TRANSPLANTATION (POSTOPERATIVE AND LIFELONG)

With current advances in technology and knowledge of immune responses at the molecular level, organ and tissue
transplantation is becoming more commonplace. The most frequently transplanted organs are the kidney, liver, and
heart. The major problem to be overcome is the immunologic response of the patient to donor tissues. The ability of
the immune system to distinguish self from nonself is crucial to its proper functioning; therefore, in the process of
transplantation, the donor/nonself can be rejected. The three forms of rejection are (1) hyperactive or hyperacute
(within 48 hr), (2) acute (usually within 3–6 mo), and (3) chronic (occurring months or years after transplant).
General postoperative care is similar to that for any other major abdominal or cardiothoracic surgery; however,
special considerations necessitate meticulous measures to prevent infection and identify early signs of rejection.

CARE SETTING
Post-ICU plan of care addresses early recovery and long-term postdischarge community/clinic follow-up phases.

RELATED CONCERNS
Refer to (1) specific surgical plans of care for general considerations (e.g., cardiac surgery), and (2) organ-specific
plans (e.g., heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, hepatitis), relative to issues of target organ problems following
transplantation.
Peritonitis
Psychosocial aspects of care
Sepsis/septicemia
Surgical intervention
Thrombophlebitis: deep vein thrombosis

Patient Assessment Database

Refer to specific plans of care for data reflecting specific organ failure necessitating transplantation.

EGO INTEGRITY
May report: Feelings of anxiety, fearfulness
Multiple stressors: Impact of condition on personal relationships, ability to perform
expected/ needed roles, loss of control, required lifestyle changes; financial
concerns, cost of procedure/ future treatment needs; uncertainty of
outcomes/personal mortality, spiritual conflicts; waiting period for suitable
donation
Concerns about changes in appearance (e.g., bloating, jaundice, major scars), aesthetic
side effects of immunosuppressant medications
Spiritual questioning (e.g., “Why me?” “Why should I benefit from someone else’s
death?”)
May exhibit: Anxiety, delirium, depression; cognitive and emotional behavior changes

SEXUALITY
May report: Loss of libido
Concerns regarding sexual activity

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
May report: Reactions of family members
Conflicts regarding family member(s) ability/willingness to participate, e.g., financial,
organ/bone marrow donation, postprocedure support
Concern about benefiting from other person’s death
Concern for family member who must take on new responsibilities as roles shift

TEACHING/LEARNING
May report: Previous illnesses, hospitalizations, surgeries
Lack of improvement/deterioration in condition
 Beliefs about transplantation
History of alcohol/drug abuse, disease resulting in organ failure
Discharge plan DRG projected mean length of inpatient stay: Dependent on organ transplanted
considerations: May need assistance with ADLs; shopping, transportation, ambulation; managing
medication regimen
Refer to section at end of plan for postdischarge considerations.

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES (DEPENDENT ON SPECIFIC ORGAN INVOLVEMENT)

General preoperative screening studies include:
Chest x-ray: Provides information about status of lungs and heart.
CT/MRI scan: Reveals status of body systems and organs, including size, shape, and general function of major blood
vessels; organ size for best match with donor organ; and potential sources of postoperative complications. Rules
out presence of cancer, which would contraindicate transplantation.
Total-body bone scan: Evaluates status of skeletal system to determine presence/absence of bone cancer.
Specific blood and tissue typing: As may be required for donor-recipient matching.
Dental evaluation: To rule out oral infection or abscessed teeth.
Ear, nose, and throat evaluation: To rule out sinus infection.
Renal function studies (e.g., IV pyelogram, creatinine clearance): Determines functional status of kidneys.
Pulmonary function studies: Determines lung function and/or limitations that may complicate recovery.
CBC: Identifies anemia, which can reduce oxygen-carrying capacity, and other blood factors that may affect recovery.
Biochemical studies: Various tests done as indicated in addition to electrolytes, immune status.
Screening tests: To detect presence/type of hepatitis; HIV, viral titer (e.g., CMV, herpes).
ECG: Screens cardiac status, e.g., electrical conduction/dysrhythmias, signs of infarcts/hypertrophy.

NURSING PRIORITIES
1. Prevent infection.
2. Maximize organ function.
3. Promote independent functioning.
4. Support family involvement and coping.

