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Bi ging X L tn hiu s

M u
Tn hiu l khi nim ch ra cc bin c mang hoc cha mt loi thng tin no y m ta c th bin i, hin th, gia cng chng hn nh: ting ni, tn hiu sinh hc (in tim, in no ), m thanh, hnh nh, tn hiu radar, sonar... Tn hiu s l tn hiu c biu din bng dy s theo bin ri rc. X l tn hiu s (DSP: Digital Signal Processing) l mn hc cp n cc php x l cc dy s c c cc thng tin cn thit nh phn tch, tng hp m ho, bin i tn hiu sang dng mi ph hp vi h thng. Cc php x l tn hiu s c bn bao gm: Php chp Tng quan Lc s Cc php bin i ri rc iu ch

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M u (tt)
Cc c s ton hc v x l tn hiu s c t th k 17 v 18,(bin doi Fourier) nhng n thp nin 80 ca th k 20, cng vi s ra i ca vi mch tch hp c ln VLSI, cc chp dng cho x l tn hiu s ra i nh TMS 320 ca hng Texas Instrument lm cho k thut x l tn hiu s bc sang mt bc ngot mi pht trin rc r. Hin nay, x l tn hiu s c mt phm vi ng dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc nh: x l nh (mt ngi my), o lng iu khin, x l ting ni/m thanh, qun s (bo mt, x l tn hiu radar, sonar), in t y sinh v c bit l trong vin thng v cng ngh thng tin. So vi x l tn hiu tng t, x l tin hiu s c nhiu u im nh sau: chnh xc cao. Sao chp trung thc, tin cy. Tnh bn vng: khng chu nh hng nhiu ca nhit hay thi gian Linh hot v mm do: Ch cn thay i theo phn mm ta c th c cc tnh nng hn cng thay i theo. Thi gian thit k nhanh. Cc chip DSP ngy cng hon thin v c tch hp cao.

M u (tt)
y, chng ta c th quan st mt qu trnh x l tn hiu in hnh v c th phn bit cc khi nim X l tn hiu s v X l s tn hiu nh hnh v sau:
A/D B x l s DSP D/A Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu s

Tn hiu s

X l tn hiu s

X l s tn hiu

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Chng I
Biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min thi gian ri rc n

Gii thiu
a. Khi nim v tn hiu V mt vt l: tn hiu l dng biu din vt l ca thng tin. V d: - Cc tn hiu ta nghe thy l do m thanh pht ra gy nn s nn dn p sut khng kh a n tai chng ta. - nh sng ta nhn c l do sng nh sng chuyn ti cc thng tin v mu sc, hnh khi n mt chng ta. V mt ton hc: tn hiu c biu din bi hm ca mt hoc nhiu bin s c lp. V d:
- Tn hiu m thanh x(t) l hm ca mt bin c lp trong x l hm t l bin. - Tn hiu nh x(i,j) l hm ca nhiu bin c lp.

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b. Phn loi tn hiu

TN HIU

Tn hiu lin tc

Tn hiu ri rc

Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu lng t ho

Tn hiu ly mu

Tn hiu s

Phn loi tn hiu

nh ngha tn hiu lin tc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l lin tc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu lin tc. Nhn xt: Tn hiu lin tc l tn hiu lin tc theo bin, xt theo hm ta c tn hiu tng t v tn hiu lng t ho. + nh ngha tn hiu tng t: Nu bin ca tn hiu lin tc l lin tc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu tng t. Nhn xt: Tn hiu tng t lin tc theo c bin v hm. + nh ngha tn hiu lng t ho: Nu bin ca tn hiu lin tc l ri rc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu lng t ho. Nhn xt: Tn hiu lng t ho lin tc theo bin v ri rc theo bin . nh ngha tn hiu ri rc: Nu bin c lp ca biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu l ri rc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu ri rc. Nhn xt: Tn hiu lin tc l tn hiu lin tc theo bin, xt theo hm ta c tn hiu ly mu v tn hiu s. + nh ngha tn hiu ly mu: Nu bin ca tn hiu ri rc l lin tc v khng b lng t ho th tn hiu gi l tn hiu ly mu. Nhn xt: Tn hiu ly mu ri rc theo hm, lin tc theo bin. + nh ngha tn hiu s: Nu bin ca tn hiu ri rc l ri rc th tn hiu gi l tn hiu s. Nhn xt: Tn hiu s ri rc theo c bin v theo c hm. Lu : Vic phn loi tn hiu s l c s phn loi h thng x l, chng hn nh ta c h thng ri rc hay h thng tng t c phn loi tng ng vi loi tn hiu m h thng x l l tn hiu ri rc hay tn hiu tng t.

