Chuyen de Quang Hoc

TRNG THPT CHUYEN HUNG VNG
To Vat L
---]^---

Chuyn
QUANG hc

Su tm v tng hp bi: Phan H Ngha
wWw.HoNghia.Net
Chng I

QUANG HNH HC

SS1. NHNG NH LUT C BN CA QUANG HNH HC.
Chng ta s s dng khi nim tia sng tm ra cc qui lut lan truyn ca nh sng
qua cc mi trng, tia sng biu th ng truyn ca nng lng nh sng.
I/- NGUYN L FERMA.
Ta bit rng, theo nguyn l truyn thng nh sng trong mt mi trng ng tnh v
quang hc (chit sut ca mi trng nh nhau ti mi im) nh sng truyn theo ng
thng, ngha l khong cch ngn nht gia hai im cho trc.
Khi truyn t mt mi trng ny sang mt mi trng khc (c chit sut khc nhau),
nh sng s b phn x v khc x mt phn cch hai mi trng, ngha l tia sng b gy
khc. Vy trong trng hp chung, gia hai im cho trc nh sng c th truyn theo
ng ngn nht khng? Ta hy kho st th nghim sau:

HNH 1

Xt mt gng lipit trn xoay M1 c mt trong l mt phn x. Ti tiu im F1 ca
gng, ta t mt ngun sng im. Theo tnh cht ca lipxit, cc tia sng pht sut t F1,
sau khi phn x trn mt gng, u qua tiu im F2, ng thi cc ng i ca tia sng
gia hai tiu im u bng nhau. Trn hnh v ta xt hai ng i F1OF2 v F1OF2 .
By gi gi s ta c thm hai gng M2 v M3 tip xc vi gng lipxit ti O. ng
( l php tuyn chung ca 3 gng ti O (hnh 1). Thc t cho bit F1OF2 l ng truyn
c thc ca nh sng i vi c 3 gng. Ta rt ra cc nhn xt sau:
- So vi tt c cc con ng i t F1 n gng M2 ri n F2 th con ng truyn
thc F1OF2 ca nh sng l con ng di nht (mi con ng khc u ngn hn
con ng tng ng phn x trn lipxit).
- i vi gng M3, con ng thc F1OF2 l con ng ngn nht (mi con ng
khc u di hn con ng tng ng phn x trn lipxit)
- i vi gng lipxit M1, c v s ng truyn thc ca nh sng t F1 ti M1 ri
ti F2. Cc ng truyn ny u bng nhau.
Vy ng truyn thc ca nh sng t mt im ny ti mt im khc l mt cc tr.
Ta c th pht biu mt cch tng qut trn khi nim quang l: khi nh sng i t mt
im A ti mt im B trong mt mi trng c chit sut n, th quang l c nh ngha
l :
M
2
O
M
3
()
F
2
F
1
M
1
Bi dng HSG Phan H Ngha, Hung Vuong Gifted High School, wWw.HoNghia.Net * Page 1 of 252
= n . AB
Nguyn l FERMA c pht biu nh sau :
Quang l t mt im ny ti mt im khc phi l mt cc tr.
Ta cng c th pht biu nguyn l ny da vo thi gian truyn ca nh sng.
Thi gian nh sng truyn mt quang l nds l dt = nds/c , c = vn tc nh sng trong
chn khng.
Thi gian truyn t A ti B l :
=
B
A
nds
c
t
1

Quang l l mt cc tr. Vy thi gian truyn ca nh sng t mt im ny ti
mt im khc cng l mt cc tr.
Ta thy iu kin quang l cc tr khng ph thuc chiu truyn ca nh sng. V vy
ng truyn thc ca nh sng t A n B cng phi l ng truyn thc t B n A.
l tnh cht rt chung ca nh sng, gi l tnh truyn tr li ngc chiu.
T nh l FERMA, ta c th suy ra cc nh lut khc v ng truyn ca nh sng.
2. NH LUT TRUYN THNG NH SNG.
Trong mt mi trng ng tnh, nh sng truyn theo ung thng
Thc vy, trong mi trng ng tnh, chic sut n bng nhau ti mi im. Quang l
cc tr cng c ngha l qung ng (hnh hc) cc tr. Mt khc, trong hnh hc ta bit:
ng thng l ng ngn nht ni lin hai im cho trc. Ta tm li c nh lut
truyn thng nh sng.
3. NH LUT PHN X NH SNG.
Xt mt phn x (P) v hai im A, B cho trc. V mt hnh hc, ta c v s ng i
t A, phn x trn (P) ti B. Trong v s ng i hnh hc , ta cn xc nh ng no
l ng i ca nh sng. Theo nguyn l FERMA, l ng i c quang l cc tr.
Trc ht, ta chng t rng ng i phi trong mt phng (Q) cha A, B v thng
gc vi mt phn x (P)

Tht vy, nu tia sng ti mt (P) ti mt im I1 khng nm trong mt phng (Q) th ta
lun lun t I1 k c ng thng gc vi giao tuyn MN ca (P) v (Q), v c
AIB < AI
1
B
B
A
nds
Vy im ti ca hai tia sng phi nm trong mt phng (Q), ngha l quang l kh d
phi nm trong (Q), tc l phi nm trong mt phng ti.

HNH 3
Tip theo, ta cn xc nh im ti I trn MN. chnh l giao im ca AB vi MN
(B l im i xng vi B qua mt (P)). Thc vy, vi mt im J no khc trn MN, ta
lun c:
AIB < AJB
T hnh 3, ta d dng suy ra : gc ti i = gc phn x i
Vy tm li, t nguyn l FERMA, ta tm li c nh lut phn x nh sng:
Tia phn x nm trong mt phng ti. Tia phn x v tia ti hai bn ng php
tuyn. Gc phn x bng gc ti
4. NH LUT KHC X NH SNG.

HNH 4

Xt mt phng (P) ngn cch hai mi trng c chit sut tuyt i ln lt l n1 v n2.
Hai im A v B nm hai bn ca mt phng (P). Ta hy xc nh ng truyn ca tia
sng t A ti B.
Chng minh tng t trng hp phn x, ta thy cc tia sng trong hai mi trng phi
nm trong cng mt mt phng
l mt phng Q cha A, B v vung gc vi mt phng P (mt phng Q chnh l mt
phng ti)
Trong mt phng Q, ta hy xc nh ng truyn thc ca tia sng. Trn hnh 4, MN l
giao tuyn gia hai mt phng P v Q. Gi s (AIB) l quang l thc. Ta hy biu din
quang l (AIB) theo bin s x (x xc nh v tr I trn MN).
J
A
B
B
I
Q
M
N
i'
i
N
I
M
A
()
(n
1
)
(n
2
)
i
2

x
i
1

h
2
h
1
p
(AIB) = = n
1
AI + n
2
IB

= n
1

2 2
1
h x + + n
2
2 2
2
( ) h p x +
( l quang l thc vy, theo nguyn l FERMA, ta phi c:
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
( )
0
( )
p x
d x
n n
dx
h x h p x
= =
+ +
l

hay n
1
sin i
1
n
2
sin i
2
= 0
hay
2
1
sin
sin
i
i
=
1
2
n
n
= n
2.1
(hng s)
Vy ta tm c nh lut khc x nh sng. Tia khc x nm trong mt phng ti.
Tia ti v tia khc x hai bn ng php tuyn. T s gia sin gc ti v sin gc khc x
l mt hng s i vi hai mi trng cho trc
Nhc li : n
2.1
= chit sut t s i ca mi trng th hai vi mi trng th nht.
Chit sut tuyt i ca mt mi trng l chit sut t i ca mi trng i vi chn
khng.
TRNG HP C BIT: S phn x ton phn
Khi chit sut ca mi trng th hai nh hn mi trng th nht, th d : nh sng
truyn t thy tinh ra ngoi khng kh, ta c : n
2.1
< 1. Suy ra gc khc x i
2
ln hn gc i
1
.
Vy khi i
2
t n tr s ln nht l /2 th i
1
c mt tr s xc nh bi sin = n
2.1

c goi la goc ti gii han. Neu goc ti ln hn goc gii han nay th toan bo nang
lng anh sang b phn x tr li mi trng th nht (khng c tia khc x). l s phn
x ton phn.
Trn y, ta thy, cc nh lut v quang hnh hc c chng minh t nguyn l
FERMA. Ta cng c th tm li c cc nh lut ny t nguyn l Huyghens (*)
Nguyn l Huyghens l nguyn l chung cho cc qu trnh sng. iu ny trc tip
chng minh bn cht sng ca nh sng. Tuy nhin, trong phn quang hnh, ta ch nhm xc
nh ng truyn ca nh sng qua cc mi trng v cha ti bn cht ca nh sng.
Cc y hng ngn nm, cc nh lut quang hc c tm ra mt cch ring bit, c
lp vi nhau, bng cc phng php thc nghim. Tin thm mt bc, t cc quan st thc
t, ngi ta tha nhn nguyn l chung. Ri t nguyn l chung, suy ra cc nh lut. l
phng php tin xy dng mt mn khoa hc.

KHC X THIN VN

HNH 5

Chng ta hy quan st hin tng khc x qua mt mi trng lp. Mi trng ny c
chit sut thay i theo phng x. Gi s mi trng gm nhiu lp c chit sut bin thin
u n
n
0
< n
1
< n
2
< n
3

Cc mt ngn chia cc lp thng gc vi trc x (hnh 5). V tia sng truyn qua cc lp,
ta c mt ng gy khc. Nu chit sut bin thin mt cch lin tc, ng gy khc
trn tr thnh ng cong.

HNH 6

Lp kh quyn bao quanh tri t c mt gim dn theo chiu cao, do chit sut
cng gim dn theo chiu cao. l mt mi trnglp.
Xt tia sng t ngi sao A ti lp kh quyn tia sng b cong nh hnh v 6. Ngi quan
st M c cm gic nh sng n t phng AS, tip tuyn ca tia sng thc ti M. l
s khc x thin vn. Gc lch gia phng thc AS v phng biu AS c gi l
khc x thin vn.

n
2
n
0
n
1
x
A
S
M
S
A
T.D
SS2. GNG PHNG V GNG CU.
Ta s p dng cc nh lut qung hc cho cc mi trng c th, cc h quang hc
thng gp. Mc ch l nghin cu quy lut to nh trong cc h quang hc.
1. VT V NH.
Xt chm tia sng, pht sut t mt im P, sau khi qua quang h, chm sng hi t ti
im P. Ta gi P l vt, P l nh i vi quang h trn. Cc mt , trn hnh v biu din
ca mt khc x u v cui ca quang h.

HNH 7

Ta thy: nh l im ng qui ca chm tia l. Ta c hai trng hp : nh thc v nh
o.
Nu chm tia l hi t, ta c nh P thc (P nm pha sau tnh theo chiu truyn ca
nh sng ti). Trong trng hp ny, ta c s tp trung nng lng nh sng thc s ti
im P (hnh 7a)
Nu chm tia l phn k, ta c nh P o (P nm pha trc )
Ta cng c hai trng hp : vt thc v vt o.
Nu chm tia ti quang h l chm phn k, ta c vt thc (P pha trc ) (hnh 7a)
Nu chm tia ti l chm hi t, ta c vt o P (im ng qui ca cc tia ti ko di).
Trong trng hp ny, P pha sau mt (hnh 8)

HNH 8

Ta c th phn bit d dng tnh cht thc hay o ca vt v nh bng cch phn bit
khng gian nh thc v khng gian vt thc: khng gian ca cc nh thc nm v pha sau
mt khc x (, khng gian ca cc vt thc nm pha trc mt khc x ).

P
(a)

P
P

(b)
P

P

P

HNH 9
Nu vt nm ngoi khng gian thc th l vt o, tng t nh vy vi nh o.
Ta cng cn lu mt im l vt i vi quang h ny nhng ng thi c th l nh
i vi quang h khc. Vy khi ni vt hay nh, thc hay o l phi gn lin vi mt quang
h xc nh.
2. GNG PHNG.
Mt phn mt phng phn x nh sng tt c gi l gng phng. Th d: mt mt
thy tinh c m bc, mt thong ca thy ngn
Gi s ta c mt im vt P t trc gng phng G. nh P ca P cho bi gng theo
thc nghim, i xng vi P qua gng phng. Ta c th d dng chng minh iu ny t
cc nh lut v phn x nh sng. Ngoi ra, nu vt thc th nh o, v ngc li.
Trng hp vt khng phi l mt im th ta c nh ca vt l tp hp cc nh ca cc
im trn vt. nh v vt i xng vi nhau qua mt phng ca gng, chng khng th
chng kht ln nhau (nh bn tay tri v bn tay phi) tr khi vt c mt tnh i xng c
bit no .

HNH 10
Vt v nh cn c tnh cht i ch cho nhau. Ngha l nu ta hi t mt chm tia sng
ti gng G (c ng ko di ca cc tia ng qui ti P) th chm tia phn x s hi t ti
P. (Tnh cht truyn tr li ngc chiu)
Hai im P v P c gi l hai im lin hp.
i vi cc gng phn x, khng gian vt thc v khng gian nh thc trng nhau v
nm trc mt phn x.

Khong
gang
vat thuc

Khong
gang
anh
P
P
G
3. GNG CU.
a- nh ngha: Mt phn mt cu phn x nh sng c gi l gng cu

HNH 11
O l nh. C l tm. ng OC l trc chnh ca gng cu. Cc ng khc i qua tm
C c gi l trc ph R = OC l bn knh chnh thc ca gng.
r l bn knh m (hay bn knh khu ). Gc c gi l gc m (hay gc khu ).
C hai loi gng cu : gng cu lm c mt phn x hng v tm, gng cu li c mt
phn x hng ra ngoi tm
b- Cng thc gng cu:

HNH 12

Xt mt im sng P nm trn quang trc ca gng. Ta xc nh nh ca P bng cch
tm giao im P ca hai tia phn x ng vi hai tia ti no ; v d hai tia PO v PI (H.
12). P l nh ca P.
V tip tuyn IT ca gng ti I. Ta thy IC v IT l cc phn gic trong v ngoi ca
gc PIP. Bn im T, C, P, P l bn im lin hp iu ha, ta c :
TC TP TP
2 1
'
1
= +
m TC =
cos
R
hay TC =
cos
OC

vy
'
1
TP
+
TP
1
=
OC
cos 2
(2.1)
Theo cng thc trn ta thy : Cc tia sng pht xut t im P, ti gng cu vi cc
gc khc nhau, s khng hi t cng mt im nh P. Vy khc vi gng phng, nh
ca mt im cho bi gng cu, khng phi l mt im: nh P khng r.
r
O
R
C
r
O
O
P
C P
I
T
Tuy nhin nu ta xt cc gng cu c gc khu nh th cng nh, cos 1 ,
im T c th coi l trng vi O. Cng (2.1) tr thnh:
OP
OP
1
'
1
+ =
OC
2
(2.2)
Vy trong trng hp ny, ta c th coi nh c nh im P
Nu ta k hiu ' OP = d, OP = d, OC = R,
R d d
2 1
'
1
= + (2.3)
Vy mun c nh r, gc khu ca gng cu phi nh.
Cng thc trn c th p dng cho gng cu li hay lm, vt v nh thc hay o.
Thng thng ngi ta quy c chiu dng l chiu truyn ca nh sng ti.
Th d : Mt vt pht sng t cch gng cu li l 7 cm, bn knh chnh thc ca
gng l 5 cm

HNH 13

Trong trng hp ny, d = OP = -7 cm
R = 5 cm (chiu dng chn nh trn hnh 13)
Vy nh cch gng l d = 1,8 cm. chnh l nh o, pha sau gng.
c- Tiu im ca gng cu. Cng thc Newton (Niuton)
Chiu ti gng cu mt chm tia sng song song vi trc chnh. Chm tia phn x hi
t ti im F, im F c gi l tiu im ca gng cu.
on OF c gi l tiu c ca gng.
Chm tia song song ng vi vt xa v cc nn d = - , suy ra tiu c f = OF , chnh l
d trong cng thc (2.3), l
2
R

f =
2
R
(2.4)
Vi gng cu lm, ta c tiu im thc
Vi gnhg cu li, ta c tiu im o
Ta cng c th lp cng thc gng cu bng cch ly F lm gc ca cc khong cch.

H.14
(+)
C O
F
O
P C
P
t FP= x, ' FP = x
Ta c : d= ' OP = OF + ' FP = f + x
d = x f FP OF OP + = + =
Thay vo cng thc (2.3), ta c :
f R x f x f
1 2 1
'
1
= =
+
+
+

Suy ra: xx = f
2
(2.5)
l cng thc Newton.
d- Cch v nh phng i:
Ta c cc tia c bit sau:
- Tia ti song song vi trc chnh, tia phn x qua tiu im F.
- Tia ti qua tiu im F, tia phn x song song vi trc chnh.
- Tia ti qua tm gng, tia phn x i ngc tr li.
xc nh nh ca mt im, ta ch cn dng hai trong ba tia trn. i vi vt khng
phi l mt im, ta ch cn xc nh nh ca mt s im c bit.

HNH 15

Th d: C vt AB thng, t vung gc vi trc chnh. Ta ch cn v nh A ca im A
(nh trn hnh v 15), sau t A h ng thng gc xung trc chnh, ta c nh AB.
Gi y v y l kch thc ca vt v nh theo phng vung gc vi trc. phng i
c nh ngha l:
=
y'
y

Xt cc tam gic ng dng ABC, ABC, ta c:
BC
C B
BA
A B ' ' '
=

A'
A
R
d
y
B
O
d'
B'
y'
c
F
hay
+
+
= = =
+
+
B' C B' O OC y'
d' R
y
d R
BC BO OC

theo cng thc (2.3), ta c:
T hai cng thc trn, suy ra :
=
d'
d
(2.6)
4. Th trng ca gng.
Th trng ca gng l khong khng gian pha trc gng nu vt trong
khong khng gian ny th mt s nhn thy nh ca n qua gng.

HNH 16

Trong hnh 16, mt ngi quan st S t trc gng cu li AOB. im S l nh ca S
cho bi gng. Th trng ca gng l khong khng gian gii hn bi hnh nn nh S,
cc ng sinh tatrn chu vi ca gng. Bt k vt no nm trong th trng u c th cho
chm tia sng ti gng phn x ti mt S, do mt nhn thy vt :
Th trng ca gng cu li ln hn so vi cc loi gng khc (gng phng, gng
lm) c cng kch thc, v vy thng c dng lm gng nhn sau trn cc loi xe.
5. Mt s ng dng ca gng.
Trong k thut, gng phng ch yu dng i phng v chiu truyn ca chm tia
sng. Nh vy c th thu ngn kch thc ca my mc hay t di mt bin c th quan st
cc vt trn mt bin, t trong lng t c th quan st cc vt trn mt t.
Gng cu lm thng c s dng vi trng hp chm tia song song. Khi cn c
chm tia sng ri theo mt hng nht nh, th d trong cc n pha, ngi ta t ngun
sng ti tiu im ca gng cu lm. Chm tia phn x t gng l chm tia song song
nh hng c.
Gng cu lm cn dng thu nh cc vt xa, nh cc thin th, hin trn mt
phng tiu ca gng. Cc gng cu vi bn knh m (bn knh khu ) ln cho nh vi
phm cht tt m vic ch to cc gng nh vy tng i khng phc tp bng vic ch
to cc thu knh c cng dng tng ng. V vy, trong cc knh thin vn ln, ngi ta
dng gng thay cho thu knh.
Gng cu lm cn dng tp trung nng lng ca nh sng mt tri trong cc pin
mt tri, bp mt tri
A
S
O
B
F
C
S'
SS3. CC MT PHNG KHC X.
1. Bn hai mt song song.

HNH 17

C mt mi trng trong sut chit sut n, b di e, c gii hn bi hai mt phng
song song. Nu mi trng c t trong khng kh chng hn, cc mt gii hn tr thnh
cc mt phng khc x. Chng ta hy xt s to nh ca vt S cch bn mt khong cch
hu hn (H - 17). Tia SO n vung gc v truyn thng qua bn. Tia SI1 n bn di gc
i1. Cc gc i1, i2 lin h vi nhau theo nh lut khc x. D dng thy rng i
1
= i
2
v do
r
1
= r
2
. n gin ta k hiu chung l cc gc i v r . Nh vy tia l I
2
R song song vi tia
ti SI1 . Giao im S ca I
2
R v SO l nh o ca S.
Khong cch gia nh v vt
Chng ta hy xc nh on SS
SS = e AB
= =
2
I B e. tg r
AB
tg i tg i
(3.1)

Khong cch SS ph thuc vo gc ti i. Thnh th, chm tia phn k xut pht t S
n bn di cc gc ti khc nhau s ng vi cc v tr ca S khc nhau. Kt qu l nh
ca im qua bn hai mt song song khng cn l im na. Chng ta xt trng hp gn
ng khi gc ti i l nh. Khi , c th xem:
n
i
r
i tg
r tg
1
sin
sin
=
Vy khong cch gia nh v vt l:
)
1
1 (
'
n
e SS = (3.2)
Nh vy nh cn r nt, chm tia ti bn phi l chm tia hp i gn php tuyn
2. Lng knh.
a- nh ngha:
Lng knh l mt mi trng trong sut c gii hn bi hai mt phng khng song
song
) 1 (
'
i tg
r tg
e SS =
(n)
I
1
S
S'
O
e
B A
I
2
i
1
r
2
i
2
R

HNH 18
Hai mt phng gii hn ny l cc mt khc x. Gc A hp bi hai mt ny l gc nh
ca lng knh. Giao tuyn ca hai mt khc mt l cnh ca lng knh. Mt i din vi
cnh l mt y. Mi mt phng vung gc vi cnh lng knh l mt phng thit din
chnh. Chng ta gii hn s kho st trong trng hp ng truyn ca chm tia sng nm
trong thit din chnh.
b- Gc lch ca chm tia sng qua lng knh lch cc tiu.

HNH 19

Cho mt chm tia sng song song, n sc SI, ti mt khc x th nht ca lng knh.
Chm tia truyn qua lng knh, khc x hai mt ca lng knh v l ra theo phng I
2
R.
Gc D l gc lch gia chm tia l I
2
R v chm tia ti SI
1
.
Xt tam gic KI
1
I
2
, ta thy lch D l :
D = (-i
1
+ r
1
) + (i
2
r
2
) = i
2
i
1
+ r
1
r
2
Vi qui c v du nh sau : cc gc c k l dng nu chiu quay t php tuyn ti
tia cng chiu quay ca kim ng h, c k l m nu chiu quay trn ngc chiu kim
ng h.
Xt tam gic HI
1
I
2
, ta c:
A = r
2
r
1

Vy: D = i
2
i
1
A
Tm li, ta c cc cng thc v lng knh :
A
day
(n) tct
dcn
c
a
n
h

R
A
(+
D i
2
K
I
1
i
1
S
B
n
1
A
(n)
n
2
I
2
C
Neu cac goc i
1
va A nho :
i
1
= n r
1
; i
2
= n r
2
A = r
2
r
1
; D = (n-1)A

(3.3)

n l chit sut ca lng knh

By gi, ta hy xc nh iu kin ng vi lch cc tiu. Gc D c gi tr l mt cc
tr khi : =
1
dD
0
di

hay = =
2
1 1
di
dD
1 0
di di
=
2
1
di
1
di

mt khc, t cc cng thc lng knh, ta c :
cos i
1
d i
1
= n cos r
1
d r
1

cos i
2
d i
2
= n cos r
2
d r
2

d r
2
= d r
1
suy ra: = =
2 2 1
1 1 2
di cosr .cosi
1
di cosr .cosi

vy cos r2 . cos i1 = cos r1 . cos i2
hay cos
2
r
2
. cos
2
i
1
= cos
2
r
1
. cos
2
i
2

suy ra : sin
2
i
1
= sin
2
i
2

hay i
1
= i
2

ta ly i1 = - i2 v i1 = i2 khng thch hp (nu i1 = i2 th A=O, D = O , l trng
hp bn hai mt song song). Kho st thc nghim xc nhn kt qu trn (i1 = - i2) ng vi
lch cc tiu Dm
Vy D
m
= i
2
i
1
A = -2i
1
A
suy ra
2
A
m
D
i
+
=
v A = r
2
r
1
=-2r
1

suy ra : r
1
=
2
A

sin i
1
= n sin r
1

sin i
2
= n sin r
2

A = r
2
r
1
D = i
2
i
1
A
T cng thc sin i
1
= n sin r
1
, suy ra :

2
sin
2
sin
A
n
A
m
D
=
+

Khi c lch cc tiu (
1
i =
2
i ), ng i tia sng qua lng knh i xng qua mt
phng phn gic ca gc A.
C- S bin thin ca gc lch D theo chit sut ca lng knh ng vi cc n sc S
tn sc
Chit sut ca cc mi trng bin thin theo bc sng ca nh sng. V vy, khi ta
chiu mt tia sng tp (gm nhiu nh sng n sc c cc bc sng khc nhau) qua lng
knh, gc lch ng vi cc n sc s khc nhau. Ta kho st s bin thin ca gc lc D
theo s bin thin ca chit sut
Lm php tnh vi phn i vi cc cng thc (3.3) v nh rng A v i
1
l cc tr bt bin
trong cc php tnh ny, ta c :
O = n . cos r
1
. dr
1
+ sin r
1
. dn (3.5)
cos i
2
. di
2
= n cos r
2
.dr
2
+ sin r
2
dn (3.6)
O = dr
2
- dr
1

dD = di
2
(3.7)
Nhn hai v ca (3.5) vi cos r
2
v hai v ca (3.6) vi cos r
1
, ng thi thay di
2
bng
dD v dr
2
bng dr
1
, sau tr cc kt qu vi nhau, ta c :
cos r
1
. cos i
2
. dD = dn . sin (r
2
r
1
) = dn sin A
Vy
dn
dD
=
2 1
cos ! cos
sin
i r
A

HNH 20

Nu n v n+ n l chit sut ca lng knh ng vi cc bc sng v + v gi s
lng knh tha mn iu kin gc lch cc tiu i vi bc sng ,D l gc tn sc gia
hai chm tia ng vi v + c xc nh nh sau :
I
S
D
= =
1 2
2m
A A
2sin . cos
D dD sinA 2 2
n A dn cosr . cosi
cos . cosi
2

m
m
i
n
i
n
D
1
1
cos
sin
2

trong , i
1
m v i
2
m l cc tr s ca gc i
1
v i
2
khi c lch cc tiu.
Vy:
D = -2 tg i
1m

n
n
(3.9)

Do tnh cht ny nn lng knh c dng phn tch mt chm nh sng tp thnh cc
chm tia sng n sc trong cc my quang ph.
d. Vi ng dng ca lng knh :
* nh cho bi lng knh :

Hnh 21

- Nu vt v cc, chm tia ti (n sc) song
song vi lng knh, chm tia l ra cng song
song, ta c mt nh r v cc (trong cc
my quang ph)

- Khi vt cch lng knh mt on hu hn, trong trng hp tng qut, nh ca vt
khng r. nh ca mt im khng phi l mt im. Tuy nhin, ngii ta chng minh :
nh S ca mt im S c th coi l mt im khi chm tia sng pht sut t S n lng knh
gn cnh ca lng knh v tha mn gn ng iu kin c lch cc tiu. Khi :
0 1
1
2
1
= =
di
di
di
dD
hay di
1
= di
2

* Lng knh phn x ton phn :

HNH 22

Dng mt lng knh vi tit
din chnh l mt tam gic
vung cn ABC. Chiu mt
chm tia sng song song ti
thng gc vi mt AB, ti BC
ti I vi gc ti 45
0
. M ta
bit gc gii hn 41
0
50
(vi n 1,5). Vy ti I, nh
sng phn x ton phn, i ra
khi lng knh theo phng
IR.
S'
S
di
2
di
1
B
I
R
C
A
45
0
S
SS4. MT CU KHC X.

HNH 23
Ta gi mt cu khc x l h quang hc gm hai mi trng trong sut c chit sut khc
nhau n
1
v n
2
c ngn cch bi mt phn mt cu . nghin cu mt cu khc x, ta
cn c vo cc yu t sau y: C l tm ca mt cu, O l nh ng thng qua CO gi l
quang trc chnh. Cc ng thng khc i qua tm C c gi l cc quang trc ph. on
OC R l bn knh ca mt cu khc x. Mi mt phng cha quang trc chnh c gi l
tit din chnh ca h, v d nh mt phng hnh v. Gc (hnh 23) c gi l gc m ca
mt cu.
Nu chiu ca nh sng truyn ti c qui c l chiu dng ghi trn hnh v th mi
trng pha sau mt l mi trng nh thc, cn mi trng pha trc l mi trng vt
thc.
1. Cng thc mt cu khc x.

HNH 24

Ta xt nh ca im A
1
nm trn quang trc. V ch xt cc tia i gn trc OC. Chn tia
th nht l tia A
1
C, trng vi quang trc. Tia ny truyn thng qua mt khc x. V vy nh
s nm trn quang trc (H. 24). Tia th hai dng xc nh nh l tia A
1
I, ti mt khc x
di gc ti i
1
. Gc khc x tng ng trong mi trng th hai l i
2
. V l tia gn trc, gc
i
1
v i
2
l b, c th vit nh lut khc x gn ng di dng :
n
1
i
1
n
2
i
2
(4.1)
T hnh v ta c cc h thc sau :
i
1
= -
1
v i
2
= -
2

= = =
1 2
1 2
OI OI OI
, ,
OC OA OA

O
c
R O
(n
1
)
(n
2
)
(+)
I
c
A
1
O
i
2
A
2
i
1
2
1
Nh vy, theo nh lut khc x (1.5) ta c :

=
1 2
1 2
OI OI OI OI
n ( ) n ( )
OC OA OC OA

OC la ban knh R cua mat cau,
1
OA va
2
OA la khoang cach en vat va en anh ke t
nh mat cau. Ta t v. Thay vo biu thc trn ta c cng thc mt cu khc x :

R
n n
p
n
p
n
1 2
1
1
2
2

= (4.2)

i lng bn v phi =
R
n n
1 2

c gi l t s ca quang h. Gi tr ca l gi tr
i s, n cho bit xu th i v gn quang trc hay i ra xa ca cc chm tia khc x. n v
o t s l ip nu chiu di tnh ra mt
Ch : i vi mt cu khc x, ta ch c nh r khi cc tia ti i gn trc chnh.
2. Cc tiu im, mt phng lin hp v mt phng tiu.
a- Cc tiu im:

HNH 25

Cho chm tia sng song song vi quang trc ti quang h. sau khi khc x chm tia hi
t ti F2 (H.25). F
2
c gi l tiu im nh. F
2
l thc nu n nm trong khng gian nh
thc. Tng t, nu c chm tia xut pht t F
1
trn quang trc, sau khi khc x tr thnh
chm song song vi quang trc (H.25), th F
1
c gi l tiu im vt. Tiu im F
1
l thc
nu n nm trong khng gian vt thc. Cc on thng
2
OF =f
2
v
1
OF =f
1
c gi l cc
tiu c nh v tiu c vt. Cc tiu c cng mang du theo qui c chung.
D dng dng cng thc (4.2) xc nh cc tiu c
Kt qu l

=
1
1 2
1
1
n
n n
R n
f va = =

2 2
2
2 1
n R n
f
n n
(4.3)

T s gia hai tiu c :
(n
1
)
(n
2
)
F
2
O
(n
1
)
(n
2
)
F
1
O

=
2 2
1
1
f n
n
f
(4.4) hay
= =
1 2
1 2
n n
f f

Biu thc (4.4) cho thy di tuyt i ca cc tiu c t l vi chit sut ca mi
trng tng ng v 2 tiu im lun lun nm v hai pha ca mt cu khc x.
b- Mt phng lin hp :

HNH 26

Ch vo H. 26, chng ta tip tc phn tch nh sau :
im A2 l nh ca im A1 nm trn quang trc A1C. Hai im A1 v A2 c gi l
hai im lin hp. Xt quang trc khc, v d CO. Nu vt t ti B1 sao cho CB1 = CA1
th nh s ti B2 (H. 26), vi CB2 = CA2. Cp im B1, B2 cng l cp im lin hp.
Suy rng ra, cc mt cu c vt l cc cung A1B1 v A2B2 l cc mt lin hp.
Trong trng hp gn ng vi gc nh c th xem hai mt phng P1 v P2 (H.26)
thng gc vi quang trc qua A1 v A2 l hai mt lin hp.
c- Cc mt phng tiu :

HNH 27

Hai mt phng vung gc vi quang trc i qua F1 v F2 c gi l mt phng tiu vt
v mt phng tiu nh. Cc mt phng tiu lin hp vi cc mt phng v cc. Nu c
chm tia xut pht t im A1 trn mt phng tiu vt, ta thy A1 nm trn quang trc A1C
tng ng vi F1 nm trn quang trc chnh F1C. V vy, c th suy ra rng, chm tia
khc x l chm song song vi trc A1C (H.27). By gi, nu c chm tia ti song song vi
phng A2 quang trc CA2, th chm tia khc x s hi t ti im A2 trn mt phng tiu
nh. Cc im A1, A2 trn cc mt phng tiu c gi l cc tiu im ph. Cc tiu im
ph thng c s dng dng hnh.
P
2
P
1
A
1
A
2
B
2
B
1
A
2
O

O'
(n
2
)
(n
1
)
A
1
F
1
F
2
A
2
O

3. V tia khc x.
Cc tia c bit :
- Tia ti song song vi trc chnh, tia khc x i qua tiu im nh
- Tia ti qua tiu im vt, tia khc x song song vi trc chnh
- Tia ti qua tm C s truyn thng
Tia ti bt k:

Hnh 27bis

Tia khc x song song vi trc ph ( i qua tiu im vt ph F
1
, giao im ca tia
ti SI v mt phng tiu vt)
Tia khc x i qua tiu im nh ph F
2
(giao im ca trc ph song song vi tia
ti SI vi mt phng tiu nh)
4- Cch dng nh. phng i.

HNH 28

Ta dng nh ca mt vt A
1
B
1
c kch thc nh, t vung gc vi quang trc. Mun
vy ta ch cn hai trong ba tia c bit pht sut t B
1
, v hai tia l tng ng, ta c nh
B
2
ca B
1
. H ng thng gc xung trc quang hc, ta c nh A
2
B
2

phng i c nh ngha l :
1 1
2 2
B A
B A
=
T hai tam gic c nh F
1
, ta c :
1
1
1 1
1
x
f
A F
OF
= = vi
1 1 1
A F x =
F
1
F
1
S
I
C
O
()
(n
2
)
R
(n
1
)
F
2
'
2
F
R
(n
1
)
(n
2
)
(')
C
S
I
B
1
F
1
O
F
2
A
1
T hai tam gic c nh chung F
2
, ta c:
2
2
2
2 2
f
x
OF
A F
= = vo
2 2 2
A F x =

suy ra : x
1
x
2
= f
1
f
2

ta cng c th vit nh sau :
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
p f
f
p f
f
OA O F
OF
A F
OF
=
+
=
+
= = (4.5 a)
hay t
2
2 2
OF
A F
= suy ra
2
2 2
f
P f
= (4.5 b)
hay t :
1
1
1
1
2
2
f
n
p
n
p
n
= =
1 2 2 1
2 1 1
1 p n p n
p p n
f

=
th vo (4.5 a), ta c :
=
1 2
2 1
p n
p n

phng i thng c gi l phng i di, chnh l phng i theo
phng vung gc vi quang trc. Chng ta th tnh phng i dc theo trc, c
gi l phng i trc.
Nu vt c t ti khong cch p
1
c kch thc dc theo trc l mt i lng b
1
p , nh ca vt ti khong cch p
2
v c kch thc dc theo trc l
2
p , th phng
i trc l:

1
2
p
p
=

Thc hin php tnh vi phn i vi (4.2), ta c:
2
2
2 2
p
dp n
+
2
1
1 1
p
dp n
= 0
ta c th ly p
2
dp
2
v p
1
dp
1
\ay :
= =
=
1 2
2 1
1
2
p n
p n
p
p
=
2
1
2
n
n

5. Bt bin Lagrng Hemhn (Lagrange - Helmholtz).
H thc Lagrng Hemhn


Hnh 29 a v b

O = nh ca chm cu
A
1
A
2
l trc
B
1
O v OB
2
l mt cp tia lin hp
Ta c : n
1
sin i
1
= n
2
sin i
2

i vi cc tia i gn trc, ta c :
2
2
2
1
1
1 p
y
n
p
y
n

=

2 2
1
2
1 1
y n
p
p
y n = (46)
gi u
1
v u
2
l cc gc hp bi trc v cc tia lin hp A
1
I v IA
2

Ta c : tg (- u
1
) =
1
p
OI
-u
1

=
2 2
2
OI
tg( u ) u
p

Suy ra : u
1
p
1
= u
2
p
2

hay
2
1
1
2
u
u
p
p
=
thay kt qu ny vo (46), ta c biu thc :

n
1
y
1
u
1
= n
2
y
2
u
2
(47)

Biu thc (47) c tn gi l bt bin La-ging Hem-hn
Biu thc cho thy rng trong h mt cu khc x tch ba i lng n y u khng i qua
cc mi trng. Trn y chng ta thu c mt s biu thc miu t qui lut to nh ca
h mt cu khc x ta nhn thy c s tng t trng hp gng cu.
- Mt cch hnh thc, nu thay n
1
= - n
2
, cc biu thc trn s p dng ng vi gng
cu.
V d, t (42) :
R
n n
p
n
p
n
1 2
1
1
2
2

= , thay n
1
= - n
2
, ta c :
R
p p
2 1 1
1 2
= +
l cng thc ca gng cu.
B
1
y
1
A
1
O
(n
2
)
(n
1
)
A
2
B
2
y
2
i
2
(+)

A
2
B
2
B
1
A
1
O
I

(+)

u
2
u
1
Lin h gia mt phng v mt cu, chng ta thy rng mt phng l trng hp ring
ca mt cu vi R = . V vy, tt nhin cc cng thc ca gng cu v mt cu khc x
nu ta cho R = , s p dng ng vi trng hp gng phng v mt phng khc x.

SS 5. QUANG H NG TRC.
L mt quang h gm cc mt phng, mt cu khc x ngn cch cc mi trng trong
sut c chit sut khc nhau, tm ca cc mt khc x cng nm trn mt ng thng
ng thng c gi l quay trc chnh ca h.
Chng ta s nghin cu qui lut to nh ca quang h xut pht t tnh cht ca cc im
c bit ca quang h.
1. Hai tiu im v hai im chnh.

