc tp v khng linh hot ng
thi chi ph vn hnh rt ln do i hi nhiu sc lao ng trong cc khu lp t
chuyn cp...
i vi SDH th u im ni bt hn l n gin ho mng li, linh hot
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trong s dng khai thc. Khc vi PDH, trong mng SDH qu trnh ghp knh
ch thc hin qua mt giai on, do vic tch mt knh 2Mbit/s trong mt
lung tc cao l n gin. Hn na, vic s dng phn mm trong qun l
bo dng lung 2 Mbit/s 2 lm cho vic u cho cc lung 2 Mbit/s tr nn
thc s n gin v nhanh chng. Chnh v th vic vn hnh v qun l mng
li n gin hn nhiu so vi cng cng vic ny mng PDH.
- Trong SDH tc bit ln hn 140 Mbit/s ln u tin c tiu chun ho
trn phm vi ton th gii.
- M2 truyn dn ca tn hiu quang c tiu chun ho tng thch cc
thit b ca cc nh sn xut.
- C cu trc khi :
- Tc bit v cu trc khung ca cp cao hn c to thnh t tc bit
v cu trc khung ca lung c bn cp thp hn do vic tch ghp lung
thng tin d dng.
- C cc knh ring cho gim st, qun l, o th hoc iu khin trong
phn mng qun l.
- Tt c cc tn hiu PDH c tc thp hn 140 Mbit/s u c th ghp
c vo cp SDH thp nht l STM - 1 c tc 155 Mbit/s.
Nhc im ca h thng SDH :
- K thut phc tp hn do phi ghi li s tng quan v phase gia cc tn
hiu lung v overhead
- Vic nhi byte - byte tng Jitter hn kiu bit - bit ca PDH.
- ng h phi cung cp t ngoi
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SDH
- B dao ng ni dao ng t
do
- B dao ng ni c ng
b vi ng h ngoi
- Ghp knh ng b
xen bit
xen byte
Tc bit
STM - 1
155,52 Mbit/s
STM - 4
622,08 Mbit/s
STM - 16
2488,32 Mbit/s
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Cn ng b ( SDH ) :
Thit b u cui
Trm xen/r
ng dy
Thit b u cui
Trm xen/r
140 Mbit/s
ng dy
140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
34 -140
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
64
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
64
ng b SDH :
SDH MUX
155 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s I/F
SDH MUX
155 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s I/F
SDH MUX
155 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s I/F
SDH MUX
2 Mbit/s I/F
Giao din
2 Mbit/s
1)
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Trong :
Cn : Container ( cp n )
Container o cp n
n v lung cp n
Nhm n v lung
AU : Administrative Unit
n v qun l
Nhm n v qun l
AU4
AUG
VC4
C4
139,264
Kbit/s
C3
44,736
34,386
Kbit/s
3
1
TU3
TUG3
VC3
3
7
AU3
VC3
7
1
TU2
VC2
C2
6,312
Kbit/s
TU12
VC12
C12
2,048
Kbit/s
TU11
VC11
C11
1,544
Kbit/s
S l
con tr
Gn / tch
POH
TUG2
3
4
Gn / tch
SOH
S l
con tr
Gn / tch
POH
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C - 12
VC - 12
VC - 12POH
TU - 12Ptr
TU - 12Ptr
TU - 12
TU - 12Ptr
TUG - 2
TUG - 3
TUG - 3
TUG - 3
VC - 4 POH
TUG - 3
TUG - 3
VC - 4
AU - 4
AU - 4 Ptr
AU - 4 Ptr
SOH
AUG
AUG
AUG
STM - n
VC - 4 POH
VC - 4
C-4
AU - 4
AU - 4 Ptr
AUG
AU - 4 Ptr
SOH
AUG
AUG
STM - n
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2) Cu trc cc khi :
a)
Container C:
L n v nh nht trong khung truyn dn, l ni ta b tr vo cc
lung tn hiu truyn dn cp thp nht nh l cc lung PDH, lung hnh, lung
s hiu.
C cc loi container c s dng tng thch vi cc tc truyn
dn khc nhau cho hai h SONET v SDH.
Cc loi container :
K hiu
Tn hiu ng truyn
Mbit/s
C - 11
1,544
C - 12
2,048
C-2
6,312
C-3
C-4
139,264
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thnh mt khung hon chnh truyn n u thu. Chc nng ca POH l mang
thng tin b tr, gim st v bo tr ng truyn ng thi thng bo v tr m
container s truyn n. Trong VC th POH c gn vo u khung v ti u
thu s c dch ra trc khi m container c gii m2.
VC cng c tu loi tng ng vi kch thc ca container C. Mt VC c
th truyn ring r trong mt khung STM - 1 hoc l truyn xen k nhau trong
mt VC ln hn ri mi c truyn n STM - 1 . Ta c th phn bit hai cp
VC tu theo container C nh sau :
- Tt c container khi c ghp vo container ln hn th c gi l
container cp thp LOC ( Low Order Container ), tng ng vi container o
cp thp LOVC ( Low Order Virtual Container ), l VC - 11, VC - 12, VC - 2
v VC - 3.