DISCHARGE GOALS
1. Free of signs of infection.
2. Signs of rejection absent/minimized.
3. New organ function adequate.
4. Usual activities resumed.
5. Patient/family education plan established.
6. Plan in place to meet individual needs following discharge.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Infection, risk for

Risk factors may include
Medically induced immunosuppression, suppressed inflammatory response
Antibiotic therapy
Invasive procedures, broken skin/traumatized tissue
Effects of chronic/debilitating disease
Possibly evidenced by
[Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis.]
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Infection Status (NOC)
Be free of signs of infection.
Achieve timely wound healing.
PATIENT/CAREGIVER WILL:
Risk Control (NOC)
Demonstrate techniques, lifestyle changes to promote safe environment.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS
Infection Protection (NIC)
Independent
Screen visitors/staff for signs of infection; make sure
nurse caring for patient with new transplant is not caring
for another patient with infection. Maintain protective
isolation as indicated.
Demonstrate and emphasize importance of proper
handwashing techniques by patient and caregivers.
Inspect all incisions/puncture sites. Evaluate healing
progress.
Provide meticulous care of invasive lines, incisions,
wounds. Remove invasive devices as soon as possible.
Encourage deep breathing, coughing.
Provide/assist with frequent oral hygiene.
Obtain sterile specimens of wound drainage as
appropriate.
Collaborative
Monitor laboratory tests, e.g., WBC count.
Administer anntimicrobials as indicated, e.g.,
levofloxacin (Levaquin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro).
RATIONALE
Reduces possibility of patient’s contracting a nosocomial
infection. Note: Total isolation is usually restricted to
patients with lung transplants or individuals with
neutropenia.
First-line defense against infection/cross-contamination.
Promotes early identification of onset of infection and
prompt intervention.
Minimizes potential for bacteria to reduce exposure/risk
of infection.
Mobilizes respiratory secretions and reduces risk of
respiratory problems.
Meticulous attention to oral mucosa is necessary because
immunosuppression/antibiotic therapies increase risk of
opportunistic oral/mucosal infections.
Identifying organism allows for appropriate treatment.
An upward trend from baseline could signal infection;
however, a low WBC count may result from
immnosupressant therapy or from a viral infection.
Antibiotics may be used to treat infections, but all must
be monitored for side effects and drug interactions with
cyclosporine and other immunosuppressaants required to
prevent organ rejection.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Anxiety [specify level]/Fear
May be related to
Unconscious conflict about essential values/beliefs
Situational crises, interpersonal transmission/contagion
Threat to self concept [perceived or actual]; organ rejection, threat of death
Side effects of steroids and/or cyclosporine
Possibly evidenced by
Increased tension, apprehension, uncertainty
Expressed concerns
Somatic complaints
Sympathetic stimulation
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Anxiety [or] Fear Control (NOC)
Appear relaxed and report anxiety is reduced to a manageable level.
Verbalize awareness of feelings.
Identify healthy ways to deal with anxiety.
Use resources/support systems effectively.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Anxiety Reduction (NIC)

Independent
Discuss patient’s posttransplant expectations and fears,
including physical appearance, lifestyle changes, and
concern about recurrence of disease/condition that
precipitated the need for the transplant.
Depending on past experience and exposure to others
with transplants, patient may have unrealistic ideas and
real concerns about what may happen (e.g., organ
rejection, effects of required medications, limitations
associated with immunosuppression). Even with effective
preoperative teaching, patient will continue to have new
concerns or suppressed thoughts and beliefs, which can
surface during recovery, e.g., recurrence of disease (such
as hepatitis C) in the transplanted organ or chronic
rejection.

Encourage patient to discuss feelings and concerns about
situation and to express fears.
Helps identify issues and can lead to problem solving.
Patient may experience anxiety about many things (e.g.,
physical limitations, cognitive changes, role changes in
family). These anxieties change frequently; some are
persistent, and new ones arise. Serious anxiety, delirium,
and depression are the most commonly reported
postoperative psychiatric problems.

Discuss beliefs/concerns that are commonly held
regarding source of organ.
Cultural/spiritual beliefs may lead patient to question
whether organ from someone of another race or particular
group may change own sense of self-identity/sexuality.
Note: Some patients may use denial to deal with
concerns about the organ donor. A lack of interest or
curiosity about the donor may indicate donor denial.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Anxiety Reduction (NIC)

Independent
Answer patient’s questions about donor honestly, but Excess information may add to survivor guilt, distracting
refrain from providing unrequested information. patient from focusing on business of recovery.