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Minh ho s phn loi tn hiu

nh l ly mu Shannon
nh l ly mu: Nu mt tn hiu tng t , c ly mu ti tc c tn s cao nht l , th

c th c phc hi mt cch chnh xc t gi tr cc mu ca n nh hm ni suy. Khi Fs=Fmax = 2B ta gi Fs lc ny tn s ly mu Nyquist. K hiu l FNyquis hay FN.

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1.1. BIU DIN TN HIU RI RC

1.1.1 Cc cch biu din tn hiu ri rc Trc khi biu din ta c th chun ho x(nTs) nh sau tc l chun ha Ts =1. a. Biu din theo ton hc
biu thc ton hc X(n) = 0 N1 n N 2 n

V d

y ta thy x(0)=1; x(1)=3/4; x(2)=1/2; x(3)=1/4; x(4)=0.

1.1. BIU DIN TN HIU RI RC(TT)

b. Biu din bng th
Cch biu din ny cho ta cch nhn trc quan v mt tn hiu ri rc.
V d:

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1.1. BIU DIN TN HIU RI RC(TT)

c. Biu din bng dy s Lu y, ta phi c mc nh du th hin im bt u. Do cch biu din ny, ta cn gi tn hiu ri rc l dy V d: Biu din bng dy s theo dy nh sau:

Ta thy, c ba v d trn u biu din mt tn hiu.

1.1.2. Mt s dy c bn (Tn hiu ri rc c bn)

a. Dy xung n v: Trong min n, dy xung n v c nh ngha nh sau:

b. Dy nhy n v Trong min n, dy nhy n v c nh ngha nh sau:

c. Dy ch nht: Trong min n, dy ch nht c nh ngha nh sau:

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1.2.2. Mt s dy c bn (Tn hiu ri rc c bn) (tt)

d. Dy dc n v: Trong min n, dy dc n v c nh ngha nh sau:

e. Dy hm m: Trong min n, dy hm m c nh ngha nh sau:

1.1.3. Mt s nh ngha
a. Dy tun hon:
Ta ni rng mt dy x(n) l tun hon vi chu k N nu tha mn iu kin sau y: x(n) = x (n + N)= x (n + lN) Khi cn nhn mnh tnh tun hon, ngi ta k hiu du ~ pha trn. K hiu: .

b. Dy c chiu di hu hn: Mt dy c xc nh vi s hu hn N mu ta gi l dy c chiu di hu hn vi N l chiu di ca dy. L: Ton t chiu di L[x(n)] = [0, 3] = 4

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1.1.3. Mt s nh ngha
c. Nng lng ca dy: Nng lng ca mt dy x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

V du
Dy c nng lng hu hn Dy c nng lng hu hn Dy c nng lng v hn (khng tn ti thc t)

d. Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu c nh ngha nh sau:

1.1.3. Mt s nh ngha
e. Tng ca 2 dy: Tng ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch cng tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt tr s ca bin c lp. V du: Hy thc hin

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1.1.3. Mt s nh ngha
f. Tch ca 2 dy: Tch ca 2 dy nhn c bng cch nhn tng i mt cc gi tr mu i vi cng mt tr s ca bin c lp V du: Hy thc hin

g. Tch vi hng s: Tch ca mt dy vi cc hng s nhn c bng cch nhn tt c cc gi tr mu ca dy vi hng s .

1.1.3. Mt s nh ngha
h. Tr: Ta ni rng dy x1(n) l dy lp li tr ca dy x2(n) nu c quan h sau y: : nguyn
V d Biu din tn hiu x(n) c m t nh sau:

KL: Mt dy x(n) bt k u c th biu din di dng sau y:

Trong ta ch x(k) l gi tr x(n) ti thi im n = k, do vy v mt bn cht x(k) v x(n) khc nhau (n l bin thi gian ri rc, k l ch s), nhng v mt th hin x(n) v x(k) l nh nhau.