HNH 30

Cng nh trc y, chng ta gii hn xt cc chm tia gn trc, sao cho s gn ng v
ch ng qui ca chm tia c bo ton. Trong trng hp ny, ta c bt bin Lagrng
Hemhn i vi mi mt khc x.
C th vit dy ng thc :
nyu = n
1
y
1
u
1
= n
2
y
2
u
2
= nuy
Nu ch ch n mi trng trc v sau quang h, ta c:
nyu = nyu
Trong trng hp tnh ng qui ca chm tia c bo ton, chm tia ti song song vi
quang trc chnh, sau khi ra khi quang h chng s hi t qua F. F l nh lin hp vi vt
xa v cc nm trn quang trc chnh F l tiu im nh chnh. Ta lp lun tng t
xc nh tiu im vt chnh F (chm tia pht xut t F ng vi chm tia l song song vi
quang trc chnh) (hnh 30). Cc tiu im F v F u c th thc hay o (xc nh bng
khng gian vt thc v khng gian nh thc). Tng ng vi hai tiu im F v F, ta c hai
mt phng tiu. l hai mt phng vung gc vi quang trc chnh ti F v F. Cc im
trn mt phng tiu, khc F hay F, c gi l cc tiu im ph
2. im chnh 2 mt phng chnh.

(n)
A
B
F
y
(n
1
)
(n
2
)
S
S
1
S'
(n')
A'
F'
B'
y'

HNH 31

Xt tia SJ song song vi quang trc, tia l l JF. Trong cc tia ti i qua F, ta chn mt
tia FI sao cho tia l l IR (song song vi quang trc) c cng gi vi tia SJ. Cc im K v
K (giao im ca SJ vi FI v IR vi JF) l hai im lin hp. Cc mt phng p v p i
qua K v K v thng gc vi trc quang hc c gi l hai mt phng chnh. p c gi l
mt phng chnh vt. p c gi l mt phng chnh nh. Cc im H v H (giao im ca
p v p vi quang trc) c gi l cc im chnh. H v H l hai im lin hp. Ni chung
vi cc cp im K v K bt k trn mt phng chnh v gn quang trc, ta c HK =
' ' K H , phng i =
HK
K H ' '
= +1 (nh vt bng nhau v cng chiu)
Cc khong cch HF =f v ' ' F H = f c gi l cc tiu c vt v tiu c nh. Th t
v v tr ca cc im F, H, H, F trn hnh 31 ch l mt trng hp c th m thi.
3. Lin h gia hai tia lin hp qua hai im chnh.
- Tia BK song song trc chnh ( tia l qua F

- Tia ti BH qua im chnh H, tia l qua H. Xt hai tia lin hp qua H v H (l hai tia
BH v HB), p dng bt bin Lagrange Helmholtz vi cc im H v H (ca vt l HK v
nh l HK) : nyu = nyu

V y = y nu = nu

hay
'
'
n
n
u
u
= (5.2)

K'
F
S
J
K
J' I
H H'
P' P
I'
F'
4. H thc gia cc tiu c.

Hnh 32

AB mt phng tiu : KF // HR
ta c :
y = u (- f)
y = u f
- uf = u f

'
'
u
u
f
f
=
n
n
f
f ' '
= (5.3)
5. Cch dng nh v cc cng thc.
Xt mt vt AB nh t vung gc vi quang trc (H. 33). Ta s dng 2 trong 3 tia c
bit xc nh nh. y cn lu rng ch cn bit 4 yu t F, F, H v H (hoc thm
na l n v n) l ta c th dng c hnh. Cc tia sng thc ch c th xc nh y
nu c y cc thng s ca h ng trc.

Hnh 33

Trong trng hp bit c cc mt ngn cch u v cui S v Sth c th xc nh
c cc chm tia lin hp trc S v sau S nh cc hnh v 33. Di y khi thnh lp
cc cng thc, cc khong cch c tnh tr cc im gc l H v H.
T hai tam gic ng dng c nh chung l F v F, ta c :

x
f
y
y
=
'
vay
x
f
y
y

= =
'

HNH 32
A
F
B
u
K
y
H H
K
y
u
u
F
B
y
A
F
S S
F
F
J J
H H

I I
F
y

B
y
A
A
y
B
y
y
xx = ff

'
' '
f
x
y
y
+
+
=

'
' '
f
x
y
y
= =
Vy ta i n cng thc Niutn :

'
'
f
x
x
f
= (5.4)

Cc khong cch x v x c th biu din qua P v P:
(-x) = (- p) (- f) x = p f (5.5)
) ( f p HF HA FA = = va x = p f
Thay cc gi tr ca x v x theo (5.5) vo (5.4), bin i, ta c :
1
'
'
= +
p
f
p
f
(5.6)
Lin h vi t s ca 2 tiu c :, t biu thc (5.6) c th dn n biu thc :

5.7)

la tu so cua hc quang hoc.
l dng bit trong trng hp mt cu khc x.
i vi h s phng i nu thay gi tr x = p f vo biu thc ta c :
'
'
1
f
p
=
Rt gi tr f t cng thc (5.7) thay vo biu thc trn, i n:

(5.8)

Trong trng hp cc mi trng trc v sau quang h c chit sut bng nhau n =
n, cc cng thc s c dng n gin hn nh sau :

(5.9)

SS6. S KT HP CA HAI H NG TRC.
C hai quang h ng trc (F1H1H1F1) v (F2H2H2F2) c xp ng trc vi
nhau, nh vy hai h con to thnh mt quang h ng trc ln. Chit sut mi trng
trc v sau h ln l n v n chit sut gia 2 h con l N. Khong cch gia hai h con c
th xc nh bng khong cch :
=
2 1
' F F hay d H H =
2 1
'

= = =
f
n
f
n
p
n
p
n
'
'
'
'

p n
np
'
'
=
p
p
n
f
p
p
f xx
f f
'
'
1 1
'
1
'
'
2
=
= =
=
=


Hnh 34

Cc khong cch ny cng mang du theo qui c chung. Tiu c cc h con f1, f1, f2,
f2 biet trc.
1- Xc nh 4 c im c bit ca quang h ln bng cch dng hnh.
Trc tin chng ta hy xc nh F v H (tiu im nh chnh v im chnh th hai
ca h ln).
V tia IJ1 song song vi quang trc chnh (H. 34) n h con th nht. Tia l qua tiu
im F1 v n h con th hai, ct mt phng tiu (F2) ti C v ct mt phng chnh (P2)
ti K2 l im lin hp vi K2 qua h con th hai. dng tia l xut pht t K2, ta s
dng tnh cht ca tiu im ph C.
T C k tia song song vi quang trc chnh, tia ny ct (P2) v (P2) ti L2 v L2 . Tia
l tng ng s qua tiu im F2.
Tia l xut pht t K2 song song vi tia LF2 ct quang trc ti F, l tiu im nh
ca h ln.
Tr li vic tm im lin hp vi im I. im cn tm phi nm trn tia l H2F v
cch quang trc mt khong + y =. V vy, ko di ng IJ1, ng ko di ct tia l
K2F ti I. chnh l im lin hp vi I. T I h ng vung gc xung quang trc.
Chn ng vung gc l H, im chnh th hai ca h ln. Bng cch tng t, nhng
theo chiu ngc li t phi sang tri, ta s xc nh c tiu im vt v im chnh th
nht ca quang h ln.
2- Tiu c ca h ln.
T hai tam gic vung ng dng c nh l F v F2 , ta c h thc :
2 2 2
'
'
' '
' '
' f
f
F H
F H
y
y
= =

2
'
'
' f
y
y
f =
t hai tam vung ng dng nh chung l F1, c :
1
'
'
f
y
y

thay t s ca biu thc ny vo f :
=
2 1
' '
'
f f
f (6.1)
Tng t c th suy ra tiu c th nht :
=
2 1
f f
f
3- V tr ca cc im chnh ca h ln.
Ly gc l H2 . Ta i xc nh khong cch
(+)
(n)
J
1
F
1

H
1
(P
1
)
J
1
y
H
1
(P
1
)
(N)

F
1

d
F
2
y H
2

L
2
K
2

H
2
L
2

K
2

(P
2
)

(n)
F
2
F
I

y
H

I
(P
2
)
H
= ' '
2
H H
ta c : ( H =
Ta thy i vi h con th hai th F1 v F l hai im lin hp. p dng cng thc
Newton vo F1 v F :
2 2 2 1 2
' . ' . ' f f F F F F = vi =
2 1
' F F
=
2 2
2
'
'
f f
F F
vy
'
' ' ' '
' 2 2 2 1 2 2
H' 2 2 1
f .d f f f f f
f ' ( f f ) = + = + =

l

Tng t tnh c khong cch n im chnh th nht H t H1:
H 1
H H = l

l: (6.5)

4- T s h ln .
Ta c :
'
'
f
n
= vo
=
2 1
' '
'
f f
f
2 1
2 1 2 1
'
'
' ' '
'

=

=

=
N f
n
f
N
N f f
n

M
Vy
Trong :
1
1 1
'
=
N
f
;
2
2 1
'
=
N
f

2 1 2 1
+ =
N
d
ta co :
2
H'
f '
d =

l
m ( =

(6.8)

Tng t :

(6.9)

Vic nghin cu quang h ng trc phc tp thng c tin hnh bng cch ghp
dn hai quang h con.

1
H
f d
=

l
2 1
H'
f '
n'
d d
N

= =

l
2
H
n
d
N

=

l
2
H'
f ' d
=

l
SS 7. THU KNH.
Thu knh l mt mi trng trong sut c gii hn bi hai mt cu khc x. ng
thng qua hai tm ca hai mt cu (ng thi vung gc vi cc mt) l quang trc chnh
ca thu knh. Sau y l cc dng ca thu knh.
Trong trng hp chung, mi trng trc v sau ca thu knh c th c chit sut khc
nhau (v khc vi chit sut ca thu knh). Nh vy thu knh chnh l trng hp quang
h ng trc gn hai mt cu khc x ngn cch ba mi trng chit sut khc nhau.

Hnh 35

Trn hnh v 35, ta s b phn bit hai loi thu knh. Loi thu knh th nht c phn
mi trng gn trc dy hn. Loi th hai, mi trng gn trc mng hn.
Sau y, chng ta s dng cc kt qu cz quang h ng trc kho st mt s trng
hp thng gp ca thu knh.
1. Thu knh dy.
Xt mt thu knh dy chit sut N. hai mt gii hn c nh l O1 vi bn knh v O
2

vi bn knh. Khong cch gia hai mt cu khc x . Mi trng trc v sau thu knh
c chit sut l n v n.

Hnh 36
Ta xem thu knh l mt quang h ng trc gm hai h con. Mi h con l mt mt cu
khc x. Trc tin, ta tm hai im chnh ca mi h con.
i vi mt cu khc x, phng i
Hai mt phng chnh l hai mt phng lin hp vi, ngha l . Ngoi ra, ta c cng
thc :
0
1 2
1
1
2
2

=
R
n n
p
n
p
n

Nh vy iu kin ch c tha trong trng hp p2= p1 = 0 . Ngha l cc im
chnh H1, H1 trng vi nh O1 ca mt cu khc x th nht v cc im chnh H2 , H2
trng vi nh O2 ca mt cu khc x th hai.
T s ca cc h con ln lt l :
1
1
R
n N
= va
2
2
'
R
N n
= (7.1)
p dng cng thc (6.7), ta tnh c t s ca h ln.

C
2
(n)
O
1
d
(N)
O
2
(n)
C
1

)
1 1
)( 1 (
2 1
R R
N =
2 1 2 1
+ =
N
d
(7.2)
(khong cch chnh l khong cch)
Theo cc cng thc (6.8) v (6.9) ta c th tnh (H v (H, t suy ra v tr ca H v
H. T t s, tnh cc tiu c v xc nh F v F.
2. Thu knh mng.
a. T s, tiu c v quang tm ca thu knh mng:
T cng thc (7.1) v (7.2) ta tnh t s ca thu knh
2 1 2 1
) ' ( ) (
'
R
N n
R
n N
N
d
R
N n
R
n N

=
Ta xt trng hp n gin thng gp nht l trng hp thu knh 85t trong khng
kh, khi n = n = 1 , t s s bng
2 1
2
2 1
) 1 (
)
1 1
)( 1 (
R NR
N d
R R
N

+ = (7.3)
B dy ca thu knh l d. Thu knh c coi l mng, nu b dy d ca thu knh b so
vi knh thc ca bn knh mt cu, sao cho s hng th hai trong (7.3) c th b qua so
vi s hng th nht.
Nh vy, t s ca thu knh mng t trong khng kh l :

(7.4)

Cc tiu c ca thu knh (7.5)
Nh trc y phn tch hai im chnh ca mt cu khc x trng vi nh ca mt
cu. Trong trng hp thu knh mng , nh O1 v O2 xem l trng nhau v trng vi O
(H.37). O gi l quang tm ca thu knh. Nh vy cc im chnh H1, H1 v H2, H2 u
nm ti O.
p dng cc cng thc (6.8) v (6.9) xc nh cc im chnh ca h ln, chng ta
tnh c (H = 0 v (H = 0
Nh vy hai mt phng chnh ca thu knh mng qua quang tm O (H. 37)
Xt ng truyn ca tia sng vi quang tm O. p dng cng thc (5.2) . Ta thy
trng hp chit sut cc mi trng trc v sau thu knh bng nhau, n = n, tia truyn
qua quang tm s khng b lch. l mt trong cc tia c bit c dng dng hnh.

O
1
O
O
2
(n) (n)
Hnh 37
b. Cch dng hnh v cc cng thc:

Hnh 38

Tr li cng thc tnh t s ca thu knh mng (7.4). Cc i lng R1, R2 trong cng
thc c du theo qui c trc y. V vy t s cng l mt i lng c du.
Nu > 0, ta c thu knh t hi t, hay thu knh dng. Nu < 0, ta c thu knh phn
k, hay thu knh Am. Cc thu knh mng hi t v phn k c biu din, trn hnh v
theo H.38a v H.38b. Ch rng, i vi thu knh phn k, 2 tiu im vt v nh u o
(H. 38b).
Cc thu knh hi t c dng nh hnh v 35a. Cc thu knh phn k c dng nh hnh
35 b.
dng hnh chng ta cng s dng 2 trong cc tia c bit.
1. Tia ti song song vi quang trc chnh
2. Tia ti qua tiu im vt
3. Tia ti qua quang tm
4. Tia ti qua tiu im ph
Cc tia lin hp tng ng chng ta bit trc y, nn khng nhc li.
Cc cng thc thng s dng i vi thu knh mng:
Cng thc tnh t s : (7.4)
Cng thc tnh cc tiu c : (7.5)
Cc cng thc lin h v tr vt v nh :

Cng thc tnh h s phng i :

Trn y chnh l cc cng thc (9.5) ca phn quang h ng trc.
Cn c vo du ca c th bit nh v vt v hai pha hay cng mt pha i vi thu
knh. Cn ln ca nh so vi vt c th cn c vo ln hn hay nh hn 1.
3. H hai thu knh mng.
C hai thu knh mng, hi t, tiu c l 3a v a.
Hai thu knh c t ng trc trong khng kh, cch nhau mt khong bng 2a.
Quang h ng trc gm hai h con l hai thu knh.
H con th nht c hai im chnh H1 v H1 trng vi O1.
xx = - f
2
'
1 1
'
1
f
p
p
=
=
p
p'

B
A
A
B
F
F
H con th hai, c H2 v H2 trng vi O2
Khong cchgia hai h l d = 2a

T s ca cc h con:
a 3
1
1
= ;
a
1
2
=
T s ca h ln :
a
a
a
a
a
a N
d
3
2 1
3
1
2
1
3
1
1 1 1 1
= + = + =
Cc tiu c ca h ln :
2
3 1
'
a
f =
=
2
3
'
a
f f

= =
Cc khong cch n hai im chnh :
1
H' 2
1
3a n'
H' H' d 2a a
N
2
3a
= = = =
l
2
H 1
1
a n
H H d 2a 3a
N
a
3a
= = = =
l
Chng ta xc nh 4 im chnh trn quang trc (H. 39), trc tin l H v H, ri F v F
T cc kt qu trn c th v ng truyn ca chm tia qua quang h, v d: chm tia ti
song song vi quang trc (H. 39). Cc ng chm chm dng dng hnh. Sau khi dng
hnh xong c th suy ra ng truyn thc ca chm tia l cc ng lin nt trn hnh v.
Quang h chng ta va nghin cu l th knh Huyghen, thng c dng lm th knh
trong knh hin vi. Quang h ny c k hiu l 3.2.1. (3a-2a-1a)

SS8. MT S KHUYT IM CA THU KNH TRONG S TO HNH.
Trong phn trc chng ta thy: to c nh im qua quang h, chng ta phi
gi thit :
- Chm tia qua quang h l chm tia hp
- Chm tia n sc
Trong thc t, nh sng khng n sc hon ton. Cn nu chm tia b gii hn c
chm tia gn trc th thng lng nh sng b, ri ca nh nh, kh quan st.
Khi hai iu kin trn khng c tha mn th tnh cht nh im ca quang h b mt.
Kt qu l nh thu c khng sc nt v khng ng dng vi vt.

O
1
H

F

O
2 F

H

K

K

HNH 39
Trong phn ny, chng ta phn tch mt s sai st ca quang h do hai nguyn nhn k
trn v cch kh chng.
1. Cu sai dc.

Hnh 40

T ngun sng im P trn quang trc c chm tia rng n thu knh (H. 40). Cc tia
gn trc sau khi qua thu knh s hi t ti P, cc tia ra khc x mnh hn, hi t ti P
gn thu knh hn. Cc tia gia hi t ti cc im tng ng nm trong khong PP.
Nh vy chm tia l khng ng qui mt im. Trong khng gian nh, cc tia tip xc vi
mt t quang (qui tch nhng im c mt nng lng sng ln) gm 2 tng. Mt tng
ca mt t quang l on thng PP nm trn quang trc. Tng th hai i xng trn xoay
quanh quang trc. Giao tuyn ca tng ny vi hnh v l ng cong M1PM2
Nu hng nh ca im P trn E (hnh 40) ta s c mt hnh trn c kch thc gii
hn, kch thc ca nh s b nht ti mt v tr xc nh gia hai im p v p. Hin tng
m t trn c gi l cu sai dc.
i vi thu knh phn k, cc tia ra khc x ra xa trc mnh hn (H. 41) nh
tng ng vi cc tia ra l P, nh tng ng vi cc tia gn trc l p. on pp theo
chiu dng cn trong trng hp thu knh hi tu, pp theo chiu m.

Hnh 41

HNH 41
Li dng tnh cht ny, ngi ta kh hin tng cu sai bng cch ghp hai thu knh
hi t v phn k c chit sut khc nhau.

2. cong trng v s mo nh.
cong trng xy ra khi vt c dng mt mt phng vung gc vi quang trc, cho ta
nh c dng l mt phn ca mt cong.
Mo nh l sai st gy nn do phng i khng u nhau trong phm vi trng ca
nh do mo nh m vt v nh khng cn ng dng na Nu vt l mt ci li c l
hnh vung t vung gc quang trc th nh ca n l ci li gm nhng ng cong
(Hnh 42a, 42b)

Hnh 42a

Nu cng ra xa trc, phng i cng ln th nh c dng 42a. Nu ngc li, cng xa
trc, phng i cng nh th nh c dng 42b.

3. Sc sai.
S sc sai xy ra khi chm tia ti khng phi chm tia n sc m gm nhiu bc sng
khc nhau. Do khi chm tia sng i qua mt thu knh n cng b tn st tng t nh
khi i qua mt lng knh.

Hnh 42b

Hnh 43

Trong hnh v 43, p l ngun sng im, trng, nm trn quang trc. nh sng tm pht
sut t P s cho nh Pt , nh sng cho nh P. Cc mu trung gian cho cc nh nm
trong khong Pt , P . Nu c mt mn hng nh E ti v tr Pt , ta c nhng ng trn
mu ng tm c mu sc nh mt cu vng, c tm tm, mp ngoi . Ngc li, nu t
E ti P th tm mu , mp ngoi mu tm.
SS 9. MT.
1. Cu to s iu tit.

S cu to mt c trnh by theo hnh v 44. L l thy tinh th c chit sut bin thin
t 1,42 ( gn trc) ti 1,36 ( ngoi bin). Trc v sau thy tinh th l cc mi trng
trong suot c chit sut n1 = n2 = 1,336. M l mt mn chn trc thy tinh th. L trn
gia mn M l con ngi. Vng m ng vai tr ca mn hng nh. Trn vng m c s
phn nhnh dy c ca thn kinh th gic T. im V (ng knh 2 mm) c gi l
im vng. Kh nh th th gic nhy nht. Ch dy thn kinh T i vo mt khng nhy
sng c gi l im m.
V mt quang hc, mt l mt quang h ng trc gm mt s mt cong ngn cch cc
mi trng c chit sut khc nhau, tng ng vi mt lng cht cu duy nht c nh S
Hnh 43
P
(E)
P

P
t

n
1
V
L
M
n
2
T
Hnh 44

(v tr chung ca H v H). Vi mt trung bnh, cc hng s quang hc c trng cho mt
nh sau :
- T s 60 ip
- Tiu c nh 23 mm
- Tiu c vt 17 mm
Ngi ta nhn r c vt khi nh hin ln vng m ca mt. Cc c ca mt hot ng
lm thay i cong ca cc mt ca thy tinh th, sao cho nh ca vt nm trn vng m.
l s iu tit ca mt.

i vi mt thng, tiu im F nm ng trn vng m. Do khng cn iu tit, mt
thng nhn r vt xa v cc. Ta ni im cc vin V xa v cc. Khi vt gn, mt
phi iu tit mi thy r vt. S iu tit ti a khi vt cch mt 15 cm (i vi mt trung
bnh). im gn nht C mt vn c th nhn r c vt (s iu tit ti a) c gi l
im cc cn.
Trng ton phn m mt nhn c c kch thc gc vo khong 1300 theo phng
thng ng v 1600 theo phng nm ngang. Nng sut phn ly trong vng im vng i
vi mt bnh thng l 1.
Cm gic sng m mt nhn c khng mt ngay v cn ko di 0,1 giy sau khi nh
sng thi tc dng. V vy nu ngun sng nhp nhy ln hn 10 ln/giy th mt khng th
cm bit c s nhp nhy ny, ta c cm gic sng lin tc. K thut in nh l mt li
dng tnh cht trn ca mt.
2. Cc tt ca mt cch cha.

Hnh 46

i vi mt bnh thng, tiu im F nm ng trn vng m ca mt. im cc vin V
v cc, im cc cn C cch mt15 cm. Khong cch VC c gi l khong cch thy
r ca mt (hay phm vi iu tit ca mt).
Vi mt mt cn th, tiu im F nm trc vng m (do thy tinh th qu hi t).
Phm vi iu tit gn hn mt bnh thng (im cc cn v cc vin gn hn i vi mt
thng).
i vi mt vin th, tiu im F nm sau vng m (do thy tinh th km hi t).
im cc cn xa hn so vi mt thng. im cc vin l mt im o.
F
Hnh 45
17mm S 23mm F
Hnh 46
C F V
V C F
C F
.
cha cc mt cn v vin th, ngi ta cn mang knh ngha l t thm mt thu
knh thch hp trc mt. i vi mt cn, t s qu ln nn cn mang thm mt thu knh
m (phn k). Ngc li, mt vin th c t s nh hn bnh thng nn cn mang thm mt
thu knh dng (hi t)
Tiu c ca knh mt c chn thch hp sao cho chm tia ti song song hi t ng
trn vng m. Mun vy, chm tia song song sau khi i qua knh mt phi tr thnh chm
tia c ng ko di i qua im cc vin V.

Hnh 47

Gi khong cch t knh ti mt l d, t im cc vin V ti mt l (v (i vi mt cn
th : (v < 0, vi vin th : (v> 0). Tiu c ca knh mt l : f = lV + d

3. S bi gic ca mt quang c.
Vt c chiu cao l y. Mun quan st r nht bng mt trn, ta t vt im cc cn.

Hnh 48
Gc nhn l u
0
vi : tg u
0
=
(0 l khong cch ngn nht thy r vt (t im cc cn ti mt)
Mun phn bit c nhiu chi tit hn, ta phi tng gc nhn bng cch dng mt
quang c (knh lp, knh hin vi...) khi gc nhn s l u. S bi gic ca quang c c
nh ngha l :

0
tgu
tgu
=
Hnh 47
V
V
SS10. CC DNG C QUANG HC.
1. Knh lp.

Hnh 49
a. Cu to: Knh lp l mt thu knh dng L c t s ln. Cc knh lp kh quang
sai gm hai thu knh ghp vi nhau.
b. Ngm chng: Vt AB cn quang st c t trong khong cch t tiu im n knh
lp. Knh s cho mt nh o AB ln hn vt. Mt t sau knh sao cho nh AB nm
trong khong iu tit ca mt. Mun quan st mi mt, ngi ta ngm chng v cc,
khi vt AB ti mt phng tiu ca L, nh AB v cc. Qua knh lp, mt quan st vt
di gc u.
c. S bi gic:
Khi quan st trc tip, ta t vt im cc cn, cch mt mt on (o, gc nhn l uo
vi tgu0 = (y l ln ca vt AB)
Qua knh lp vt c phng i, gc nhn tng ln, by gi l u. Ta c :
tgu = vi f tiu c nh ca knh lp
Vy s bi gic l :

(10.1)

Nu ta ly (o = 25 cm, vi knh lp c tiu c 5 cm, s bi gic l 5.
2. Knh hin vi.
a. Cu to :
Knh hin vi gm 3 b phn chnh vt knh, th knh v b phn chiu sng
Vt knh v th knh l hai h thu knh ghp c tiu c f1 v f2 nh, c xp ng
trc trong ng knh v cch nhau mt khong d ln hn cc tiu c f1 v f2 rt nhiu
b. Ngm chng:
Hnh 50 trnh by nguyn tc to nh trong knh hin vi. n gin ta biu din vt
knh v th knh l cc thu knh hi t L1 v L2. Cc di f1f2 so vi d c v ln hn
trong thc t.

o
0
tgu
tgu
f '
= =
l


Hnh 50
Vt b AB c t ngoi tiu im F1 ca knh vt. Qua knh vt, ta c nh thc
A1B1 ngc chiu v ln hn vt. X dch ng knh sao cho nh A1B1 nm trong tiu c
ca th knh (Hnh 49). Qua th knh ta c nh o A2B2 mt ln na c phng i. So
snh, ta thy th knh c vai tr nh mt knh lp.
V nguyn tc c th t mt v tr bt k sau th knh quan st nh A2B2, ch cn
sao cho A2B2

nm trong khong iu tit ca mt.
Tt nht, mt phi t gn th knh n quang thng ln, hnh nh c r rng.
khi mi mt, cn a nh A2B2 ra xa v cc, l trng hp ngm chng v cc.
c. S bi gic:
Chng ta s tnh s bi gic ca knh hin vi trong trng hp ngm chng v cc.
Trn hnh 51, cc h knh vt v th knh c thay th bng cc yu t chnh ca chng. H
th knh chnh l knh mt Huyghen (3-2-1) trc y nghin cu.

Hnh 51
T hnh 51, ta thy, qua knh hin vi ta quan st vt di gc u, m :
tg u =
2
'
'
f
y

Vt c nhn trc tip bng mt di gc u0 vi tguo = (hnh 46)
Vy s bi gic l :
0
0
2
tgu y'
y
tgu
f '
= =
l

1
'
=
y
y
la do phong da da cua cua vat knh, con
0
2
2
f '
=
l
la so bo gac cua th} knh.
Nhu vay :
2 1
. = (10.2)
H s phng i1 c th tnh c t hai tam gic ng dng c nh chung l F1
1
y'
y
f '

=
1
'
'
f
=
Vi iu kin d >> f1, f2 , c th xem d. Vy :
0
1 2
' '
d
f f

=
l
(10.3)
Vi cc s liu : d = + 150 mm
f
1
= + 1 mm
f
2
= + 10 mm

0
= + 250 mm
Ta tnh c : = -3750
Mang du m chng t ta quan st c nh ngc chiu vi vt.
3. Knh thin vn.
Khi quan st cc vt xa, v d nh cc thin th, mt nhn vt di gc rt b, nn
khng th phn bit c cc chi tit. Knh thin vn gip chng ta a nh ca vt v gn
v lm tng gc nhn
a. Cu to :
ng knh thin vn gm c mt vt knh L1 c ng knh D ln v tiu c f1 di.
Thng knh vt c ghp t hai thu knh kh quang sai.
Th knh L2 c ghp ng trc vi L1. Thng L2 l th knh Ramsen c cu to 3-
2-3. Tiu c, f2 ca L2 nh. Khong cch gia knh vt v th knh c iu chnh sao
cho F2 trng vi F1. Nh vy chm tia song song qua h vn l chm song song. Quang h
c tnh cht trn gi l h v tiu.
b. S bi gic :

Hnh 52

Khi khng dng knh thin vn, mt quan st thin th di gc u0 = (hnh 52). T
hnh v trn ta tnh c :
tgu
0
= tg =
1
' f
y

Qua knh thin vn, gc nhn vt tng n gi tr u :
tg u = =
2
' f
y

Vy s bi gic ca knh thin vn :
2
1
0
'
f
f
tgu
tgu
= =
S bi gic mang gi tr m chng t qua knh thin vn nh ngc chiu vi vt. c
gi tr ln cn c tiu c knh vt ln hn tiu c th knh rt nhiu.
4. n chiu.
phn trn chng ta nghin cu mt s dng c dng cho mt. Cc dng c ny
phng i v cho nh o. Chnh quang h ca mt bin nh o thnh nh tht trn vng
m v vic quan st ch tin hnh c tng ngi mt.
n chiu cho nh thc c th hng c trn mn cho nhiu ngi quan st cng mt
lc. Sau y l s ca hai loi n chiu : n chiu truyn x (hnh 53) v n chiu
phn x (hnh 54)
n chiu truyn x :
S : ngun sng
G : Gng phn x
L : Knh t quang dng tp trung nh sng
Ov : l vt knh

Vt knh cho nh thc MN ca vt MN ln mn quan st. MN l vt trong sut nh
phim nh hay knh nh
My phng dng trong vic in nh cng c nguyn tc cu to nh n chiu truyn x.
n chiu phn x:

MN l vt khng trong sut, (nh hoc l hnh v trn giy) nh sng tn x t mi
im trn MN c knh vt OV hi t n im tng ng trn MN (hnh 54).


SS 11. CC I LNG TRC QUANG.
1. Cng sut bc x Quang thng.
Xt mt chm nh sng i qua mt din tch S. Cng sut bc x P l nng lng m
chm tia sng truyn qua din tch S trong mt n v thi gian.
Cng sut bc x P c n v l Watt
Nu dng nh sng khng tht n sc m gm cc bc sng trong khong v +
th cng sut bc xng vi khong bc sng trn l :

(11.1)
i lng c gi l cng sut bc x n sc, c n v l watt.m-1 . Nu nh sng
gm cc bc sng bin thn mt cch lin tc t 1 ti2 th cng sut bc x l :

=
2
1
dP dP P (11.2)
Cng sut bc x khng phi l i lng c trng gy ra cm gic sng ca mt, v
ng vi mi mt n sc, mt chng ta c nhy khc nhau. nhy ny ln nht vi
n sc c bc sng 0,55. V vy ngi ta a vo mt i lng biu din kh nng gy
ra cm gic sng i vi mt, gi l quang thng. l nng lng gy ra cm gic sng i
qua din tch S trong mt n v thi gian (). Gia v c h thc.

(11.3)
dP
d
k duoc go la hc so th} kcn. Hc so nay thay do thco buoc song. Ncu
k ~ 0,
mat thuong khng thy cm gic sng d l cng sut bc x c tr s ln bao nhiu.
tin dng, ngi ta thng dng hm s th kinc nh ngha nh sau:

(11.4)

KM l h s th kin cc i vi = 0.555
vy : d = k
M
. V

. dP

(11.5)
S bin thin ca theo bc sng c dng nh trong hnh v 55.

dP =
P
d
d
k .
dP

M
k
k
V

=

Ta thy khi bc sng ngoi khong 0,4 - 0,7 th= 0. Do mt khng thy c
cc nh sng ngoi khong bc sng trn. Nu nh sng ti mt c bc sng t1
ti2 th quang thng l :
2 2 2
1 1 1
d k V dP k V P d
M M

= = =

n v ca quang thng l lumen
Vi n sc c bc sng 0,555, h s th kin cc i, c tr s l kM = 685
lumen/watt
2. Cng sng.
Xt trng hp mt ngun sng im t ti O v ta quang st theo phng Ox. Gi d
l quang thng pht ra trong gc khi d ln cn phng Ox (hnh 56). Cng sng ca
ngun theo phng Ox

c nh ngha l :

(11.6)

Ta thy cng sng I ca ngun ty phng quan st.
Trong trng hp c bit, nu I khng thay i theo phng (ngun ng hng), ta c
quang thng pht ra trong ton khng gian l:
I I = = 4
n v o cng sng ca ngun l n v trc quang c bn. Ngi ta o cng
sng bng cch so snh vi mu n v cng sng t ti vin o lng quc t. Cc
n v trc quang khc c tnh t n v cng sng.
n v cng sng c gi l Candela (Cd) Candela l cng sng, o theo
phng vung gc vi mt mt nh c din tch bng 1/600 000 m2, bc x nh vt bc x
ton phn, nhit ng c ca platin (2046,60K), di p sut 101.325 N/m2
Mu o cng sng gi l nn quc t.
n in dy tc vi cng sut 40 watt c cng sng khong 68 Cd.
=
d
d
I
n v quang thng c tnh t n v cng sng theo cng thc :
= d I d
Vy: 1 lumen = 1 Cd x 1sr 1 lumen l ln ca quang thng ng vi gc khi 1sr
(Steradian) do ngun sng im c cng 1 Cd bc x u.
3. chi.
chi dng c trng kh nng pht sng ca cc ngun sng c din tch. Xt din
tch pht sng ds vi php tuyn ON (hnh 57).

Hnh 57
Ta quan st theo phng Ox. Gc (ON, OX) = i l hnh chim ca ds trn mt phng
vung gc vi phng Ox Quang thng d ca ds bc x trong gc khi d ln cn
phng Ox th t l ng thi vi dsn
d d ds
n
d B
x
d ds
n
(11.11)
H s t l Bx c gi l chi ca mt pht sng theo phng Ox, nhn chung Bx l
i lng ph thuc vo phng Ox.

C th biu din chi theo cng sng:

(11.12)

n v o chi l nt, t cng thc trn ta vit:

Nh vy, 1 nt l chi ca mt ngun phng pht sng u c din tch 1 m2 v c
cng sng 1 Cd theo phng vung gc vi ngun .
chi ca mt tri mi mc vo c 5x106 Cd/m2. chi ca mt tri gia tra vo
c 1,5 2 x 109 Cd/m
2

3. trng.
Cho mt ngun sng c kch thc gii ni, th d nh mt vt rn nung nng, ly trn
ngun mt din tch ds (hnh 58). Gi l quang thng ton phn do din tch pht ra
theo mi phng (trong phm vi gc khi sr) i lng sau:

(11.13)
i ds d
d
x
cos . .
B

=
i ds
x
I
x
cos .
B =
2
1 nt 1
m
Cd
=
ds
d
= R

Hnh 58

c gi l trng ca mt pht sng.
2 2
1.lumen lumen
1
1 m m
= = n v o trng
n v ca trng l 1 lumen/m2, l trng ca mt ngun hnh cu c din tch mt
ngoi 1 m2 pht ra quang thng 1 lumen phn b u theo mi phng.
5. ri.
Cng , chi, trng c trng cho kh nng pht x ca ngun. ln ca cc
i lng t l vi dng quang thng pht ra t ngun.
i vi nhng mt c ri sng, ri l t s:

(11.3)
Hnh 59

d la quang thong toan phan dcn trcn dcn tch v cap ds cua vat. Ion v} do ro cung la
lumcn/m
2
. Ic khi ln vi trng, ngi ta gi n v ri l lux:
2
1 1
m
lumen
lux =
Dng c dng o ri l lux k ri di nh nng mt tri gia tra khong
100 000 lux, trong phng thong ban ngy c 100 lux. ri c sch c 30 lux.
Gi h s tn x ca mt ds l k, ngha l chiu quang thng n, mt ds s tn x tr
ra mt quang thng bng . trng ca mt ds l :
kd
R kE
ds
= = (11.14)
Biu thc trn biu th mi lin quan gia trng v ri ca cc vt khng t pht
sng
Chng ta th vn dng cc i lng trc quang vo bi ton sau:
Tnh ri ca mt dS t cch ngun sng im c cng I mt khong r. Php
tuyn N ca mt dS lm vi phng quan st Ox gc i.

Hnh 60

ds
d
= E

Cc khi nhn mt dS t ngun sng :
2 2
cos
r
i dS
r
dSn
d = =
Quang thng n dS :
2
cos
r
i IdS
Id d = =
ri trn mt dS :
2
cos
r
i I
dS
d
E =
=

5. Quang thng i qua mt quang h.
Chng ta cn bit chi v ri ca nh m quang h cho. Gi s vt dS t vung
gc vi quang trc ca thu knh L, v cch thu knh mt on s. Din tch dS l nh ca
dS cho bi thu knh vi khong cch n thu knh l s.

Hnh 61

Gi B l chi ca vt (theo hnh 11.1) quang thng do vt truyn qua thu knh l :

ds d
d
B hay BdSd d
= =
trong d = r
2
/s
2
(r bn knh ca thu knh)l gc khi ta nhn thu knh t vt. V khi
qua thu knh c mt phn quang thng h b hp th nn quang thng truyn ti nh dSl :
= = mBdSd md d (11.15)
vi m < 1
Ton b quang thng d truyn v nh. chi B ca nh l:
d '
dS.d
B' mB
d 'ds' dS' . d '

= =

(11.16)
Trong l gc khi ta nhn thu knh t nh.
Ch rng :
1
2
1
'
'
' '
2
2
2
=
= =
dS
dS
s
s
dS
dS
d
d

la do phong da da cua quang hc : tu (11.1b) va (11.1b) ta co :

Nh vy chi ca nh t l vi chi ca vt :
ri ca nh :
= m
2
.
'
.
'
'
= =
=
d
mB d
S d
S Bd
m
dS
d
E
Hay tnh theo d ' ta c :
E = mBd '
ri ca nh ph thuc vo chi ca vt vo gc khi d hoc d (cc gc khi ta
nhn thu knh t vt hoc t nh).

