Phng trnh v bt phng trnh Lgarit

191
PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH LGARIT
I. PHNG TRNH LGARIT
1. PHNG PHP M HA:
( )
( )
0 1
log
a
m
a
f x m
f x a
<

=

=

Bi mu. GPT:
( )
2
3
1
log 3 2 1
2
x
x x
+
+ = (1)
(1) ( )
3 3
log 3 1 log 3
x x
x x
+ +
= + . iu kin:
0 3 1
2 4
3 1 0
x
x
x
< +

< <

>

(1) ( )
2
2
3 1 3 3 7 6 1 0 x x x x x = + + = . Xt hai kh nng:
Nu 2 1 x < th (1) ( ]
2 3 5
3 1 0 2;1
2
x x x
+
+ + = =
Nu 1 4 x < < th (1) ( )
2 9 29
9 13 0 1; 4
2
x x x

+ = =
Bi tp.
( )
2
2
log 4 7 2 x x + = ;
( )
2
log 2 3 4 2
x
x x = ;
( )
2
log 2 4 3 2
x
x x + = ;
( )
( ) 2 2
2
6 8 2 2 3
log log 2 0
x x x x
x x
+ + + +
= ;
( )
( )
2
4
3 4 2
2
1
log 9 16 2
log 3 4
x
x
x

= +

2. PHNG PHP A V CNG C S:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 1
log log
0
a a
a
f x g x
f x g x
<
=

= >

Bi mu. GPT:
( ) ( )
3
2 2
log 4 1 log 2 6
x x
x
+
+ = + (1)
iu kin:
3
2
3 3
2 6 0 2 log
4 4
x x
x
+
> > >
(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 2 2 2
log 4 1 log 2 log 2 6 log 2 2 6
x x x x x + +
+ = + =
( ) ( )( )
3 2
4 1 2 2 6 7 2 6 2 1 0 2 1 7 2 1 0 2 1 0 0
x x x x x x x x
x
+
+ = = + = = =
Bi tp.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
log 1 log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x x x + + + + = + + + + ;
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 1 9
3
log 2 54 log 3 2log 4 x x x + + = ;
2 1
2
2
2log log log 9 x x x + + = ;
2
2 1
2
2
log 3log log 2 x x x + + = ;
2
5 5
5
log log 1
x
x
x
+ = ;
2 4 1
2
log log log 3 x x + = ;
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Chng VI. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh Trn Phng

192
2
2 4
log 1 2 2log x x x x + = + ;
3 27
3 log 2 4 log x x x x + = + ;
5 1
1 3
log 5 log 5
x
x
+
+
= ;
( ) ( )
2 3 2 1
2lg 36 lg 3 3 1 lg 6 2lg3 lg 2
3
x x x x x + + + + = + + + ;
( )
2lg
1
lg 5 4
x
x
=

;
3 1
3
3
log log log 6 x x x + + = ; ( ) ( )
3 9
log 1 log 4 3 4 1 x x x x + = + ;
( )
2 2 2 2
6 1
6
log 5 2 3 log 5 2 3 2 x x x x x x x x = + ; 4 lg 3 lg x x = ;
( )
( )
lg5 1 lg 2 1 lg 6
x
x = + ; ( )
( )
1
lg lg 2 lg 1 2 lg 6
2
x x + + + = ;
( ) ( )
2 2
log 4.3 6 log 9 6 1
x x
= ;
( )
3 1
3
log 2 log 2 1 0 x x + = ;
2 4 8
11
log log log
2
x x x + + = ;
( )
2 1
8
log 2 2 6log 3 5 x x = + ;
( ) ( )
3 2
2 2
4 6
log 4 log 4
x x x
x x
+
= ;
( ) ( )
3 2
2 2
4 6
log 3 log 3
x x x
x x
+
= ;
3. PHNG PHP S DNG CNG THC I C S:
Cng thc i c s:
log log
log
log . log log ; log ;
log
m m
b a m
a b a a
m
b
b c c b a b
a
= = =
Bi mu. GPT:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 6
log 1 log 1 log 1 * x x x x x x + =
Gii
K: Tp cc gi tr ca x tha mn
2
2
1 0
1
1 0
x x
x
x

>

Vi 1 x th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2
2 3 6
* log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x

+ + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 3 6
log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x + + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 6 3 6
log 6 log 1 log 1 log 1 x x x x x x + + = +
Xt
( )
2
6
log 1 0 x x + =
( )
2
2
2
1 0
1 1 1
1 1
x
x x x
x x

+ = =

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Xt
( ) ( )
6
log 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 6
log 6. log 1 1 log 1 log 2 1 3 x x x x x x + = + = + =