Identify/encourage use of previously successful coping Under stress, patient may not remember what has worked
behaviors. in the past; discussion can refresh memories of successful
behaviors and promote repetition.

Help patient focus on one “problem” at a time. Dealing with one issue at a time seems to make it more
manageable. Provides sense of success and opportunity to
build on each success.

Discuss possibility and normalcy of mood swings. Feelings of euphoria and depression are not uncommon,
are usually short-lived, but may persist, especially with
use of steroids.

Encourage open communication between SO/family and Free expression of feelings/beliefs can lead to
patient within safe environment. clarification and problem solving of different views.
When concerns or beliefs are hidden from one another,
additional stress/adverse effects may result.

Provide opportunity for patient and SO/family to meet Sharing experiences and hearing about successes and
with other(s) who have experienced a similar and universal problems can lessen patient’s/SO’s anxieties,
successful transplant. promote hope, and provide a role model.

Identify possible actions to limit physical effects or Learning about clothing styles, makeup techniques, use
manifestations of long-term steroid/cyclosporine use. of bleach or mild depilatory to reduce facial hair can
enhance patient’s appearance and reduce anxiety about
social rejection.

Collaborative

Refer to spiritual advisor as indicated. Facing one’s mortality may provoke feelings of anxiety
and questions about one’s spiritual beliefs and practices.

Refer to social worker, other professionals as indicated. Provides assistance with readjustment to life following
major life event.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Coping, [Individual] effective/Family, risk for compromised/disabled
Risk factors may include
Situational crises; family disorganization and role changes
Prolonged disease exhausting supportive capacity of SO/family
Possibly evidenced by
[Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis.]
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT/FAMILY WILL:
Coping (NOC)
Assess current situation accurately.
Verbalize awareness of own coping abilities.
Meet psychological needs as evidenced by appropriate expression of feelings, identifying options and
resources.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Coping Enhancement/Family Integrity

Promotion (NIC)

Independent
Encourage and support patient/family in evaluating
lifestyle. Discuss implications for the future.
Assess patient’s/family’s current functional status and
note how transplant is affecting ability to cope.
Determine additional outside stressors (e.g., family,
social, work environment, or nursing/health care
management).
Provide ongoing information about expected progression
of recuperation and potential course of recovery.
Help patients evaluate and choose activities that are
important and begin to adjust to new lifestyle of
wellness. Note: Transplant patients sometimes cannot
evaluate the seriousness of their condition or do not
comprehend the risks or benefits involved in
transplantation. Additionally, there may be denial about
the impact of long-term treatment requirements (i.e., use
of immunosuppressant drugs, biopsies, blood tests, and
clinic visits).
Provides a starting point to identify needs and plan care.
These people have been dealing with patient’s chronic
disease, uncertainty of organ waiting period, and
protracted postoperative recovery course, and they face a
complicated medical regimen after discharge. All these
factors place demands on time, energy, finances, and
relationships.
Illness and treatment demands may affect all areas of
life, and problems need to be addressed and resolved to
enable patient and SO to manage current situation
optimally.
Knowing what to expect helps individuals cope more
effectively, encourages planning for future needs/lifestyle
changes. Note: These patients normally require a longer
postoperative recovery period because of effects of
medication regimen, opportunistic infections, or episodes
of organ rejection.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS
Coping Enhancement/Family Integrity
Promotion (NIC)
Independent
Discuss normalcy of/monitor progression through states
of acceptance of transplanted organ:
Foreign body stage—organ feels strange, separate
from own body;
Partial internalization stage—protective of organ,
restricts movement/activity, excessive concern
regarding organ function/fragility;
Complete internalization—acceptance of organ into
self-concept, discusses organ only in response to
direct questioning.
Have individual/SO list previous methods of dealing
with life problems and outcomes of actions.
Active-listen and identify individual’s perceptions of
what is happening, how transplant has affected view of
self-family member.
Encourage discussion between patient/family regarding
future expectations.
Collaborative
Involve in individual/family support groups.
Refer to spiritual resource and/or psychiatric clinical
nurse specialist/psychiatrist, social worker, as indicated.
RATIONALE
Sense that organ is “outside” body can be very
frightening, while fixation on organ can be irritating to
others.
Understanding normalcy of feelings is reassuring. Note:
Movement through stages is variable and regression is
common, especially during early posttransplant period.
Promotes problem solving in current situation, allows
individual to build on past successes.
Helps those involved to recognize own feelings and
concerns regarding use of an organ from someone who
died.
Period of dependence during illness, concerns over
possible organ rejection/life-threatening complications
may lead to conflicts regarding patient’s return to an
independent role.
Provides role models, source of practical advice, and
emotional support to aid in problem solving.
May be helpful in resolving lingering/difficult concerns.
Note: During waiting period for transplant, relationships
with family members may have been strained as a result
of the varied stessors involved and because patients tend
to feel closer to members of the healthcare team and
other patients sharing the same experiences.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need] regarding prognosis,
therapeutic regimen, self-care, and discharge needs
May be related to
Lack of exposure/recall
Information misinterpretation
Unfamiliarity with information resources
Cognitive limitation
Possibly evidenced by
Request for information; statement of misconception
Development of preventable complication
DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
Knowledge: Health Behaviors/Health Resources (NOC)
Describe measures to reduce individual risk factors to recovery/general well-being.
Initiate necessary lifestyle changes and participate in treatment regimen.
Identify community resources.
Develop plan to meet follow-up care needs.
Assume responsibility for own learning and begin to look for information and ask questions.
For routine postoperative instructions, refer to CP: Surgical Intervention.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)