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1.2. CC H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN

1.2.1 . Cc h thng tuyn tnh a. Mt s khi nim:
Kch thch v p ng: + Dy vo ca h thng c gi l kch thch + Dy ra c gi l p ng ca h thng ng vi kch thch ang kho st. Ton t T: + Mt h thng tuyn tnh c trng bi ton t T lm nhim v bin i dy vo thnh dy ra.

b. H thng tuyn tnh: i vi cc h thng tuyn tnh ton t T phi tun theo nguyn l xp chng, tc l phi tun theo quan h sau y:

1.2. CC H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN

c. p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh: Ta c biu din ca tn hiu u vo

Thc hin bin i theo ton t T ta xc nh y(n)

c gi l p ng xung. p ng xung c trng hon ton cho h thng thay cho ton t T.

1.2.2 . Cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin a. nh ngha: Nu ta c y(n) l p ng vi kch thch x(n) th c gi l bt bin nu y (n - k) l p ng vi kch thch x(n - k).

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1.3. CC H THNG TUYN TNH BT BIN 1.3.1. Cc h thng tuyn tnh

b. H thng tuyn tnh: i vi cc h thng tuyn tnh ton t T phi tun theo nguyn l xp chng, tc l phi tun theo quan h sau y: a. Mt s khi nim. Kch thch v p ng: + Dy vo ca h thng c gi l kch thch + Dy ra c gi l p ng ca h thng ng vi kch thch ang kho st. Ton t T + Mt h thng tuyn tnh c trng bi ton t T lm nhim v bin i dy vo thnh dy ra.

1.3.1 CC H THNG TUYN TNH

c. p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh: Trong ta c biu din ca tn hiu u vo Thc hin bin i theo ton t T ta xc nh y (n)

c gi l p ng xung. p ng xung c trng hon ton cho h thng thay cho ton t T.

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1.3.2 . Cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin

a. nh ngha: Nu ta c y(n) l p ng vi kch thch x(n) th c gi l bt bin nu y(n - k) l p ng vi kch thch x(n - k). b. Php chp (convolution):

Du hoa th (*) k hiu php chp.

Nh vy, p ng ra ca h thng TTBB s bng dy vo chp vi p ng xung.

Phng php tnh php chp

V nguyn tc chng ta phi tnh y(n) = x(n) * h(n) theo cch tm tng gi tr y(n) ng vi tng gi tr n c th t n = - n n = . (n: - ) n=0 n=1 n=2 ..... C thay vo nh vy v nguyn tc ta phi tnh n gi tr n = . i vi cc gi tr n < 0 ta cng phi tnh ln lt n = -1 n = -2 v phi tnh n gi tr n = - Tp hp cc gi tr tm c ta c kt qu php chp y(n) cn tm.

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Cc bc tnh php chp bng th

Bc 1: i bin n thnh bin k, x(n) -> x(k), h(n) -> h(k), c nh h(k) Bc 2: Quay h(k) i xng qua trc tung thu c h(-k), tc h(0-k) ng vi n=0. Bc 3: Dch chuyn h(-k) theo tng gia tr n, nu n>0 dch chuyn v bn phi, nu n<0 dch chuyn v pha tri ta thu c h(n-k). Bc 4 Thc hin php nhn x(k).h(n-k) theo tng mu i vi tt c cc gi tr ca k. Bc 5 Cng cc gi tr thu c ta c mt gi tr ca y(n), tng hp cc kt qu ta c dy y(n) cn tm. Lu : ta c th c nh h(k) ri ly i xng x(k) qua trc tung ri tin hnh cc bc nh trn kt qu s khng thay i do php chp c tnh cht giao hon.

V d tnh php chp bng th

Cho mt HTTTBB c: Hy tm p ng ra ca h thng y(n)?

Gii: Ta thc hin theo phng php tnh php chp bng th: + i bin n thnh bin k + Gi nguyn x(k), ly i xng h(k) thnh h(-k) + Dch h(-k) sang tri (n<0) hoc sang phi (n>0) theo tng mu, sau tnh tng gi tr ca y(n) ng vi tng n c th nh th sau.

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y(3) = 2,5 y(4) = 2,5 y(5) = 1,5 y(-1) = 0

y(6) = 0,75 y(7) = 0,25 y(8) = 0

Da vo kt qu tnh ton, ta v c p ng ra ca h thng:

Cc tnh cht ca php chp

Tnh giao hon:

Tnh kt hp:

Tnh phn phi (chp v cng):

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1.2.3 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu

nh ngha: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c gi l nhn qu nu p ng ra ca n thi im bt k n = n0 hon ton c lp vi kch thch ca n cc thi im tng lai, n > n0. p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu: nh l: p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu phi bng 0 vi n < 0 (h(n) = 0 vi mi n <0) - Mt dy nhn qu x(n) nu x(n) = 0 vi n < 0.