Chng II

GIAO THOA NH SNG

Trong phn quang hnh hc, chng ta nghin cu qui lut truyn ca chm tia sng
qua cc mi trng, cn bn cht ca nh sng cha c ch trng ti. Tip theo y,
chng ta s thy: vi cc iu kin chung cho mi sng, trong min chng cht ca hai
chm tia sng c xy ra hin tng giao thoa, nhiu x, Cc hin tng ny lm biu l r
bn cht sng ca nh sng.
SS.1. HM S SNG CC I LNG C TRNG CA SNG NH SNG.
1. Hm s sng.
Sng nh sng pht i t ngun S c biu din bng hm s tun hon theo thi gian.
s = a cos (cost +
0
). (1.1)
s l ly , a l bin , l tn s vng (mch s). i lng
= t + 0 c gi l pha ca sng, 0 l pha ban u (khi t = 0). Hm (1.1) biu
din chn ng ti mt im xc nh trong khng gian, nn ch c bin s thi gian t.
Tn s l s giao ng trong mt n v thi gian, ta c:
= 2 .
Thi gian T thc hin mt giao ng, gi l chu k ca sng.
T =
1

Hm (1.1) thng c vit di dng sau:
s = a cos (2

t +
0
) = a cos (
T
2
t +
0
)
2. nh sng n sc b mt sng.
Nu tn s (hay chu k) ca nh sng ch nhn mt gi tr xc nh th nh sng l n
sc.
Biu thc (1.1) l hm s sng n sc. Di y l gi tr bc sng ng vi cc nh
sng n sc trong min nh sng thy c.
( ) nh sng n sc.
0,4 0,43 tm.
0,43 0,45 chm.
0,45 0,50 lam.
0,50 0,57 lc.
0,57 0,60 vng.
0,60 0,63 cam.
0,63 0,76 .
Gi v l vn tc tuyn ca nh sng trong mi trng. Thi gian chn ng truyn t
ngun S ti mt im M cch S mt on x l x/v . Nh vy chn ng M v thi im t
chnh l chn ng ti ngun S vo thi im t . Vy chn ng ti M c dng:
s
M
= a cos [ (t -
v
x
) +
0
]
Hay s
M
= acos (t +
0
-
v
x
) (1.2)
(khi vit biu thc ca SM nh trn, ta gi thit l bin ca sng khng i khi
truyn t S ti M). Ta thy trong pha ca biu thc (1.2) c xut hin s hng - x/v, ta bo
chn ng M chm pha hn chn ng S mt tr s x/v.
Phng trnh (1.2) c th vit li l:
s
M
= acos [2 (
T
t
-
v . T
x
) +
0
].
Tch s T.v l on ng sng truyn c trong mi trng trong mt chu k, c
gi l bc sng:
= v.T
Vy sM = a cos [2 -) + ( 0]. (1.3)
Ta c th kho st hm s (1.3) theo hai trng hp:

Hnh 1a

Hnh 1b

- C nh im quan st, x c coi l hng s. Ly s l mt hm theo thi gian t. T l
chu k thi gian. Sau mt thi gian bng T, ly s nhn li gi tr c (Hnh 1a).
- C nh thi im quan st, t l hng s. Bin s by gi l x. di (bc sng) l
chu k khng gian (Hnh 1b) l hnh nh tc thi ca sng.
Khi c nh thi im quan st, mi im trong khng gian ng vi mt gi tr pha xc
nh. Qu tch nhng im giao ng cng pha c gi l b mt sng. Gia hai b mt
sng, thi gian truyn theo mi tia sng u bng nhau, cng c ngha l cc quang l gia
hai b mt sng th bng nhau. Cc tia sng thng gc vi b mt sng ti mi im.
ng vi chm tia sng song song, b mt sng ( l mt mt phng. Ta c mt sng
phng (Hnh 2a).
Trong mt mi trng ng hng, nh sng pht ra t mt ngun im S lan i theo
nhng mt cu. Ta c sng cu (b mt sng l mt mt cu). Chm tia sng tng ng l
chm tia phn k, im ng qui l ngun im S (Hnh 2b).

mt khong cch kh xa ngun im, sng cu c th gi gn ng l sng phng.
Lu : Ta nhn xt: Hm (1.2) c dng SM = f (t -).
Mi hm f (t -) vi f c dng bt k u c th dng biu din mt qu trnh sng.
Khi vit hm s (1.1) biu din chn ng sng n sc, ta dng mt hm c dng cosin
hay sin. y ch l mt dng n gin. Vi cc chn ng tun hon phc tp, ta c th
phn tch thnh tng ca cc chn ng n sc hnh cosin hay sin (theo nh l Fourier).
Do cc l thuyt m ta kho st da trn hm s sng n sc hnh cosin hay sin vn c
gi tr i vi cc chn ng phc tp hn.
3. nh sng l sng in t thang sng in t.
Cc hin tng giao thoa, nhiu x, phn cc th hin bn cht sng ca nh sng.
Nhng cn phi tip tc tr li cu hi: l sng g? C phi l cc giao ng c hc
ging nh trng hp sng m hay khng?
Trong qu trnh tm kim cc hin tng trong t nhin c lin quan n hin tng in
t, vo gia th k 19, Faraday pht hin ra hin tng quay mt phng phn cc trong
t trng (s nghin cu trong gio trnh ny). iu ny chng t nh sng chu tc ng
ca hin tng t.
Tip theo (nm 1864) Maxuen pht hin ra vn tc nh sng trong chn khng ng
bng vn tc ca sng in t trong chn khng. ng kt lun: nh sng l sng in t.
Kt lun ny c thc nghim kim chng.
Sng nh sng lan truyn c qua chn khng, khng cn mi trng vt cht mang
sng (khng nh trng hp sng c hc).

Kt qu nghin cu sng in t cho bit rng cc vct in trng, t trng v vn
tc truyn sng.,,
v hop thanh hc vccto thuan (Hinh J). Ncu song lan truycn thco
phuong 0x, thi cac vccto dcn gao dong trong mt yox, cc vct t trng giao ng trong
mt zox.
Eva
Hgao dong cung pha.

Th nghim cho bit vct chn ng sng l vct in trngch khng phi vct
t trng.
Vn tc truyn sng trong mt mi trng c chit sut M l:
V =
n
C

C l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. Ngi ta o c C ( 300.000 km/s.
Nu chn ng sng ti mt im c bin l a th cng sng ti im ny c
nh ngha I = .(Ta cn phn bit cng sng y vi khi nim v cng sng ca
ngun trong phn trc quang).
nh sng m mt ta nhn thy c ch chim mt khong rt hp trn thang sng in
t. Hnh 4 trnh by s lc thang sng in t theo tn s v bc sng vi cc ngun pht
sng tng ng.

SS.2. NGUYN L CHNG CHT.
1. Nguyn l chng cht.
Trng thi giao ng ti mi im trong min gp nhau ca cc sng tun theo nguyn
l chng cht c ni dung nh sau:
- Ly dao ng gy ra bi mt sng c lp vi tc dng ca cc sng khc.
- Ly dao ng tng hp l tng hp vct cc ly thnh phn gy ra bi cc sng.
Nguyn l chng cht c nhiu th nghim kim chng. Ch i vi cc chm tia m
bin chn ng ln nh chm tia laser, ngi ta mi nhn thy c cc tc ng cc chm
tia gp nhau.
2. Cch cng cc chn ng.
Ta xt cc sng c cng tn s v dao ng cng phng.
a- S tng hp hai sng.
Ta c hai sng cng tn s, cng phng n mt im M vo thi im t.
1 1
01
2 2
02
s a cos( t )
s a cos( t )
= +
= +
r r
r r
Hiu s pha gia hai sng l = 01 - 02 chn ng tng hp l : =
01-
02

V hai chn ng c cng phng, nn tng vect c thay bng tng i s.
s = s
1
+ s
2
= a
1
cos (t +
01
) + a
2
cos (t +
02
)
Bng cch chn li gc thi gian, ta c th vit li l:
s = a
1
cost + a
2
cos (t )
s = (a
1
+a
2
cos ) cost + a
2
sin .sint
Cng sng tng hp :
I = A
2
= (a
1
+ a
2
cos)
2
+ (a
2
sin )
2

A l bin sng tng hp
Vy I =a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ 2a
1
a
2
cos
Ta c th gii li bi ton trn bng cch v Fresnel.
Cc chn ng thnh phn s
1
v s
2
c biu din bi cc vect c di l cc bin
a
1
v a
2
v hp vi nhau mt gc bng lch pha.

Hnh 5

Ta c: A = a
2
1
+ a
2
2
- 2a
1
a
2
cos
Hay I = A
2
= a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ 2a
1
a
2
cos .

A
2
A
A
1
'
A
O
a
2
a
1
b. Tng hp N sng:

Hnh 6
Ta gii hn trong trng hp N sng c bin bng nhau l a v lch pha ca hai
chn ng k tip nhau khng i l .
Ta thc hin php cng N vct nh hnh 6. Cc chn ng thnh phn c biu din
bi cc vct c di bng nhau l a, hai vct lin tip hp vi nhau mt gc l .
di A ca vct tng biu din bin ca chn ng tng hp.
Xt tam gic OC, ta c:
OC =
2
sin 2

a

Ta cn c gc OCA = 2 N.
A = 2 OC sin (
2
N 2
)
A = 2 OC sin
2
. N
= a
2
sin
2
. N
sin

(2.2)
Cng ca sng tng hp:

I = A
2
= a
2
sin
2

2
. N
/ sin
2

2

(2.3)

SS. 3. NGUN KT HP HIN TNG GIAO THOA.
1. iu kin ca cc ngun kt hp.
Xt trng hp chng cht ca 2 sng cng tn s v cng phng giao ng. Cng
sng tng hp tnh theo biu thc (2.1)
I = a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ 2 a
1
a
2
cos hay

I = I
1
+ I
2
+ cos 2
2 1
I I

Ta thy cng nh sng tng hp khng phi l s cng n gin cc cng sng
thnh phn I1 v I2 . Xt cc trng hp sau:
a. lch pha thay i theo thi gian v tn s ln:
Nu pha ban u ca cc sng ti im quan st M khng c lin h vi nhau m thay
i mt cch ngu nhin vi tn s ln th hiu s pha =
01
-
02
cng thay i mt cch
ngu nhin vi tn s ln theo thi gian. Khi cos nhn mi gi tr c th trong
khong [-1, +1] v gi tr trung bnh cos = 0.
Kt qu l cng sng tng hp trung bnh: I = I1 + I2, bng tng cc cng sng
thnh phn. Trong trng hp ny cng sng trong min chng cht ca hai sng l
nh nhau ti mi im, khng phi trng hp cn quan tm.
b. lch pha khng i theo thi gian:
Pha ban u ca cc sng thnh phn c th thay i ng b theo thi gian sao cho
lch pha =
01
-
02
khong do thco tho gan. Kh do chi co thc thay do thco dcm quan
sat N.
Cng sng I cc i ti cc im M ng vi cos = +1, IM = (a1 + a2) 2, v cc
tiu ti cc im M ng vi cos = -1, Im= (a1 - a2) 2.
Kt qu l trong min chng chp c cc vn sng v vn ti. l hin tng giao
thoa. Cc vn sng v vn ti c gi l cc vn giao thoa hay cc cc i, cc tiu giao
thoa. Cc ngun sng c th to nn hin tng giao thoa gi l cc ngun kt hp (hay iu
hp).
iu kin ca cc ngun kt hp l:
- C cng tn s.
- C cng phng giao ng.
- C hiu s pha khng i theo thi gian.
2. iu kin cho cc cc i v cc cc tiu giao thoa.

S1 v S2 l ngun kt hp. Chng ta thng gp hai ngun kt hp c pha ban u nh
nhau, cc chn ng pht i l.
s
1
= a
1
cos (cot +
0
) (3.1)
s
2
= a
2
cos ( t +
0
)
Hai chn ng trn truyn n im quan st M, vi biu thc sng tng ng ln lt
l:
s
1M
= a
1
cos [ (t -
v
r
1
) +
0
]
s
2M
= s
2
cos [ (t -
v
r
2
) +
0
]
Nu chit sut ca mi trng l n, th vn tc v =
n
c

Pha ban u ca sng ti M:
01
=
0
-
v
r
1
.
02
=
0
-
v
r
2
.
lch pha ca hai sng:
=
01
-
02
=
v
r r
2 1

=
C . T
n ) r r ( 2
2 1

=
. 2
.
= (r
2
r
1
) n la hcu quang lo cua ha song dcn N.
la buoc song trong chan khong.
lch pha lin quan vi hiu quang l nh sau:

=
2
. (3.2)

Hay c th vit di dng i xng:

2
=
. (3.2)
a. iu kin cho cc cc i.
Nh trn phn tch, cc cc i ng vi co = +1 (2.1)
Vy hiu s pha ng vi cc cc i l:
= k 2 vo k = 0, 1, 2, (3.3)
Hay ng vi hiu quang l:

= k (3.4)

Nh vy ti cc cc i sng, hai sng cng pha vi nhau (3.3), hay hiu quang l tng
ng bng s nguyn ln bc sng (trong chn khng ).
Cc vn sng ng vi gi tr k = 1 chng hn, c gi l cc vn sng bc 1 v bc 1,
vn vn.
b. iu kin cho cc cc tiu.
Cc cc tiu ng vi iu kin cos = -1, ngha l:
= (2k + 1) vo k = 0, 1, 2, (3.5)

hay = (2k + 1)
2
. (3.6)

Nh vy ti cc cc tiu, hai sng ngc pha nhau (3.5) v hiu quang l tng ng
bng s l ln na bc sng
2
.
Cng tng ng ca cc vn sng v vn ti l;
IM = (a1 + a2) 2 v Im = (a1 - a2) 2.
T ta thy rng tng phn ca h vn giao thoa ln, phi c IM ln v Im 0,
bin ca hai chn ng phi gn bng nhau.
a
1
a
2.

SS.4. GIAO THOA KHNG NH X CA HAI NGUN SNG IM.

C hai ngun im kt hp ng pha S1 v S2. Biu thc sng tng ng l cc biu
thc (3.1). V tr cc cc i v cc cc tiu tha mn iu kin (3.4) v (3.6) i vi hiu
quang l.
1.nh giao thoa trong khng gian.
Gi s trng giao thoa l chn khng (n = 1), vy hiu quang l cng l hiu ng i.
Ta xt v tr cc cc i.
Trong mt phng hnh v 8, qu tch nhng im M c hiu khong cch (r1 r2) n S2
v S1 bng 0, , 2 , la hc cac duong hypcrbol vo ha tcu dcm S
1
va S
2
(H.8). \an
sang bac 0 duoc go l vn sng trung tm, l di sng ln cn ng trung trc ca on
S1S2. Xen k gia cc vn sng l cc vn ti.
Hnh nh giao thoa trong khng gian c suy ra bng cch quay hnh 8 mt gc 3600
quanh trc i xng S1S2. Nh vy ta thu c cc mt hyperboloid trn xoay sng v ti
xen k nhau.
Ch : Chng ta lm nh trn l cn c t nhn xt: Khi t vo khng gian hai ngun
sng S1 v S2, trc S1 S2 tr thnh trc i xng. Quay h vt l (gm hai ngun sng)
quanh trc i xng S1 S2 mt gc bt k, h vn trng vi chnh n. Ta ni h vt l c
tnh i xng trn xoay quanh trc S1 S2. Nh th mi tnh cht vt l ca h u nhn tnh
cht i xng trn.
Bit c tnh i xng ca h, ta ch cn kho st hin tng trong phm vi hp (theo
mt ng, trong mt mt) ri suy rng ra cho ton khng gian.
2. Hnh nh giao thoa trong mt phng - Khong cch vn.
Thng thng hnh nh giao thoa c hng trn mn phng P quan st. Ta thy h
vn giao thoa khng nh x ti mt v tr c bit no, nn c gi l giao thoa khng
nh x, v vy c nhiu cch t mn quan st.
- Nu mt phng P song song vi S1 S2 ta thu c cc vn hnh hyper-bol (tng t
nh trong mt phng hnh v 8).
- Nu mt phng P ct vung gc vi S1 S2, ta thu c cc vn hnh trn. Chng ta ch
xt trng hp u tin, v trng hp ny tin li trong o c v nghin cu.


Gi Ox l giao tuyn gia mt phng P v mt phng qua S1 v S2 ng thi vung gc
vi P (mt phng hnh v).
Nh trn ni, trn mn P s quan st thy cc vn hnh hyperbol. Tuy nhin nu ch
gii hn mt min hp gn giao tuyn Ox, th h vn giao thoa c dng cc on thng song
song (H.10).
Trn trc Ox, ta xt trng thi sng ti im M cch O mt on X. Gi khong cch
gia S1 v S2 l (, khong cch t cc ngun n mn quan st l D. Hiu quang l t cc
ngun n M l (r1 r2) (H.9).
H cc ng vung gc S1H1 v S2H2 ta c:
r
2
= D
2
+ (x +
2
l
)
2
.
r
2
1
= D
2
+ (x -
2
l
)
2
.

r
2
2
- r
2
1
= 2x.
(r
2
r
1
) (r
2
+ r
1
) = 2x.
Khong cch D rt ln so vi ( v x , cho nn gn ng c th xem:
(r
1
+ r
2
) 2D.
Vy hiu quang l: =
D
dx
. (4.1)

Hay suy ra: x =
l
D .
. (4.2).

p dng iu kin cc cc i v cc tiu giao thoa, ta c ta ca vn sng:
x
s
= k
l
D .
(4.3)
ta ca vn ti:
x
t
= (2k + 1)
.
2
D
l
(4.4)

Khong cch gia 2 vn sng lin tip bng:
i =
D
l
(4.5)
Khong cch gia hai vn ti lin tip cng c gi tr nh trn, i c gi l khong cch
vn.
Nh vy trn mn quan st h cc vn sng v vn ti xen k nhau, cch u nhau. Mu
ca cc vn sng l mu ca nh sng n sc pht i t cc ngun. Cc vn ti en hon
ton (trng hp a
1
= a
2
). T vn sng ti vn ti cng sng bin thin lin tc theo
hm s cos
2
x (ta chng minh d dng vi gi thit a
1
= a
2
)

Ch : o c khong vn i ri dng cng thc (4.5) c th tnh c bc sng nh
sng. cho khong vn i ln (c 10
3
ln) th D phi ln. D c ln c m, cn ( c
ln c mm.
Tn s nh sng rt ln, th nghim cha o trc tip c; ta phi o bc sng , ri
t tnh ra tn s ca nh sng.

SS.5. CC TH NGHIM GIAO THOA KHNG NH X.
1. Tnh khng kt hp ca hai ngun sng thng thng.
Trong cc ngun sng thng gp nh ngn la, n in, mt tri tm pht sng l
cc phn t, nguyn t, hoc ion. Theo l thuyt c in, trong cc tm , bnh thng in
t ti cc trng thi dng quanh ht nhn. Khi nhn c nng lng kch thch (nhit
nng, in nng), cc in t nhy ln cc trng thi kch thch ng vi cc mc nng
lng cao hn. Cc trng thi kch thch khng bn, in t li ri tr v cc qu o bn,
km theo vic pht ra nng lng di dng sng in t.
l qu trnh pht sng c m t vn tt. Qu trnh c cc c im nh sau:
- S tm pht sng rt ln v c lp vi nhau.
- Qu trnh pht sng c tnh ngu nhin, cc on sng pht i t cc tm ring bit, hay
cc on sng trc sau ca cng mt tm pht sng cng khng c mi lin h g vi nhau
v pha ban u, phng giao ng v tn s, bin (Tuy nhin mt loi tm pht sng
trong cng cc iu kin ch c th pht ra mt b tn s c trng nht nh).
- Cc on sng trong cc ngun sng thng thng khng ko di v tn trong khng
gian v thi gian (nh cc hm s sng n sc m t). Nu thi gian cho mi ln pht
sng vo c 10-8 s th di ca mi on sng vo c mt.
Xt cc c trng trn chng ta thy cc tm pht sng ring bit trong ngun sng
khng c tnh kt hp, cc phn ring bit ca mt ngun sng cng khng kt hp hai
ngun sng c lp khng th no c tnh kt hp. V vy thng thng chng ta ch quan
st thy s cng n gin ca cng nh sng (I = I
1
+ I
2
) m khng quan st thy hin
tng giao thoa.
Ngy nay, t nm 1960 ngi ta ch to c cc ngun sng ring r nhng kt hp,
n sc v song song. l ngun laser (theo ting Anh light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation). Chng ta s nghin cu c ch pht sng trong ngun laser phn
sau ca gio trnh.
Trong cc phng th nghim ngi ta to ra hai ngun kt hp bng cch dng dng c
quang hc to ra hai ngun th cp (hay dn xut) kt hp t mt ngun sng ban u. Ta s
ln lt kho st mt s th nghim nh vy.
2. Th nghim khe YOUNG (ING).

y l th nghim u tin thc hin c s giao thoa nh sng. Trc ngun sng,
ngi ta t mt mn chn A c c mt khe hp F hn ch kch thc ngun sng. nh
sng pht ra t F, ri sng hai khe hp, song song, F1 v F2 trn mn mn B. Gi s F1,
F2 cch u hai khe sng F. Theo cch b tr trn, ta dng hai khe F1, F2 tch mt
on sng (pht ra t ngun sng) thnh hai on ging ht nhau. Nh vy F1 v F2 l hai
ngun kt hp.
Do hin tng nhiu x (ta kho st trong chng sau) cc khe F1 v F2 tr thnh hai
ngun sng dn xut. Trong phn chng cht ca hai chm tia pht xut t F1 v F2, ta c
hin tng giao thoa vi h thng cc vn thng, song song, sng ti xen k v cch u
nhau mt khong l i theo cng thc (4.5). Ti O ta c vn sng trung tm.
Nu trc mt trong hai ngun F1, F2, th d trc F1, ta t mt bn mng c b dy l
e, chit xut n. Quang l i t F1 ti mt im M trong trng giao thoa trn mn nh tng
ln mt lng l e (n 1). Vn sng trung tm cng nh tt c h vn s dch chuyn mt
on xc nh. T on dch chuyn ny ta c th suy ra b dy e hoc chit sut n ca bn.
3. Hai gng Frexnen (Fresnel).

Hai gng phng G1 v G2 hp vi nhau gc b. Giao tuyn ca hai gng ct mt
phng hnh v ti O (H.13). ngun sng im S t cch giao tuyn ca hai gng mt
khong r. Mi mt on sng xut pht t S u cng n c hai gng. Nh vy hai
chm tia phn x t hai gng tha mn iu kin kt hp. Nh nghing gia hai
gng m 2 chm tia phn x c phn chng cht ln nhau, cho hin tng giao thoa.
nghin cu nh lng hin tng chng ta phn tch nh sau. S1 v S2 l hai nh o
ca S qua hai gng G1 v G2. C th xem cc chm tia phn x t gng nh xut pht t
2 ngun kt hp S1 v S2. Hai ngun ny, cng vi S, nm trn ng trn tm O bn knh
r. D dng chng minh rng gc S
1
OS
2
= 2 . Nh vy khong cch gia hai ngun kt
hp:
= 2r
Tng t nh trng hp giao thoa ca hai ngun sng im, mn quan st P c t
vung gc vi ng trung trc ca on S1S2. im O' chnh l v tr vn sng trung tm.
Cc cng thc t (4.1) n (4.5) u c p dng ng nu thay (= 2r v D=D+r.
cho cng sng ca cc vn ln, d quan st, ngun sng S c b tr di
dng khe hp, song song vi giao tuyn ca hai gng.
So vi trng hp hai khe lng, giao thoa vi hai gng Fresnel trnh c hin tng
nhiu x.
4. Hai bn thu knh Billet.

Mt thu knh hi t c ca i theo ng knh (mt phng i xng). Hai na L1 v
L2 c tch ri nhau ra, cho ta hai nh ring bit S1 v S2 ca cng mt ngun sng S
(H.14). S1 v S2 l hai ngun kt hp. Hin tng giao thoa c quan st trn mn P. Bit
c khong cch ( gia hai ngun kt hp, cng nh khong cch D t S1 v S2 n mn
quan st chng ta d dng xc nh kch thc ca h vn giao thoa.
Cch b tr ny cho ta hai ngun tht, hon ton cch ri nhau. Thnh th ta c th d
dng thay i quang l ca mt trong hai chm tia, bng cch t bn mng T c b dy e
v chit sut n trc ngun sng S1 chng hn (xem phn khe lng).
5. Gng li (Lloyd).

Chm tia sng xut pht t S c tch lm hai phn: Phn n trc tip trn mn quan
st P, phn cn li n P sau khi phn x t gng phng G (H.15). Chm tia phn x nh
xut pht t nh o S. S v S l ngun kt hp S c t gn mt phng ca gng, sao
cho khong cch l = ss l b.
O l giao tuyn gia ng trung trc ca on ss v mn quan st P. O l ra ta quan
st thy vn sng v quang l SO=SO, th li thy vn ti. gii thch iu y, chng ta
tha nhn rng, khi phn x trn gng G, quang l thay i i mt na bc sng. Hay ni
rng khi phn x trn gng, pha ca chn ng thay i i l . Hin tng i pha ny
xy ra, khi nh sng phn x trn mi trng chit quang hn (chit sut ln hn).

SS.6. KCH THC GII HN CA NGUN SNG.

Hnh 16
Trong th nghim khe young, ngun sng im S c t cch u hai khe F1, F2. Trn
hnh v 16, cc quang l SF1 v SF2 bng nhau F1 v F2 l hai ngun ng b.
Ti O, chn ng trung trc ca F1 F2 xung mn P, ta c vn sng trung tm. By gi
gi s S di chuyn mt on nh y ti S. Vn sng trung tm v c h thng vn s dch
chuyn i mt on x = OO. Ta i tnh x.
Hiu quang l ti O bng khng. ta c:
S
F
1
+ F
1
O
= S
F
2
+ F
2
O

Hay S
F
1
SF
2

= F
2
O

- F
1
O

Trc y, ta tnh c:
F
2
O
F
1
O
=
x
D
l

Tng t ta c:
S
F
1
S
F
2
=
v
d
l

Vy x =
d
yD
(6.1)

O nm trn ng SI, I l trung im ca on F1 F2 (hnh 16)
c th quan st d dng h vn, trong cc th nghim v giao thoa nh sng, ngi ta
thay ngun im S bng mt khe sng F. Mi im trn khe l mt ngun sng c lp, cho
mt h vn ring bit. Mun quan st st c r hin tng giao thoa, cc h vn, ng vi
cc ngun im, phi trng nhau.
Ta nhn xt rng trong cc th nghim khe Young, gng Fresnel mt phng i xng
ca h l mt phng ca hnh v. V vy khi cho ngun im S dch chuyn theo phng
thng gc vi mt phng i xng, h vn giao thoa s trt trn chnh n. Do , quan
st tt hin tng giao thoa, khe sng F c t thng gc vi mt phng i xng ca h.
Ngoi ra ta cng c iu kin v b rng ca khe sng F.

Gi b rng ca khe F l b. im A l mt im na b rng trn, B l mt im na
di c khong cch AB =. Nh vy trn b rng ca khe ta c v s cp nh th. Cc
im A v B cho cc h vn giao thoa vi vn trung tm cc v tr A v B. hai h vn
ny lch nhau mt khong l:
A
= AB
d
D
=
d 2
bD

Nu lch AB ny bng na khong cch vn (
2
1
), cc i ca h vn ny trng vi
cc tiu ca h vn kia, hin tng giao thoa s bin mt.
Ngi ta quy c hin tng cn quan st c nu lch ca mi cp h vn nh trn
khng vt qu
4
1
.

d 2
D b
gh
=
4
i
=
4
D
l

Vy b rng gii hn ca khe sng F l:
b
gh
=
l 2
d

Nu 2 l gc nhn hai khe F1, F2 t ngun F, ta c:
tg =
d 2
l

Vy b
gh
=
tng 4

sin 4

V gc () rt nh.
Cch tnh trn c thnh lp vi cch b tr ca th nghim khe young. Vi mt th
nghim khc, phi dng mt cch tnh ring thch hp.

SS. 7. GIAO THOA VI NH SNG KHNG N SC.
Trc ht, ta xt s giao thoa vi nh sng trng. l nh sng tp gm v s cc bc
sng bin thin lin tc t 0,4 ti 0,76.
Ti O, hiu quang l trit tiu vi mi bc sng nn ta c s trng nhau ca cc vn
sng ng vi mi bc sng t 0,4 ti 0,76. Do ta c mt vn trng, gi l vn
trng trung tm.
Ra ti cc cc i k cn, v khong cch vn t l vi bc sng, i =
1
D
, nn cc vn
sng ng vi cc bc sng khc nhau khng cn trng nhau na. Ta c cc vn sng
pht mu, mp trong (gn vn trung tm) mu tm, mp ngoi mu , gia l cc mu
trung gian bin thin mt cch lin tc, ging nh mu sc ca cu vng.
S tn sc rng hn khi ta xt cc vn sng xa vn trung tm hn.
Ra ti mt v tr kh xa, ti im ny c th c s chng cht ca mt s vn sng ng
vi cc mu khc nhau. Th d xt mt im M trn mn nh cch O mt khong ng vi
mt hiu quang l l = 6. Trong bc sng t 0,4 ti 0,76 c 8 n sc tha mn iu
kin = v 7 n sc tha mn iu kin
= (2k + 1)/2. Vy ti M c s tng hp ca 8 mu ng vi 8 n sc cc i, v c s
vng mt ca 7 n sc. S chng cht ca 8 mu trn to ra ti M mt mu gn nh trng
(v khng chc cc bc sng t 0,4ti 0,76), gi l mu trng bc trn.
Nu ta t ti M mt khe vo ca my quang ph cho khe song song vi cc vn, th
qua my quang ph, nh sng bc trng trn y b phn tn thnh quang ph: 8 vn sng
tch ri nhau xen k l 7 vn ti. H vn sng ti xen k y gi l quang ph vn.
Quan st hin tng giao thoa trong nh sng trng, gip ta d dng xc nh vn sng
trung tm.
Tip theo, chng ta hy xt trng hp giao thoa vi nh sng khng hon ton n sc.
Gi s bc sng nh sng nhn mi gi tr t n + d.

Hnh 18
Tuy nhin, chng ta c th biu din bng s (H.18) ch 3 h vn ng vi cc bc
sng ,+
2

va + , ro suy ra hinh anh chong chat cua cac buoc song.
Ti v tr vn sng trung tm cc cc i bng nhau, nn quan st thy mt vn sng
khng b m rng. n vn sng th p, v khong cch vn ph thuc vo bc sng, nn
cc cc i khng cn trng nhau.
Ta ca cc cc i sng ng vi bc sng.
x
= pi
= p
l
D

X
+
= pi
+
= p
l
D ) ( +
. Nh vy vn sng th p b m rng, b nhe.
Khi p cha ln lm p( + ) D/l < (p + l) (H18), vn sng b nhe, nhng gia
vn th p v (p + 1) vn cn mt khong ti phn bit hai vn. Tip tc i theo chiu
tng ca bc giao thoa p, n cc i bc k no , v tr cc i bc k ca bc sng ( +
) s trng vi cc i bc (k + 1) ca bc sng : x = ki(+((=(k+1)i(
(7.1)
Kt qu ti min vn sng bc k, vn sng b m rng u trn c khong cch vn. Trn
mn s quan st thy cng sng u. Cng tip tc i xa, vn cng b m rng, s chng
cht cng nhiu v hnh nh vn sng u.
Vy mun vn trng thy vn, ta phi c iu kin:
P
i

+
< (p + 1)
i

V vn bt u bin mt khi:
ki
+
= (k +1)i
.
Ch n (7.1) ta c:
k =

(7.2)
Vy: Nu trong chm sng c mi bc x cng cng vi cc bc sng nm
trong khong, + , thi ta chi quan sat duoc nhcu nhat la k van. \o k tnh thco (7.2).
So k duoc go la bac gao thoa cc ca bc x, c trng cho n sc ca bc x.
Bc x mu lc ca n thy ngn = 0,5461m chng hn c th cho bc giao k thoa
n vi vn.
Bc x ly t mt lc sc thng thng ch cho k = vi chc. Bc giao thoa mt vi triu
c th thu c vi my pht lng t (Laser).

SS. 8. GIAO THOA DO BN MNG VN INH X.
1. Bn mng hai mt song song vn cng nghing.

Hnh 19
Ta xt mt bn mng trong sut, b dy e, chit sut n. Ngun sng Q l mt ngun sng
rng.

a. Cc cp tia kt hp:
Ngun sng rng Q gm v s ngun sng im c lp. T ngun im S, xt tia SA
ti bn di gc ti i. Mt phn nh sng phn x theo tia AR1; mt phn khc x i vo
bn, phn x mt di ti B v l ra theo tia CR2. Ta c CR2 // AR1. Hai tia ny c tnh
kt hp v c tch ra t cng mt tia SA. Chng gp nhau v cc v giao thoa vi nhau.
b. Tn hiu quang l:
Hiu quang l khi cha xt ti s i pha do phn x:
= (ABC) (AH) = (ABC) (DG) = (ABD)
= n. AB. [1 sin (90
0
2r)]
= n
r cos
e
(1 cos 2r)
= 2ne cos r
Nhng ta rng: s phn x ti A gia mi trng 1 km chit quang v mi trng
2 chit quang hn lm chn ng i du, ngha l pha thay i i tng ng vi mt
s thay i quang l l
2
. \ay hcu quang lo cuo cung la:

= 2 ne cos r +
2
(8.2)
hay vct thco goc :
= 2e i sin n
2 2
(8.3)
Hiu quang l ( ch ph thuc vo gc i m khng ph thuc vo v tr ca ngun im
S. Nh vy chm tia song song xut pht t cc im khc nhau ca ngun sng Q cho cng
mt trng thi giao thoa v nh vy cng ca vn sng kh ln, c th quan st bng
mt thng.
Trng thi giao thoa ph thuc vo nghing ca chm tia sng song song nn gi l
vn giao thoa cng nghing. Cc tia giao thoa v cc nn gi l nh x v cc.
Mun quan st vn, ngi ta hng chm tia phn x mt thu knh hi t, v t mn hng
nh v tr mt phng tiu ca thu knh.
Ch cc tia khc x qua bn mng: BP1 v GP2. y cng l hai tia kt hp, chng
cng giao thoa vi nhau v cc.
Hiu quang l gia hai tia trong trng hp ny l:
= 2 ne cos r = 2e i sin n
2 2
.
Sai bit vi trng hp trn mt tr s
2
.
Do , vi phng i nu ta thy mt vn sng trong trng hp quan st theo chm tia
phn x, th vi cng phng ta thy mt vn ti trong trng hp quan st theo chm
tia khc x. Ta ni: Hai h thng vn quan st thy trong hai trng hp l ph nhau.
c. Cch b tr quan st vn v hnh dng h vn:

Thng thng hin tng ch quan st c vng ln cn vi php tuyn ca mt bn .
Th nghim c b tr theo hnh 20. Thu knh hi t L c t sao cho quang trc OF
vung gc vi bn mng e. Knh G t chch 450 vi quang trc. Trn hnh v cho thy
ng truyn ca tia SA. Tia ny sau khi phn x t G, n bn mng e, v cho cp tia phn
x lm vi php tuyn ca bn gc i. Cp tia ny truyn qua knh G v c L hi t trn
mt phng tiu ti M. Ta ch mi xt hin tng trong mt phng hnh v. V hin tng
mang tnh i xng trn xoay quanh quang trc ON, bn trong khng gian, cc chm tia c
cng nghing s hi t trn vng trn tm F, bn knh FM. Bn knh gc ca vng trn,
nhn t quang tm O, chnh bng i.
Ta hy tnh bn knh cc vn lin tip. Gi s chnh tm im F c mt vn sng, gi
l vn sng s 0. Cc vn tip theo, tnh t trong ra, ln lt gi l vn th 1, 2, 3
Hiu quang l xc nh trng thi giao thoa tm h vn (ng vi i = 0, r =0) l:

0
= 2 ne +
2

c vn sng, vy:
0
= 2 ne +
2
= p (8.4)
p l mt s nguyn. Nh rng, vn sng tm c bc giao thoa l p, l bc cao nht,
gi l vn sng s 0 tin cho vic nh s cc bn knh. Vn sng th k ng vi gc khc
x rk vi gc ti ik v vi hiu quang l (k nh hn hiu quang l (0 mt tr s k, ta c:
k = 2 ne cos r
k
+
2
=
0
k = 2 ne +
2
- k
2 ne (1 cos r
k
) = k
Vi cc gc i v r b, c th ly gn ng:
Sin r r
r
n
i

Do : 4 n =
i
k
=
e
n
k
Nu f l tiu c ca thu knh L, th bn knh vn sng th k l:

k
= f.i
k
= f
e
n
k (8.5)
Bn knh cc vn tng t l vi cc s nguyn lin tip. Do cng xa tm, vn cng kht
li vi nhau. Nu c nh f v k, bn knh vn th k t l nghch vi e. Ngha l, nu so
snh bn knh hai vn trn th k ng vi hai bn khc nhau th bn cng mng, bn knh vn
cng ln.
Bn mng c th l mt lp khng kh hai mt song song, gii hn gia hai bn thy
tinh mt song song. Ta gi l bn khng kh.
Vi mt bn khng kh nh vy, ta c th thay i b dy ca bn mt cch lin tc.
Chng ta hy xt cc bin i tng ng ca h vn giao thoa.
Gi s tng e t t. Theo cng thc (8.4), bc giao thoa ti tm (cng nh ti mi im
khc) tng ln. Xt mt vn bt k c hiu quang l l:
= 2 ne cos r +
2
= p
p l bc giao thoa tai vn quan st. Ta quan st mt trng thi giao thoa nht nh th p
khng i. Vy khi e tng th cos r phi gim, ngha l r tng hay gc i tng, do bn knh
ca vn ny tng ln. Hu qu l ti tm xut hin cc vn mi, h vn m rng ra, chy ra
xa tm.
L lun tng t khi gim b dy e, cc vn thu nh li, chy vo tm v bin mt.
Ta cng c th quan st vn giao thoa vi gc ti 90
0
( Hnh 21). Vn giao thoa l
nhng ng thng song song vi cc mt ca bn. Bn trong bn, nh sng phn x di
cc gc gn bng gc gii hn nn cng tia phn x kh ln, do mt tia sng c th
phn x nhiu ln. Nh vy ta c s giao thoa ca nhiu tia. Vi cch b tr hnh 21, cc
vn hin ln mt phng tiu ca thu knh L. Bn mng b tr nh vy c gi l bn
Lummre-Gercker.