Independent
Include SO/family in teaching. Successful recovery and long-term wellness require a
coordinated effort by patient and those regularly involved
with patient.

Provide information via multiple media, including
written format, depending on level of comprehension.
Include presentations by various members of the
transplant team as appropriate.
Enhances learning experience and provides references for
postdischarge review/verification of recall. Use of team
members, e.g., dietitian, physical/occupational therapists,
provides for personalization of teaching plan to meet
individual needs.

Review general signs/symptoms of rejection and
infection (e.g., general malaise/fatigue, dyspnea, sudden
weight gain, fever/chills, sore throat, delayed healing of
wound, nausea/vomiting, syncope). Review indicators
specific to transplanted organ (e.g., liver rejection: pain
in liver or back, lighter-colored stools, jaundice, dark-
colored urine).
Prompt recognition and timely intervention may limit
severity of complication. Acute rejection usually develops
within days of transplant or may be delayed for a number
of months. If detected early, rejection process can be
minimized or reversed with changes in drug regimen.
Note: Chronic rejection developing after months/years is
generally irreversible.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS
Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)
Independent
Emphasize necessity/verify patient ability to adhere to
medical regimen and appropriate follow-up, including
periodic laboratory tests (e.g., drug levels, lipid panels,
organ function studies), routine examinations (e.g.,
dental, gynecologic), and specialty examinations (e.g.,
ophthalmology, gastroenterology).
Recommend that results of laboratory tests/diagnostic
studies done locally be faxed to transplant center.
Discuss need to seek medical attention earlier than was
probably done in the past.
Discuss managing immunosuppressant therapy, including
“do’s and don’ts” of specific medications, anticipated
and adverse effects, interaction with other drugs,
appropriate use of OTC products; adjustment of
prescribed medication dosage (e.g., prednisone) during
periods of stress, or with gradual decrease in
immunosuppression over months/years, as appropriate.
Encourage patient/SO to maintain a working relationship
with transplant team. Include family members, caregivers
in education sessions and discharge planning as
appropriate.
Recommend wearing an identification tag (bracelet,
necklace, etc.).
Identify community resources, including transplant
club/support groups.
Discuss self-monitoring routine and record keeping, e.g.,
chart temperature per protocol (before breakfast/dinner
and when not feeling well); weigh daily before breakfast
(in like clothing, same scale); blood pressure/pulse,
changes in medication dosage, changes in health
status/functional ability, etc.
RATIONALE
Because lack of cooperation is a major cause of
posttransplant complications and mortality, the
patient/SO needs to understand that adherence to
regimen is imperative. Routine follow-up/care by
healthcare providers is necessary to maximize general
well-being and to monitor effects of long-term
medication regimen on other organ systems (e.g.,
nephrotoxic effects). Specialty examinations aid in
monitoring new organ function and effect on other
systems. Additionally, steroids (when used) may cause
changes in visual acuity or development of
cataracts/glaucoma.
Long-term care is very complex and requires
coordination and cooperation between all healthcare
providers.
Generally a “wait and see” attitude can be detrimental
because a delay in treatment could result in organ
damage/rejection.
Multiple medications, often a triple therapy such as
cyclosporine or tacrolimus (Prograf), sirolimus
(Rapamune), and prednisone, are typically required on an
ongoing/lifelong basis to prevent organ rejection.
Additional drugs may be needed to manage adverse side
effects of immunosuppressant therapy (e.g., infection,
osteoporosis, peptic ulcers, hypertension).
Promotes understanding and cooperation among those
providing medical and psychological support in care of
patient.
In emergencies, provides immediate information to care
providers relative to surgical/transplant history and
medication regimen.
Provides opportunity for patient and SO(s) to share
experiences with others who are going through the same
process. Providing anticipatory guidance may enhance
problem solving.
Helps care providers identify individual
needs/development of complications.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS
Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)
Independent
Recommend frequent oral/dental care and periodic visual
inspection of oral mucosa and gums.
Review dietary needs. Determine optimal weight, discuss
expected changes associated with medication regimen.
Identify risk factors/additional safety concerns relative to
infections, e.g., avoid changing cat litter box or use of
live virus vaccines; use gloves when gardening, and take
proper care of wounds/tissue trauma.
Discuss necessity of handling skin carefully, avoiding
strong sunlight and using sunscreen with SPF of 15 or
higher.
Review common postoperative care needs, e.g., routine
wound care, need for adequate rest, avoidance of heavy
lifting/physical labor or exercise (including contact
sports), and activities that stretch or put pressure on
incision; when/how to resume driving and sexual
activity; dietary and fluid needs/restrictions.
Provide information about potential sexual dysfunction
and encourage open communication for future
discussion/support as needed.
Encourage continuation of pre-illness daily routines and
activities as appropriate.
Discuss participation in planned exercise program and
inform about Transplant Olympics as
appropriate/desired.
RATIONALE
Immunosuppression increases susceptibility to common
opportunistic infections affecting the mouth (e.g.,
Candida, herpes simplex). Ongoing drug regimen, such
as cyclosporine, can cause hypertrophy of gums, or
Rapamune can cause ulcerations of the oral mucosa.
Requirements of normal healing, as well as effects of
current stress, medications, and preoperative debilitation,
can exacerbate nutritional deficiencies/imbalances and
cause excessive weight loss; however, undesired weight
gain can also occur because food tastes better, dietary
restrictions are eliminated, and prednisone stimulates
appetite.
Awareness of possible risks (including unusual sources)
enable patient/family to plan for avoidance. Cat litter can
transmit infectious agents such as Listeria. Steroid-
induced skin fragility increases risk of injury from minor
trauma as a result of immunosuppression.
Steroid therapy results in skin fragility and sun
sensitivity. Broken/damaged skin provides an entry for
bacteria.
Reduces likelihood of complications, aids patient/SO in
determining appropriateness of activities, and enhances
patient’s sense of control and personal responsibility for
altering activity level. Note: General advice for early
phase: “If it hurts, don’t do it.”
Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and impaired
orgasmic ability often occur because of medication
regimen, low hormone levels, impaired blood flow, fear
of harm to transplanted organ, or emotional disturbances.
Initially patient may be too focused on survival to address
sexual issues/concerns.
Enhances general well-being. Promotes focus on
returning to “normal life,” reducing sense that everything
is different now.
Restores strength, promotes sense of well-being and self-
esteem, reduces risk of osteoporosis and inappropriate
weight gain, and decreases hypertension.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)

Independent
Identify employment concerns/risks specific to particular Provides opportunity to problem-solve, plan for
transplanted organ, job responsibilities, and workplace modifications, or seek alternative vocational options.
environment.

Discuss travel needs, e.g., notify team contact person in Frees patient to be involved in travel if desired. May
advance regarding plans; hand carry medications when need special instructions/precautions, depending on
traveling by airplane; locate transplant center nearest to travel destination.
travel destination before leaving home.

Stress importance of notifying future care providers of Status of immune system functioning may require
medication regimen. prophylactic therapy for procedures (such as antibiotics
with dental care).

POTENTIAL CONSIDERATONS following acute hospitalization (depending on patient’s age,

physical condition/presence of complications, personal resources, and life responsibilities)
Therapeutic Regimen: ineffective management—postdischarge concern, complexity of therapeutic regimen, side
effects of medications, economic difficulties, prolonged nature of treatment.
Infection, risk for—immunosuppression, antibiotic therapy.
Protection, ineffective—drug therapies (corticosteroid, immune).
Knowledg,e deficient [Learning Need}—participation in support groups; ongoing care in collaboration with
transplant team; gradual decrease of immunosuppression over months and years.