6
6
log 2 2
log 2
2
1 1
1 3
3
1
x x
x x

= = =
+
nn
( )
6 6
log 2 log 2 1
3 3 1
2
x

= +
Bi tp.
2 3
log log 1 x x + = ;
3 5
log log lg15 x x + = ;
4
7
log 2 log 0
6
x
x + = ;
2
3 3 2 2
1
log 2 log . log log
4
x
x x
x
= + ;
2 3
16 4
2
log 14log 40log 0
x x x
x x x + = ;
2
2 4
2 2
2
log log log 1
x
x x
x
+ = ;
( )
2
2
3
4 4
log 8 14 log 9 1
x x
x x
+ +
= ;
2
3 2
9
9
9
5log log 9log 2
x
x
x
x x x + + = ;
3
3 3 2
3 1 1
log log log
log 2 2
3 x
x
x
x
= + ;
( )
5
log 20 log 5 1
x
x + = ;
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 3
log 6 5 1 log 4 4 1 2
x x
x x x x

+ + = ;
( ) ( )
2 2
3 7 2 3
log 4 12 9 log 6 23 21 4
x x
x x x x
+ +
+ + + + + = ;
2 2
log 16 log 64 3
x
x
+ = ;
( )
2
log 2. log 6 1
x
x + = ;
2 3 3 2
log log log log x x = ;
2 2 5 5
log log log log x x = ;
( ) ( )
4 2 2 4
log log log log 2 x x + = ;
2 3 4 4 3 2
log log log log log log x x = ;
3 5 7 3 5 7
log log log log . log . log x x x x x x + + =
4. A V PHNG TRNH M N IU:
Bi mu. GPT:
( )
2 5
log 1 log x x = (1)
t
( )
( )
5
2
2
log
5
5 2 1 4 2.2 1 5
log 1 1 2
u
u u u u u u
u
x u
x
x u x
= =

= + + + =

= =


( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 1
2 1
5 5 5
u u u
f u = + + = . Ta c:
( )
f u gim v
( )
2 1 f = nn
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 f u f u f u = = = 25 x =
Bi tp.
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
8 4 3
log 8 7 log 8 8 x x x x
+
+
=
( )
2
4 3
log 8 log 3 x x x = ;
( )
2
3 2
log 3 13 log x x x = ;
( ) ( )
3
3 2
log 5 log 4 x x + = ;
( )
3
2 7
log 1 log x x + = ;
3 2
2log cot log cos x x = ;
( )
3
3 2
3log 1 2log x x x + + = ;
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
2 log 3 log 2 1 x x x x ( + = +


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Chng VI. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh Trn Phng

194
5. PHNG PHP HM S
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
2 log 3 log 2 1 x x x x ( + = +


Gii
iu kin: 3 x > . Bin i phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 3
1
log 3 log 2
2
x
x x
x
+
+ =

t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3
1 1
log 3 log 2 0 3
3 ln 2 2 ln 3
f x x x f x x
x x
= + = + > >


( ) ( )
( )
2
1 3
0
2
2
x
g x g x
x
x
+
= = <

. Nh vy
( )
f x ng bin v
( )
g x nghch
bin nn phng trnh
( ) ( )
f x g x = c khng qu mt nghim.
Mt khc
( ) ( )
5 2; 5 2 f g = = nn
( ) ( )
f x g x = c nghim duy nht 5 x = .
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
log 1 5 5 log 5 7 2 x x x x + + + + =
Gii
t
2 2 2
5 5 0 2 5 7 u x x u x x = + + = + . Khi phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3
log 1 log 2 2 f u u u = + + + = .
Ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2 1
0
1 ln 2
2 ln 3
u
f u
u
u
= + >
+
+
( )
f u ng bin. Khi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 1 5 5 1 5 4 0 f u f u f u x x x x = = = + = + =
1
4
x
x
=

Bi 3. Tm m phng trnh
( )
( )
2 1 2
1 ln 1 0
2 2 1
m mx
x
mx m
+
=
+
c nghim.
Gii
Nu 0 m = th hin nhin phng trnh v nghim.
Xt 0 m . t
( )
2 1 1
2
u
u m x x
m
= = . Khi phng trnh tr thnh
( ) ( )
1 1
ln 1 0 ln 2
2 1 1
u u u
u m
m u u
+ +
= =

. Xt hm s
( )
( )
1
ln ; 1 1
1
u
f u u u
u
+
= < <

Ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 1 1 2 1 2 4
ln ; 0
1 1
1
1
1 1
u u u u
f u f u
u u
u
u
u u
+ +
= + = + = >
+