Hnh 21

2. Bn mng c b dy thay i vn cng dy.
a. Phn tch hin tng:

Hnh 22
Ta xt mt bn mng trong sut, chit sut n, c b dy e thay i. Tia ti SI s cho hai
tia kt hp phn x mt trn v mt di ca bn. Hai tia ny giao thoa ti M. V bn
mng, hai im I v I
1
rt gn nhau.
Trong khong nh ny, bn mng c th xem nh c hai mt song song. Hiu quang l
gia hai tia khi ti M l:
= 2 ne cos r +
2
(8.6)
e l b dy trung bnh trong khong .
Tuy nhin, ngoi tia SI, cn rt nhiu tia SK khc cng c th cho hai tia phn x giao
thoa ti M, hiu quang l tng ng l:
= 2 ne cos r +
2

Khi im M xa bn mng, cc im I, K cch xa nhau, cc hiu quang l tng ng
khc nhau r rt. Nh vy ti im M c s chng cht ca nhiu trng thi giao thoa (ng
vi nhiu hiu quang l khc nhau), do ta khng th thy vn.
By gi nu M gn bn th cc im I, K rt gn nhau. ng vi im M ch c mt
trng thi giao thoa ng vi mt tr s ca hiu quang l ty thuc b dy e ti ni quan st
ca bn (ta quan st theo mt phng nht nh nn trong cng thc 8.6, gi r c coi l
hng s). V vy ta thy c vn giao thoa. Cc vn ny c gi l vn cng dy, hin
ln bn. y cng l mt trng hp vn nh x.
b. Vn giao thoa trn nm:
Nm l mt bn mng ca mt mi trng trong sut, c gii hn bi hai mt phng
hp vi nhau mt gc nh, giao tuyn ca hai mt phng c gi l cnh ca nm. Nu
mi trng trn l khng kh, chit sut n 1, ta c mt nm khng kh, hay cn gi l kh
lng.

Hnh 24
Ngi ta thng dng chm tia sng song song chiu n mt nm. n gin ta xt
nm khng kh (n = 1) c gii hn bi hai bn thy tinh.
Tia S ti di gc i i vi mt trn ca nm v di gc (i-() i vi mt di (h.24).
Hai php tuyn ti I1 v I2 ct nhau ti Q v to vi nhau gc (. Nh vy 4 im Q, I1, I2 v
0 cng nm trn ng trn ng knh 0Q (gc 0I1Q = 900, gc 0I2Q = 900). Hai tia phn
x t hai mt ca nm khng kh gp nhau v giao thoa ti P. im P nm trn ng knh
0Q.
Mt phng 0Q chnh l mt nh x ca vn giao thoa.
V cc gc i v( u b nn xem nh l vn giao thoa nh x trn mt nm.

Trng hp chiu chm tia ti song song vung gc vi mt di ca nm (H.25 a) gc
ti i = (, v mt inh x trng vi mt trn ca nm gc ti i = 0, th mt nh x ca vn
chnh l mt di ca nm (H.25 b).
Cng l lun nh trng hp cng thc (8.6), ta c hiu quang l ng vi b dy e ca
nm:
= 2 ne cos r +
2

i vi trng hp chiu gn vung gc vi mt nm, ta c:
= 2 ne +
2

Cng mt b dy e s c cng trng thi giao thoa. Nh vy h vn giao thoa s song
song vi cnh nm. Chng ta s tnh khong cch ca hai vn sng lin tip. Nu ti b dy
e, quan st thy vn sng th k, ta c:
2ne
k
+
2
= k
2ne
k
= k -
2

Gi xk l khong cch t vn sng th k n cnh nm:
e
k
x
k.
2n x
k
= k -
2

Tng t khong cch xk+1 t vn sng th k + 1 n cnh nm:
2n x
k+1
= (k +1) -
2

Khong cch gia hai vn sng lin tip: i = xk+1 xk =.
Ch : i vi nm khng kh ch cn thay n = 1 .
Nh vy, cc vn giao thoa cch u nhau. ti cnh nm c mt vn ti (cng thc
8.7).

c. Vn trn Niu tn:

Hnh 26
quan st vn ng dy, c th b tr dng c Niutn nh sau: Mt thu knh phng
li vi mt cong c bn knh chnh khc R c t tip xc trn tm knh phng (H. 26).
Gia thu knh v tm knh c lp khng kh mng vi b dy thay i. Tng t nh trong
trng hp nm chiu chm tia sng ti vung gc trn lp khng kh mng, chng ta quan
st thy vn giao thoa ng dy. H th nghim c b tr i xng trn xoay quanh
trc CO v lp khng kh mng cng dy c dng vng trn tm O. Vy h vn l cc
vn trn cng tm O.
Theo cng thc (8.7), ta c hiu quang l quan st phn x l:
= 2 e +
2

e l b dy ca lp khng kh ti ni quan st.
tm ca h vn giao thoa ln cn im tip xc O, c mt vn ti. Ta hy xc nh bn
knh vn ti th k.
Bn knh (k lin h vi b dy ek tng ng theo cng thc:
2
1
= (2R - e
k
) e
k
V ek b, c th b qua. Vy
k
= 2
k
Re (8.9)
Nu ti b dy ek c vn ti th k th ek phi tha mn iu kin:
= 2e
k
+
2
= (2k + 1)
2

e
k
= k
2

Ta tnh c bn knh vn ti th k:
k
= 2Re
k
= R k (8.10)
Bn knh cc vn ti tng t l vi cn bc hai ca cc s nguyn lin tip, ngha l vn
sp xp nh trong trng hp bn song song.
C th quan st hin tng giao thoa vi nh sng truyn x. Nh trc y phn
tch, hai h vn giao thoa trong nh sng truyn x v phn x c tnh cht ph nhau.
By gi nu ta tnh tin tm thy tinh ra xa mt cong, b dy ca lp khng kh s tng
ln. B dy ek ng vi vn th k s dch chuyn dn v tm, nh vy cc vn giao thoa khi
s chy tun t v tm v bin mt y (ngc vi trng hp bn mng hai mt song
song).
Cng nh mi hin tng giao thoa, trong trng hp giao thoa trn bn mng, kch
thc ca h vn giao thoa ph thuc vo bc sng. Nh vy dng nh sng n sc hin
tng c quan st d dng hn.
Trong trng hp dng nh sng trng t cc cng thc (8.5), (8.8) v(8.10) cng c th
suy lun v hnh nh giao thoa thu c.
3. Giao thoa ca nhiu chm tia giao thoa k Perot Fabry:
a. Nguyn tc:
Trc y trong khi nghin cu bn hai mt song song, ta ch xt s giao thoa ca tia l
u tin vi tia phn x. Cc tia l tip theo c cng rt b v h s phn x trn mt
bn rt nh.
By gi, nu trn tm thy tinh ta trng mt lp bc mng (dy vi phn trm
micrmt), th ta c mt mt c h s phn x kh ln m nh sng vn truyn qua c
mt phn. Bn nh th gi l bn bn x. Ta t i din hai bn bn x nh vy, th lp
khng kh gia hai bn lm thnh mt bn hai mt song song (H.27). Nh h s ca hai
mt bn m ln, nn cng ca cc tia l R1, R2, R3, R4.gim t t, khng th ch k
n hai chm tia u. Chng ta c s giao thoa ca nhiu chm tia, vi cc vn giao thoa
nh x v cc.
Trn hnh 27, L l vt knh ca ng knh nhm. Nu t sao cho quang trc ca L vung
gc vi bn hai mt song song. Trn mt phng tiu ca vt knh s hin ln h vn trn c
cng tm F. Dng ngun sng rng, h vn hon ton ging vi trng hp bn hai mt
song song.
b. S phn b cng trn cc vn:
Gi cng ca SI l I0, h s truyn x qua bn bn m l t, h s phn x l r, ta c:
Cng ca tia l R1: I0t, ng vi bin a =
Cng ca tia l R2: I0t r2, ng vi bin ar
Cng ca tia l R3: I0t r4, ng vi bin ar2
Ly pha ca tia R1 lm gc, cc tia lin tip lch pha nhau l:
=
2
=
2
2e cosi (8.11)

Hnh 27.
Hm s sng ng vi tia R1: a cos cot.
Hm s sng ng vi tia R2: arcos (cot - ).
Hm s sng ng vi tia R3: ar
(2)
cos (cot - 2).
Hm s sng ng vi tia Rn+1 : ar
n
cos (cot - n).
Bin chn ng tng hp ti M:
Y = a cost + arcos (t - ) + ..+ ar
n
cos (t - n).
Y l phn thc ca tng s:
X = ae
it
+
( t ) i
are

+ ar
2

( t 2 ) i
e

+ ..+ ar
n

( t ) i n
e

X = ae
it
(1 +
i
re + r
2

i 2
e + + r
n in
e ).
S hng trong ngoc l tng s ca cp s nhn vi cng bi re
-i
, khi n , ta c:
X =
i
re 1
a
e
it
= ( + i) x (cost + i sint)
Y = ReX = cost - sint
Vy cng ti M:
I
(M)
=
2
+
2
= A
2
I = A
2
=
2
i
re 1
a

=
(1 )(1 )
i i
a
re re

=
2
2
r cos r 2 1
a
+
(8.12)
* Cng cc i khi cos = 1, = 2k
I
Max
=
2
2
) r 1 (
a

* Cng cc tiu khi cos = -1, = (2k +1) I
min
=
2
2
(1 )
a
r +

H s tng phn:
=
min Max
min Max
I I
I I
+
=
2
r 1
r 2
+
.
H s tng phn s ln nht, gn bng 1, khi h s phn x r1. ng cong phn b
cng ca cc vn ng vi mt vi tr s ca r c v trn hnh 28.

Hnh 28

So snh cc ng phn b cng cho thy, khi h s phn x tng cc vn sng hp
li. Vi r = 0,9, na rng ca vn giao thoa ch xp x bng 1/30 khong cch gia hai
vn lin tip. Do , trong cc php o, c th xc nh v tr ca cc vnsng ti mc chnh
xc n 1/100 vn.
Lu :
Ta c th vit li cc cng thc (8.12) nh sau:
I =
2
2
2
2
) r 1 (
r cos r 2 1
) r 1 (
a
+

=
2
2
(1 2 ) 2 (1 cos )
(1 )
MAX
I
r r r
r
+ +

I =. t m =

I =
2
1 sin
2
MAX
I
m

+

Nhn xt:
V r kh ln, th d r = 0,9 ( m = = 360
Nh vy ch cn bin thin mt gi tr nh, ngha l ch cn ri khi v tr cc i mt
cht th cng vn s st xung rt nhanh, ngha l cc vn giao thoa cho bi giao thoa
k Perot Fabry rt mnh.
Nh vy, ta c th xc nh bn knh cc vn mt cch kh chnh xc.
c. Mu Fabry Perot v lc sc giao thoa:
Mu Fabry Perot gm hai bn bn m, ngn cch nhau bng hai ci chn c nh,
dy thch hp. dy chnh xc ca mu c xc nh bng phng php quang hc. Mu
Fabry perot c ng dng trong my pht in t (s trnh by trong phn sau ca gio
trnh).
Nu ta chiu vung gc vo mu Fabry Perot c dy chng vi bc sng bng mt
chm sng trng song song, th mu ch truyn qua nhng bc x c bc sng tha
mn iu kin.
2e = k (k = 1, 2, 3.)
Vi e nh, k ch chng vi n v v ch c th nhn vi tr s xc nh: mu tc dng
nh mt lc sc v gi l lc sc giao thoa truyn x. u im ca lc sc giao thoa l cho
nhng gii truyn qua hp ( n sc cao) thng khng qu 200 A0 vi h s truyn xa
cao. Bc sng ca cc i truyn qua c th thay i bng cch thay i gc ti i ca
chm tia sng.

SS. 9. CC MY GIAO THOA.
Cc my giao thoa l cc my o da vo hin tng giao thoa nh sng. Quan st mt
h vn giao thoa, c th pht hin nhng dch chuyn n mt vi trm vn, tc l pht
hin c bin thin mt vi phn trm bc sng trong hiu quang l ca hai chm giao
thoa. V vy php o giao thoa l mt trong nhng php o vt l chnh xc nht.
Nguyn tc ca cc my giao thoa, mt chm n sc c phn thnh hai chm kt
hp, tch bit nhau, mt chm c nh, cn mt chm c l trnh thay i c.
1. Giao thoa k Rayleigh (R-ly).

Giao thoa k Rly, cn gi l khc x k giao thoa, c cu to n gin, dng cch b
tr khe young (H.29). S l ngun sng, thu knh L1 tp trung nh sng chiu vo khe hp F.
Khe ny c t ti mt phng tiu ca L2. Chm tia song song sau khi qua i qua hai
bnh, c di L, ging ht nhau. Sau hai chm tia nhiu x qua hai khe young F1 v F2.
Cc chm tia nhiu x c hi ttrn mt phng tiu ca thu knh L3, thu knh ny c
t st ngay sau hai khe hp F1 v F2. Dng th knh O quan st vn giao thoa.
Thng thng trong my giao thoa ngi ta b tr sao cho hai bnh ng cht cn o
chit sut ch chon na tit din ca chm tia sng song song. Vy trong quang trng ca
th knh s c hai h vn giao thoa. H vn ng vi cc chm tia ch i qua khng kh l h
vn chun, gi s l h vn trn.(H.30).
Nu trong hai bnh T ng cng mt cht kh (hoc lng) th hai h vn hon ton trng
nhau, hai vn trung tm u ti O. By gi, nu mt bnh l chn khng (n =1) v bnh kia
ng cht kh chit sut n, th hiu quang l ca hai chm tia ti O bng :
= L(n-1) = p
p l mt s bt k (bc giao thoa).
Nh vy ti O c vn th p, ngha l vn trung tm ca h vn ng (h vn di)
dch chuyn n cch O l p vn. Xc nh c p ta tnh c chit sut n:
n = 1 + p
L

2. Giao thoa k Michenlson (Mai-ken-sn).
a. Cu to:

Hnh 31 trnh by s nguyn tc giao thoa k mai-ken-sn.
S l ngun sng rng.
L1 l thu knh to cc chm tia song song. O v C l vt knh v th knh ca knh
ngm.
T1 v T2 l 2 tm thy tinh, bn T1 c lp bn m.
G1 v G2 l hai gng phng. Tia ti SI b tch ra lm hai phn. Mt phn phn x trn
lp bn m n gng G1, ri phn x tr li, i qua T2 v T1 ti mt. Mt phn ca tia
SI, i qua lp bn ma ti G2, phn x tr li ti T1, ri phn x trn lp bn m ri ti mt.
Hai tia IS1v IS2 l hai tia kt hp, cho giao thoa v cc. Trong iu kin: G1, G2 cch
u I v vung gc vi nhau; cc bn T1 v T2 song song vi nhau, c cng b dy v cng
chit sut, bn T1 nm theo phn gic ca gc vung hp bi hai gng G1, G2, th ng
i hnh hc ca cc cp tia kt hp l nh nhau (mi tia u i qua ba ln b dy ca tm
thy tinh). Ngoi ra, hai quang l khc nhau mt tr s. V quang l (mt) chu mt ln
phn x trn mi trng chit quang hn, cn quang l (hai) th ngc li. So snh vi giao
thoa k Raylaigh, hai chm tia kt hp c tch bit hn nhau (IG1 v IG2), do ta d
dng tc ng ln mt trong hai chm tia.
b. Cch quan st h vn giao thoa:
Gi s gng G2, c tnh tin ra xa T1 mt khong nh e. nh ca gng G2 qua lp
bn m l G2, c th xem IS2 c phn x t gng- G1 v to thnh bn khng kh b
dy e khng i. y chnh l trng hp giao thoa nh x v cc (vn ng
nghing). iu chnh ng ngm v cc, ta s quan st thy h vn trn ng tm. Tng t
t b dy e (bng cch tnh tin G2) cc tm giao thoa bc cao s tun t xut hin thm
tm.
By gi, nu gi nguyn v tr ca G2, nhng quay G2 nghing mt gc nh i vi
php tuyn ca gng, ta thy nh ca n to vi G1 mt nm khng kh, c cnh nm
gia quang trng.
iu chnh knh nhm nhn ln mt nm, ta s quan st thy h vn giao thoa ng b
dy song song vi cnh nm. Quan st trong nh sng trng, d dng nh du vn ti trung
tm ti cnh nm.
c. Cng dng ca giao thoa k maikensn:
C th dng giao thoa k Maikensn o chit sut hay b dy ca mt bn mng theo
nguyn tc tng t nh trong giao thoa k Rly. Ta thng dng trng hp vn nh x
trn nm.
Gi s ta t bn v dy t, chit sut n trn ng i ca tia IG2, quang l n G2 tng
mt lng t (n 1), v tr cnh nm thay i, dch chuyn i p vn, tun theo h thc:
2 t (n - 1) = p
Xc nh c p ta c th tnh t hoc n.
Cn c th xc nh hiu s bc sng (( gia hai bc sng gn nhau (v d nh 2
vch vng natri). Ta thc hin vn do bn mng song song.
iu chnh G2 sao cho nh G2 trng G1, trong quang trng s ti. Tng dn b dy e,
vn giao thoa th 1, 2, 3 tun t xut hin tm v chy ra xa tm. Khi s vn cn nh,
hai h vn giao thoa ng vi 2 bc sng ( v ( cha tch xa nhau (bn knh cc vn thoa
ph thuc vo ( theo (8.5), nn vn cn quan st c h vn. n khi b dy e ln, tha
mn h thc:
2e
1
= m
1
= (m-
2
1
) (9.2)
th cc i ca h vn ny trng nhau vi cc tiu ca h vn kia. Vi iu kin cng
sng ng vi ( v ( gn bng nhau, th th trng sng u. Trc khi h vn bin mt, m
c m1 vn giao thoa xut hin t tm.
T (9.2) ta tnh c.
1 1
m 2 m 2
'
= (9.3)
)
2
1
m ( m
e
1 1
1
= (9.4)

2
1
1
m
e

Da theo nguyn tc trn cn c th xc nh n sc ca chm nh sng gn n
sc.
Gi s bc sng nh sng nhn cc gi tr t ( n ( + ((. Tun t lm nh trn. H vn
giao thoa s bin mt khi b dy e tha mn iu kin.
2e = k = (k )
2
( )
2
1
+ (9.5)
( hiu iu kin trn, cn xem li hnh 18).
k = (k-1) (+) =
k

k chnh lbc giao thoa ca vn tm hay s vn giao thoa m c, trc khi h vn
hon ton nhe u.
T (9.5), ta c:

2
=
2
1
(k -
4

)
Thng thng k rt ln nn c th b qua so vi , ta i n:
=
k
(9.6)
Cng thc (9.6) chnh l cng thc (7.2) trc y.
Bng cch va trnh by, Maikensn xc nh c k=400.000 vi bc x =
6438 A0 ca Cadmium nh o c bc sng ca bc x vi mc chnh xc ti
10-7.
= 6438,472 A0 ( 150c di p sut chun)
ng Maikensn cn dng giao thoa k kho st vn tc nh sng v thy rng vn tc
truyn ca nh sng trong chn khng l mt hng s v tr khng ph thuc vo cng ,
phng truyn, hoc s chuyn ng ca ngun hay ca my thu.

SS. 10. VI NG DNG KHC CA HIN TNG GIAO THOA.
Nh ta thy, hin tng giao thoa c ng dng ch to lc st giao thoa v thc
hin cc php o vi chnh xc cao trong cc giao thoa k. Sau y l vi ng dng khc.
1. Kh tia phn x trn cc mt quang hc.
Khi chm tia sng truyn qua mt gii hn cc mi trng, mt phn nng lng ca
chm tia b phn x tr li. Trong cc quan h phc tp s mt gii hn ln, nng lng mt
mt do phn x tr nn quan trng. V vy, phm cht ca nh qua quang h c tt,
cn trit tiu phn nh sng phn x.

Gi s cn kh phn x trn mt gii hn gia khng kh v thy tinh chit sut n. ngi
ta ph mt lp vt cht rt mng b dy e, chit sut, sao cho 1 < < n.
Cc chm tia sng ti di gc i, s c hai tia
phn x t mt trn v m di ca lp mng hai
mt song song, R1 v R2. Nh ta bit, 2 tia phn
x kt hp v hiu quang l, tng ng bng:
= 2 e i sin n
2 2

lm mt hin tng phn x, hiu quang l
cn tha mn iu kin cc tiu ca giao thoa:
= (2k +1. Gi s:
Nu cc mt quang hc cn c kh phn x i vi nh sng n vung gc v i
vi cc bc sng lc = 0,55.
B dy e ca lp kh phn x, phi tha iu kin:
= 2 e n = (2k +1)
2
.
e = (2k +1)
n 4
. (10.1)
Gi tr k c chn sao cho b dy e khng qu nh, kh thc hin.
2. Kim tra phm cht cc b mt quang hc.

Hnh 33

A l b mt chun, B l b mt ca tm thy tinh cn kim tra. Ngi ta xp t, to mt
nm khng kh gia hai mt A v B (H. 33).
G l mt gng bn m. Chm tia sng xut pht t s, nh G v thuknh L bin thnh
chm song song chiu thng gc n nm khng kh. Cc thu knh 0 v L hp thnh knh
ngm trn mt nm.
i

R
1
R
2
n'

e

i

H.32

K.Kh

n

S
o
Mat
L
B
A
Trong quang trng s c h vn thng song song vi cnh nm. Trn mt b cn kim tra
cng c phm cht tt th cc vn thng v u n. Cn gi s nu mt B c li lm th h
vn b mo m (h.34). Khong vn trn hnh giao thoa ng vi s thay i hiu quang l l
, ngha l ng vi s thay i b dy ca nm mt lng /2.

Nh knh ngm, ngi ta c th pht hin c s sai lch c 1/10 khong vn ca h
vn. Nh vy ngi ta c th pht hin ch li lm c 1/20 bc sng trn mt phng B cn
kim tra.

Nu B l mt cong, ngi ta to h vn trn Niutn kim tra phm cht b mt.

H.35

B
H.34
hat nhan nguyen t mach dao ong ien t
nguyen t
phan t
Mat tri

10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6

t ngoai hong ngoai

tia X song vo tuyen

tia r
a
n
h

s
a
n
g

t
h
a
y

d
u
o
c

Chng III
S NHIU X NH SNG

SS. 1. CC TH NGHIM M U V NHIU X NH SNG.
Quan st nhiu th nghim ngi ta thy rng, khi truyn trong mt mi trng ng
tnh, nu gp mt vt cn, nh sng chng nhng truyn theo ng thng m cn truyn
theo cc phng khc. Nhng phng gi l phng nhiu x. Hin tng ni trn gi l
nhiu x.
Chng ta hy xt cc th nghim sau:
a. Th nghim 1:

Ngun sng S c thu knh L hi t ti o. im o l nh thc ca S. Sau o ta t mn
nh E. Theo nh lut truyn thng nh sng cc tia sng ch nm trong hnh nn AOB,
(chm tia hnh hc) v trn mn E, ta quan st thy mt vt sng c ng knh AB. By
gi, t thm mt mn chn T, c mt trn ti O. Khi s c cc tia OP, OR ngoi
hnh trn nn AOB. Trn mn E ta quan st thy mt hnh nhiu x gm cc vn trn sng,
ti ng tm.
b. Th nghim 2:

H.2. Nhng nhiu x do mp mn chn

Ngun sng S t ti tiu im ca thu knh L. Ta c chm tia song song chiu n mn
quan st E (H.2). Trn ng truyn ca chm tia ta t mn chn T c mp thng nh trn
hnh v. Nu nh sng tun ng theo nh lut truyn th trn mn E ta quan st thy hai
min sng ti c phn chia bi mt ng ranh gii r nt AB. S thc th nu quan st
k (bng knh lp) th AB khng phi l ranh gii r nt. Cng sng khng trit tiu t
ngt m gim dn t ranh gii AB tr vo min bng ti. Cn trong min bng sng hnh
hc, ln cn ng AB c cc vn sng ti xen k nhau, cng ra xa cc vn cng kht nhau
li v cho trng sng u.
Hai th nghim trn y chng t nh sng khng hon ton theo nh lut truyn thng
ca nh sng. Chng ch c th gii thch c trn c s thuyt sng nh sng.
H.1
S
L
T
o
P

B
A
(E)
S
L
T
(E)
o
SS. 2. NGUYN L HUYGHENS FRESNEL.
1. Th nghim Huyghens.
C mt chu ng nc, gia c vch ngn vi khe hp O. Ta dng m thoa to cc
sng trn tm S ngn th nht (H.3). Sng s truyn n khe hp O ri truyn qua ngn
th hai. y cc sng c tm l O, ch khng phi c tm l S. Nh vy khe hp O, khi
sng truyn ti, tr thnh mt ngun chn ng, gi l ngun th cp.

2. Nguyn l Huyghens.
Chng ta tng tng c mt ) kn, bt k, bao quanh ngun chn ng S. Huyghens
nu ra nguyn l: Mi im ca mt kn ) m sng truyn ti li tr thnh mt ngun pht
sng cu th cp, mi thi im mt bao ca cc mt cu y l b mt sng ca sng thc
s truyn i. Bin v pha ca nhng chn ng th cp truyn t A, b, M, Nc lin lc
vi bin v pha ca nhng chn ng truyn t S n A, b, M, N

Nguyn l Huyghens c tnh nh tnh, c th p dng xc nh phng truyn ca
nh sng, v d nh trong cc trng hp: Truyn thng, phn x, khc x v c khc x
lng chit (s hc chng sau). c th gii thch mt cch nh lng hin tng
nhiu x, Fresnel b sung bng nh sau :
3. nh Fresnel.
Fresnel a ra gii thuyt rng :
- Bin v pha ca sng th cp pht i t A
chnh l bin v pha ca sng t S n A.
Gi d( l din tch vi cp trn mt kn (() ln
cn imA. l php tuyn ca d(. ( v ( l gc
to bi php tuyn vi cc phng SA v AP.
Theo Fresnel : - Bin ca sng th cp theo phng AP t l vi hm s k ph thuc ( v
( gi l tha s xin k ((,(). Tha s xin nhn gi tr cc i khi ( v ( trit tiu.
- ng nhin, nu xt sng th cp pht i t d( th bin ca t l vi d(. Xut pht
t nh Fresnel, ta th vit biu thc ca sng th cp t d( ti P.
Gi s phng trnh chn ng ti S c dng l :
H.3
A
B
()
M
N
S
H.4

A

r
r

()
d

N
P
S
a = a cos t
T
2
(2.1)
Sng pht i t ngun im S l sng cu nn bin bin thin t l nghch vi khong
cch, vy phng trnh sng n A c dng :
cos 2
A
a t r
s
r T

=

(2.2)
Bin v pha trong biu thc trn cng chnh l bin v pha ca cc sng th cp
pht i t cc im ln cn im A. Sng th cp do d( pht i truyn n P, theo nh
Fresnel, l:
ds
d,P
= k (,
).

'
'
2 cos . .
.
r r
T
t
d
r r
a
(2.3)
4. Nguyn tc p dng nguyn l Huyghens Fresnel.
Ta c cc nhn xt nh sau :
- xt trng thi sng ti P, c th thay ngun S bng cc ngun th cp trn mt kn.
- Cc ngun th cp cng c kch thch bi chn ng pht i t S nn l cc ngun
kt hp. Cc sng th cp xut pht t cc din tch vi cp trn mt ( ( ) giao thoa vi nhau
ti P v quy nh trng thi sng ti P.
- Chn ng sng tng hp ti P l tch phn ca biu thc (2.3) ly trn ton din tch
.
( )
( )
'
'
'
, . .cos 2
.
p
a t r r
s k d
r r T

+
=

(2.4)
Nu gia ngun S v im quan st P c mt mn chn che mt mt phn ca ( th tch
phn trn ch cn ly trn phn din tch m mn chn cn cha li.
Cn bit rng tha s xin k ((,() khng th tnh c bng mt biu thc ton hc n
gin, nn trong trng hp tng qut, rt kh tnh tch phn trn. Tuy nhin trong mt s
trng hp, li dng tnh cht i xng ca th nghim, vi mt vi gi thuyt v k (,
),
c th tnh ton c mt cch cht ch.
5. Cch v Huyghens. Gii thch s phn x v s khc x theo thuyt sng.
Nguyn l Huyghens c p dng trc tip trong cch v Huyghens xc nh mt
sng v tia sng ln lt truyn trong nhng mi trng khc nhau.
a/ Xc nh mt sng v tia phn x:
Ta kho st mt chm tia sng song
song, truyn vi vn tc v, ri vo
gng phng G, di gc ti i (H.6).
Chm tia sng l chm song song, vy
mt sng ( l phng. Gi s ti thi
im t = 0, tia SI n c gng G.
Trong khi tia SA mi ti c A
trn mt sng (, tia ny ti B trn mt
gng G sau thi gian l T, ta c : AB
= vT.
A
G
R
R
S
S
S
()
i
i
)
M
i
k B I
x
M

H.6
k
H.6
Gi khong cch IA l (. Xt tia SK gia 2 tia trn v cch SI mt khong x. Ti thi
im t = 0, tia ny t n M, v n K sau thi gian t = vi t ( T
thi im t, sng ti K. im ny tr thnh tm pht sng cu th cp, truyn tr li
mi trng pha trc mt gng. thi im T, mt sng cu th cp tm lK, c bn
knh l ( = v (T - t) = AB MK = (-x) tgi (2.5)
Tng tng rng im M chy t I n A, ta c mt h mt sng cu th cp (M, thi
im T, vi bn knh tng ng tnh theo cng thc (2.5), mt ( tip xc vi tt c mt cu
(M trn l mt mt phng. chnh l mt sng phn x. Khi x = (, th (= 0, vy ( i qua B.
Gi i = gc hp bi ( v mt phng ca gng G. Ta c :
m KB = IB IK =
Vy sini =
V i = i
Vy mt phng ( i qua B v tip xc mt cu (M khng ph thuc vo x, tc l khng
ph thuc vo s la chn im M.
Cc php tuyn IR v BR ca mt ( chnh l cc tia phn x tng ng, R rng l cc
gc phn x bng i = i. Vy :
Sng phn x cng l sng phng v tia phn x to vi php tuyn ca mt phn x mt
gc bng gc ti.
T chng minh trn, mun c tia phn x ng vi tia ti ch cn v mt cu tm I, bn
knh ( = AB, ri t B v mt phng ( tip xc vi mt cu. ng ni im I vi im tip
xc I chnh l tia phn x.
chnh l cch v Huyghens.
b/ Xc nh mt sng v tia khc x:
Xt mt phng IB ngn cch hai mi trng
trong sut chit sut n1 v n2. Chng ta hy kho
st chm tia song song truyn trong mi trng th
nht vi vn tc v1 n mt phng ngn cch di
gc i1 (H.7). Ta c th lp li l lun trn nhng
ch rng AB=v.T

1 1
i
MK xtg
t
v v
= =
V = V
2
. (T-t) = V
2
(AB/V
1
MK/V
1
)
Ngoi ra mt sng cu th cp
M
phi v trong
mi trng th hai (vn tc tng ng l v2). Ta
tnh c
( ) ( )
2 2
1
1 1
v v
AB MK x tgi
v v
= = l vi = AI
Mt phng sng i qua B tip xc vi mt sng cu th cp
M
. Mt to vi mt
ngn cch gc i
2
ta tnh c :
B
A
()
S
S
S
M
i
1

i
2

I
i
2

i
2
I

(n
1
)
(n
2
)
(
)
K
M

x
H.7

( )
( )
1
2 2
2 1
1 1 1
sin . sin
/ cos
x tgi
v v
i i
KB v x i v

= = =
l
l

Do (2.6)
Mt chnh l mt tip xc vi mi mt sng cu th cp
M
v n khng ph thuc
vo M. Chng ta i n kt lun :
Sng khc x cng l sng phng v tia khc x to vi php tuyn ca mt ngn cch
mt gc tha mn cng thc (2.6).
Theo cch v ny, ta thy rng t s chit sut tuyt i ca hai mi trng bng nghch
o ca t s vn tc nh sng trong hai mi trng y.
Kt lun ny c th nghim ca Fuc (Foucault) xc nhn, quyt nh s thng th
ca thuyt sng nh sng, hi gia th k 19.

SS.3. I FRESNEL.
gii thch mt s hin tng nhiu x nh sng, thay th cho php tnh tch phn
phc tp trn (2.4), Fresnel dng mt phng php tuy khng hon ton cht ch v mt
ton hc nhng n gin v trc quan, gi l phng php i Fresnel.
1. Cch chia i v din tch cc i.

C mt ngun im S pht nh sng n sc bc sng (, t trong mi trng ng tnh
v ng hng. Chng ta cn kho st trng thi chn ng ti P. n gin ta chn mt
kn ( ) l mt cu tm S bn knh l a, chnh l mt sng - mt giao ng ng pha.
ng ni SP ct ( ) ti Mo, cc khong cch SMo = a v MoP = b (H.8). Nhn xt rng,
cch b tr ca chng ta c tnh i xng qua ng thng SP, Fresnel khng chn cc din
tch vi cp d( v cng b, m chia mt kn () thnh nhng din tch nh, hu hn (S nh
sau :
Chn cc im M1 trn () sao cho khong cch
M
1
P = M
o
P + /2 = b + /2
Chn cc im M2 trn () sao cho khong cch
M
2
P = M
1
P + /2 = b + 2 /2
Chn cc im Mk trn () sao cho khong cch
M
k
P = M
k-1
P + /2 = b + k /2
d hnh dung, chng ta tng tng rng c nhng hnh cu tm P bn knh PMk
chia mt () thnh nhng i cu, nhng i cu u tin c th xem nh nhng hnh vnh
khn ng tm, tm l M
o
.
b+k/2
P
S
M
k

a
a
b
M
o

M
1

M
2

Chng ta s tnh bn knh cc i cu y v chng minh rng c din tch bng nhau.
Gi (k l bn knh trong MoMk ca i cu th k : di HkMo = xk.
Vng trn gia nh s 0, i c b rng M1M2 l i s 1.
Trong hai tam gic vung HkSMk v HkPMk, ta c :
2 2 2 2 2
k k k k k k
PH PM SH SM M H = =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 /
k k
x b k b x a a + + = =
Khai trin 2 v ca phng trnh v b qua (2 bn cnh (, ta c :
2ax
k
= kb - 2bx
k

( ) 2
.
b a
kb
x
k
+
=
Coi i cu l phng ta c gn ng

k
= M
o
M
k
H
k
M
k
Do :
(3.1)

Bn knh cc i t l vi cn bc hai ca nhng s nguyn lin tip. Cc i Fresnel
sp xp tng t nh cc vn trn Niutn (Newton).
Din tch ca chm cu c chiu cao xk l Sk = 2( axk, ca chm cu c chiu cao xk+1
l Sk+1 = 2( axk+1. Din tch ca i Fresnel th k l :
S
k
= S
k+1
S
k
= 2a (x
k+1
- x
k
)
= 2a
( ) 2
.
b a
b
+

S
k
=
ab
ab
(3.2)
Vy din tch (S ca tt c cc i Fresnel k tip th u bng nhau.

2. Chn ng gy ra do ton b mt sng.
Xt t i Fresnel ny ti i k tip, v din tch ca cc i Fresnel u bng S, nn
s khc nhau v bin ca chn ng th cp gy ra ti P do mi i l do tha s xin k.
V pha chng ta phn tch nh sau : V ( ) l mt sng, nn ti y cc chn ng th
cp u cng pha.
Khi n P, v khong cch t 2 i lin tip th k v (k + 1) n im quan st khc nhau
na bc sng /2 cho nn cc chn ng th cp tng ng c pha ngc nhau.
Ch n tha s xin k (,) ta thy s th t k ca i cng cao th
k
cng ln (
k
=
0) ngha l k (,) gim dn khi k tng. Tm li do phng php chia i ca Fresnel, cc
chn ng th cp n P c ly tun t m v dng v gim dn v tr s tuyt i.
Gi a l bin ca chn ng tng hp ti P,
k
ab
k
a b
=
+

a0, a1, a2, .. ak l bin gi t cc i ti p.
Ta c : a = a
0
a
1
+ a
2
a
3
.. +-a
k
.. +-a
m

Vi a
0
> a
1
> a
2
> . > a
k

ak gim chm v u nn ta c th coi

2
1 1 +
+
=
k k
k
a a
a
Ta c th vit biu thc ca a di dng
2
. ..........
2 2 2 2 2
4
3
2 2
1
0 0 m
a a
a
a a
a
a a
a
+ +
+ + =
Cc tng trong du ngoc trit tiu nn
2 2
0 m
a a
a =
Du + nu m chn
- nu m l
Khi xt ton b mt sng th am 0. Vy

2
0
a
a =
V cng sng, ta c: I = I
o
/4
Vy cng sng P gy ra bi ton mt cu ch bng 1/4 cng sng gy ra bi
i Fresnel s 0.
3. Cch t i.
Phng php i Fresnel c kim chng rc r vi th nghim cch t i.
Phn tch trn cho thy chn ng nhiu x t cc i s l l ngc pha vi chn
ng nhiu x t cc i s chn, thnh th chng gn nh trit tiu ln nhau. Nu c mt
mn chn c bit ch trong sut nhng i cng chn (hoc cng l) th cng sng
im quan st s tng gp bi so vi khi khng c mn chn. Cch t i l mt dng c
nh vy.
Trn mt bn trong sut (v d nh thy tinh) ngi ta tin hnh chia cc i Fresnel
tm O (H.9) ngha l v cc vng trn tm O, bn knh (k theo (3.1). Sau bi en cc i
s l 1, 3, 5 . (hoc cc i chn), ta c c cch t i. t cch t i v tr Mo,
cch ngun sng S mt khong a, cn im quan st P cch Mo mt khong b. Khi P
rt sng. T cng thc (3.1)
k
ab
k
a b
=
+
ta thay so do Ircsncl k phu thuoc vao ban
knh
k
cua man chan nhu sau :
.
O

H.9
H.10
S
a b

b
P
P M
o

2
1 1
k
k
a b

= +

(3.5)
Nh vy cho bit bn knh ca mn chn chng ta c th tnh c s i tng ng.
Mt khc, cn thy rng s i k cn ph thuc vo khong cch b n im quan st. Trn
quang trc s tm thy mt im P cch Mo mt on b sao cho
+ =
+
b a b a
1 1
3
1 1
'

Khi , i Fresnel s 0 trn cch t i ng vi im P s cha 3 i : 0, 1, 2 ng vi
im P. Cn i th 1 i vi P s cha 3 i 3, 4, 5 i vi P (3 i ny b bi en). Nh
vy P cng l 1 im sng. Trn quang trc cn c nhng im P, P, m mi i trn
cch t ng vi 5, 7 i Fresnel. cng l cc im sng. Ta thy rng cch t i tc
dng nh mt thu knh hi t nhiu tiu im.
Ngi ta cn ch to c cch t i, trong phn khng trong sut, c thay bng
nhng hnh vnh khn lm bng cht trong sut mi c dy thch hp, nh sng i qua
y c quang l tng thm so vi khi i qua i ny nu lm bng cht trong sut dng
lm cch t. Nh th, chn ng gi t cc i l v t cc i chn u cng pha v ri
P tng gp 4 ln so vi cch t i thng. Cch t i ch to theo nguyn tc trn gi l
cch t i pha (da trn nguyn tc lm thay i pha ca cc chn ng).
4. Phng php th.
trn, ta thy khi kho st hin tng nhiu x, ta phi tng hp mt s v hn chn
ng, c pha tng dn mt cch lin tc. Ta c th dng cch tnh ca Fresnel.
Ta chia mi i cu Fresnel thnh i vi cp c cng din tch. Vi mi i vi cp ny,
ta c th coi chn ng pht i t mi im th ng pha vi nhau (khi ti P) v ng pha
vi chn ng tng hp ti P gy ra bi ton i vi cp. Ta biu din chn ng ds gy ra
bi mi i vi cp bng cc vct c cng di, t l vi bin da ca dao ng ds, v
hp vi nhau mt gc bng hiu s pha d( gia hai chn ng ng vi hai i vi cp lin
tip. Cc vct trn hp thnh mt na a gic c cnh l da, gc hp bi hai cnh lin tip
l d(.