- Tt c cc container c truyn trc tip trong khung STM - 1 th c
gi l container cp cao HOC ( Hight Order Container ) tng ng ta c
container o cp cao HOVC (Hight Order Virtual Containe) l VC - 4 v
trong trng hp VC - 3 c truyn trc tip vo khung STM - 1 th VC - 3
cng c coi l mt HOVC.
* Cu trc cc VC :
- VC - 11 : gm 25 byte d liu cng vi mt byte POH c sp xp trn 3
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hng dc 9 byte. c s dng truyn dn tn hiu 1,5 Mb/s theo tiu chun
chu M.
- VC - 12 : gm 34 byte d liu cng vi mt byte POH c s dng
tng thch vi lung 2 Mb/s theo tiu chun chu u v c sp xp theo 4
hng dc 9 byte. C 3 loi tn hiu 2 Mb/s c th b tr trong VC - 12:
+ Tn hiu 2 Mb/s khng ng b : cho php mang tn hiu 2 Mb/s
nhng khng c kh nng gim st trn tng bit.
+ Tn hiu 2 Mb/s ng b bit ( bit synchronous ) : Cho php gim st
trn tng bit nhng khng nhn dng c khung.
+ Tn hiu 2 Mb/s ng b byte : cho php gim st v nhn dng tt c
cc bit d liu.
3
: POH
9
Cu trc VC - 11
Cu trc VC - 12
: POH
C-2
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C-3
c)
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Cu trc ca cc TU :
VC - 11
9
VC - 12
9
+ pointer
TU - 11
+ pointer
TU - 12
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VC - 2
: POH
C-2
+ pointer
12
TU - 2
C-2
- TU - 3 :
TU - 3 = VC - 3 + Ptr
3xVC - 3 c th ghp vo VC - 4 theo nguyn tc xen tng byte sau
c pht i trong khung AU - 4. trong qu trnh truyn dn c hai cp container
c ghp vo.
Pointer AU - 4 trong SOH ch th VC - 4 trong khung STM - 1.
3 pointer TU - 3 (mi pointer 1 byte) c gn vo trong VC - 4 thng
bo v tr ca VC - 3 trong khung VC - 4.
S hnh thnh ca VC - 3 c ch ra di hnh v sau :
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VC - 3
85
VC - 3
C-3
+ 3 byte pointer
TU - 3 PTR
TU - 3
85
d)
l TUG - 2 v TUG - 3.
+ Cu trc cc TUG :
- TUG - 2:
Mt TUG - 2 c th hnh thnh bi :
TUG - 2 = 3 x TU - 12
TUG - 2 = 4 x TU - 11
TUG - 2 = 1 x TU - 2
Do vy TUG - 2 c kch thc l 108 byte vi tc bt l 6912 Kb/s.
TUG - 2 hnh thnh t TU - 11 :
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TU - 11
TUG - 2
12
TUG - 2
12
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TU - 2
9
TUG - 2
: Pointer
9
Nhn xt :
- Cc byte u tin ca hng u tin tng ng vi kiu cu trcl cc byte
pointer cc byte sau l cc byte data.
- TU - 2 c kch thc tng ng vi mt TUG - 2.
- C hai cch b tr VC - 2 vo trong TUG - 2 :
+ Cht ( locked mode )
+ Ni ( Floating mode )
Kiu Floating cho php cc VC c gn vo khung TUG tai mt v tr
no v s dng Pointer lin kt vi mi VC ch th im bt u ca VC
trong TUG. V tr con tr s c gn c nh trong TUG tng ng bt k v tr
ca VC.
Kiu Locked th ngc li, VC c gn vo trong TUG ti mt v tr c
nh do khng cn s dng pointer nh kiu Floating.
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- TUG - 3 :
Mt TUG - 3 c th hnh thnh bi :
TUG - 3 = 1 x TU - 3
TUG - 3 = 7 x TUG - 2
- Kch thc TUG - 3 gm 774 byte vi tc bit l 49536 Kb/s.
- Nu TUG -3 cha mt TU- 3 th ct u tin cha 3 byte pointer TU-3 v
6 byte cn li l byte nhi c nh ( Justification ).
85
TU - 3 PTR
9
TU - 3
TU - 3 PTR
9
TUG - 3
86
: byte nhi c nh
- Nu TUG - 3 c cu thnh t 7 x TUG - 2 th nguyn tc ghp cng l
ghp tng byte, ct u tin cng cha 3 byte pointer v 6 byte nhi c nh.
Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny pointer trong TUG - 3 khng c chc nng nh
v a ch trm n ca cc lung tn hiu m lc ny cc byte pointer ring l
nh v a ch ca cc VC - x1 hoc VC - 2 s l cc pointer nm trong TUG - 2.
Cc byte ny c sp xp trong hng u tin ca ct TUG tng ng.