( )
f u tng m
( )
0 0 f = nn phng trnh
( )
0 f u = c nghim duy nht
0 u = v hm
( )
y f u = t cc tiu ti 0 x = . Lp bng bin thin suy ra
phng trnh c nghim 0 m >
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Phng trnh v bt phng trnh Lgarit

195
II. BT PHNG TRNH LGARIT
1. A V CNG C S
Bi mu. GBPT:
( )
1
3
2
1
3
1 1
log 1
log 2 3 1
x
x x
>
+
+
(1)
(1)
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1 2
3 3
2 2
1 1
3 3
2
2
1 1
3 3
1
log 2 3 1 0 log 1
0
2 3 1 1 1
2
3
0 log 2 3 1 log 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
2
2 3 1 1 1 5
log 2 3 1 log 1 0
x x x
x
x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x

+ > > +
< <

+ < < +

< + < + > + > + < <

+ > + > >

+ < + <

Bi tp.
2 2
log 64 log 16 3
x
x
+ ;
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
log 3
1
1
log 1 log 1
x
x x x x
+
+ >
+ +
;
( ) ( )
1 5
5
log 1 log 2 x x + ;
( )
log 3 2 1
x
x > ;
3
log 2
8 2
x
x
>

;
2
2 1
log
2 3
x
x
x

;
( )
2
log 9 1 1
x
x x ;
( ) ( )
2
2 1
4
log 2 8log 2 5 x x ;
3 9
log 2log 2 x x >
;
7
7
2log log 4 x x > ;
3
2 4
3log 4log 2 x x > ;
2 2
4
1 1
1 log log
4
x
x
+ > ;
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
log 3 1
2
1 log 3 1 3 log 3 1
x
x x

<
+ +
;
2 2
1 1
4
log 3 log 1
2
x
x
>


( )
2
3 1 1
3 3
1
log 5 6 log 2 log 3
2
x x x x + + > +
2. S DNG CNG THC I C S
Bi mu. Gii BPT:
( )
2 3 3 2
log . log 2 log . log 3 0 1 x x x x +
Nu 1 x th
2 3 3 2
log 0, log 2 0; log 0; log 3 0 x x x x > > nn (1) tha mn
Nu
2 3 2 3
0 1 log 0, log 0 log log 0 x x x x x < < < < > . Khi bin i (1) ta c
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Chng VI. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh Trn Phng

196
( )
2 3 3 2
2 3 3 2
log log 2 log log 3
1 0 log 2 log 3 0
log log log log
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
+ +
1 log 2 1 log 3 0 log 6 2
x x x
+ + +
2 6
1
0 0
6 6
x x < < (do 0 1 x < < )
Vy nghim ca (1) l
( )
6
1 0
6
x x
| |
< |
\

Bi tp.
4 16
3log 4 2log 4 3log 4 0
x x x
+ + ;
( ) ( )
3 2 2 3
log log log log x x < ;
2 4
log 2 log 2 log 2
x x x
> ;
1 4
5
log log 1 x x + ;
2 2
log 16 log 64 3
x
x
+ ;
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2
log 1 log 1
0
3 4
x x
x x
+ +
>

;
( ) ( )
2 3
2 2
5 11
2
log 4 11 log 4 11
0
2 5 3
x x x x
x x

( ) ( )
5 8
2 2
2 3
2
log 2 7 log 2 7
0
3 13 4
x x x x
x x

+
;
3
9
1 5 1
log 3. log
6 4 6
x
x
x

3 BT PHNG TRNH HM HP:
Bi mu. Gii BPT:
( ) ( )
2
log log 4 6 1 1
x
x
(



T iu kin 4 6 0 1
x
x > > nn
( )
( )
( )
2
2
log 4 6 0 4 6 1
1
4 6 2 log 4 6
x x
x x x
x

> >

( )
2
2 7
2 2 6 0
x
x x

>

2 2
2 7
1
7 2 3 log 7 log 3
2
2 2 3
x
x
x
x

>

< <

.
Bi tp.
( )
2
log log 4 6 1
x
x
;
2
2
log 1
3 1
3 2
log log 2 3 0
2
x x
( | |
+ + |
(
\

;
3 4 1 1
3 4
3 1 1
log log log log
1 3 1
x x
x x
+

+
;
2 3
3
log log 3 0 x ;
1 3
2
1
log log 0
1
x
x
+

;
( )
2
3 9
16
log log 4 3 0 x x + ;
( )
2
8 1
2 3
log log 6 0 x x ;
1 2
2
2 1
log log 0
3
x
x
x
+

<
+
;
( )
2
2
log
2
log 10 22 0
x
x x + > ;
( )
5
2
log
log 5 7 0
x
x x + > ;
4 2
2
2 1
log log 0
3
x
x
x
+