T mp ny sang mp kia ca mt i Fresnel pha thay i l , vy d = /n. Ta xt i
Fresnel s 0, ta c na a gic u th nht (hnh 11), cho n -> , na a gic trn bin
thnh na vng trn OA. di ng knh OA biu din bin chn ng ti P gy ra
bi i Fresnel s 0. Vi i Fresnel s 1, ta c na vng trn AB (hnh 12). im B
khng trng vi 0, l do nh hng ca tha s xin k (, ) lm cho bin chn ng
ng vi cc i gim tun t khi s th t i tng. Cui cng i ht mt ( ) th tng
hp bin c hnh xon c vi im tim cn l tm I, trung im ca ng knh OA.
=/n
o
A
H.11
Nh th trn chng ta xc nh nhanh chng bin nh sng nhiu x ti P.
Nu gia ngun sng S v P khng c mn chn, mt ( ) c m hon ton, bin
sng ti P l OI.
Nu c mn chn ch cha i Fresnel u tin, bin sng l OA = 2OI v cng
sng gp 4 ln khi khng c mn chn, ng nh kt qu trc y (3.4). Nu mn chn
cha 2 i Fresnel u tin, bin OB O, P ti.
Nu mn chn cha s i Fresnel khng nguyn, v d i s 0 v na i s 1 th bin
ca chn ng tng hp l OJ, J l im gia trn cung AB.
Bng cch tng hp bin bng th nh trn, ta cn c th gii cc bi ton nhiu x
vi cc mn chn c cu to c bit.
Trn y chng ta dng ngun sng im v xt nhiu x ca sng cu. Nu chiu chm
tia sng song song n mn chn, ta c nhiu x ca sng phng. Trong trng hp ny cc
cng thc (3.1), (3.2) v (3.5) vn cn dng nu cho bn knh a ca mt sng tin n gi tr

SS.4. NHIU X FRESNEL.
Khi mn quan st t cch vt cn mt khong gii ni (b), ta c nhiu x Fresnel.
Chng ta s p dng cch chia i ca Fresnel xc nh hnh nh nhiu x trong cc
trng hp sau :
1. Nhiu x qua mt l trn.

Trn hnh 13, E l mt mn chn c khot l trn tm Mo bn knh (. S l ngun sng
im n sc c t trn trc ca l trn. Mn quan st M c t song song vi mn
chn E.
P l giao im ca trc SMo v mn M. Hin tng th nghim trn hnh 13 c tnh i
xng quanh trc SP. T suy ra rng hnh nhiu x trn mn M c tnh i xng quanh
tm P.
* Cng sng ti P : xc nh trng thi sng ti P, ta tin hnh chia i Fresnel
cho mt cu (tm S, bn knh SMo = a). Ti P sng hay ti tu theo s i Fresnel cha
trong l l l hay chn. S i c tnh theo cng thc (3.5). Trng hp s i khng
E
S

P
Q
A B
(M)
H.13
phi l nguyn, chng ta dng hnh xoc c (H.12) c th so snh vi cng sng khi
khng c mn chn.
* Cng sng ti Q ln cn P : Ni SQ ng ny ct ( ti O. Ta tin hnh chia i
Fresnel quanh tm O. Tm Mo ca l khng trng vi tm O. L trn cho qua cc phn ca
i s chn v i s l nh trn hnh 14. Phn cc i chn tng cng ln nhau v trit
tiu phn cc i l. V vy bin chn ng ti Q t l vi hiu s din tch hai loi i
cha trong l trn. Q c th sng hoc ti.
T vic phn tch nh trn, c th kt lun rng hnh nhiu x trn mn quan st gm cc
trn sng v ti xen k nhau c tm chung l P.
2. Gii thch s truyn thng ca nh sng.
Ta xt cch b tr trn hnh 13. Theo quang hnh hc ta ni nh sng truyn thng t S
n P, th theo quan im sng ta ngm hiu rng trng thi chn
ng ti P l c xc nh bi chm sng hp i t S n P.
Gi s l Mo c din tch ch bng 1/3 din tch i Fresnel s
0. th hnh xon c (H.15) cho thy rng bin ti im quan
st khi l OC bng OI nh khi khng c mn chn. Do , khi
khng c mn chn E, ta c th coi cng sng P l c gy
ra ch bi phn mt sng gii hn bi l Mo trn, cn chn ng
th cp i t cc phn cn li ca mt sng trit tiu ln nhau v giao thoa. Nh vy, khi xt
cng P ta ch cn xt chm sng hp gii hn bi phn mt sng nh b y, ni cch
khc, ngha l c th coi l nh sng truyn thng t S ti P.
V mt l thuyt, ta c hin tng nhiu x khi mt sng ( b gii hn. Trong thc t,
nu l Mo cha vi chc i Fresnel tr ln, th hnh nhiu x trn mn E khng khc g
nhiu so vi bng sng hnh hc. Hin tng nhiu x ch bt u c nh hng r rt khi l
cha t 10 i Fresnel tr li (ng knh vo c milimt, hoc nh hn, trong iu kin s
dng thng thng).
Trong cc quang c, nhng l trn mn chn sng khng qu nh. Chnh v th, m khi
kho st s to nh trong cc quang c, ta vn c th dng khi nim tia sng v p dng
nh lut truyn thng.
3. Nhiu x bi mt mn trn.
Trn hnh 16 cc b phn th nghim tng t nh trn hnh 13, ch c khc E l mt
mn chn hnh trn tm Mo. Ta hy kho st trng
thi sng ti im P, tm ca bng ti hnh hc
AB. Ni P vi mp mn chn, ng ni ct ( ti
cc im N1 c ON
1
=b.
Tip tc chia ( thnh i N1N2 vi PN2 = b +
(/2, i N2N3 vi PN3 = b + 2 (/2.
Lp lun nh trc y, ta i n kt lun :
chn ng sng gy ra ti P l do na i Fresnel
u tin, nm gia 2 ng trn N1 v N2. Nh
vy ti P, gia bng ti hnh hc lun lun sng.
Kt lun bt ng trn y hon ton tri vi nguyn l ca quang hnh hc, li c th
nghim xc nhn, chng t rng nguyn l Huyghen Fresnel l ph hp vi thc t.
A
P B
()
S
a
b
M
o

N
1

N
2

N
3

. I
O
C
H. 15 H.16
D nhin v tnh i xng ca hin tng, hnh nhiu x trn mn M l nhng vn trn
sng, ti cng c tm P, xung quanh bng en gy ra bi mn chn. Ta hy xt nh hng
ca kch thc mn E ti cng sng ti P.
Khi mn chn b, tha s xin ng vi i Fresnel u tin (gia N1 v N2) cn ln,
P c cng sng ng k. Mn chn cng ln, cng sng P cng gim. Khi mn
E c kch thc tng ng vi vi chc i Fresnel u tin hoc ln hn, th P c th
xem nh l ti.
4. Nhiu x do b thng ca na mt phng.
a/ S th nghim :

Ngun sng l mt khe F. Hin tng nhiu x gy ra bi b thng OO ca mt na
mt phng P. Khe sng F c t song song vi OO. Trn mn E, ng NN l ranh gii
gia 2 min sng ti ca nh hnh hc.
Ta ch cn kho st hin tng trn mt phng i xng OPU thng gc vi OO. Ta
kho st trng thi sng ti im Po. T khe sng F, sng truyn i theo mt mt tr ( ( ),
trc l khe F. Ta chia mt tr ( ( ) thnh tng di theo nguyn tc nh chia i Fresnel trong
trng hp sng cu.
P
o
0 = b, P
o
M
1
= b +
2
, P
o
M
2
= b + 2
2
, , P
o
M
k
= b +
2
k

Nh vy mt sng ( ( ) c chia thnh cc di song song vi OO. Cc di ny cng ra
xa b OO th cng hp.
Cch chia Fresnel trn c hai c im sau :
- Cc chn ng th cp t hai di k tip khi n Po c pha ngc nhau.
- Din tch ca cc di gim dn theo theo th t k, cho nn tc dng ca hai di k tip
khng hon ton trit tiu nhau.
V tnh cht i xng, cc im trn mn E v nm trn mt ng thng song song vi
OO th ng vi cng mt trng thi sng. Do trn mn E ta c cc vn thng, song
song vi b ngn sng OO. Cc vn sng v ti xen k vi nhau.
b. ng xon c Cornu (Cornuy) :
Gi u l di ca cung OMk, ta c U2 (
Vy (3.6)
A
F
()
o
o

P
(E)
P
o

x
N
N

H.17a
u
(E)
P
o

x
b a A
(P)
()
o
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
4
H.17b
Xt hiu quang l :, ta c th vit t cng thc (3.6) :

( )
2
2 2
a b u
k
ab
+
= =
Hiu s pha tng ng (so vi chn ng i qua 0)

( )
ab
u b a
2
2 2
2
+
=

t hay u
Vy
Xt chn ng ti Po t mt di vi cp c b rng du ln cn Mk. Din tch ca di vi
cp ny t l vi du, do t l vi dv. Vy chn ng ny c biu din bi mt vct
PP, c chiu di l dv v lm vi trc gc v tng (X mt gc (trc (X ng vi chn
ng ti Po n t 0)
Chn ng tng hp ti Po c biu din bi
tng s cc vct nh trn. S hp ny cho ta mt
ng cong r (gi s cc di tnh t im 0 v i v
pha x dng), Hnh chiu ca xung hai trc (X v
(Y ln lt l :
2
2
. cos cos .
2
. sin sin .
2
v
dX dv dv
v
dY dv dv
= =
= =

Suy ra ta ca im P ng vi chiu di v ca cung (P l:

2
0
2
0
cos .
2
sin .
2
v
v
v
X dv
v
Y dv
=
=

Cc tch phn ny c gi l tch phn Fresnel.
Nh vo mt bng tnh sn cc tr s X v Y theo cc tr s ca v, ta v c ng
cong r l mt ng xon c. Nu ta ly cc tr s ca v t 0 ( ( (ngha l ly mi tr s ca x
dng), ta c mt ng xon c bt u t ( v ti mt im tim cn I1 nm trn
ng phn gic ca gc Y(X.
Nu v c ng ( r ) ng vi cc di m (nm v pha m), ta c ng xon c ( I2,
i xng vi na trn qua ( v c im tim cn l I2. ng ( r ) ny nhn ( lm im un
vi tip tuyn ti ( chnh l trc (X. ng cong ( r ) c gi l ng xon c cornu.

Y
X

P
P

dv
(r)
H.18a
Y
P
I
1

Q
2
I
2
Q
1
Q
X
H. 18b

c. Kho st s phn b cng sng trn mn E:
Khi khng c mn chn, tng hp bin cc sng th cp, ta c nguyn vn ng
xon c. Bin sng ti Po c biu din bi on I1I2. Cng sng tng ng :

2
2 1
I I I
o
=
t mn chn dng na mt phng. i vi im Po, mn chn che mt na m ca
ng xon c. V vy :
4
2
1
o
po
I
I I = =
Vy ti bin gii ca bng ti hnh hc, cng sng khng trit tiu m bng cng
sng khi khng c mn chn.
im P1 nm trong vng bng ti. Ni AP1 ng ny ct mt sng ti Q1 (H.18c). Ta
chia cc di Fresnel nh trc k t O1. Trng hp ny, mn chn che ht phn m v 1
on phn ng xon c, v d on ( P (H.18b). Cng sng ti P1 :

4
2
1 1
o
P
I
PI I < =
im P1 cng nm su trong min bng ti trn ng xon c, im P cng tin dn v
im tim cn I1. Nh vy cng sng tin dn ti 0 khi ra xa ranh gii hnh hc.
im P2 nm trong min sng hnh hc. Tin hnh nh trn. Trng hp ny mn chn
cha che ht phn m ca ng xon c. Gi s ch che phn I2Q. Cng sng ti P2 :

4
2
1 2
o
P
I
QI I > =
P2 cng ra xa ranh gii trn ng xon c, im Q tin dn v I2. n v tr Q1 (H.18)
ta gp cc i u tin vi :

o P
I I Q I > =
2
1 1 2

Tip tc, n v tr Q2, ta gp mt cc tiu vi :

o P
I I Q I < =
2
1 2 2

C tip tc nh vy, t ranh gii NN tr ra vng sng, ta ln lt gp cc vn sng ti
xen k nhau. Vn sng c cng ln hn Io mt t, vn ti c cng nh hn Io mt
E
P
2

P
O

P
1

A
()
o
Q
1

H.18c
t. Tnh ton cho thy cng ra xa cc vn cng kht li v cng sng dn n gi tr tim
cn Io. Hnh 19 biu din s phn b cng sng nhiu x theo phng Pox.

Ch : Cc ng xon c trn y ch dng xc nh bin ca chn ng tng
hp, cn pha ca chn ng tng hp khng c ch n.

SS.5. NHIU X FRAUNHOFER.
Trong cc hin tng nhiu x Fresnel m chng
ta va kho st, mn quan st c t cch vt cn
mt khong gii ni. V vy nhiu x Fresnel cn
c gi l nhiu x gn vt cn. Tip theo y chng
ta kho st hin tng nhiu x ca mt chm tia
sng song song chiu n mn chn E c mang l 0
(H.20). C th l kho st cng nh sng nhiu x
theo cc phng (. Nh vy ngun sng S v im
quan st P u v cc.
So vi trng hp nhiu x Fresnel, cch gii quyt vn y c nhiu thun li hn
: trong cng thc tng qut (2.4), v cc khong cch r v r' u ln v hn, v l sng
phng, tha s bin tr thnh mt hng s, cc chn ng th cp gi t cc din tch
vi cp ca mt sng u truyn theo cng mt phng ((), v vy tha s xin l k c cng
mt tr s, nn c th a ra ngoi du tch phn. Cc tia sng ti v tia sng nhiu x u l
nhng tia song song, t hiu quang gia chng c th tnh c bng nhng cng thc
n gin. V nhng l trn, ta c th tnh tch phn (2.4) n kt qu cui cng v c nhng
trng hp c th tnh n gin.
1. S th nghim.
d quan st thng ngi ta b tr th nghim theo hnh 21. Ngun sng S t ti tiu
im ca thu knh hi t L1.

Chm tia song song nhiu x theo phng (, c hi t bng thu knh L2 ti P trn
mt phng tiu L
2
.
I
P
O

I
O

x
H.19
(
)
()
(E)
o
H.20
S
L
1
L
2
(E)
P
H. 21

2. Nhiu x do mt l hnh ch nht.
Gi s l hng trn mn E c dng ch nht cc cnh l a, b.
Chiu mt chm tia ti song song theo phng SRo qua l. Ta hy kho st cng
nh sng nhiu x theo phng R.

Chn tia SOR lm tia gc. Hiu quang l gia hai tia SIR v SOR l:
= HI + IH
= (SIR) (SOR)
Chn cc trc to trn mt phng ca l l Ox, Oy. Gi l vct n v trn tia ti
SI.
Ta c : HI = = (ox + (oy
Trong (o, (o l cc cosin nh hng ca:

o
= cos ( . , cos ( , ) o o
o
Ox u oy u =
uuur r uur r

x, y l cc ta ca I.
Gi l vct n v trn tia nhiu x IR vi cc cosin nh hng l ( v (.
Ta c :
IH = . IO u
uur r
= -x - y
Vy : ( = ((o - ()x + ((o - ()y
Nu chn chn ng R (() ng vi tia SOR lm gc v tng th chn ng R (()
truyn i t mt din tch vi cp d( = dx.dy ln cn im I l
ds = K (,
) d cos(t -
2
)
ds = K (,
) cos ( ) ( ) dy dx y x t
o o
.
2 2

Chn ng tng hp R (() l do s giao thoa ca cc chn ng th cp i t cc din
tch vi cp ly trn din tch ca l ch nht.
Ta c :
( ) ( )
2 2
cos .
a b
R o o
o o
S K t x y dx dy

=

(5.3)
Thc hin tch phn (5.3), i n kt qu :
y
H
o
I
H
a x
S
S
(L)
b
Ro()

Ro()

R()

R()

o
U
r
u
r
H. 22
(E)
R
o

R
I
H
o
S
H
H.23
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
sin sin
. . .cos
o o
o o
R
o o
a b
a b
S Kab t
a b

=

(5.4)
Tch s K.a.b c th t bng Ao.
T (5.4) ta cn thy rng chn ng tng hp c cng pha vi chn ng th cp xut
pht t im gia l ch nht vi ta ).

c. Cc trng hp gii hn:
Bin AR ca chn ng tng hp l tch ca cc hm s c dng sinu/u. Trong trng
hp a v b rt ln ta c v AR ( 0. Nh vy s khng c nh sng nhiu x theo phng R
nu nh ( ( (o v ( (
o
.
Khi ( = (o v ( = (o ngha l phng R v trng vi phng Ro th phng v AR =
Ao.
Vy Ao l bin chn ng tng hp theo phng Ro, ngha l nh hnh hc.
3. Nhiu x do mt khe hp.
a/ S th nghim :
Khe hp l trng hp ring ca l ch nht khi a rt nh, ta c b >> a, xut pht t bin
sng tng hp :
A
R
= A
o
( )
( )
( )
( )b
b
a
a
o
o
o
o

sin
.
sin
(5.5)
Ta thy :
+ Nu (o ( ( th hay I = A2R = 0
+ Nu (o = ( th
Khi : AR = Ao
Vy ta ch c nh sng nhiu x theo cc phng sao cho (=(o, ngha l theo cc phng
hp vi Oy mt gc bng gc ca phng ti hp vi Oy. Hnh 24 gip ta hnh dung s
phn b chm tia nhiu x t im I. IRo l phng ti, IR
l cc phng nhiu x. Cc tia nhiu x ta trn mt mt
nn trn xoay c trc i xng l IH (// Oy), na gc nh c
cosin bng (o. Nu ta hng chm tia nhiu x bng mt thu
knh hi t, th nh nhiu x s hin ln mt phng tiu ca
thu knh. chnh l giao tuyn ca mt phng tiu vi mt
nn trn.
Ta xt trng hp cc th nghim, dng trong thc t
c chm tia ti gn vung gc ti Oy, khi mt nn ni
trn c coi mt cch gn ng l mt mt phng thng gc vi Oy. S th nghim nh
hnh v 25.

R
R
o

R
R
H
I
H.24

Kt qu l trn mn nh, nh nhiu x thu v mt ng thng PX thng gc vi khe.
b. Hnh nh nhiu x :
Trong hnh 25, b di b ca khe thng gc vi mt ca hnh v. Thu knh L1 to chm
tia sng song song chiu ti khe b rng a. Thu knh L2 hi t nh sng nhiu x ln mt
phng tiu ca n. Nh trn phn tch, ch c nh sng nhiu x trn ng thng PoX.
xc nh v tr cc im ti v cc im sng, ta xut pht t cng thc (5.5) vi ( =
(o, ta c :
A
R
= A
o
.
( )
( )a
a
o
o

sin
(5.6)
thun tin ta dng h thc ta mi nh trn hnh 26. Gc ta O c t ti
quang tm ca vt knh L2.
io = (oz, OPo) v i = (oz, OP). Cc gc c gc theo quy c chung.
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
o o o o o
i i OP Oz Oz Ox OP Ox sin
2
cos , , cos , cos =
+ = + = =

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] i i OP Oz Oz Ox OP Ox sin
2
cos , , cos , cos =
+ = + = =

Vy trong h ta mi biu thc bin sng tng hp s l:
A
R
= A
o
( )
( )
( )
( )
sin sin sin sin sin sin
sin sin sin sin
o o
o
o o
i i a i i a
A
i i a i i a

=

(5.7)

Trng hp io v i, u b, ta c :

(5.8)

( )
( )a i i
a i i
A A
o
o
o R
= =
sin

S
~
L
1
L
2
X
P
o
P
H. 25
y
(+)
P
i
o

x
i
z
o
~
P
o
H. 26
y
o
* V tr cc im ti :
AR = 0 khi si vi
sin ( ) 0 = a i i
o
khi : ( )
k a i i
o
=
vi k = ( 1, ( 2, (

Khong cch gc gia 2 im ti k tip l (i = ( / a
Khong cch di gia chng l (x = (F/a (5.9)
* V tr cc im sng:
Bin sng t i va
xc nh v tr cc im sng ta tm cc tr ca hm s :

u
u
Y
sin
=
Ngha l tm nghim ca
Suy ra : tgu = u (5.10)
Phng trnh (5.9) c gii bng phng php th, trnh by trn hnh (27). Nghim
s tm c l :
( ) ( ) 2 1
2
o
u i i a k

= = + vi k = 1, 2, .
ng vi cc v tr gc :

Hay ng vi cc khong cch n Po :
( ) ( )
a
F
k i i F
o
2
1 2

+ = (5.11)
Khong cch gia 2 im sng k tip ,
cng chnh bng khong cch gia 2 im
ti k tip.
* im sng trung tm:
Ti Po, ng vi I = Io ta c cc i sng
trung tm, vi cng sng Io = A2o. Hai
im ti k hai bn cch Po mt khong (x=
F/a.
* S phn b cng sng:
Cng sng t i :
2 2
sin
=
u
u
A
A
I
I
o
R
o
R

Ti cc im sng : u = (2k + 1, sinu = 1
Vy
( ) ( )
a
k i i
o
2
1 2

+ =
( )
a
k i i
o
=
y
u
y=u
-3/2
-
0
-/2 /2 3/2
H. 27
( )
2 2
1 2
4
+
=
k
I
I
o
R

i vi 2 im sng k tip cc i sng trung tm, ng vi k = 1, k = -2, ta c :

( )
% 4
14 , 3 3
4
2 2
1
= =
o
I
I

Tip :

( )
% 6 , 1
14 , 3 5
4
2 2
2
= =
o
I
I

Hn 90% nng lng nh sng tp trung cc i nhiu x trung tm. C th biu din
s phn b bin chn ng tng hp v cng sng nhiu x dc theo trc PoX nh
trn cc hnh 28a v 28b. Trn y chng ta kho st hnh nh nhiu x vi ngun sng
im S. Hnh nhiu x l cc im sng phn b trn trc PoX, cc i trung tm ti P
o
S.
d quan st, ngi ta dng ngun sng S c dng khe hp, mi im trn khe cho cc
cc i nhiu x nh ta va kho st. Cc im trn khe lin tc v cc hnh nhiu x cng
lin tc, cc cc i cng nm trn cng mt ng thng. Do , trong trng hp ny, ta
quan st thy h vn sng ti hnh thng song song vi khe S.
4. Nhiu x qua nhiu khe hp - cch t nhiu x.
a/ Cu to ca cch t v cch b tr th nghim:
Cch t phng gm cc khe hp song song cch u nhau, v cng nm trn mt mt
phng (H.29). B rng ca mi khe l a, khong khng trong sut gia 2 khe c b rng l
b - Khong cch gia 2 khe k tip l d :
d = a + b (5.9)
d c gi l chu k hay hng s ca cch t. S khe
ca cch t l N, b rng ca cch t l L = d . N (5.10)

Cu to ca cch t rt tinh vi, trn b rng 1 mm c n hng trm, hng ngn khe .....
C nhiu loi cch t c cu to ring bit nhng u da theo nguyn tc : mt sng ca
chm tia sng ti c chia thnh nhng phn u n, ln lt truyn qua v b ngn li
bi cch t. Cch t D c t nh s th nghim trn hnh 30 (kch thc ca cch t
o
R
A
A

a
F
2
a
F

a
F

a
F
2
1
P
o
(b)
(a)
1 I/I
o
H. 28
H. 29
c phng i). S ny hon ton tng t s th nghim nhiu x qua mt khe
hp trn hnh 25 - Tr li phn nhiu x qua mt khe ta thy rng cc i trung tm Po ti
v tr nh hnh hc ca S qua hai thu knh, hon ton khng ph thuc vo v tr ca khe
hp, khong cch gia 2 cc i v 2 cc tiu k tip bng F (/a (H.28b), ch ph thuc vo
b rng a ca mi khe. Trong th nghim trn, nh sng b nhiu x qua N khe, nhng v l
l nu trn, N hnh nhiu x tng kht nhau, nn c th suy ra rng biu chn ng tng
hp c dng hnh 28a vi tha s nhn N.

Tuy nhin, khc vi trng hp nhiu x qua mt khe, y cn c hin tng giao
thoa ca N chn ng th cp xut pht t N khe. Trn hnh 30 cho thy N chn ng th
cp nhiu x theo phng OP, v giao thoa vi nhau ti P. T phn tch nh tnh nh trn,
chng ta s tin hnh tnh ton.
b/ Tng hp bin cc chn ng th cp N khe:
Bin chn ng th cp, nhiu x theo phng OP, t mi mt khe, c tnh
trong biu thc (5.7) :
( )
( )a i i
a i i
A A
o
o
o p
sin sin
sin sin sin
.
1

Trc y chng ta xc nh chn ng th cp t mi khe c pha nh chn ng th
cp t im gia khe. Nh vy c th tnh lch pha gia 2 khe k tip khi n P.
Hiu quang l ( = dsini - dsinio = d (sin i - sinio)
lch pha :
Chng ta tng hp N chn ng c bin bng nhau A1P v lch pha ca 2 chn
ng k tip l ((.
Vi phng php cng bng s vct, kt qu theo cng thc (2.2) ca chng giao
thoa cho ta bin ca chn ng tng hp :
2
sin
2
sin
1
= =
N
A A
p NP

2
sin
2
sin
.
sin
=
N
u
u
A A
o NP

S
D
L
1
L
2
P
P
o
H. 30
i
J
i
i
o
(+)
I
i
o
H. 30
Cng sng nhiu x ti P :
( )
2
2
2
2 2
sin
sin
2
.
sin
2
P o
N
u
I A
u

=

(5.12)
Kho st hm s (5.12) chng ta s xc nh c cc cc i v cc tiu nhiu x. Cng
vic s thun tin hn nu tch (5.12) thnh 2 tha s. Dng ca tha s th nht
2
sin
u
u
a
biet tren hnh 28b, vi :
* V tr cc cc tiu nhiu x l X = +_ k kF/a
Cc cc i v cc tiu ca tha s sau c phn tch bng cch tr li s cng
vct.

(a) = k2 (b) N = k2 (c) N = (2k+1)
vi k=0, (1, (2 k=(1, (2, ((0, N, 2N) k=(1, (2, .
cho cc i chnh
Hnh 31
Ch : lch pha ca chn ng th N so vi chn ng th nht l (N - 1)((
* V tr cc cc i chnh:
T hnh 31a, ta c iu kin cho cc cc i chnh :
= 2k
k i i d
o
2 ) sin (sin
2
=

vi k = 0, +_ 1, +_ 2 (5.13)

Khong cch gc gia 2 cc i chnh k tip l (/d
Khong cch trn mn quan st l (X = F (/d (5.14)
Cng sng cc cc i chnh
d
k i i
o
= sin sin
O
A B C D
A
O
C
B
A
O
C
B
D
V
( )
N
k
Nk
N
= =
sin
sin
2
sin
2
. sin

Cho nn IMax = N
2
A
2
o
( )
2
2
sin
u
u

- V tr cc cc tiu (giao thoa) t hnh 31b, cc
cc tiu giao thoa ng vi
N (( = k2(, vi k ( 0, N, 2N ...
ng vi sini - sinio =
Khong cch gia hai cc tiu lin tip trn mn l(vi i v io nh).
Vi k = N -1 v k = N + 1, ta c hai cc tiu bn cnh cc i chnh (ng vi k - 1 trong
cng thc 5.13). Vy b rng ca cc i chnh l :
( ) ( )
Nd
F
F
Nd
N
Nd
N
2
1 1 =
+
- V tr cc cc i ph
T hnh (31c) ta c iu kin cc i ph
N = (2 k + 1)
Suy ra sini - sini
o
= (2k + 1)
Nd 2

Khong cch gc gia 2 cc i ph k tip : (/Nd
Khong cch trn mn quan st l (X = F (/Nd
(khi xt i, io nh) (5.15)
Khong cch ny nh so vi khong cch trong (5.14) N ln
Cng cc cc i ph :
V
( )
( )
N
k
k N
2
1 2 sin
2
1 2 sin
2
sin
2
. sin
+
+
=

= (vi k khng ln lm)
Cng sng : Imax= N2A02
Vi k = 1, t s cui cng c 4%.
Vy cng sng ca cc cc i ph nh hn cng sng cc cc i chnh nhiu
ln.
- trn ta kho st mt cch tng qut, by gi ta n trng hp ring ca cch
t. Vi quang c ny, s khe trn mt n v chiu di kh ln nn b rng ca mi khe rt
nh, v chu k ca cch t rt nh (c (). Hu qu l trong cng thc:
cc i chnh
c c t r

H.32
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
sin
2
sin
sin sin
sin sin sin
N
a i i
a i i
A I
o
o
o
P

Tha s th 2 bin thin khng ng k khi gc nhiu x i thay i. Do s bin
thin ca Ip trn thc t l do s bin thin ca tha s th 3 :. Tha s ny xut hin l
do s giao thoa gia cc chm tia i qua cc khe ca cch t. Vy chnh hin tng giao
thoa ng vai tr quan trng trong s phn b cng sng trn mn nh. Cc vn sng ta
thy trn mn l vn do tha s th 3, ngha l cc vn giao thoa. Trn thc t cng cc
cc i ph khng ng k nn trong trng hp ny ta thng khng n v thy trn
mn nh mt h thng gm cc vn sng hp, cch nhau bi nhng khong ti kh rng.
Phng ca cc vn sng ny nh ta bit c xc
nh bi cng thc
d
k i i
o
1
sin sin =
Ta thy chnh l s khe n trn mt n v chiu di
ca cch t
Vy : (5.19)
Hnh 32

Hnh v 30 c v li mt cch tng qut nh hnh 34.

Lu : V ta c iu kin i sini +1
Nn s vn sng giao thoa cho bi cch t b gii hn. Trong trng hp tng qut s
vn sng khng i xng hai bn nh hnh hc.
5. Nhiu x do mt l trn.
a/ Cch b tr dng c th nghim (H.35)
Thu knh L1 to t ngun im S mt chm tia sng song song thng gc vi mt
phng D ca hng trn. Thu knh L2 a nh nhiu x v cc, gy ra bi hng trn, v
mt mn nh E. Po l nh hnh hc ca S cho bi h thng.

n k i i
o
= sin sin
S
(E)
L
1
D
L
2
P
o
P
H. 33

Do s i xng, ta c trn mn E cc vn nhiu x trn cng tm Po.
b/ Cng nh sng nhiu x ti mt im.(H.34)

V hin tng c tnh i xng xung quanh Po, nn ta ch cn xt hin tng trn ng
XX.
Gi M l mt im nm trn ng knh XX ca hng trn v c honh l x.
Hiu quang gia hai tia nhiu x i qua O v qua M l:
( = MH = x sini = xi (ta ch cn lu ti tr s tuyt i ca cc gc nhiu x i). Hay
hiu s pha l :
2 '
2
i x
x

= = = vo
'
2
i
=
Nu chn ng ti Ro(() c dng so = cos(t th chn ng ti P (ng vi gc nhiu x i)
gy ra bi mt din tch d( vi cp ly gn im M (nh hnh v)
ds = d( . cos((t + (x) vi
d = 2 dx x a .
2 2

Chn ng ti P gy ra bi ton hng trn l :
S ( )

+ = = x t d ds cos

+ =
a
a
dx x t x a ). cos( 2
2 2

y
o
x
H
M
x
H
y
H. 34
i
y
P
o
P
X
x
y
L
1
S
x
L
2
X
o
H. 35
a -a x
o x
d
M
x
2 2
x a +
2 2
x a
H. 36
t xdx x a
a
a
cos . cos 2
2 2
=

+

t xdx x a
a
a
cos . cos 4
2 2
=
Vy bin chn ng ti P l (Chn ng tng hp ng pha vi chn ng i qua tm
hng).
2
2
2
2
4 cos 4 1 cos .
a a
a a
x
A a x xdx a x dx
a

+ +

= =

t vi
=
1
0
2
. cos 1 4
2
du mu u a A
Trong biu thc ca A, tch phn tnh c l :
( )
m
m J
du mu u
1
1
0
2
.
2
. cos 1

=

Trong J1(m) l hm s Bessel bc 1
Vy A = t (a2 = Ao
A = A
o

( )
m
m J
1
2
(5.20)
Vy cng sng ti P l :

( )
2
1
2
=
m
m J
I I
o
(5.21)
c/ Tnh cht ca hm J1 (m):
- ng biu din ca J1 (m) theo m :
Khi m c tr s kh ln, ng biu din ca J1 (m) theo m c th coi l mt ng hnh
sin tt dn, c dng :
J
1
(m) =

4
sin
2
m
m
(5.22)

O
m
1
m
m
3
m
4
m
5 m
2
J
1
(m)
H.37
on mi, mj gn nh khng i khi m kh ln
+ Khi m 0 th
( )
2
1
1
m
m J

Do
v
- ng biu din ca v theo m
ng biu din ca theo m cho bit s bin thin ca cng sng tng i trn
mn quan st (m t l vi d). Ta thy cng sng gim i rt nhanh t tm Po ra ngoi.

d/ Xc nh v tr vn nhiu x:
* Vn ti : ng vi J1(m) = 0
hay sin (m -
4
) = 0
m -
4
= k
m = k +
4
(5.23)
Tr s gn ng Tr s ng
(t cng thc gn ng) (t hm Bessel)
Vn ti 1 : m1 == 3,927 m1 = 3,832
Vn ti 2 : m2 == 7,068 m2 = 7,015
Vn ti 3 : m3 == 10,210 m3 = 10,173
Cng xa tm, cc vn cng cch u nhau
c bit, khi ta xt vn ti 1 :
Ta c : m = (a =
suy ra :
m
a
F
d
2
=
m
1
m
2
m
3
m
4
m
5
o
A
A

o
I
I

H. 38
ng vi vn ti 1, ta c m1 =
Hay
a
F
d

8
5
= (5.24)
Hay bn knh gc nhn t quang tm thu knh L2 l :

a
i
2 4
5
1
'

= (5.25)
Vi 2a = ng knh ca hng trn
Cc tr s ng suy t hm s Bessel l :
a
i
2
22 , 1
1
'

= (5.26)
a
F
d
2
22 , 1
1

= (5.27)
* Vn sng : ng vi
hay ( )
2
1 2
4

+ = k m
Suy ra
4
3
+ = k m (5.28)
Tr s gn ng Tr s ng
(t cng thc gn ng) (t hm Bessel)
Vn sng 1 : m1 == 5,489 m1 = 5,136
Vn sng 2 : m2 == 8,639 m2 = 8,417
Ta thy trong trng hp ny, s chnh lch kh ln nn khng th dng cng thc gn
ng xc nh v tr vn sng.
6. Nhiu x do hai l trn.
Cch b tr dng c ging nh hnh 32 nhng trn mn chn sng D c hai l trn ging
ht nhau, c cc tm l O1 v O2 cch nhau mt an ?.

V tr ca vn nhiu x khng ty thuc v tr ca l trn trn mn D. Do cc vn
nhiu x gy ra bi hai l trn th trng nhau. Xt mt im P trn mn E. Mi l trn gy
ra ti P mt chn ng sng c bin l :

m
m J
A A
o
) ( 2
1
=
O
1
P

H

O
2
P

P
o
i

(D)

H. 39

H.40
V c pha bng pha ca chn ng i qua tm ca l trn. Vy hiu s pha gia hai chn
ng i qua hai l trn chnh l hiu s pha gia hai tia i qua hai tm.
Hiu quang l gia hai tia i qua hai tm O1, O2 l
= O
1
H = . sini = . i

Hiu s pha tng ng
l
'
2 2 i
= =
Bin chn ng tng hp
A = 2A cos
2

Hay A = 2A
o
. l
'
1
cos .
) ( 2 i
m
m J
(5.29)
Tha s l do hin tng nhiu x bi l trn. Tha s th hai l do s giao thoa
gia hai chm tia i qua hai l trn ny. Trn mn E, trong cc vn nhiu x trn, ta thy
nhng vn giao thoa thng (h.38).
Nu chm tia ti khng thng gc vi mt phng D m c gc ti l i, cng thc (5.29)
tr thnh :
A = 2A
o
( )
l i i
m
m J
'
1
cos .
) ( 2
(5.30)
7. Nhiu x do n l trn ging nhau phn b bt k.
Ti mt im P trn mn E, mi l trn to mt chn ng l:
s = A cos (t - )
Chn ng tng hp ti P
S = s = A cos (t - )
S = A cost.( cos)+Asint.( sin)

Cng tng hp ti P :
J = ( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2 2
sin cos + A
( ) ( )
+ + =

= = =
n
i
n
j i
j i i i
A
1 1 ,
2 2 2
cos 2 sin cos
Trong
Ngoi ra v cc l trn phn b bt k trn mn D nn nu n kh ln th
( ) 0 cos =
j i

Vy J = nA2 = nI (5.31)
Cng nhiu x gy ra bi mt s l kh ln, ging nhau, phn b bt k, th bng
tng s cc cng nhiu x gy ra bi cc l ny.

O
a
/2

A
A
H. 41
H. 42
SS.6. NNG SUT PHN CCH CA CC DNG C QUANG HC.
1. Tiu chun Rayleigh.
Khi ta dng mt quang c quan st mt im, chm tia sng i qua quang c b gii
hn bi gng ca vt knh, ngha l b nhiu x bi mt hng trn. Do , nh Po, thc ra l
mt vt sng trn, xung quanh c cc vn nhiu x. Cng cc vn ny rt nh so vi
cng ca vn sng gia. V vy ta thy hnh nh ch c mt vt sng ny m thi.
Nng sut phn cch ca mt quang c din t kh nng ca quang c c th phn
bit c nh ca hai im gn nhau. S phn bit ny lun lun c th thc hin c (khi
ta dng mt th knh c phng i thch hp hoc dng mt knh nh thch hp) nu hai
vt sng nhiu x ny b phn cch bi mt khong ti c sng yu hn mt tr s ti
thiu no . Ngi ta o nng sut phn cch ca mt quang c bng nng sut phn cch
ca vt knh. Chng ta tha nhn tiu chun sau y, gi l tiu chun Rayleigh :
- Hai vt sng nhiu x c phn bit bi mt khi cc i tm ca nh nhiu x ny
trng vi cc tiu th nht ca nh nhiu x kia.
Gi s ta quan st hai im A v A. Po v Po l hai nh
hnh hc, ngha l cc tm ca cc nh nhiu x. Mt phn bit
c hai nh nhiu x ny khi
P
o
P
o
d
o
do l bn knh ca mi nh nhiu x
do = 1,22
a
F
2

trong 2a l ng knh ca vt knh.
2. Nng sut phn cch ca knh thin vn.