Tinh phep chap cua HT TTBB nhn qu:

- Nu x(n) nhn qu: x(k) 0 khi k 0 - Nu h(n) nhn qu: h(n) 0 khi n 0: V h(n k) 0 ; (n k) 0

1.2.4. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v n nh

nh ngha: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin gi l n nh nu ng vi dy b chn ta cng c dy ra b chn (bin b hn ch )

H thng ny cn c gi l h thng BIBO (Bounded Input Bounde Output) nh l v h thng n nh: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c gi l n nh nu v ch nu p ng xung h(n) ca n tho mn iu kin sau y:

Xt s n nh ca cc h thng c p ng xung sau:

khng n nh nu a < 1 n nh nu a 1 khng n nh

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, 1.4. PHNG TRNH SAI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG

Mt HTTT bt bin v mt ton hc c m t bi mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng dng tng qut sau y:
ak, br: h s hng. N: Bc ca phng trnh

a0= 1, th
, ak, br c trng cho h thng tng ng vi p ng xung h(n)

C hai phng php gii PTSP: - Phng php th - Phng php tm nghim tng qut: gii phng trnh tm nghim thun nht,nghim ring ri xc nh nghim tng qut.

VD:Cho phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau: y(n) = Ay(n-1) + x(n) Hy tm p ng xung h(n) ca PTSP m t vi iu kin: y(-1) = 0.

Thay vo cc gi tr cua n n = 0: h(0) = 1 (Do h(-1)=y(-1)=0) n = 1: h(1) = A n = 2: h(2) = A2 n = 3: h(3) = A3 .................. C th tip tc ta c:

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1.5. CC H THNG KHNG QUY V QUY

1.5.1. Cc h thng khng qui T phng trnh sai phn tng qut: Trong trng hp c bit cho N = 0 th: a0 = 1: nh ngha: Mt HTTT bt bin c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng bc 0 c gi l h thng khng qui. Nhn xt: ph thuc thi im hin ti v cc thi im qu kh.

- H thng khng qui chnh l h thng c p ng xung chiu di hu hn. K hiu FIR (Finite-Duration Impulse Response) - H thng FIR lun lun n nh l c im u vit nht ca h thng ny nn hay dng trong a s mch in.

1.5.2. H thng qui

Phng trnh sai phn:

Nu N > 0, a0 = 1: nh ngha: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c m t bi phng trnh sai phn bc N > 0 c gi l h thng qui. Nhn xt: Trong trng hp ny u ra (p ng h thng) khng nhng ch ph thuc vo u vo cc thi im hin ti v qu kh,m cn ph thuc vo u ra cc thi im qu kh.

N >0 , M = 0: ta c h thng qui thun ty

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1.6. THC HIN H THNG

1.6.1. Cc phn t thc hin C 3 phn t chnh thc hin h thng trong min ri rc nh sau: + Phn t tr + Phn t cng + Phn t nhn

H thng khng qui

H thng qui

H thng qui thun ty

V d thc hin H thng

Hy biu din HTTTBB c m t bng phng trnh sai phn sau y:

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Thc hin HT bng phn cng

1.7 TNG QUAN TN HIU

Php tng quan thng dng so snh nhn bit cc tn hiu, phn bit tn hiu vi nhiu, pht hin vt th... rt hay dng trong cc tn hiu Radar dng trong qun s, c hai loi tng quan:
Tng quan cho: Tng quan cho gia tn hiu x(n) vi y(n) ( mt trong hai tn hiu phi c nng lng hu hn c nh ngha nh sau:

T tng quan: Trong php tng quan cho khi x(n) y(n) ta c php t tng quan ca tn hiu x(n) vi chnh n v c nh ngha nh sau:

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Tng kt
1. nh l ly mu 2. Phn loi tn hiu, h thng x l tn hiu. 3. Cch biu din tn hiu ri rc. 4. Cc tn hiu (dy) c bn 5. Cc php ton c bn 6. Cc khi nim c bn 7. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin. p ng xung h(n) 8. Php chp 9. H thng TTBB nhn qu, tn hiu nhn qu. 10. Phong trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. 11. Thc hin h thng 12. Tng quan tn hiu

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