<
+
;
( )
2
7 11
16
13 11
log log 0
32 8
x x < ;
( ) ( )
2 2
1 5 3 1
3 5
log log 1 log log 1 x x x x + + > +
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Phng trnh v bt phng trnh Lgarit

197
4. S DNG PHP LOGARIT HA
Bi mu. Gii bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
4
2 1
4
log log 3 1 1
x
x x

( + +
(


iu kin l 0 x > . Khi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 4 log log log 3 log 1 4 log log 0 2
3
x
x x x x
x
(
+

+

Nu 4 x = th (2) c nghim ng nn 4 x = l 1 nghim ca (1)
Nu 4 x > th (1)
2 2 2
4 4 4
6
log log 0 log 1 2
3 3 3
x x x
x
x x x
x x x
> > >





+ + +

Nu 4 x < , th (1)
2 2 2
4 4 4
1 13
4
log log 0 0 log 1 1 2
2
3 3 3
x x x
x
x x x
x x x
< < <
+
< <

< <

+ + +


Vy nghim ca (1) l
1 13
4
2
x
+
< hoc 6 x .
5. A V BT PHNG TRNH M N IU:
Bi mu. Gii BPT:
( )
7 3
log log 2 x x < + (1)
t
7
log u x = 7
u
x = . Ta c: (1)
( ) ( )
3
log 2 3 2 7
u
u
u x < + < +
( )
( )
7
1
2 1
3 3
u
u
f u
| |
= + > |
\
. Do
( )
f u gim v
( )
2 1 f = nn bt phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
7
1 2 2 log 2 0 49 f u f u f u x x > > < < < <
Bi tp.
( )
5 16
log 1 log x x + > ;
( ) ( )
2 3
3 5
log 7 log 2 3 x x + >
6. CC BI TON TNG HP
( )
2 2
5
1
1 4 3 log 1 8 2 6 0
5
x
x x x x
x
(
+ + + +

;
( ) ( )
3
log 2 log 2
x x
x x ;
2 2
4
3
5 6 10 2 12 3log 3 x x x x x
x
+ + + + ;
3
log 3log 3 2 0
x
x ;
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198
2 2
4
7 10 9. log 2 14 20 2 13
8
x
x x x x x + + + ;
4 5 6 2 2 3 4
2 4
12 3 4 4 . log 3 3 4 4 4 log x x x x x x x x x + + > + +
( )
2 3 4 2 2
2 2
5 6 . log log 5 5 6 x x x x x x x x x x + + > + + + ;
( )
5 3
5
3
log 2 log
log log
3 log
x
x x
x
x
x

+ < ;
2
3 3 3
log 4log 9 2log 3 x x x + ;
( ) ( )
2
3
4 16 7 log 3 0 x x x + > ;
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
log 1 5 5 log 5 7 2 x x x x + + + + ;
( )
2
2 6
log 2. log 2 1
x
x x
+
;
( ) ( )
2 2
9 3
log 3 4 2 1 log 3 4 2 x x x x + + > + ;

( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
4log log 4 log 1 log
8 1
x
x x x
x
+

;
( )
2
3 1
2 2
3
27
log 3 log 3 9
9 5 2
x x
x x x
< +
+ +
;
( )
2
2 1
2
2
2
log 4 3 log 1
4 1 1
x x
x x x
+ > +
+ + +

( )
2
5 1
2
5
25
log 4 2 log 2
2 1 2
x x
x x x
+ + > +
+ + +
;
( )
2
1 4
2 2
4
16
log 3 2 3 1 log 2
3 2 1 1
x x
x x x
+ + + <
+ + +
;
( ) ( )
2
4 12 2 32 log 2 1 0
x x
x ; ( )
2 2 2
2 1 4
2
log log 3 5 log 3 x x x + > ;
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1
2
2 log 4 4 2 1 log 2 x x x x x + + > + ;
( ) ( )
2 3
log 2 1 log 4 2 2
x x
+ + + ;
( ) ( )
2 2
9 3
log 3 4 2 1 log 3 4 2 x x x x + + + > + + ;
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2
log 1 log 1
0
3 4
x x
x x
+ +
>


( ) ( )
2 2
4
log 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 x x x x + + + > + + ;
3
4 2 2
2 1 2 1
2
2 2
32
log log 9log 4log
8
x
x x
x
+ < ;
Tm m BPT sau ng x:
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
4 1 1 2
. log 2 . log log 0
1
4
m m m
x x
m m
m
+ +
+ + >
+

Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
1
log 1 log 2
n n
n n
+
+ > + ;
( ) ( )
2 3
log 1 2 log 1 3
x x
+ > +
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