Gi s ta dng knh thin vn ngm hai ngi sao S v S ( v cc) sng bng nhau.
Nh vy ta s c hai nh nhiu x sng nh nhau, c tm l Po v Po trn mt phng
tiu ca vt knh v c bn knh l :
do = 1,22
a
F
2
(6.1)
Hai nh nhiu x ch c th c phn bit nu ta c PoPo>>do ng vi gc

(6.2)

2a = ng knh khu ca vt knh ca knh thin vn.
Gc ( c gi l nng sut phn cch ca knh thin vn i vi bc sng (.
a 2
22 , 1

=
P
0
P
0
P
0
P
0
H. 42
L
2

f

L
1

P
o
P
o

S
S
H. 43
Vi bc sng nhy nht i vi mt, ( = 0,55 (, v vi mt knh thin vn c vt knh
c ng knh 2,5 mt, nng sut phn cch l= 2,68 x 10 7 rad. Mt ngi ta khng th
phn bit c hai im c th gic nh nh vy. V th ta phi phng i gc ( ln bng
mt th knh v tr v tiu. Nu G l s bi gic ca knh thin vn.
Ta c :
= G . =
f
F

Ta cn iu kin ( ( 3.10-4 rad (nhu ca mt)
Hay
f
F
.
a 2
22 , 1

3.10
-4
rad (6.3)
3. Nng sut phn cch ca knh hin vi.
Cc cng thc trong trng hp nhiu x Fraunhofer u c thnh lp vi chm tia
ti hng l cc chm tia song song, ngha l coi nh vt sng v cc.
Trong trng hp knh hin vi th ngc li, vt sng rt gn vt knh.
Tuy nhin nu ta thay vt knh L bng mt thu knh L c cng ng knh, c tiu c f
= OPo v ko vt AA ra xa v cc th h thng vn nhiu x trong hai trng hp nh
nhau. Nh vy ta vn c th p dng tiu chun Rayleigh cho knh hin vi.

Nng sut phn cch ca vt knh L l khong cch y gia A v A ta c hai nh
phn bit Po v Po.
y = P
o
P
o

a
F
2
22 , 1

Gi n v n l chit sut ca mi trng ti v mi trng l (ra khi mt knh).
Tr s nh nht ca y l : y == 0,61 (v a = Fu', gc u' nh)
Nu mi trng l l khng kh n = 1, ta c theo iu kin Abbe v s chnh th : nysinu
= n
sinu

Vy: y = yu/n sin u = 0.61/n sin u (6.3)
y cng nh, kh nng phn cch ca knh hin vi cng ln. V vy ngi ta thng tng
n bng cch dng knh hin vi c vt knh nhng chm trong du Cdre.
A
y
P
o
a
a
A

u
P
o
y
L
u (a)
a
F
P
o
y
P
o
a
A()

A()
H. 45
(b)
SS.7. QUANG PH CCH T.
1. Nguyn tc .
Trong mt my quang ph cch t, b phn tn sc l mt cch t thay cho mt lng
knh.
Ta c : sin i sin io = k n
hay sini = sini
o
+ kn
Vy gc nhiu x i thay i theo bc sng . Do nu ta chiu ti cch t mt chm
nh sng trng, th hin tng tn sc xy ra (v gc i thay i theo ).
Tai Mo, ng vi k = 0, mi n sc chng ln nhau, do ta c mu trng.
Gi s io = 0 sini = k n
Cho k = 1, ta c hai quang ph i xng qua vn gia. mi quang ph, tia tm lch
t nht, tia lch nhiu nht.

Nhn xt :
Vi cch t, ta c nhiu quang ph (bc 1, bc 2, ...)
Bc quang ph cng ln, quang ph cng rng, tn sc cng ln
Tri vi trng hp lng knh, trong s tn sc do cch t, di sng cng ln, bc x
lch cng nhiu.
Cch t tn sc u hn lng knh, cc mu tng i phn b u theo (.

2. o di sng bng cch t.
p dng cng thc sini = sinio + k ( n

kn
i i
o
sin sin
= (7.1)
Thay i gc io c lch D cc tiu, khi

M
o
k=2

k=1

k=0

H. 46
0,75 0,6 0,5 0,4
0uang pho lang knh
0,4 0,5 0,6 0,75
0uang pho cach tu
H. 47
R
(+)
R
o
Z
i
o
i
H. 48
Ta c lch D = i - io
Hay 0 1 = =
o o
di
di
di
dD
1 =
o
di
di

M ta c sini - sinio = k (n
cosi . di cosi
o
. di
o
= 0
hay
i
i
di
di
o
o
cos
cos
=
Vy lch cc tiu, ta c : cosio = cosi
i = i
o
hay i = -i
o

Ta phi c i ( io, do i = - io
Vy sini - sinio = 2 sini
Ngoi ra lch cc tiu l Dm = i - io = 2i

2
Dm
i =
Vy sini sinio = 2sini = 2si

3. Nng sut phn gii ca mt cch t.
Chiu xung cch t mt nh sng gm hai bc x c di sng.
( v (' = ( + ((
Ta c hai h thng vn lch nhau mt cht.
Ta phn bit c hai h thng nu cc i th k ca
( trng vi v tr ca cc tiu u tin cnh cc i
th k ca (.
Xt cng thc hiu quang l gia hai tia i qua
im gia ca hai khe lin tip.
= (sini - sini
o
)
Vi (, ng vi P, hiu l l :
(P = k ( (cc i) = k (( + (()
Vi (, ng vi im P, ta c mt cc i.
Vy (P = k(
Ti P, ta c cc tiu u tin ca ( cnh P
Nn : (P = k( +
Suy ra : k ( + ) = k +
N

kn
Dm
2
sin 2
=
P
k

P
o
k

(k+1)

H. 49

(7.3)

duoc d}nh nghia la nang suat ga cua cach tu

c gi l nng sut phn cch.

SS.8. TNG PHN PHA.

Chiu sng thng gc mt bn mng mt song song, trong sut, ng cht AB bng mt
chm tia sng song song pht xut t mt ngun im S v cc. Nh vy nh sng ti AB
l nh sng iu hp, chm tia song song ny i qua thu knh L, hi t ti S. Anh ca AB
cho bi thu knh l AB.
Chn ng sng ti mi im trn mt AB u ng pha, gi s c phng trnh :
s
o
= a sint
Trong iu kin c nh r ca Gauss, ta c th coi mt phng AB l mt mt sng. Gi
L l quang l gia hai mt lin hp AB v AB. Chn ng sng ti mt AB chm pha
hn chn ng ti mt AB l :

2 L
=
Vy phng trnh chn ng ti cc im trn AB l
s
o
= a sin (t - )
- Nu b dy ca bn AB khng u, hoc bn khng ng nht (chit sut khng ng
nht ti mi im) th cc chn ng sng cc im trn
mt AB khng cn ng pha na.
Gi s ti P c mt ch lm, v Q l mt mt ch li,
lm b dy ca bn knh thay i l (c. Mt sng ng vi
chm tia l l ra khi AB c dng nh hnh v (h 8.2).
Chn ng ti P (hay Q) c pha thay i l :
2
= vi = (n - 1)c

kN =

A
P
Q
B
F

L
S
(E)
B
Q
P
A
H. 8.1
A
H. 8.2

P
Q
B
Vy phng trnh chn ng sng ti P (hay Q) l
S = a sin (t - - )
( < 0 ng vi P
( < 0 ng vi Q
Nh vy nu b dy ca bn AB khng u hoc chit sut ca bn khng ng nht ti
mi im th chn ng sng ti cc im trn nh A'B' khng ng pha vi nhau. D nhin
mt ta khng th nhn thy c s khc nhau v pha ny v vn thy nh A'B' sng u.
Ta c th vit :
s = a cos. sin (t - ) - asin . cos (t - )
Gi s cc s bin thin v b dy hoc chit sut ca bn l rt nh, ta c th ly cos
1, sin .
Do :
S = a sin (t - ) - a . cos (t - )
S = a sin (t - ) - a . sin (t - +
2
)
Ta thy chn ng sng ti mt im trn A'B' c coi l tng hp ca hai sng :
- Mt sng chnh (hay sng nn) c bin nh nhau ti mi im trn A'B'.
'
o
S = a sin (t - )
- Mt sng ph c bin thay i theo v tr trn nh A'B' do cc s khng ng cht
ni trn ca cc im trn vt AB :
S
1
= -a . sin (t - +
2
)
Sng ph ny c pha vung gc vi sng chnh :
Ta nhn xt :
* ng vi im lm : < 0 : S1 = a|| sin (cot - +r/2) sng ph nhanh pha vung gc
vi sng nn.
* ng vi im li : > 0
S
1
= -a.sin (t - +
2
)
S
1
= a.sin (t - -
2
)
Sng ph chm pha vung gc vi sng nn.
- By gi ta hin tng trn mt tiu ca thu knh L.
Sng chnh khi i qua thu knh L, b nhiu x bi vnh ngoi ca thu knh. nh S
chnh l vt sng gia ca nh nhiu x gy ra bi vnh ngoi thu knh. Bn knh ca vt
sng ny l:
R = 1,22
D
F

F = tiu c ca thu knh L.
D = ng knh
Ta c th gii thch : sng ph sinh ra do s nhiu x bi cc im bt thng trn vt
AB (im P hoc im Q). Vt sng gia ca nh nhiu x gy ra bi cc im ny c bn
knh l :
r = 1,22
d
F

d l ng knh ca ch li, lm.
D nhin r kh ln so vi R. Nh vy ta c th loi b mt trong hai sng trn mt cch
d dng. Th d : Mun loi b sng chnh trn mn (E), ta ch vic t ti S' mt mn ngn
sng c din tch bng din tch ca vt sng S'.

II. QUAN ST MT VT BNG HIN TNG TNG PHN PHA.
Trong phn trn ta thy, vi mt vt c cc im bt thng nh bn AB, th cc sng
ti cc im trn trn nh A'B' khng ng pha vi nhau m c s tng phn pha no .
Nu ta c th nhn ra c s bin i v pha ny trn nh AB th ta c th xc nh c
cc im bt thng trn vt AB. Mun vy ta phi bin i s tng phn v pha gia cc
im trn nh AB thnh s tng phn v cng sng. Sau y l phng php ca
Zernike.
Ta chn vt sng nhiu x S ca sng chnh bng mt bn L c din tch bng din tch
ca vt sng S, bn L c gi l bn pha, c b di quang hc l (2k + 1) (/4. Nh vy bn
pha lm cho pha ca sng chnh bin i i l. Gi s ta ly trng hp
2
(tng phn pha

dng) v gi s bn pha trong sut, sng chnh sau khi i qua bn pha tr thnh
''
o
S = a. sin (t - +
2
)
Sng tng hp l :
S' = a (1 - (). sin ((t - ( +) vi bin l a (1 - ().
Cng nn l Io = a2 (ng vi ( = 0)
Cng sng ti mt im bt k l:
I = a
2
(1 - )
2
a
2
(1 - 2)
( c th dng hay m.
tng phn ti im kho st c nh ngha l :
2 =
=
I
I I
o

Ti im P, ng vi im lm P, ta c ( < 0, I > Io.
Ti im Q, ng vi im li Q, ta c ( > 0, I < Io.
Nu ta dng bn pha lm pha ca sng chnh thay i (tng phn pha m) th cc
kt qu trn ngc li.
Nh vy bng phng php ny, quan st nh AB, ta phn bit c cc im sng
hn, ti hn, t tm ra cc im bt thng (nh P hoc Q) trn bn AB.
s quan st d hn, thay v bn pha trong sut ta c th dng bn pha c tnh hp th
mt phn i vi bc sng (. Cng ca sng chnh sau khi i qua bn pha, khng cn
l Io na m gim i, gi s l :
I
o
=
N
a
N
I
o
2
=
Hay bin l a =
c gi l truyn sut ca bn pha i vi bc sng ()
Sng tng hp trong trng hp tng phn pha dng l :
S' = a (- + 1/ N ). sin (t - +
2
)
Cng : I
tng phn ti im quan st :
N 2 =
Nh vy ta thy trong trng hp ny, mc d cng nn gim i nhng tng
phn tng ln. Th d vi N = 100, tng phn tng ln 10 ln.. Do , ta d nhn ra cc
ch li, ch lm trn vt AB hn.

SS.9. PHP TON K.
1. Lch s.
Sau khi Laser c pht minh, mt ngnh mi ca quang hc pht trin kh mnh. l
php ton k hay phng php chp nh ni (nh trong khng gian ba chiu).
Php ton k tht ra c pht minh t nm1948 bi nh vt l Gabor (gii Nobel vt l
nm 1971).
Php chp nh ny gm hai giai on :
- Giai on ghi: cho nh sng iu hp nhiu x bi vt (m ta mun chp) giao thoa vi
nh sng iu hp (R, gi l sng nn hay sng qui chiu. em ra knh nh ta c mt
ton , trn ghi li cc thng tin cn thit c th to li nh ni ca vt.
- Giai on to li hnh : em ri ton bng mt chm tia song song, n sc. Cc chi
tit trn ton lm chm tia sng i qua b nhiu x. Hin tng nhiu x ny s to li
nh ni ca vt m ta chp.
Gabor thc hin cc th nghim u tin nhng nh khng c r v c hai nh
ln ln nhau, ng thi trong giai on , cha c c cc ngun sng tht n sc.
Phi ch sau khi ngun sng laser c pht minh th phng php ca Gabor mi c
ci thin v php ton k mi c pht trin. Nm 1963, hai nh vt l Leith v Upatnieks
ca i hc Michigan dng nh sng Laser He - Ne v chp c nh ni r rng bng
php ton k.
Ngy nay ton k l mt ngnh quang hc rt c trin vng v c nhiu ng dng trong
cc ngnh nh giao thoa k hc, kh tng hc, a vt l hc, hin vi knh hc .....
2. Phng php LEITH - UPATNIEKS.
Leith v Upatnieks dng mt chm nh sng laser He - Ne song song, di ti gng M
v vt A. Trn knh nh P, ta c s giao thoa gia sng phng phn x t gng M ti knh
nh v sng nhiu x bi vt A. Sau khi em ra knh nh, ta c mt ton .
em ri ton bng chm tia n sc song song, vi cng mt gc ti nh khi ghi
(vn dng nh sng laser He - Ne). Ta s c hai nh : nh o A v nh thc A nh hnh
v di. A v A l cc nh ni trong khng
gian ba chiu. Mt ton thnh lp nh trn
c gi l ton Fresnel.

3. Vi tnh cht c bit.
1/ Trong cch chp nh thng, ta ch ghi c trn nh cng sng tri li trong
php ton k ngi ta khng ghi li c cng m cn ghi li c c pha ca sng ti
knh nh. Nhn qua ton p ta s thy mt nh o. l mt nh ni trong khng gian ba
chiu ging nh vt thc s c trc mt ta vy.
2/ Nu dng php ton k chp mt cnh c nhiu vt, th d hai vt A1B, th khi to
li hnh, cnh quan st c s thay i
ty theo v tr ca mt. Th d nu mt
v tr O1, ta c th nhn thy c nh
ton phn A v B ca A v B. Nhng
nu t mt O2 th c th khng nhn
thy nh A hoc ch nhn thy mt phn
v b B che khut.
3/ Trong php chp nh thng, ta c
s tng ng mt im vi mt im
gia nh v vt. Trong php ton k ta
c s tng ng mt im ca vt vi
mi im trn ton . Do , nu ta ch cn li mt mnh ca ton , ta vn thy nh ton
th ca vt.
4. L thuyt v s to hnh trong php ton k.
a/ Giai on ghi :

M
A A
H. 9.1

P
A

A
P
H.92
O
1

O
2
P
A
H.93
M
y
o
x
P
S
H.94
H.95
(P)
O
y
P
S
R

Chiu ti knh nh P mt chm tia sng song song, n sc. l sng iu hp
R
,
ng vai tr ca sng qui chiu hay sng nn. Gi s vt l im S. Nh vy knh nh P cn
nhn c mt sng cu nhiu x ( pht ra t S. Trn knh nh P, ta c s giao thoa gia
hai sng ( v (R.
Xt sng qui chiu (R, nu sng ti im O c dng aoej(t th ti im M, bin tp l
a (x, y) = aoe-jk(y vi k = 2(/( (gc ( nh ).
Bin tp ca sng cu ( ti M l F (x, y) c dng :
F (x. y) = Fo e-jkd vi d =
Vy bin tng hp ti M l :
a (x.y) + F (x, y) (9.1)
Cng ti M :
I = (a + F) (a
*
+ F
*
) = a
2
+ F
2

+ a
*
F + a F
*
(9.2)
Nu thi gian ghi hnh l T, nng lng nhn bi knh nh P l:
W = I . T = T a
2
+ T F
2
+ Ta
*
F + Ta F
*
(9.3)
em ra knh nh, ta c mt m bn. l ton , trn ta ghi li cc d kin
c th to li nh ni ca S.
b/ Giai on to li nh :
Ri vo ton mt chm tia n sc, song song, iu hp. Sng ny ta gi l sng to
nh (R.. Nu Io l cng ti v I l cng truyn qua m bn, h s truyn sut ca
m bn l:
T
=
o
I
I
(9.4)
H s truyn sut bin l t =, l mt hm theo nng lng W m knh nh nhn
c trong thi gian ghi nh. S bin thin ca t theo W nh hnh v (9.6), trn c mt
on thng AB, ng vi on n y, bin truyn qua m bn t l vi W. Mun vy cc tr
s ca W khng c xa tr s trung bnh Wo nhiu, cng c ngha l nhng vn giao thoa
trn knh nh khng tng phn qu, hay l bin ca cc sng ( v (R phi khc nhau.
Trong iu kin trn, ta c :
t = to - (W - W
o
)
Ta c th ly Wo = T
Vy : t = to - (
Hay : t = t
o
-
[ ] * *
2
aF F a F + + (9.6)
Vi ( = (T
Nu bin ti mt im (x, y) trn knh nh gy ra bi sng to nh (R l b (x, y) th
bin truyn qua ton l:
bt = t
o
b - b

[ ] * *
2
aF F a F + +
Gi s sng to nh (R l mt sng phng song song vi mt phng P. Khi b l mt
hng s:

t

H thc trn vit li l :
bt = t
o
b - b

[ ]
y jk
o
y jk
o
e F a b Fe a b F

* *
' '
2

S hng bto l hng s. S hng th hai : b((F(2 gn nh khng i v (F(2 bin thin
khng ng k. Nh vy, cc s hng ny biu din sng phng truyn thng qua p.
S hng th 3 :
cha tha s F (x, y) = e-jkd, vy biu din sng cu phn k pht sut t
S. Tha s ejk(y ch rng S nm trn phng hp vi php tuyn ca ton P mt gc l
(.
S hng th 4:cha tha s F* (x, y) = Foe+jkd biu din sng cu hi t ti S. Anh
ny nm trn phng hp vi php tuyn ca ton mt gc ( (hnh v 9.7).
S c gi l nh thng, S c gi l nh lin hp
c/ Trng hp vt c kch thc:
Ta coi l vt gm v s ln ngun im v l lun li nh trn. Bin chn ng
tng hp ti M by gi l :
a (x, y) + F
V ta c :
t = t
o
-
(F . F
*
+ a
*
. F + a . F
*
) (9.10)
V khi to nh bng mt sng phng song song vi P, ta c:
bt = t
o
b - b
F . F
*
- b
a
*
o
e
jky
. F - b
a
o
e
-jky
F
*
) (9.11)
S hng th 3 ng vi nh o ca vt (gm nh o ca tt c cc im ca vt). S hng th
t ng vi nh tht (nh lin hp) ca vt. Cc nh ny l cc nh ni trong khng gian 3
chiu.

(P)
H.97
5. Xc nh v tr ca nh.

Gi s sng qui chiu (R c bc sng ( pht ra t mt ngun im SR c ta ((, xr,
y
r
).
im vt gy ra sng nhiu x l S c ta ((, xs, ys).
Bin gy ra ti mt im M (x, y) trn knh nh c dng:
2 2 2
) ( ) (
2
s s
y y x x p j
o
e f F
+ +
=

(9.12)
Trong cc iu kin ca th nghim, ta c th dng cng th gn ng :
( ) ( )
+ + +
p
y y
p
x x
p y y x x p
s s
s s
2 2
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
1 ) ( ) ()
H thc (9.12) vit li l :
( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2 2
s s
y y x x
p
j
P
j
o
e e f F
+
(9.13)
hay
( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2
ys y x x
p
j
o
s
e F F
+
=

(9.14)
Tng t SR gy ra ti M mt bin c dng :
( ) ( )
2 2
r r
j x x y y
o
a a e

+

= (9.15)
Bin tng cng ti M l : a + F
Suy ra cng ti M :
I = (a + F ) (a
*
+ F
*
) =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
*
r r s s
o
j x x y y j x x y y
p
o o o
a F a F e e

+ +

+ +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
*
r r s s
j x x y y j x x y y
p
o
o
a F e e

+ +

+
Sau khi ra knh nh, ta c mt m bn m h s truyn sut bin l t c dng
tng t h thc (9.6) vi cc s hng th 3 v th 4 ln lt l :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
* '
r r s s
j x x y y j x x y y
p
o o
a F e e

+ +

(9.16)
S(p, x
s
, y
s
)
y
o
x
(+)
R
(, x
R
, y
R
)
S
R
(', x
R
, y
R
)
p

H.98

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
' *
r r s s
j x x y y j x x y y
p
o
o
a F e e

+ +

(9.17)
Trong giai on to li nh, gi s ta di ton bi sng cu pht ra t mt ngun im
SR ((', xr, yr) v c bc sng (, sng ny gy ra ti M mt bin c dng :
( ) ( )
2 2
' '
' '
s s j x x y y
o
b b e

+

= (9.18)
Ta c biu thc ca bt (bin truyn qua ton ) tng t nh h thc (9.8), trong
cc s hng th 3 v th 4 (ng vi nh o S v nh tht S) ln lt l :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
* ' '
r r s s
j x x y y j x x y y
p
o o o
A a b F e e

+ +

=
x
( ) ( )
2 2
' '
' '
r r j x x y y
e

+

(9.19)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
" " *
r r s s
j x x y y j x x y y
p
o
o o
A a b F e e

+ +

=
x
( ) ( )
2 2
' '
' '
r r j x x y y
e

+

(9.20)
Gi P' l khong cch t nh o S' ti ton . Mun tm P' ta so snh biu thc (9.19)
ti biu thc tng qut ca sng cu pht ra bi ngun im S t cch ton t on P
.
B qua tha s hng s, sng cu ny c dng :
( )

2
'
2
'
' '
s
s
y y x x
P
j
e

(9.21)
Trong biu thc (9.19), kt hp cc tha s trong du m c x2 + y2, ta c :
( )
2 2
' '
1 1 1
j x y
P
e

+

(9.22)
So snh (9.22) vi tha s tng ng trong biu thc (9.21), ta c :
' ' ' '
1 1 1 1
P P
= (9.23)
Lm tng t vi biu thc (9.20), ta tm c h thc xc nh khong cch P t nh
lin hp S ti ton .
' ' ' "
1 1 1 1
P P
+ = (9.24)
hay :
'
' '
1 1 1 1
P P

= +

(9.25)
'
" '
1 1 1 1
P P

= + +

(9.26)
Tng t, ta xc nh cc ta xs, ys bng cch ch ti cc tha s c m cha x
v y trong cc biu thc (9.19) v (9.21), ta tm c :
'
' ' '
'
' '
r
s r s
P P P
x x x x
P
= + +

(9.27)
'
' ' '
'
' '
r
s r s
P P P
y y y y
P
= + +

(9.28)
Vi nh lin hp, ta tm c :
' " " "
'
" '
r
s r s
P P P
x x x x
P

= +

(9.29)
"
' " "
'
" '
r
s r s
P P P
y y y y
P

= +

(9.30)
Ta c th tnh c phng i ca nh cho bi ton , thc vy t cc h thc (9.27)
v (9.28), ta suy ra :
s s
x
P
P
x
= . .
' '
'
(9.31)
s s
y
P
P
y = . .
' '
'
(9.32)
Khng n du tr, phng i ca nh thc l :
P
P
y
y
x
x
G
s
s
s
s
' '
' '
.
= (9.33)
Kt hp h thc (9.25), ta suy ra :

1
' '
1 .
P P
G

= +

(9.34)
Vi nh lin hp, ta c :
1
' '
1 .
P P
G

=

(9.35)
6. ng dng.
a. p dng vo hin vi knh hc:
Ta thy. Do nu khi ghi ton ta dng mt bc sng ngn, th d tia X chng
hn, v khi to li nh ta dng mt bc sng ln hn, th d nh sng thy c, th
phng i ca knh hin vi c th rt ln.

b- p dng vo ngnh giao thoa:

Trong cc giao thoa k c in, ngi ta ch c th thc hin giao thoa vi nhng sng
pht ra t cng mt ngun, ngha l pht ra vo cng mt thi im. Vi php ton k, ta
c th thc hin giao thoa vi hai sng ghi vo hai thi im khc nhau.

Th d ta c th ghi mt sng phng (, gi l sng vt, ln ton bng cch kt hp vi
mt sng qui chiu (R, gi s cng l sng phng. Sau ta ghi mt ln th hai bng cch
nghing sng vt i mt gc nh (sng ( trong hnh 9.9b)
em ra knh nh ta c mt ton . Ri ton bng mt sng phng (R gng ht
sng qui chiu (R, ta lp li c pha v cng ca hai sng ( v (. Nhn qua ton ,
trong vng chung ca hai chm tia, ta thy cc vn giao thoa thng, song song, cch u
nhau.
Ta c th gii thch nh sau :
* Xt ln ghi th nht.
Bin tp ca sng qui chiu (R ti mt im trn knh nh l:
a = a
o
e
-jky

(gi s gc ( nh)
Bin ca sng vt l b1 khng i trn mt phng P.
Cng ti knh nh l :

I
1
= (a + b
1
) (a
*
+ b
1
) = a
2
+b
2
1
+ a
*
b
1
+ ab
1

(P)

H.9.10

H 9.11
P
R

y
(a)
(P)

(b)
(P)
R

H.9.9
R

Nng lng nhn c :
W
1
= T
1
a
2
+ T
1
b
2
1
+ T
1
a
*
b
1
+ T
1
ab
1

* Xt ln ghi th hai:
Bin tp ca sng qui chiu ( ti mt im trn knh nh ln lt l:
a = a
o
e
-jky
b
2
= b
o
e
-jky
Suy ra :
I
2
= (a + b
2
) (a
*
+ b
*
2
) = a
2
+ b
2
2
+ a
*
b
2
+ ab
*
2

W
2
= T
2
a
2
+ T
2
b
2
2
+ T
2
a
*
b
2
+ T
2
ab
*
2
Nng lng tng cng knh nh nhn c l :
W = W
1
+ W
2
= (T
1
+ T
2
) a
2
+ T
1
b
1
2
+ T
2
b
2
2
+ a
*
(T
1
b
1
+ T
2
b
2
) + a (T
1
b
1
+ T
2
b
*
2
)
Sau khi ra knh nh, h s truyn sut bin l :
t = t
o
- (T
1
b
1
2
+ T
2
b
2
2
) - a
*
(T
1
b
1
+ T
2
b
2
) - a (T
1
b
1
+ T
2
b
*
2
)
Ri ton bng sng (R ging ht sng (R nn bin truyn qua l :
at = at
o
- (T
1
b
1
2
+ T
2
b
2
2
)a - a
2
(T
1
b
1
+ T
2
b
2
) - a
2
(T
1
b
1
+ T
2
b
*
2
)
ti s hng th 3, ta thy c s thnh lp li hai sng:
|a|
2
T1b1 v |a|
2
T2b2
(ch khc nhau cc hng s |a|
2
T1v |a|
2
T2)
Vn giao thoa m ta quan st thy l do s hp ca hai sng ny.

Chng IV

HIN TNG PHN CC NH SNG

SS1 . NH SNG T NHIN V NH SNG PHN CC.
Ta bit nh sng l sng in t c di sng ngn (t 0,4 (m ( 0,75(m). Mt ngun
sng nh mt ngn n, mt ngn la gm v s cc ht pht ra nh sng. Cc ht ny l
cc phn t, nguyn t hay ion. Mi ht c coi l mt my (lng cc) t hon pht sng
in t.

Chiu truyn

H.1
Trong quang hc, vct in trng c vai tr c bit quan trng, nn trong hnh v
trn, ta ch v sng in trng. T trng thng gc vi hnh v v hng v pha trc
t giy.
Cc sng in t pht ra bi cc my pht sng t hon c vct in (cn gi l
Frexnen hay vct chn ng sng) hng theo tt c mi phng thng gc vi phng
truyn ca tia sng (v trong qu trnh pht sng, cc ht c lp vi nhau). nh sng pht ra
nh vy c gi l nh sng t nhin, hay nh sng thin nhin.
Vy nh sng t nhin c coi l gm bi v s cc chn ng thng phn b u nhau
theo tt c mi phng thng gc vi phng truyn ca tia sng, khng c mt phng
chn ng no c u i hn mt phng chn ng khc.

(a) H.2 (b)
Nu bng mt cch no , ta lm mt s i xng ni trn ca cc phng chn ng
sng, th nh sng c gi l nh sng phn cc. Ta c th c nh sng phn cc mt
phn (h.3a) hay phn cc hon ton (h.3b).

E
ur

(a) (b)
H. 3
nh sng phn cc hon ton cn c gi l nh sng phn cc thng (v nu xt mt
im c nh, nh ca vct in dao ng trn mt ng thng) hay cng c gi l
phn cc thng (v sng hnh sin nm trong mt mt phng, gi l mt phng chn ng).

E
ur

V
ur

H
ur

H. 4
Hnh v 4 ng vi mt nh sng phn cc thng. Mt phng hp bi v l mt
phng chn ng. Mt phng cha tia sng v thng gc vi vct in c gi l mt
phng phn cc, vct c gi l vct phn cc. Mt phng hp bi v l mt
phng sng.

HIN TNG PHN CC NH SNG
DO PHN CHIU

SS.2. Th nghim Malus.

A
1

Chiu ti gng thy tinh M mt chm tia sng t nhin song song, di gc ti i = 57o.
Mt sau ca gng M c bi en loi tr tia phn chiu trn mt sau ca gng. Anh
sng khi ti mt trc ca gng M s phn chiu. Hng chm tia phn chiu ny trn mt
mat phang chan ong
mat phang phan cc
Phng va
chieu truyen
(tia sang)
mat phang
song
I I
A
2

57
0

57
0
R
(M)
S
N
N'
A
4
A
1
(E)
A
3
(M)
H.5
gng M ging ht gng M v cng vi gc i=57o. Tia phn chiu cui cng trn gng
M c hng trn mt mn nh E.
- Khi quay gng M xung quanh tia ti SI v vn gi gc ti gc i = 57o, kt qu th
nghim cho thy cng sng ca tia phn chiu II khng thay i (hng chm tia II ln
mt mn nh quan st).
- By gi yn gng M v quay gng M xung quanh tia ti II v vn gi gc ti i
= 57(. Th nghim cho thy cng ca chm tia phn chiu IR thay i khi gng M
quay:
Khi mt phng ti (ng vi hai gng) (SII) v (IIR) song song vi nhau, cng
ca tia phn chiu IR cc i, vt sng trn mn E sng nht, l ti hai v tr A1 v A3.
Khi hai mt phng ti ny thng gc vi nhau th cng chm tia IR trit tiu, ng
vi hai v tr A2 v A4.
Nu gc ti cc gng khc 57( th ti cc v tr A2 v A4, cng ca tia IR ch cc
tiu (ti A2 v A4 ti nht) ch khng th trit tiu.
Ta c th gii thch s b th nghim trn nh sau : Chm tia sng SI l chm tia sng t
nhin nn chn ng sng c tnh i xng theo tt c cc phng thng gc vi SI, v vy
khi quay gng M th s quay ny khng th lm thay i cng sng ca tia phn chiu
II. Sau khi phn chiu trn gng M, nh sng II khng cn tnh i xng ca chm tia SI
na, m l nh sng phn cc thng. Do khi quay gng M, s quay ny c nh hng
ti cng sng ca tia phn chiu IR. V tnh khng i xng ca chm tia ti II n
gng M nn c cc v tr ca M nh sng phn chiu cc i, c nhng v tr khc ca
M nh sng phn chiu ny trit tiu.
Nu chm tia SI ti gng M di gc ti i ( 57( th chm tia phn chiu II l nh sng
phn cc mt phn. Do khi quay gng M th s ch c cc phng nh sng phn
chiu IR c cng cc tiu thi, ch khng th trit tiu (v vi nh sng phn cc mt
phn, ta c s u i hn km gia cc phng chn ng v khng c phng chn ng
no b kh hon ton).
Gng M bin i nh sng t nhin thnh nh sng phn cc nn c gi l knh phn
cc.
Gng Mcho ta bit nh sng ti (II) l nh sng phn cc nn c gi l knh phn
tch.
SS.3. nh lut Brewster.
T cc cng trnh thc nghim, Brewster pht trin nh lut sau :
- c c nh sng phn cc hon ton do s phn
chiu trn b mt ca mt mi trng trong sut, gc ti i
phi c mt tr s xc nh ty thuc vo bn cht ca mi
trng trn v tnh c bi cng thc.

, n = chit sut ca mi trng

Gc i ny c gi l gc ti Brewster, k hiu l iB
tgi = n
S R

n

R

H. 6

i
B
i
B
r
B
Ta c : tgiB = n hay sin iB = n cosiB so vi nh lut Descartes.
Suy ra : cosi
B
= sinr
B
hay i
B
=

Vy trong trng hp ny, tia phn chiu v tia khc x thng gc vi nhau.
Nu mi trng trn l thy tinh n = 1,5 th tgiB = 1,5, iB ( 57(
SS.4. Kho st l thuyt v s phn cc do phn chiu.
Trc ht, xt sng in t phn cc thng ti mt mt phng cch hai mi trng c
chit sut n v n (gi s n > n).

Ly im ti I lm gc ta , ng php tuyn ti I lm trc x, mt phng ngn chia
hai mi trng l mt phng yIz, mt phng ti l mt phng xIy.
Xt trng hp vct in ca sng ti nm trong mt phng ti ( h.7 ) .
Cc vct in trng v t trng thuc cc sng ti, phn chiu v khc x phi tha
iu kin bin mt ngn chia hai mi trng, ngha l cc thnh phn trn mt ngn chia
hai mi trng ca cc vct in trng, hay cc vct t trng, phi c s bo ton khi
i t mi trng ny sang mi trng kia.
Gi Et1, Ht1, Ep1, Hp1, Ek1, Hk1 ln lt l cc tr s cc i ca in trng v t
trng ng vi sng ti (t) sng phn chiu (P) v sng khc x (K). Xt thi im ti I,
in trng v t trng ca ba sng trn c cc tr
s cc i trn.
p dng iu kin bin vo cc vect in trng
trong hai mi trng, ta c :
E
t1
cosi - E
p1
cosi = E
k1
cosr (4.1)
Trong trng hp ca hnh v 7, cc vct t trng
song song vi phng Iz v cng chiu vi nhau. p
dng iu kin bin, ta c :
H
t1
+ H
p1
= H
k1
(4.2)
Nu gi ( v (, ( v ( ln lt l hng s in mi
v t thm ca mi trng 1 v mi trng 2,
theo l thuyt v sng in t, ta c :

S y
E
t

I x
H.8 E
p
R
R
z
H
k

H
t

H
p

H.9
E
k
B
r
2

y z x
E
t1
E
k1

S
I
R

i
i
E
p1

Mat phang ti
R n
n
r

,
1 1 t t
E H

= ,
1 1 p p
E H

=
1 1
'
'
k k
E H
=

Ngoi ra chit sut ca mt mi trng l :

1
1
o o
o o
c
c
n
v
v

= =

vi cc mi trng trong sut, ta c :, suy ra :
tng t
Th cc h thc trn vo phng trnh (4.2), ta c :

1 1 1 t p k
nE nE n'E + = (4.3)

T phng trnh (4.1) suy ra : (4.4)

T phng trnh (4.3) suy ra : (4.5)
Ly (4.4) + (4.5), suy ra :
hay
1 1 1
cos .sin sin .cos sin2 sin2
2
cos .sin 2cos .sin
t k k
r r i i r i
E E E
i r i r
+ +
= =

( ) ( )
1 1
sin .cos
2
cos .sin
t k
i r i r
E E
i r
+
=

Vy (4.6)

(4.5) (4.4), suy ra :

1 1 1
sin cos sin( ).cos( )
2
sin cos cos .sin
p k k
i r i r i r
E E E
r i i r
+
= =

Suy ra
( )
( ) r i tg
r i tg
t p
E E
+
=
1 1
(4.7)

Cc cng thc (4.6) v (4.7) c gi l cng thc Frexnen.
- Trong trng hp vct in ca sng ti thng gc vi mt phng ti.
Trong trng hp ny, vct in ca cc sng phn x v khc x cng thng gc vi
mt phng ti, v ta c cc cng thc Frexnen l :
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
sin
(4.8)
sin
2cos .sin
(4.9)
sin
p t
k t
i r
E E
i r
i r
E E
i r
=
+
=
+

Cc cng thc Frexnen cho ta bit cng ca cc vct in trong cc sng phn x
v khc x ng vi mt gc ti xc nh ca chm tia ti, phn cc thng chn ng song
song vi mt phng ti hoc thng gc vi mt phng ti.
Gi Ip v It l cng nh sng ti v nh sng phn chiu, ta c h s phn chiu l :
2
2
1 1
1 2
1 1
( )
( )
p p
t t
I E
tg i r
I E tg i r

= = =
+
(4.10)
(Trng hp vct in ca chm tia ti song song vi mt phng ti)
hay
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
s i n ( )
s i n ( )
p p
t t
I E
i r
I E i r

= = =
+
(4.11)
Nu vct in ca sng ti c mt phng v bt k, ta c th tch thnh hai thnh
phn : song song v thng gc vi mt phng ti v p dng cc cng thc (4.10 ) v (4.11)
cho hai thnh phn ny.
By gi xt nh sng ti l nh sng thin nhin. Anh sng ny gm cc sng phn cc
thng phn b theo tt c mi phng thng gc vi tia sng. Mi sng c coi l gm hai
thnh phn song song v thng gc vi mt phng ti. V l do i xng ca nh sng t
nhin, tng s ca mi thnh phn th bng nhau. V vy, trong trng hp ny, nu Ip v It
ln lt l tng s cng sng ca sng phn x v sng ti ng vi tt c mi phng v
ca vct in ca sng ti th ta c :

Nu xt trng hp i = 0 v mi trng th nht l khng kh, ta c :
Vi mi trng th hai l thy tinh c chit sut n = 1,5, suy ra ( = 4%. Vy trong s
phn x thng gc trn b mt thy tinh ny ch c 4% nh sng phn x tr li.
Ta thy trong trng hp gc ti Brewster,, s hng th nht ca cng thc (4.12) trit
tiu, c ngha l khng c nh sng phn x m vct in (vct chn ng sng) c thnh
phn song song vi mt phng ti, ni cch khc, nh sng phn x trong iu kin ny l
nh sng phn cc thng c phng chn ng thng gc vi mt phng ti hay song song
vi mt phn chiu.
Ta c :
v
(4.13)

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
sin
1 1
2 2
sin
p
t
I tg i r i r
I
tg i r i r

+ +
= = +
(4.12)
( )
n
n
B
iB iB iB
B B
B B
tgi
n n n
r i
r n i n
'
cos sin sin
sin sin
'
2
'
2
'
=
= =
= +
=

Ta tm li c nh lut Brewster trong trng hp tng qut.
Nu gc ti khc vi gc ti Brewster, trong nh sng phn x vct chn ng sng c
c hai thnh phn thng gc v song song vi mt phng ti, do ch phn cc mt phn.