- Cc TUG - 2 c b tr theo kiu c nh vo trong cc TUG - 3, 3 byte
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#2
#3
TU - 12
#1
#2
12
#7
TUG - 2
NPI
21
TUG - 3
86
: byte nhi c nh
: Pointer
3 x TUG - 3 c ghp vo VC - 4 theo trnh t ct th nht ca VC - 4 cha
VC - 4 POH. Ct th hai v ct th ba cha cc byte nhi c nh.
e)
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AU = HOVC + pointer
Trong trng hp ny cc gi tr ca pointer AU - Ptr c gn trong
khung STM - 1 ghi nhn mi tng quan Phase gia khung truyn dn v cc
VC tng ng.
Cc byte AU - Ptr c gn khng c nh vo trong 9 byte u tin ca
hng th t trong khung STM - 1 c chc nng nh du cc AU. Tuy nhin cn
phi lu rng cc AU - Ptr ca AU - 3 v AU - 4 l khc nhau.
Cc AU c th cu thnh t :
AU - 3 = 1 x VC - 3
AU - 4 = 1 x VC - 4
AU - 3 :
c to thnh t 1 x VC - 3: mt VC - 3 c thit k truyn dn tn
hiu 45 Mb/s hoc 34 Mb/s PDH.
Cu trc AU - 3 gm 9 x 87 + 3 byte. Ngoi ra v dung lng truyn dn
ca AU - 3 (87 ct) ln hn dung lng truyn dn ca VC - 3 (85 ct) nn
ngi ta b tr cc byte nhi c nh vo trong ct tha.
AU - 3
Pointer
85
P
O
H
C-3
VC - 3
87
P
O
H
C-3
AU - 3
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P
O
H
AU - 4
Pointer
VC - 4
261
P
O
H
AU - 4
f)
g)
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+ Thng tin qun l trm lp RSOH ( Repeat Section Over Head ) gm:
3 hng x 9 byte ( 3 hng pha trn )
+ Cc byte hng th 4 dng cho pointer gm 1 hng x 9 byte.
+ Thng tin qun l ghp knh MSOH ( multiplex Section Over Head )
gm :
5 hng x 9 byte ( 5 hng di )
+ Cn li 9 x 261 byte dng ti tin.
Cu trc STM - 1:
9
Thng tin qun l
trm lp
Thng tin qun l
ghp knh
261
SOH
AU - 4
Pointer
Playload
SOH
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270
261
9
3
SOH
AU - 3
Pointer
STM -1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
SOH
C-3
VC - 3
VC - 3 POH
85
h)
SOH
AU - 3
Pointer
SOH
J1 2
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
29 F 30
I
X
E
D
S
T
U
F
F
STM -1
57 F
I
X
E
D
58
S
T
U
F
F
85
VC - 3
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STM - 1 #1
A1 A2
M
U
X
16
A1 B1 C1 D1 ...... P1 A2 B2 ....
16 : 1
STM - 16
STM - 1 #16 P1 P2
M
U
X
4:1
M
U
X
4:1
4
A1 .... D1 A2
4
E1 .... H1 E2
4
I1 .... L1 I2
M
U
X
4:1
16
M
U
X
4:1
4
4
A1 .. D1 E1 .. H1 .... P1 A2 ....
STM - 16
4
M
U
X
4:1
M1 .... P1 M2
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C - 11
25
1600
C - 12
34
2176
C-2
106
6784
C-3
756
48384
C-4
2340
149760
Virtual container
ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
VC - 11
16
1664
VC - 12
35
2240
VC - 2
107
6848
VC - 3
765
48960
VC - 4
2349
150336
Tributary unit
ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
TU - 11
27
1728
TU -12
36
2304
TU - 2
108
6912
TU - 3
768
49152
TUG - 2
108
6912
TUG - 3
774
495236
AU - 3
786
50304
Aministrative unit
ln (byte)
Tc (Kbit/s)
AU - 4
2358
150912
AUG
2358
150912
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STM - 1
SOH
J1
AU-4 PTR
SOH
261
J1
VC - 4
B3 F
I
C2 X
G1 E
D
F
I
X
E
D
H4 S
S
T
U
F
F
F2
T
Z3 U
Z4 F
F
Z5
T
U
G
3
a
T
U
G
3
b
T
U
G
3
c
C-4
DS 140
86
86
N
7 x 3 TU-12
P F T T T T T
I I U U U U U
X G G G G G
E - - - - D 3 3 3 3 3
a
TUG - 3
PTR
T
U
G
3
f
T
U
G
3
g
7 x TUG-2
H1
H4
H2
Z3
H3
Z4
TU - 3
C-3
Z5
DS 45
J1
S
T
U
F
F
12
DS 34
B3
C2
G1
F2
12
T
U
G
2
a
3 x TU-12 PTR
T
U
G
2
b
T
U
G
2
c
T
U
G
2
d
T
U
G
2
e
T
UT
GU
- G
2 f 2
g
T
U
G
1
2
a
T
U
G
1
2
b
TUG - 2
T
U
G
1
2 TU-12 PTR
c
TU-12 PTR
T
TU-12 PTR
U
G T
U
T C - 12
1 G U
2 - G
a 1 2
V5
b 1
2
c
DS 6
C-2
V6
DS 2
DS 1,5
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