Hnh v 10 biu din s bin thin ca h s phn chiu ( theo gc ti i trong trng hp
phn chiu trn mt tip xc khng kh - thy tinh vi chit sut n = 1, n = 1,5.

SS.5. phn cc.
Xt nh sng ti l nh sng t nhin. Ta c th coi chn ng sng ny to bi hai thnh
phn vung gc c cng bng nhau (E2t1 = E2t2) nhng khng kt hp v pha. nh
sng phn x cng gm hai thnh phn vung gc khng kt hp v pha nhng c cng
khc nhau (E2p1 ( E2p2).
(thnh phn song song vi mt phng ti)

(thnh phn thng gc vi mt phng ti)

T s cng sng ca hai chn ng thnh phn l :
(5.1)

Ta thy, trong trng hp tng qut, ta c Ip1 < Ip2 (Ip1 = cng ng vi thnh phn
chn ng song song vi mt phng ti, Ip2= cng ng vi thnh phn chn ng thng
gc vi mt phng ti). Vy trong nh sng phn x, ta khng cn s i xng nh trong
nh sng ti t nhin na m chn ng thng gc vi mt phng ti c u i hn, ta c
s phn cc mt phn.
Ta nh ngha phn cc ca mt chm tia sng l
(5.2)

Vi
Vi chm tia phn x, ta c :
- Cc trng hp c bit :
* Chm tia ti thng gc vi mt lng cht :
( )
( ) r i tg
r i tg
t p
E E
+
=
1 1
( )
( ) r i
r i
t p
E E
+
=
sin
sin
2 2
( )
( ) r i
r i
E
E
I
I
p
p
p
p
+
= =
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
cos
cos
1 2
1 2
I I
I I
+
=
1 0
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,04
0 15
o
30
o
45
o
60
o
75
o
90
o

H. 10

1 2
1 2
p p
p p
I I
I I
p +
=
i = 0, r = 0, Ip2 = Ip1 ( (p = 0 : nh sng phn x l nh sng t nhin.
* Tia ti lt trn mt lng cht :
2
i

= , r = goc khuc xa gii han
Ip1 = Ip2 ( (p = 0 : nh sng phn x l nh sng t nhin.
* Tia ti n mt lng cht di gc ti Brewster
i = i
B
, r = r
B
, i
B
+ r
B
=
2

Ip1 = 0 ( (p = 1 : nh sng phn x phn cc ton phn.
- Xt s phn cc ca nh sng khc x
Gi Ik1 v Ik2 ln lt l cng sng ng vi cc thnh phn song song v thng
gc vi mt phng ti. Ta c :
2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1
cos ( )
k k
k k
I E
I E i r
= =

Hay
2 2
1
cos ( )
k
k
I
i r
I
= (5.3)
Ta thy, trong trng hp tng qut, Ik1 > Ik2 vy trong nh sng khc x, thnh phn
chn ng nm trong mt phng ti c u i hn.
phn cc (5.6)

* Khi i = 0, Ik1 = Ik2, (k= 0 : nh sng khc x l nh sng t nhin.
Vi i ( 0, nh sng khc x l nh sng phn cc mt phn.
Trn thc t, ta khng th quan st c nh sng trong mi trng thy tinh m ch
quan st c nh sng l ra khi bn thy tinh m thi. Xt mt trng hp thng gp
trong th nghim nh sng i qua mt bn thy tinh hai mt
song song t trong khng kh, gc ti l i, gc khc x l r.
Chn ng ti SI l nh sng t nhin gm hai thnh phn
khng kt hp, cng bng nhau (E2t1 = E2t2) chn ng
ng vi tia IJ gm hai thnh phn cng khng kt hp nhng
c cng khc nhau (E2k1 ( E2k2). Cc thnh phn ca
chn ng l IR cng c cng khc nhau E2k1 ( E2k2.
Vi ln khc x ti J, gc ti l gc r, gc khc x l i, ta c:
' ' 2 2
2 2 2 2
' ' 2 2
1 1 1
cos ( )
k k k
k k k
I E E
i r
I E E
= =
hay
'
4 2
'
1
cos ( )
k
k
I
i r
I
=
khi i = iB (gc ti Brewster) : r = rB =
'
4 4 2
'
1
cos (2 ) sin 2
2
k
B B
k
I
i i
I
= =

4
4
2 2
2 2
1 1
B
B
i
tgi n
tg n

= =

+ +

vi n = 1,5,, ngha l phn cc ca nh sng l kh nh.
2 1
2 1
k k
k k
I I
I I
k +
=

(1) (n) (1)
i

i
S
H. 11
J
I
Mun tng phn cc ca nh sng l, ta c th dng nhiu bn thy tinh t song
song v lin tip nhau.

PHN CC NH SNG DO MI TRNG D HNG

SS.6. Mi trng d hng.
T trc n gi, ta ch xt cc mi trng ng hng, ngha l nh sng truyn i
trong mi trng theo mi phng u nh nhau, th d : thy tinh thng thng, nc .....
Trong phn ny, ta cp ti cc mi trng d hng, c cc tnh cht thay i theo
tng phng. Th d: bng lan, thch anh, .... Phn ln cc cht d hng l nhng cht
kt tinh.
Trong trng hp tng qut, mt tia sng khi chiu ti mt bn tinh th d hng th
c tch ra lm hai tia khc x, cho ra hai tia l, gi l tia thng R0 v tia bt thng Re.
Do khi ta nhn mt vt qua mt bn tinh th d hng, ta thy hai nh, ng vi hai chm
tia thng v bt thng.

Tia bt thng khi khc x qua mi trng khng tun theo t nht l mt trong hai nh
lut Descartes.
- Trc quang hc.
Trong mi trng d hng c nhng phng c bit, khi nh sng truyn trong mi
trng theo cc phng ny th truyn ging nh trong mt mi trng ng hng vy.
Phng c bit ny c gi l trc quang hc ca tinh
th d hng.
Trong trng hp hnh v 13, nh sng truyn qua
bn d hng song song vi trc quang hc, ta c mt
tia l duy nht, tun theo cc nh lut Descartes v khc
x (ti I v J).
Cc mi trng c mt trc quang hc c gi l mi
trng n trc, nu c hai trc quang hc th gi l mi
trng lng trc.
Ta ch cp ti cc mi trng d hng n trc.
- Mt phng hp bi trc quang hc v tia thng c gi l mt phng chnh i vi
tia thng. Mt phng hp bi trc quang hc vi tia bt thng c gi l mt phng
chnh i vi tia bt thng.

(a) H. 12 (b)

1ruc
quang
hoc

S I J


Trong hnh 14, trc quang hc thng gc vi mt phng hnh v. Mt phng chnh i
vi tia thng l mt phng thng gc vi mt phng hnh v v cha tia IR0; mt phng
chnh i vi tia bt thng l mt phng thng gc vi mt phng hnh v cha tia IRe.
SS.7. B mt sng thng - b mt sng bt thng.
Chiu mt chm tia sng song song ti mt bn d hng. Xt mt im ti I. Ta c th
coi I l mt ngun sng th cp theo nguyn l Huyghens.

S I R
o
II R
e
R
e

S I R
o

(a) (b)
H. 15
i vi tia thng, nh sng t I truyn i theo mi hng u nh nhau, do sau mt
thi gian nh sng truyn ti mt mt cu, tm I. Mt cu ny c gi l b mt sng
thng (0. Vi cc im ti khc (I, I, ...) i vi tia thng, ta cng c cc b mt sng
con l cc mt cu (tm I, I, ....). Mt phng (0 tip xc vi cc b mt sng con (0 l
mt phng sng thng.
i vi tia bt thng, nh sng t I, I... truyn i theo mi phng trong mi trng d
hng vi cc vn tc khc nhau. Sau mt thi gian, nh sng truyn ti mt b mt c
dng elipsoid trn xoay, vi trc i xng trn xoay chnh l trc quang hc.
Elipsoid ny c gi l b mt sng bt thng (e. Mt phng (e tip xc vi cc b
mt sng bt thng (e c gi l mt phng sng bt thng.

A

A
H. 16
o

I
I
e

e

I
e

V
e

V
o

M
B
S

I

moi trng d hng
~
truc quang hoc

R
e
R
o

H.14
Nu ta ct b mt sng bt thng theo mt mt phng (P) thng gc vi trc quang hc,
ta c ng ct l mt ng trn. Nu mt phng (P) song song vi trc quang hc, th
ng ct l mt ng elip.
Nu nh sng truyn theo phng IA (AA l trc quang hc), n truyn ging nh trong
mi trng ng hng, vy c vn tc V0 (vn tc thng). Khong cch t I (ly trng
vi im ti) ti mt im M trn b mt sng biu din vn tc ca nh sng truyn theo
phng IM. ng vi tia bt thng IM, vn tc truyn l Ver, gi l vn tc bt thng
theo tia.
Nu nh sng truyn theo cc phng IB thng gc vi trc quang hc th vn tc truyn
theo cc phng ny u nh nhau v c mt tr s l Ve, c gi l vn tc bt thng
chnh.
Ta phn bit 2 loi tinh th :
Tinh th dng nu c V0 > Ve, th d : Thch anh.
Tinh th m nu c V0 < Ve, th d : bng lan (Mt loi tinh th CaCO3).

Tinh th dng Tinh th m
H.17
Vi tia thng, b mt sng l mt cu nn tia thng thng gc vi b mt sng (0,
chnh v tnh cht ny, ta c cc nh lut Descartes i vi tia thng.
Vi tia bt thng, b mt sng l mt elipsoid nn tia bt thng trong trng hp tng
qut khng thng gc vi b mt sng (e. V vy, trong trng hp tng qut ta khng th
p dng cc nh lut v khc x ca Descartes cho tia bt thng. Ta ch p dng c
nh lut Descartes cho cc tia bt thng c bit, thng gc vi b mt sng bt thng.
SS.8. Chit sut.
Xt tia bt thng IRe ct b mt sng bt thng (e ti M. V mt phng tip xc vi
b mt sng (e ti M. Tia php tuyn (tia bt thng theo php tuyn) c nh ngha l tia
IRn thng gc vi mt phng tip xc trn.

(a) (b)

Gi thi gian nh sng truyn trn tia bt thng Re t I ti M l t.
Vn tc bt thng theo tia l :

V
o

V
e

V
o

V
e

H
M
R
N

R
e

I

mo truong d} huong
t
IM
V
er
=
R
e

I
M
e
R
N

H.18
Gi H l hnh chiu ca M xung php tuyn RN, ta nh ngha vn tc bt thng theo
php tuyn l:
cos .cos
en er
IH IM
V V
t t
= = =
Chit sut bt thng theo tia l :
Chit sut bt thng theo php tuyn

.cos cos
er
en
en er
c c n
n
V V
= = =
Vy n
en
= n
en
. cos

SS.9. Cch v tia khc x. Cch v Huyghens.

H.19
Xt tia ti SI. Trc quang hc ca mi trng khc x l AA. Ta thc hin cch v nh
sau :
- V b mt sng ng vi mi trng ti : (t v cc b mt sng thng (0 v bt thng
(e ng vi mi trng khc x.
- Ko di tia ti SI, ct b mt sng ng vi mi trng ti ti Tt . T im Tt v mt
tip xc vi b mt sng ny, ct mt ngn chia 2 mi trng theo ng ( (( thng gc vi
mt phng ca hnh v).
- Qua (, v mt tip xc vi b mt sng thng (0 ng vi mi trng khc x, ta c
tip im T0. Ni IT0, l tia khc x thng R0.
- Qua (, v mt tip xc vi b mt sng bt thng (e ng vi mi trng khc x, ta
c tip im Te. Ni ITe, l tia khc x bt thng Re.
- T cch v trn, ta nhn xt c mt iu quan trng. Trong cc trng hp trc
quang hc hoc nm trong mt phn ti, hoc thng gc vi mt phng ti, th cc tia khc
x thng v bt thng cng nm trong mt phng ti. Tri li nu trc quang hc xin gc
vi mt phng ti, tia khc x bt thng Re khng nm trong mt phng ti.
Nhn xt th hai : Trong trng hp trc quang hc nm trong mt phng ti, hai mt
phng chnh, ng vi tia thng v tia bt thng th trng nhau.
Ta bit s khc x ng vi tia bt thng khng ng theo nh lut Descartes, nhng
nu xt tia php tuyn IRn th tia ny li tha cc nh lut ny.
n gin ta xt mi trng ti l khng kh (hnh v 5.20). B mt sng (t c bn
knh l vn tc c ca nh sng trong khng kh.
c
I

Moi trng ti
Moi trng khuc xa
t

A
N
S
o

A
T
t

T
e

T
o

R
o
R
e


H.20
Ta thy ngay :I = c/sin i = IH/Sin r
N

N
C
Sini Sinr
IH
=
So snh vi hnh v 5.18b ta thy im Te trong hnh 5.20 chnh l im M trong hnh
5.18b vi thi gian t = 1 n v, vy IH chnh l vn tc bt thng theo php tuyn: Ven
(chit sut bt thng theo php tuyn)

Ta tm li c nh lut Descartes i vi tia php tuyn
sin .sin
en n
i n r =
Ngoi ra tia php tuyn Rn lun lun nm trong mt phng ti.
SS.10. S phn cc do khc x qua mi trng d hng.
T th nghim Malus ta thy khi quay gng M mt phng ti IIN thng gc vi
phng chn ng ca tia ti II, cng ca tia phn chiu IR cc i (h.5), khi mt
phng ti IIN song song vi phng chn ng ca tia ti II th cng tia phn chiu
IR cc tiu.
By gi, ta xt mt th nghim sau :

H. 21
Chiu thng gc mt chm tia sng SI ti mt AB ca mt bn tinh th bng lan, ta
c 2 chm tia l. Hng 2 chm tia ny ln mt knh phn tch M bng thy tinh di cc
gc ti iB = 57(. Quay gng M xung quanh phng ca tia ti, ta thy cng ca 2
chm tia phn chiu (ng vi 2 chm tia l trn) thay i ngc chiu: khi cng ca
chm tia ny cc i, th cng chm tia cc tiu (coi nh trit tiu) v ngc li kt qu
ny chng t 2 chm tia l ra khi bn tinh th l 2 chm nh sng phn cc thng, c cc
phng chn ng vung gc nhau.
r
n

H
I

S
e

i
R
e

R
N

T
e
en V
C
IH
C
n
en
= =
R R
K
K
I S J
J
i
B

N
(M)
A
B
Th nghim cng cho thy, khi gng M v tr nh hnh v 21 (mt phng ti KJN
trng vi mt phng chnh ng vi tia thng) th chm tia phn chiu JR c cng
cc tiu. Vy chm tia thng KJ c phng chn ng thng gc vi mt phng ti, trong
khi chm tia bt thng KJ c phng chn ng song song vi mt phng ti.
Nh vy, vi bn tinh th, chn ng ca tia thng thng gc vi mt phng chnh ng
vi tia thng, chn ng ca tia bt thng nm trong mt phng chnh ng vi tia bt
thng. (Trong hnh v h.21, 2 mt phng chnh trng nhau).
SS.11. Cc loi knh phn cc .
Trong cc th nghim trn, ta thy mt gng thy tinh t di gc ti Brewster s cho
ta mt chm tia phn chiu phn cc, c s bt tin trong vic b tr dng c (khng th sp
t thng hng), ngoi ra, kh xc nh c hon ton chnh xc gc ti Brewster, do
trn thc t, trong th nghim Malus, khng th lm cng tia phn chiu IR hon ton
trit tiu.
Ngi ta c th dng cc loi knh phn cc sau tin li hn:
1. Nicol:
Nicol lm bng tinh th bng lan, c dng nh hnh v 22.

H.22
* ABCD v ABCD l cc hnh thoi vi AC v AC l cc ng cho ngn.
* Cc mt bn l cc hnh bnh hnh
* AC
3AB.
Trc quang hc AA1 nm trong mt phng ACAC. nh sng i vo nh hnh v 22.
Mt phng ACAC l mt phng chnh ca tia thng v tia bt thng.
Ngi ta ca tinh th trn theo mt phng AFAF thng gc vi mt phng ACAC.
Hai mt phng ct nhau theo ng AA. Sau dn hai na tinh th trn li bng mt lp
nha Canada. y l mt loi nha thm c chit sut n trong khong cc chit sut
thng no v bt thng chnh ne ca bng lan (no>n>ne). Ta c mt lng knh Nicol.

Chiu ti Nicol mt chm tia sng SI song song vi phng AC (SI l nh sng t
nhin hoc nh sng phn cc). Khi i vo Nicol, nh sng c tch ra lm hai chm tia :
chm tia thng ti lp nha Canada vi gc ti ln hn gc gii hn nn phn chiu ton
phn ti J (trng hp i t mi trng chit quang hn sang mi trng chit quang km)
v b hp th khi ti mt CA (c bi en). Chm tia bt thng i qua lp nha Canada
C
A
B
A
1
F
F
D
D
C
A
B
A
48
o
J
A A
1

C
I
S
R
e
C
K
H.23
v l ra ngoi. Nh vy, Nicol ch cho chm tia bt thng i qua vi mt phng chn ng
l mt phng chnh ACAC.
Trong cc th nghim, ngi ta thng dng 2 Nicol t ni tip nhau v quan st nh
sng l ra khi h thng.

Ta quay Nicol A quanh phng ca tia sng, khi mt phng chnh ca Nicol A song
song vi mt phng chnh ca Nicol P, mt nhn c cng sng cc i, khi 2 mt
phng chnh thng gc nhau, cng sng ti mt trit tiu : Nicol A chn li hon ton
nh sng l ra t P.
2. Bn Tourmaline:
y l mt loi tinh th c c tnh hp th khng u chn ng thng v chn
ng bt thng. Nh vy vi mt b dy thch hp, mt trong hai chn ng b hp th
hon ton, ch cn chn ng th 2 l ra. Bn tourmaline l mt bn tinh th loi ny, c 2
mt song song, b dy chng 1mm, trc quang hc song song vi mt vo. Vi b dy ny,
bn tourmaline hp th hon ton tia thng v ch cho tia bt thng i qua vi mt phng
chn ng song song vi trc quang hc.

3. Bn Polaroid:
C tnh hp th tia thng mnh hn bn tourmaline. Mt bn polaroid dy 0,1mm c
th hp th hon ton tia thng.

A
1
A
2
C
1
C
1
A
1 C
2
A
2
C
2
(A) (P)

Anh sang
ti t nhien
Chan ong
thng b hap
thu hoan toan
Chan ong bat
thng b hap
thu 1 phan
H.25
H.24
SS.12. nh lut Malus.

Gi ( l gc hp bi cc mt phng chn ng ng vi hai knh phn cc P v A. Nu E
l chn ng sng sau khi qua P th ch c thnh phn E cos( c truyn qua knh phn cc
m thi.
Vy cng sng sau khi qua A l :

Trong IM l cng cc i ca nh sng l ra khi A (khi quay knh A quanh
phng truyn ca tia sng, ta c I = 0 khi (=900 v I=IM khi ( = 0). H thc trn c
thnh lp bi Malus nm 1809 do cc kt qu thc nghim, nn c gi l nh lut Malus.

GIAO THOA VI NH SNG PHN CC

SS.13. Th nghim Arago - Fresnel.
Ta c th thc hin giao thoa vi nh sng phn cc nhng vn phc tp hn khi
dng nh sng t nhin.

Trong th nghim ny dng cc bn thu knh Billet nhng sau S1 v S2 t 2 bn
tourmaline T1 v T2. Quan st hin tng trn mn E.
Trc ht cha dng nicol A. Ta thy trong c 2 trng hp: nh sng ti cc bn thu
knh L1 v L2 l nh sng t nhin (khng dng nicol P) hay nh sng phn cc (c dng
nicol nh hnh v 27). Kt qu th nghim nh sau :
Nu T1 v T2 v tr c quang trc song song, trn mn E ta thy c hin tng giao
thoa.
Nu T1 v T2 v tr c cc quang trc thng gc, trn mn E khng thy hin tng
giao thoa (v 2 chn ng khng cng phng).
- By gi vn gi T1 v T2 v tr thng gc nhng quan st mn E bng mt knh
nhm c Nicol A. Hin tng quan st c nh sau :
Nu nh sng ti L1 v L2 l nh sng thin nhin, ta khng thy vn giao thoa mc d,
sau khi qua A, hai chn ng cng phng. iu ny a n kt lun: hai chm tia
sng phn cc l ra t T1 v T2 khng phi l nh sng kt hp. Thc vy, ta bit,
mt chn ng sng t nhin c coi gm hai chn ng thnh phn vung gc nhau v
khng kt hp v pha. Hai bn Tourmaline cho truyn qua hai chn ng vung gc v
(P)
E
Lcos
(A)
E

H.26
2
cos
M
I I =

H.27
L
1

L
2

P
S
A
(E)
S
1

T
2

T
1

S
2

khng kt hp, do sau khi i qua A mc d cng phng, vn khng th c giao
thoa.
Nu t Nicol P sau ngun S, ta c nh sng phn cc thng ti L1 v L2. Nhn qua A ta
thy c vn giao thoa.
Trong trng hp ny cc bn T1 v T2 cho truyn qua hai thnh phn ca cng mt
chn ng, ngha l chng c th kt hp v pha vi nhau. Sau khi i qua A, hai chn ng
tr thnh ng phng, to thnh hin tng giao thoa.
SS.14. Kho st chn ng Elip.
Ti mt im M trn mn E, ta c s hp ca hai chn ng vung gc. Ta kho st
chn ng elip do s hp ny.

Gi s sau khi i qua Nicol P, chn ng sng c dng s=acos(t.
Trong hnh 28(b), cc trc Ox1, Oy1 song song vi cc trc quang hc ca hai bn
tourmaline T1, T2. Cc chn ng truyn qua T1 v T2 l hai thnh phn vung gc ca
chn ng s nn vit c di dng:
x
1
= a cos . cos t = acos t
y
1
= a sin . cos t = bcos t
vi A = a cos , B = a sin
Khi truyn ti M, hai quang l khc nhau nn khng cn ng pha na m gia chng
c mt h s pha l
2 1
2 2 ( ) d d
= =
Sau khi i gc thi gian, hai chn ng khi ti M c th vit nh sau :
x = A cos t; y = B cos ( t )
(cc trc x v y ly trn mn E, song song vi cc trc x1 v y1, ngha l song song vi hai
trc quang hc ca hai bn tourmaline T1 v T2).
Suy ra :
sin cos .sin (14.1)
cos cos .cos
x
t
x
t

=
=
a
a

v
cos sin .sin
y x
t =
b a
(14.2)
Bnh phng 2 v cc phng trnh (14.1) v (14.2), cng li v suy ra :
2 2
2
2 2
2cos
sin 0
x y
xy
+ =
a ab b
(14.3)
y l phng trnh mt cnic c bit s l
d
1

d
2

P
S
C
M
S
1

T
2

T
1

S
2

d
(E)
y
1

x
1

P
2
P
P
1

0
(a) (b)
H.28
2
2
cos 1
0
2 2
b ac

= = <
a b

Vy l phng trnh ca chn ng elip.
Ta xt mt trng hp quen thuc trong cc th nghim l phng chn ng OP hp
vi cc phng ca 2 trc quang hc ca T1 v T2 cc gc 45o .
0
2
45
2
a
= = = a b
Phng trnh (5.21) tr thnh
2
2 2 2
2cos . sin 0
2
a
x xy y + = (14.4)
Chn h trc mi :
OX theo phng OP,
OY thng gc vi OP
Ta c :
[ ]
2
cos sin ( )
2
cos cos ( )
2
cos cos( )
2 2
X x y x y
a
t t
a t

= + = +
= +
=

[ ]
2
sin cos ( )
2
cos cos( ) sin sin( )
2 2 2
Y x y x y
a
t t a t

= + = +
= + =

Suy ra (14.5)

y l phng trnh ca elip c hai trc OX v OY, ni tip trong mt hnh vung c
cnh l 2 a , cac nua truc cua clp la cos
2
a

va sin
2
a

. Iang cua clp thay do thco tr} so
cua , ngha l thay i theo v tr ca im M trn mn E.

1
2
sin
2
cos
2 2
2
2 2
2
= +

a
Y
a
X
Y
0
y
P
X
x
= 45
o

H.29
y
x
y
P
X
x
Y
0 =
2
0

< <
2
< <
2

=
2
3
< <
2
3
=
2
2
3
< < 2 =
clp tra clp pha
Mun xc nh chiu ca elip, ta xt :
cos( )
sin( )
y t
dy
t
dt

=
=
b
b

Ti P, ng vi t = 0,
- Nu, elip c chiu ngc chiu quay ca kim ng h, ta gi l elip tri.
- Nu, chiu ca elip ng chiu vi chiu quay ca kim ng h, ta gi l elip phi.
* Nhn xt : ti cc im trn mn E ng vi ( = k( (k = s nguyn), ta c chn ng
thng. Ti cc im ng vi ( = (2k + 1, ta c chn ng trn.
SS.15. Kho st cng sng ca vn.
Ti mi im trn mn E, ta c s hp ca hai chn ng vung gc, cng sng ti
mi im ny bng nhau, do khng c vn giao thoa. Nhng nu ta quan st mn E qua
Nicol A th li thy vn xut hin. l vn giao thoa do s hp ca hai thnh phn om1 v
om2 ca cc chn ng x v y chiu xung phng OA (phng chn ng cho bi Nicol
A).

H thng vn r nht khi ta c trng hp om1 = om2 (hai bin bng nhau).
Ta nhc li, cc phng trnh chn ng sng khi n M l :
x = A cost
y = B cos (t - )
vi A = a cos(, B = a sin(
Gi ? l gc hp bi OA v Ox

Cc chn ng trn sau khi qua Nicol A l :
s
1
= Acos cost
s
2
= Bsin cos(t - )
Chn ng tng hp :
s = s
1
+ s
2
= A cos cost + B sin cos(t -)
s = (A cos + B sin coss) cost + Bsin sin sint
Cng sng l :
I = (A cos + B sin cos)
2
+ B
2
sin
2
sin
2

m1
P1
P
P2
P2
y
P
P1
x
m2
0
m1
m2
H.30
m1

P2
y
P
P1
x
m2
0

A
- Khai trin v thu gn, ta c th vit di 2 dng :

trong Io = a2
Trong c 2 cng thc trn, s hng th nht khng ph thuc ( ngha l khng ty thuc
v tr im quan st M trn mn E. Cc s hng ny biu din sng ca nn. Tri li,
trong cc s hng th hai c cha (. Vy s thay i ca cng I l do cc s hng ny.
H thng vn r nht khi nn en, ngha l khi ta c cos2 (( - () = 0 hay cos2 (( + () = 0.
Xt cng thc 15.1 : cos (( - () = 0 ng vi (( - () = 90o. l trng hp OA v OP
thng gc nhau (2 nicol thng gc).
Nu ( = 45o th ( = 135o : Sin 2( = 1, sin 2( = -1
I = I
o
sin
2
2

Trong trng hp ny, ta quan st thy vn gia ti

2
( 0, 0) I
= = =
- Xt cng thc 15.2 : cos (( + () = 0 ng vi ( + ( = 90o (cc phng OA v OP cng
nm trong mt gc phn t hp bi cc trc Ox, Oy).
Nu ( = 45o th ( = 45o, sin2( = sin2( = 1 (hai nicol song song: OA // OP).
I = I
o
cos
2

2

Trong trng hp ny, ta quan st thy vn gia sng
(= 0, I = I
o
)
Lu : Hai cng thc (15.1) v (15.2) tng ng vi nhau. cho tin, ta dng cng
thc th nht nu OP v OA nm trong hai gc phn t khc nhau hp bi cc trc Ox v
Oy. Dng cng thc th hai nu OA v OP cng trong mt gc phn t.

( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
cos . 2 sin . 2 sin 2 cos
sin . 2 sin . 2 sin cos

+ + =
=
o
o
I
I
I
I
(15.1)
(15.2)
x
(b)
P
A
o

A
P
x o
(a)
H.32
BN TINH TH MNG

SS.16. Phng u i.
Chiu thng gc mt chm tia sng song song, n sc ti mt bn tinh th d hng, hai
mt song song, b dy e. Ta c hai chm tia l c hai phng chn ng thng gc nhau
(chm tia thng Ro v chm tia bt thng Re).
Nu b dy e nh, hai chm tia thng v
bt thng s trng nhau, ta c nh sng l l
nh sng phn cc elip do s hp ca hai chn
ng vung gc trn.
Ta c th kim li bng th nghim sau :

H.34
Cho mt chm tia sng song song, n sc i qua hai Nicol P v A v tr vung gc.
Mt s khng nhn c nh sng. Gia P v A, ta t vo mt bn tinh th d hng mng
L, c hai mt song song v thng gc vi chm tia sng. Ta li thy nh sng ti mt. Xoay
nicol phn tch A, ta thy cng nh sng l bin thin qua cc cc i v cc cc tiu
nhng khng trit tiu. iu ny chng t nh sng i ra t bn tinh th mng L l nh sng
phn cc elip. Bin ca chn ng l ra khi nicol A c biu din bi hnh chiu OH
ca elip xung phng OA (phng ca mt phng thit din chnh ca nicol A). Do , khi
quay nicol A, cng nh sng l i qua cc cc i v cc cc tiu.

H.35

By gi, ta gi (P) v (A) v tr thng gc v quay bn tinh th L
xung quanh phng truyn ca tia sng ta s thy c hai v tr ca bn L
khng c nh sng l ra khi nicol A. Hai v tr ny cch nhau mt gc
quay l 90o. Vy ta c th kt lun : trong tinh th d hng c hai
phng chn ng c bit Ox v Oy thng gc nhau khi nh sng ti c
phng chn ng song song vi mt trong hai phng ny th khng b
thay i trng thi phn cc (vn l phn cc thng nh c) trong th
nghim trn, khi ta quay bn tinh th L n lc phng Ox hoc Oy song song vi phng
chn ng OP ca nh sng ti th nh sng phn cc ny c i qua khng b thay i.
nh sng l khi (L) vn l nh sng phn cc thng OP do b A hon ton chn li.
Cc phng Ox v Oy c gi l cc phng u i ca bn tinh th (cc ng Ox v
Oy cn c gi l cc ng trung ha ca bn tinh th d hng).

O
H
H
(P) L
I I
(A)
o
x
y
H. 36
R
e

I I
R
o

S
H.33
SS.17. Hiu quang l gia tia thng v tia bt thng gy ra do bn tinh th.
Gi s nh sng chiu ti bn mng l nh sng phn cc thng OP. Khi i vo bn,
chn ng OP c phn tch thnh hai chn ng thnh phn OP1 v OP2 theo cc phng
u i Ox, Oy. Cc chn ng OP1, OP2 truyn qua
bn tinh th m khng b bin i trng thi phn
cc v chnh l cc chn ng ca tia thng v tia
bt thng m ta cp trn.
Hiu quang l gia hai tia khi i qua bn l
( = IJ ner - II no m IJ ner = II no (xem li
phn 5.8)
= e (n
en
- n
o
) (17.1)
trong : nen = chit sut bt thng theo php tuyn
no = chit sut thng
Hiu s pha tng ng l :

Trong trng hp c bit trc quang hc song song vi cc mt ca bn tinh th, cc
tia thng v bt thng trng nhau; tia bt thng thng gc vi trc quang hc nn nen
= ne (chit sut bt thng chnh).
Khi : ( = e ( ne no )
Ta tr li trng hp chung trn. Nh vy ta thy :
khi i vo bn tinh th, hai chn ng thnh phn OP1,
OP2 ng pha vi nhau. Khi i vo bn tinh th d hng,
chng truyn i vi cc vn tc khc nhau nn tr thnh
lch pha vi nhau. Khi l ra khi bn tinh th, gia chng
c mt hiu s pha l (.
S tng hp 2 chn ng vung gc v khng ng pha ny to thnh chn ng elip.
Gi s chn ng OP1 song song vi trc Ox v ng vi chit sut nh ngha l ng vi
vn tc truyn ln. Trong trng hp , trc Ox c gi l trc nhanh, phn bit vi trc
Oy l trc chm.
Nu chn ng ti OP c bin l a th cc chn ng thnh
phn OP1, OP2 c cc bin l acos(, asin(. Khi l ra khi bn
mng, cc chn ng ny c th vit di dng:
x = acos . cost ;
y = asin . sin (t - )
Chn ng elip do s hp ca hai chn ng ny ni tip
trong mt hnh ch nht c cc cnh l 2acos( v 2asin(. Hnh dng v phng v ca elip
thay i theo tr s ca gc ( v hiu s v tng (. y ta xt trng hp gi ( khng i,
s thay i ca chn ng elip theo hiu s v tng ( nh hnh v 40.

e
J
I I
S
R
o
R
e
Hnh 37
( )
o en
n n e
= =
2
2
S
I I
H.38
a

0
P
2

P
1

H.39

Nh vy nu bn tinh th c cng bn cht th ta c cc chn ng elip khc nhau l
ra khi bn ty theo b dy e ca bn tinh th.
T s e = gia hai na trc ca elip c gi l elip tnh ca
chn ng. e = = tg
T s ny o dp ca elip, cng nh, elip cng p.
Khi e = 0, chn ng elip tr thnh chn ng thng song song vi
trc Ox. Khi e = 1, chn ng elip tr thnh chn ng trn. Nu
e> 1, ta li c chn ng elip, khi e = (, ta c chn ng thng song song vi trc Oy.
- Nu chn ng ti OP hp vi cc ng trung ha cc gc 45o th elip ni tip trong
mt hnh vung c cnh. Cc cnh hnh vung song song vi cc trc Ox v Oy (on
5.14)

SS.18. Chn ng elip truyn qua mt nicol.

Trong trng hp tng qut, chn ng ti OP khng song song vi cc phng u i
Ox v Oy ca bn tinh th, chn ng l ra khi bn l mt chn ng elip. Cho chn ng
ny i qua mt nicol phn tch A (hnh v 34). Gi ( v( l cc gc hp bi cc phng chn
ng OP v OA (ng vi nicol phn cc v nicol phn tch) vi phng u i Ox, chng
minh nh on 5.15, ta tnh c cng nh sng I l ra khi nicol A bng cc cng
thc:
2 2
2 2
cos ( ) sin 2 .sin 2 sin
2
cos ( ) sin 2 .sin 2 .cos
2
o
o
I
I
I
I

=
= + +

vi Io = a2

x
y
0 =
2
0

< <

2
< <
2

=
2
3
< <
2
3
=
2
2
3
< <
2 =

clp tra clp pha
H.40

A
o
B
X
m1

P2
y
P
P1
x
m2
0

H.42
A
SS.19. Cc bn mng c bit.
Gi s chn ng ti c dng : s = a cos(t
Khi i vo bn mng ti I, cc thnh phn ca chn ng OP theo 2 phng u i l :
OP
1
: x = a cos . cost
OP
2
: y = a sin . cost
Khi l ra khi bn mng ti I, hai chn ng thnh phn ny khng cn ng pha na
m c mt hiu s pha l ( = 2((/(
OP
1
: x
= a cos . cost
OP
2
: y
= a sin . cos (t - )
Chn ng l l tng hp ca 2 chn ng thnh phn ny.
1. Bn sng :
Nu hiu quang l ( bng mt bi s ca (, bn mng tinh th d hng c gi l mt
bn sng.
Chn ng ti : x = a cos( . cos(t
y = a sin . cost
Chn ng l : x = a cos( . cos(t
y = a sin . cos (t - )
= a sin . cost
v = k, = k2, cos (t - ) = cost
Vy chn ng l vn l chn ng OP.

2. Bn na sng :
l bn mng tinh th ng vi ( bng mt bi s l ca
Chn ng ti : x = a cos( . cos(t
y = a sin . cost
Chn ng l : x = a cos( . cos(t
y = a sin . cos (t - ) = - a sin . cost
v = (2k + 1) , = (2k + 1), cos (t - ) = - cost
Vy chn ng l l chn ng thng OP i xng vi chn
ng ti OP qua cc ng trung ha.

y

P
2
, P
2
x
P
1
, P
1
o
H.43
2
P
P
P
2

P
2

P
1

P
1
x o
H.44
3. Bn phn t sng : ng vi ( bng mt bi s l ca
= (2k + 1) , = (2k + 1)
Ly trng hp ( = , cc thnh phn ca chn ng l theo cc phng u i l :
x = a cos . cost
y = a sin . cos (t - ) = a sin . sint
Suy ra :
Vy chn ng l l chn ng elip c hai trc l hai ng trung ha ca bn phn t
sng.
Cc na trc ca elip l a cos( v a sin(, do elip tnh l
OB
e tg tg
OA
= = =

l gc hp bi phng chn ng OP v trc nhanh. Ta thy dng ca elip thay i theo gc
.
- Nu ( = 0 hay , e = 0 hay (, nh sng l l nh sng phn cc thng, phng chn ng
song song vi trc Ox (ng vi ( = 0) hay song song vi trc Oy (ng vi ( = ).
Nu ( = , , e = 1, nh sng l l nh sng phn cc trn.
Vi bn sng (trng hp ( = ), ta phn bit hai trng hp :

- Khi chn ng ti OP nm trong gc phn t th nht hp bi cc phng u i :
Vo lc t = 0, ta c xo = acos( > 0, yo = 0 ng vi im A1. Ngoi ra, ngha l khi y
tng. Vy chiu quay ca elip ngc chiu quay ca kim ng h. Ta c chn ng elip tri
(hnh 5.46a).
- Khi chn ng ti OP nm trong gc phn t th hai : Vo lc t = 0, ta c xo = acos(
< 0, yo = 0 ng vi im A2. Ngoi ra, ngha l y tng. Vy trong trng hp ny, chiu
4
( ) ( ) 1
2
sin
2
cos
= +
a
y
a
x
A
B
A
B
o
H.45
x
2
4
3
4
1
A
1 A
2
y
o
P
x
A
1 A
2
y

P
x
(a) (b)
H.46
quay trn elip cng chiu vi chiu quay ca kim ng h. Ta c chn ng elip phi (hnh
5.46b).
By gi ta xt tc dng ca bn phn t sng i vi nh sng ti l nh sng phn cc
elip c hai trc song song vi hai phng u i ca bn phn t sng.
Chiu thng gc mt chm tia sng song song, n sc, phn cc elip xung mt bn
phn t sng L. Quay bn tinh th L xung quanh phng truyn ca chm tia sng ti mt
v tr, gi s c cc phng u i song song vi cc
trc ca chn ng elip. Nu chn ng ti l chn
ng elip phi, cc phng trnh ca chn ng c
th vit di dng :
x = Acost
y = -Bsint
Trong A v B l cc na trc ca elip trn cc
phng Ox v Oy.
Gi s vi bn L, ta c. Khi i qua bn, hai chn ng thnh phn trn c mt hiu s
pha l vi chn ng y l chn ng chm pha. Phng trnh ca hai chn ng thnh
phn khi l ra c dng :
x = Acost, y = -Bsin (t -
2
) = Bcost
Suy ra (hng s)
Vy chn ng l l mt chn ng thng OQ nm trong gc phn t th nht ca 2
phng u i v hp vi trc nhanh Ox mt gc l ( vi tg( =
Nu chn ng ti l elip tri, cc phng trnh l :
x = A cost
y = B sint

Cc chn ng thnh phn khi l ra c dng :
x = A cost
y = B sin (t -
2
) = -B cost
Suy ra :
y B
x A
=
nh sng l l nh sng phn cc thng OQ nm trong gc phn t th hai c h s gc
l
Trng hp c bit : Nu nh sng ti l nh sng phn cc trn (phi hoc tri) th nh
sng l l nh sng phn cc thng song song vi cc phn gic ca cc gc phn t th
nht hoc th hai.

H.47
Hnh. 48
A
Q
Q
B

o
y
x
H.47
A
Q
Q
B

y
x
H.48
SS.20. Phn bit cc loi nh sng phn cc.
Mun phn bit tnh phn cc ca mt chm tia sng, ta cho chm tia phn cc ny i
qua mt nicol phn tch A. Quay nicol A quanh phng truyn ca tia sng.
Nu c mt v tr ca A chn li hon ton nh sng (mt thy ti en), ta kt lun
nh sng ti nicol l nh sng phn cc thng (hnh 49a)
Nu khng thy v tr no ca A chn li c hon ton nh sng nhng thy cng
nh sng l c cc cc i v cc tiu (mt thy khi sng nht, khi ti nht nhng
khng ti en). Trong trng hp ny nh sng ti A l nh sng elip (hnh 49b).
Nu thy cng nh sng l khng thay i (mt thy th trng lun sng u)
khi quay nicol phn tch A, ta kt lun nh sng ti A l nh sng phn cc trn (hnh
49c).

Ch rng : Trong trng hp tng qut, khi chiu mt chm tia sng qua nicol phn
tch A v quay nicol A nh trn m thy cng nh sng l ra khi A khng thay i th
nh sng ti A c th l nh sng phn cc trn, nhng cng c th l nh sng t nhin.
Mun phn bit hai trng hp ny, ta cho chm tia sng i qua mt bn phn t sng.
Nu nh sng ti l nh sng phn cc trn th sau khi qua bn phn t sng tr thnh nh
sng phn cc thng nn ta c th lm cng sng trit tiu bng mt nicol phn tch.
Nu nh sng ti l nh sng t nhin th ta khng th lm trit tiu cng nh sng l
c.

A
o
A
o
P
A
o
(a) (b) (c)
- Phan cc thang: khi I
triet tieu

- Phan cc elip: khi I
cc tieu
- Phan cc tron : khi
I khong oi
H.49
SS.21. Tc dng ca bn tinh th d hng i vi nh sng tp - Hin tng phn cc
mu.
Trong cc phn trn, ta ch cp ti tc dng ca bn tinh th d hng n trc i vi
mt nh sng n sc. Trong phn ny ta cp ti trng hp nh sng tp.
Chiu mt chm nh sng trng song song qua mt h thng gm mt nicol phn cc P,
mt bn tinh th d hng L (nh thch anh hoc bng lan), mt nicol phn tch A.

Sau khi qua nicol P, nh sng vn l nh sng trng nhng l phn cc thng, chn ng
theo phng OP, gm tt c cc di sng t tm ti . ng vi mi mt di sng,
hiu s pha gia cc chn ng theo hai phng u i Ox v Oy do s truyn qua bn tinh
th L l :

Khi i t di sng tm ti di sng , hiu s nen - n0 bin thin khng ng k,
do ta c th coi hiu s pha bin thin t l nghch vi di sng.
c th, ta xt mt n sc c d di sng (. Khi ra khi P, chn ng thng ny gi s
c bin a( ng vi cng I(=a(2. Bn tinh th L bin chn ng thng ny thnh chn
ng elip c cc chn ng thnh phn theo hai phng u i ca bn L c bin l a(
cos( v a( sin( (( l gc hp bi phng chn ng OP vi phng u i Ox). Cng
ca nh sng l ra khi tinh th d hng L l (a( cos()2 + (a( sin()2 = a(2 = I(, ngha l bng
cng ca nh sng ti bn.
Nu ta xt tt c cc n sc t tm ti th ( bin thin theo (, do chn ng elip l
ra khi bn L, ng vi cc di sng, c dng v phng v khc nhau.
Gi ( l gc hp bi phng chn ng OA xc nh bi nicol phn tch A v phng u
i Ox ca bn L. Cng nh sng l ra khi nicol A ng vi n sc c di sng ( l
:

hay

Xt mt di di sng vi phn d trong khong v + d v xt nh sng l ra
khi bn L. V d rt nh nn c th coi cc di sng trong khong ny c cng cng
I(. Cng sng dI gy ra bi c di d th t l vi I v vi d, do dI c th vit :
dI = Id.
Cng ny sau khi l ra khi nicol phn tch A tr thnh
(gi s OP v OA cng nm trong mt gc phn t hp bi hai
phng Ox, Oy) :

Cng gy ra bi tt c cc di sng t tm ti l :
P L
A
( )
e n n
o en

=
2
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
cos sin 2 .sin 2 .cos
cos sin 2 .sin 2 .sin
I I
I I

= + +

=

H.49
( ) [ ]

d I dJ . cos . 2 sin . 2 sin cos

2
2 2
+ + =
H.5

x o
y

A
P
H.5
2 2
cos ( ) . sin 2 .sin 2 . .cos .
2
J I d I d

= + +

Du ( ly t di sng tm ti di sng .
( I( d( l cng ca chm tia sng l ra khi bn L gm tt c cc di sng t tm
ti , do ng vi nh sng trng. Vy s hng u l cng ca nn trng.
S hng th hai c cha ( l cng ca nh sng mu.
Khi cng ca nn trng trit tiu, ta trong iu kin quan st tt nht. Mun vy,
ta cc nicol P v A cc v tr ng vi ( = ( = 45o.
Khi

Mu ta nhn thy qua nicol phn tch A l mt mu tp hp bi cc n sc l ra khi A.
Cng ca mi n sc ny khi l ra khi A th khc nhau v c tnh bi cng thc

Cc n sc c cng nh sng l trit tiu ng vi :
= (2k + 1) hay = (2k + 1)
Trong iu kin gn ng, v nen - no thay i khng ng k theo di sng, nn t
c th coi ( = (nen - no) e c lp vi di sng khi ta xt t di sng tm ti di
sng . Gi s bn tinh th L kh mng c b dy e sao cho ( = 1( (i vi mi di
sng).
Vi bn ny, cc n sc c cng l ra khi A trit tiu ng vi :
= (2k + 1) = 1
suy ra :
Nu ly di sng cc nh sng thy c trong khong 0,4( ti 0,8(, ta c :

suy ra : 0,75 k 2
k l mt tr s nguyn nn ly hai gi tr : 1 v 2.
Vy ta ch c hai n sc c cng trit tiu ng vi cc di sng (1 = 0,67( v
(2 = 0,4
Cc n sc c cng cc i ng vi cos/2= 1 hay = k2, = k= 1 (vn
theo gi thuyt trn).

Suy ra k = 2. Ta ch c mt n sc c cng l ra cc i ng vi di sng (3 =

d I J . cos
2
2
1
=
2
2
cos

I I =
2

1 2
2
+
=
k
8 , 0 4 , 0
1 2
2

+ k
5 , 2 25 , 1
8 , 0 4 , 0
4 , 0
1
8 . 0
1
1

=
k
k
k

hay
5 , 0
2
1 1
= =
k
Nh vy, nh sng l ra khi A s c mu tp no , ch khng th c mu trng bc
trn. l mu ta nhn thy bn L qua nicol phn tch A.
- Trng hp OP v OA nm trong hai gc phn t
khc nhau.
Cng nh sng l ra khi A ng vi di d( c
vit di dng :

Cng gy ra bi tt c cc di sng t tm ti l :
2 2
cos ( ) . sin 2 .sin 2 .sin
2
J I d I d

=

S hng th nht biu din cng nn sng trng. S hng th hai biu din cng
nh sng mu tp.
Ta quan st tt nht khi ( = 450 v ( = 135o, lc cng nn sng trng trit tiu,
sin2( = 1, sin2 = -1.

Nu ta vn dng bn tinh th mng ng vi ( = 1( nh th d trn, th ta thy n sc
0,5( lc ny cho cc i, by gi b trit tiu cng . Ngc li cc n sc 0,67( v 0,4(
lc ny b trit tiu cng by gi li c cng l ra khi A cc i. Nhn qua nicol
phn tch A, ta thy bn L c mt mu xc nh, vn l mt mu tp nhng khc vi mu
nhn c trong trng hp trn.
Nu ta chng chp hai mu c trong hai trng hp ta s c mu trng. Thc vy :

V vy hai mu trn c gi l hai mu h b ca nhau (hp vi nhau th thnh nh
sng trng). Hin tng nhn thy mu trn cc bn mng d hng nh trn c gi l
hin tng phn cc mu.
- Nu bn kh dy, bng cch l lun tng t cc th d trn, ta thy s n sc cho
cng cc i v s n sc cho cng trit tiu kh nhiu khi l ra khi nicol phn
tch A. Cc di sng cho cng cc i v trit tiu ny phn b u trong quang ph
t tm ti . V vy nh sng i ra khi A l nh sng trng cao ng.

x o
y

A
P
H.52
( ) [ ]

d I dJ . sin . 2 sin . 2 sin cos

2
2 2
=
d I J
2
2
2
sin =

d I d I d I J J . . sin . cos
2
2
2
2
2 1
= + = +
SS.22. Kho st quang ph trong hin tng phn cc mu.

Ta thit tr dng d nh hnh v H.53. Ngun sng trng l mt khe F thng gc vi mt
phng ca hnh v, ti v tr tiu im ca mt thu knh hi t L1. Chm tia sng trng song
song l ra khi L1 i qua h thng nicol phn cc P, bn tinh th d hng L, nicol phn tch
A. Sau i qua mt knh quang ph. Lng knh p cho ta mt quang ph hin ra mt
phng tiu E ca thu knh L2 v ta quan st quang ph ny bng th knh L3. Trong trng
hp tng qut, ta quan st thy mt quang ph vn vi nhng vch ti. Bn L cng dy s
vch ti cng nhiu, di u trn quang ph.
B qua s gim cng sng do s hp th hay phn chiu khi i qua knh quang ph,
cng sng ti im quan st M trn mn E l :

hay

V tr cc n sc trong quang ph ty thuc di sng ca chng v khng ty thuc
cc gc (, (. V vy khi ta quay nicol P hoc A, v tr cc vch sng v cc vch ti khng
di ch m ch thay i v sng m thi.
mt trng hp bt k, trong cc cng thc tnh cng I ti mt im M trn
quang ph, s hng th nht I( cos2 (( ( () khng trit tiu, do cc vch ti (ng vi cos
= 0 hay sin = 0) khng ti en hon ton. Ta c mt quang ph vn trn ci nn l
mt quang ph lin tc. Mun quan st quang ph vn tt nht, ta phi loi b nn quang
ph lin tc ny. chnh l hai trng hp : ( = ( = 45o v ( = 45o, ( = 135o kho st
trn.
Gi s lc ban u ta cc nicol P v A cc v tr c (=(=45o. V quan st quang ph,
ta thy 2 vch hon ton ti en cc v tr ng vi (1 v (2. By gi quay nicol theo chiu
mi tn ( tng, v tr cc mu trong quang ph khng thay i nhng cc vch (1 v (2
khng hon ton ti en na v cng nn tng ln, quang ph vn m dn. Khi OA
trng vi Oy, (=90o, sin2( = 0.
Trong cng thc

S hng th hai trit tiu: quang ph vn bin mt, ta thy mt quang ph lin tc.
Khi quay ( > 90o, quang ph vn li xut hin, mi u m, sau r dn. Khc
vi trng hp trn, cc v tr lc trc c vch ti, by gi c vch sng ((1 v
(2) v ngc li trc c vch sng, by gi c vch ti ( (3).
Khi ( = 135o, OA ( OP, cos2 (( - ( ) = 0, cng nn trit tiu, vch (3 hon ton
ti en. Quang ph ny c gi l quang ph h b ca quang ph lc u.
Tip tc quay nicol A, quang ph vn li m dn v bin mt khi OA song song vi Ox.
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2
2
2
2 2
sin . 2 sin . 2 sin 2 cos
cos . 2 sin . 2 sin cos

=
+ + =
I I
I I
2
( )

d I d I J
2
2 2
cos 2 sin . 2 sin . cos + + =
P
L
F
L
1
A
L
J
L
L
2
p
H.53
HIN TNG LNG CHIT NHN TO

SS.23. Lng chit do s nn.
Cc mi trng d hng ta xt cc phn trn hu ht l nhng mi trng kt tinh.
Trong cc mi trng ny, chnh s d hng trong s cu trc tinh th a n tnh d
hng quang hc. V vy, nu ta dng mt lc nn tc dng vo mt mi trng ng
hng to mt s bt i xng trong mi trng ny th s gy ra c hin tng chit
quang kp ging nh mt tinh th d hng t nhin.
Th nghim di y chng t hin tng lng chit nhn to ni trn.

Cho mt chm tia sng song song, n sc i qua mt h thng hai nicol P v A cho
gc. Nh vy s khng c nh sng l ra khi A. By gi gia hai nicol P v A, t mt
khi thy tinh C ng hng: vn khng c nh sng l ra khi A. Nhng nu ta tc dng
vo cc mt trn v di ca khi C mt lc nn u theo phng Oz th khi li thy
nh sng i qua A. iu ny chng t di tc dng ca lc nn, phng Oz trong khi
thy tinh C c tnh cht khc vi cc phng khc v khi C tr thnh mi trng d hng.
Th nghim cho bit di tc dng ca sc nn nh trn, khi C ging nh mt mi
trng n trc, c trc quang hc song song vi phng ca lc nn.
nh sng phn cc thng OP chiu ti khi thy tinh C theo phng Ox, khi l ra khi
C, tr thnh nh sng phn cc elip, do mt phn nh sng l ra khi nicol A.
Nu ta trit tiu lc nn, thy tinh tr li ng hng nh c.
Th nghim cho bit chit quang kp ne - no sinh ra do s nn th t l vi p sut p
tc dng ln mi trng.
(n = ne - no = k(p, k = hng s t l
n = k
Hiu l gia cc tia bt thng v thng khi i qua khi C l:
= (n
e
- n
o
)e = k
Trong : ne = chit sut bt thng chnh, ng vi phng chn ng song song
vi phng ca lc nn.
no = chit sut thng, ng vi phng chn ng thng gc vi
phng ca lc nn.
Hng s k ty thuc bn cht ca mi trng chu nn v ty thuc di sng ca
nh sng truyn qua, c th dng hay m.
P c

A
I
I
x
z
F
F
y
o
e

(b)
H.54
(a)
l e
F
S
F
k
.
=
l
F
Khi k > 0, ne > no, ve < vo : mi trng chu nn c tnh d hng ging nh mt
tinh th dng (nh thch anh).
Ngc li, nu k < 0, ne < no, ve > vo : mi trng tr thnh ging tinh th m
(nh bng lan).
Th d vi thy tinh v khi dng nh sng vng (=0,6x103mm, p sut p tnh ra kg
lc/mm2, k c tr s -0,05.
Vi mt p sut p = 1 kg lc/ mm2, lng chit l
n
= n
e
- n
o
= kp = 0,05 x 0,6 x 10
-3
x 1 = 3 x 10
-5

Ta thy tr s ny nh so vi lng chit trong cc cht d hng thin nhin (th d :
bng lan c (n = 0,173).
Ta lu : no l chit sut ng vi tia thng khi thy tinh tr thnh d hng do s
nn, khng c nhm vi chit sut n ca thy tinh khi khng b nn. Ta c ne > n v no >
n.
Hin tng phn cc nn ny c ng dng trong k ngh c kh kho st sc nn
trn cc b phn trong cc my mc khi my hot ng.

SS.24. Lng chit in (hay hiu ng Kerr).
y l hin tng mt cht lng ng hng tr thnh d hng khi c t trong mt
in trng. Hin tng ny c kho st ln u tin bi Kerr nm 1875 nn c gi l
hiu ng Kerr.
Ta c th thc hin th nghim nh sau :

H.55
Chu C cha mt cht lng ng hng, nitrobenzen chng hn, in trng tc dng
vo cht lng gy ra do hai ct ca mt my t in. H thng ny c gi l t bo Kerr
v c t gia hai nicol P v A v tr cho gc. Nu khng c in trng (hai ct ca
my t in khng tch in), d nhin khng c nh sng l ra khi A. Cho my t in tch
in to mt in trng gia hai ct my, ta thy c nh sng l ra khi A. Khi cht
lng gia hai ct my t in tr thnh d hng, c cc tnh cht quang hc ging nh
mt tinh th n trc c trc quang hc song song vi phng ca in trng. nh sng l
ra khi cht lng l nh sng elip, do mt phn nh sng i qua nicol A.
Khi i vo cht lng trong in trng, chn ng thng OP b tch lm hai chn ng
theo hai phng u i, truyn i vi hai vn tc khc nhau Vo v Ve. Tia thng chn
ng thng gc vi in trng, ng vi chit sut no. Tia bt thng chn ng song song
vi in trng, ng vi chit sut bt thng chnh ne.
Th nghim cho bit, ng vi mt di sng (, lng cht (n = ne - no t l vi bnh
phng ca in trng E.
P
+
A
c
n = n
e
- n
o
= B E
2
B c gi l hng s Kerr, ty thuc bn cht ca cht lng, di sng ( v nhit :
B tng khi ta xt t nh sng ti nh sng tm v gim khi nhit tng.
V (n t l vi E2 nn du ca (n khng ty thuc chiu ca in trng. Hu ht cc
cht lng, di tc dng ca in trng, c tnh cht d hng ging nh cc tinh th
dng n trc, ngha l c ne > no hay B > 0. Ch c vi cht lng c B < 0 (th d ether).
Hiu quang l gia 2 chn ng u i khi i qua cht lng l :
= (n
e
- n
o
) l
l = b di ca ct my t in
lng chit (n trong hin tng lng chit in rt nh so vi lng chit ca
cc cht d hng thin nhin kt tinh. Hin tng ny cng thy vi mt s cht kh nhng
lng chit sinh ra trong trng hp ny rt nh.
a) L thuyt ca hin tng lng chit in:
Cc phn t ca cc cht lng, hay cht kh, trong hin tng lng chit in c tnh
d hng. Khi khng c tc dng ca in trng ngoi, cc phn t ny do s dao ng
nhit hn lon phn b t do theo mi hng, do nn xt ton th th mi trng c
coi nh ng hng (hnh 56a).

(a) H.56 (b)
Khi cht lng (hay cht kh) ny c t trong mt in trng th cc phn t c
nh hng theo phng song song vi in trng (tc dng ca in trng trn cc
phn t phn cc hay cc lng cc in - hnh 56b), ngha l trong mi trng xut hin
mt phng c tnh phn cc mnh hn cc phng khc : mi trng tr thnh d
hng. Nu ta i chiu in trng th cc phn t s quay i mt gc 180o nhng tnh
phn cc ca mi trng th khng c g thay i. Ngoi ra, nu nhit cng cao th s
dao ng nhit cng mnh do s nh hng ca cc phn t cng km, hng s Kerr B
c tr s cng nh.
b) o thi gian ko di ca hin tng kerr:
S phn cc do in trng khng lp tc chm dt khi in trng gy ra n trit tiu
m cn ko di mt thi gian. Ngi ta o thi gian ko di thm bng th nghim sau
(hnh 57).
T bo Kerr t gia hai nicol P v A cho gc.

H.57

P
A
B
N
J
N
2
N
1
L I
K
L
N
4
Hai ct ca my t in ca t bo Kerr c ni vi hai u ca mt ci phng tia la
in E, v c tch in nhiu ln trong mt giy nh mt cun cm ng B. Khi hiu in
th gia hai ct my t in mnh, my t in s phng in : E pht ra mt tia la in
v hiu in th gia hai ct my t in trit tiu. nh sng pht ra t E, phn chiu trn
cc gng M1, M2, M3, M4, i mt l trnh D = EIJKLP trc khi ti t bo Kerr. Nh
vy, nh sng ca cc tia la in phng ra bi E i vo t bo Kerr sau mt thi gian t =
k t lc in trng trong cht lng ca t bo b trit tiu. (c l vn tc nh sng)
Ta gi ( = thi gian hin tng lng chit in cn tn ti trong cht lng sau khi in
trng trit tiu. Nu t < (, v hin tng lng chit in cn tn ti nn nh sng phn
cc thng OP i qua t bo Kerr tr thnh nh sng elip, do c nh sng i qua A. Ngoi
ra s phng in xy ra nhiu ln trong mt giy nn mt s thy sng lin tc. Nu t > (,
khi nh sng ti t bo Kerr, hin tng lng cht in chm dt : sau khi i qua t bo
Kerr, nh sng vn l phn cc thng OP, nn b nicol A chn li : mt thy ti.
Cch o A nh sau: lc u ta cc gng M1, M2 gn cc gng M3, M4 quang
l D ngn, thi gian t nh hn thi gian (, mt thy sng lin tc. Di chuyn tnh tin cc
gng M1, M2 ra xa M3 v M4, ta thy cng nh sng l ra khi A gim i rt nhanh,
ngha l hin tng lng chit in gim i rt nhanh khi D tng. Ta thy ti khi khong
cch D ( 4 mt. Khi t = (.
=
8
8
4
10
3 10
D
giay
c x

Thi gian ny thc ra ch l gii hn trn ca ( v cc tia la in cng ko di mt thi
gian ch khng tt lp tc. Cc php o v sau chnh xc hn cho cc tr s ( trong khong
10-10 giy v 10-11 giy.
Hin tng Kerr c ng dng o cc thi gian rt ngn, c dng trong k ngh
phim ni (ghi m thanh ln phim chiu bng).

SS.25. Lng chit t.

H.57

Di tc dng ca mt t trng, mt cht lng ng hng c th tr thnh d hng,
th d Nitrobenzen.
kho st, ta c th sp t cc dng c nh hnh v 5.58. Cc nicol P v A v tr
cho gc nhau. Cht lng ng trong mt ng C, t gia hai cc ca mt nam chm in
mnh. Chm tia sng i qua h thng thng gc vi t trng.
Th nghim cho bit, tng t hin tng lng chit in, lng chit sinh ra do tc
dng ca t trng vo cht lng th t l vi di sng ( ca nh sng v t l vi bnh
phng ca cng t trng H.
P
Nam cham dc n
c
A
H.58
n = n
e
- n
o
= C H
2

C l mt hng s ty thuc bn cht ca cht lng, di sng ( ca nh sng v nhit
v c th m hay dng.
Mt trong hai phng chn ng u i song song vi phng ca t trng.
Ta c th gii thch hin tng lng chit t, tng t hin tng lng chit in,
bng thuyt nh hng phn t.

PHN CC QUAY T NHIN

SS.26. Th nghim v phn cc quay.
Nm 1811, Arago thc hin th nghim sau v hin tng phn cc quay t nhin.

H.59
Chiu mt chm tia sng song song, n sc, i qua mt h thng gm hai nicol P v A
t cho gc. Mt t ti 0 d nhin khng thy nh sng.
Sau t trong khong hai nicol P v A mt bn thch anh hai mt song song, c trc
quang hc thng gc vi hai mt v song song vi phng truyn ca tia sng ( trnh hin
tng chit quang kp ni cc phn trn) : Mt li nhn c nh sng l ra khi A.
Quay nicol phn tch A mt gc (, cng chiu kim ng h hay ngc chiu ty thuc
c tnh ca bn L, nh sng li hon ton b A chn li.
T th nghim ny, ngi ta suy ra rng : Bn thch anh L c tnh cht lm quay mt
phng chn ng ca chm tia sng truyn qua n. nh sng ti c mt phng chn ng l
Q th khi l ra khi bn L, mt phng chn ng sng l Q hp vi mt phng Q mt gc (.
Chiu quay cng nh tr s ca ( ty thuc cc tnh cht ca bn L. Chnh v vy khi ta quay
nicol phn tch A mt gc ( th mt phng chnh ca A thng gc vi mt phng chn ng
Q nn nh sng b chn li.
Hin tng trn c gi l phn cc quay t nhin hay trin quang.
Cc tnh cht c tnh cht lm quay mt phng chn ng sng nh vy c gi l cc
cht quang hot.
Ta cn phn bit mi trng quang hot v mi trng d hng. Thch anh va c tnh
d hng va c tnh quang hot nhng bng lan ch c tnh d hng m khng c tnh
quang hot, ngc li nhiu cht ng hng li c tnh quang hot nh mt s ln cc cht
hu c.
C nhng cht ch c tnh quang hot khi trng thi rn, th d thch anh, khi cc cht
ny chuyn sang mt trng thi khc (lng, hi, dung dch) th tnh quang hot mt. S kin
ny chng t, vi cc cht trn, tnh quang hot l mt thuc tnh do s sp xp cc nguyn
t hay phn t trong tinh th. Khi s sp xp ny khng cn (mi trng chuyn sang trng
P

L
Q
Q
A
thi lng hay hi) th tnh quang hot cng mt theo. Ngc li, c nhiu cht khc nh
ng, acid tartric... C tnh quang hot mi trng thi, k c trng thi dung dch, vi cc
cht ny, tnh quang hot l mt thuc tnh nm ngay trong bn thn cc phn t nn tnh
vn tn ti d mi trng thay i trng thi.
Th nghim cho thy c hai loi mi trng quang hot, s phn bit ty theo chiu quay
ca mt phng chn ng sng i vi mt quan st vin.

Cc cht quang hot lm mt phng chn ng sng quay theo chiu kim ng h (i
vi mt quan st vin) c gi l cht hu trin (hnh 5.60a). Ngc li cc cht lm mt
phng chn ng sng quay ngc chiu kim ng h c gi l cc ct t trin (hnh
5.60b).

SS.27. nh lut Biot.
Cc th nghim cho thy, vi mi cht quang hot, gc quay ( ca mt phng chn ng
sng t l vi b dy ( ca mi trng quang hot m nh sng i qua.

( l mt hng s ty thuc bn cht ca mi trng quang hot, di sng ca nh
sng, nng nu cht quang hot l dung dch v ty thuc c nhit .
Ta thy ( chnh l gc quay ng vi mt n v b dy.
Nu mi trng quang hot l mt dung dch ca mt cht quang hot tan trong mt
dung dch khng c tnh trin quang, cc th nghim cho bit, gc quay ( t l vi nng C
ca dung dch. Biot pht biu nh lut nh sau :
Vi mt di sng nht nh ca nh sng, gc quay ( gy ra bi mt b dy ( ca mt
dung dch quang hot th t l vi nng C ca dung dch..

Nng C c nh ngha l khi lng cht quang hot ha tan trong mt n v th
tch ca dung dch.
[(] l mt hng s, c lp i vi nng C v c gi l nng sut trin quang
ring ca cht quang hot ha tan. Tr s ca [(] ty thuc di sng ca nh sng nhng
thay i khng ng k i vi nhit . Chiu di ( thng c tnh ra dm nn [(] chnh l
gc quay ng vi mt ct dung dch di 1dm cha 1g cht quang hot ha tan trong mi
cm3 dung dch.
= l
= [ ] . l C
2
a

P
P
(a) (b)
Hu Ta trien
H.60
Trong trng hp dung dch cha nhiu cht quang hot ha tan ln lt c nng sut
trin quang ring [(1], [(2],[(3],.... v nng c1, c2... gc quay ( gy ra bi mt b dy (
ca dung dch l:
( [
1
] c
1
+ [
2
] c
2
+ .... )
Vi quy c: cc nng sut trin quang ring [(1], [(2],... c coi l dng nu cht
quang hot ha tan c tnh hu trin, c coi l m nu c tnh t trin.
nh lut Biot ch gn ng v ch c dng cho cc dung dch long.
SS.28. L thuyt v hin tng phn cc quay.
Fresnel gii thch hin tng phn cc quay nh sau :
Chn ng thng OP c phng trnh s = acos(t c coi l tng hp ca hai chn ng trn
1 OM
uuuur
va 2 OM
uuuur
, quay xung quanh O vi cung van toc goc nhng ngc chieu va
co
1 2
2
a
OM OM = = .

Khi cha i vo mi trng quang hot, hai chn ng trn truyn i vi cng vn tc,
nn chn ng tng hp lun lun l OP nm trn trc Ox. Khi i vo mi trng quang
hot. Hai chn ng trn ny truyn i vi cc vn tc V1, V2 khc nhau, ng vi cc chit
sut n1, n
2
.
Gi s chn ng trn OM1 l chn ng nhanh pha (V1>V2 hay n1 < n2). Cc chn
ng chiu 1 2 , OH OH
uuur uuur
xuong truc Ox la cac chan ong sin thang, khi i vao ban
quang hoat co dng :
x
1
= x
2
=
2
a
cost

Khi ra khi bn c dng :

Ta c : (1 < (2

Nh vy hai chn ng khi ra khi mi trng quang hot khng cn ng pha na.

( )
1 1
cos
2
= t
a
x
( )
2 2
cos
2
= t
a
x
l n
1
1
2
=
l n . 2
2
2
=
vi
vi
x
M
1
P
M
2
o
t
t
H
1
H
2
H.61

H.62

m c mt hiu s pha l
= 2/ = 2 (n
2
n
1
)1 /
Cng chnh l gc quay m chn ng trn nhanh pha ) hn chn ng trn chm pha )
khi l ra khi mi trng quang hot (hnh 62). V vy khi hai chn ng trn ny hp li
th chn ng tng hp khng cn l na m lnm trn trc Ox lm vi trc Ox mt
gc
2
= va cung chieu vi :

2 1
( ) n n
=
l

Ta c nhn xt : chiu quay ca mt phng chn ng sng l chiu quay ca chn ng
trn nhanh pha.

SS.29. Kim chng thuyt Fresnel.
Ta c th kim chng thuyt Fresnel bng th nghim sau

Ta dng mt lng kch bng thch anh, c thit din thng l mt tam gic u ABC,
trc quang hc thng gc vi mt phng i xng ca lng knh (hnh 63). Chiu ti lng
knh mt chm tia sng song song, gi s dng nh sng vng ca Natrium, vi gc ti c
lch cc tiu D. Th nghim cho thy ta c hai chm tia l, chng t khi i qua lng
knh chm tia sng b tch ra lm hai chm tia ng vi hai chit sut khc nhau. Mt
trong hai chm tia ny song song vi y lng knh khi i trong lng knh. Ngoi ra th
nghim cng cho thy hai chm nh sng l, l nhng nh sng phn cc trn : mt trn
tri, mt trn phi.
Nu lng knh trn bng thch anh t trin th tia trn (lch t) l nh sng trn tri (trong
trng hp ny, trn tri l chn ng nhanh pha : V ln, n nh nn lch t), tia di l nh
x
M
1
t-
1
M
2
o
t-
2
(a)
H
2
H
1
x
M
1
=/2
M
2
o

(b)
B
R
1

R
2

A
D
S C
d
D

H.63
sng trn phi. Nu lng knh bng thch anh hu trin th ngc li : tia trn l trn phi,
tia di l trn tri.
Hiu s gia hai chit sut rt nh. Th d trong trng hp thch anh, vi nh sng
vng Natri mi mm b dy lm mt phng chn ng sng quay mt gc 21o7.
2 1
5
2 1
( )
21, 7 0, 589
: : 7 10
180 1000
n n
x
Suy ra n n n x
x
=
= =
l
l

Do lch gia hai chm tia l cng rt nh. Vi lng knh c gc nh 60o nh
trong th nghim trn th lch l dD(23(. V vy, tch ri hai chm tia l cho d
quan st, ngi ta phi ghp nhiu lng knh vi nhau sao cho lch gia hai chm tia l
tng dn ln khi i t lng knh ny qua lng knh khc. Fresnel ghp mt h thng gm
3 lng knh nh hnh v 64. Cc lng knh P1, P2 bng thch anh hu tin, lng knh T bng
thch anh t trin. Cc trc quang hc nh hnh v.

SS.30. NG K.
ng k l mt loi trin quang k, ng dng hin tng phn cc quay o nng
ca mt dung dch ng. S cu to ca ng k nh hnh v 64.

Lc u, b ng T ra.

P
2
P
1

T
H.64
P
T
A
L
H.65
Knh nham
o
y
P
A
x
P

(a)
(b)
H.66
Nicol P bin nh sng t nhin thnh nh sng phn cc OP. Bn na sng L chn mt
na th trng. Nh vy chm nh sng gm: na chm khng i qua bn na sng vn
chn ng theo phng OP, na chm i qua bn na sng chn ng theo phng OP i
xng vi phng OP qua cc ng trung ha ca bn L. Nh vy, vi mt v tr bt k ca
nicol A, ta thy hai na th trng c sng khc nhau (hnh.64). Quay nicol A phng
OA ca thit din chnh song song vi phng Ox, khi hnh chiu ca OP v OP xung
OA bng nhau nn ta thy hai na th trng sng nh nhau.
- t ng T c cha dung dch ng vo v tr gia bn L v nicol phn tch A. Dung
dch ng l mt dung dch quang hot hu trin, nn khi nh sng i qua, cc phng
chn ng OP v OP quay cng chiu mt gc (, cc phng chn ng sng khi l ra khi
dung dch ng by gi l OQ v OQ. V vy ta li thy hai na th trng sng tt khc
nhau. Mun hai na th trng sng u nhau nh c, ta phi quay nicol phn tch A cng
chiu mt gc (. Xc nh c tr s ca gc quay (, ta suy ra nng ca dung dch
ng theo nh lut Biot.

SS.31. TN SC DO HIN TNG PHN CC QUAY.
Thc hin th nghim phn cc quay vi cng mt bn thch anh nhng ln lt vi
nhiu n sc khc nhau, ngi ta thy gc quay ( ca mt phng chn ng sng thay i
ty theo di sng (. Mt cch gn ng, Biot nhn thy ( t l nghch vi (2 v a ra
cng thc sau :

A l mt hng s i vi (.
Nh vy mt di sng cng nh th ng vi mt gc quay cng ln v s bin thin
ny kh nhanh. Th d vi mt bn thch anh dy 1mm, cc gc quay ( ng vi cc di
sng nh sau:

7594 A 12o,65
Vng 5893 A 21o,72
Tm 4308 A 42
o
,59

Nu ta xt cc bn mng, b dy vi mm, th cc gc quay ( ng vi cc n sc t ti
tm u l cc gc hnh hc. nh sng l ra khi nicol A l mt nh sng tp, v mu ta thy
thay i theo phng ca nicol A, do s thay i v cng ca cc n sc trong nh
2

x
A
A
P
Q
o
P
Q

H.66
sng tp (Bin ca mi chn ng c biu
din bng hnh chiu ca cc vct chn ng xung
phng OA).
Mun loi mt n sc no, ta ch cn quay nicol
A phng OA thng gc vi phng chn ng ca
n sc .
c bit nu ta quay nicol A OA thng gc vi
Ov (phng chn ng ng vi mu vng 5.600 A) th nh sng l ra khi A c mt mu
gi l mu nhy, nu ta quay nicol A khi v tr ny mt cht th ta thy mu bin i hn.
Vy mun c mu nhy, ta ch cn lm trit tiu nh sng vng trung bnh (5.600 A) trong
nh sng trng thc.
Gi s, ta dng mt bn thch anh t trin. T v tr ca OA c mu nhy ta quay nicol A
ngc chiu kim ng h th mu tp l ra khi A ng sang mu (hnh 68).
Nu ta quay theo chiu ngc li, mu trn s ng sang mu xanh.
Bng cch dng nhiu bn quang hot bng cc cht khc nhau hoc c b dy khc
nhau, ta c nhiu mu nhy khc nhau (do s thay i cng cc n sc trong mu
nhy).
- Nu ta dng cc bn quang hot kh dy, vi cm
tr ln th cc gc quay ca cc n sc l cc gc
lng gic (hnh 69).
Cc vct chn ng ca cc n sc phn b theo
mi phng thng gc vi tia sng. Th d vi mt
bn thch anh dy 10cm, gc quay ( bin thin t
1265o ti 4259o khi ta xt t ti tm. Trong trng
hp nh vy, d nicol A v tr no, ta thy phng OA cng thng gc vi phng chn
ng ca mt s kh ln cc n sc, v vy cc n sc ny hon ton b loi trong nh
sng l ra khi nicol A. Quan st qua A, ta c mt mu
trng cao ng.
Nu hai nicol P v A v tr thng gc (hnh 68), tt c
cc n sc no c vct chn ng quay mt gc k( u
b loi hon ton trong nh sng l ra khi A; tt c cc
n sc c vct chn ng quay mt gcth i qua nicol
A khng b bin i, cc n sc ny c gi l cc bc
x c u i.
Nh vy, nu hng nh sng l ra khi nicol A vo mt knh quang ph ta s c mt
quang ph vn. Cc vn en ng vi cc bc x b loi, cc vn sng ng vi cc bc x
c u i.
PHN CC QUAY T
Ta c th dng t trng gy ra hin tng phn cc quay i vi mt mi trng lc
u khng c tnh quang hot. Hin tng phn cc quay nhn to ny c gi l phn cc
quay t, c khm ph bi Faraday nm 1946 v c nhn thy vi hu ht cc mi
trng trong sut.

A
O
P
t
v

H.69

A
P
o
A
A
p
t
v

H.68
SS.32. TH NGHIM V PHN CC QUAY T.
Ta thit tr cc dng c trong cc th nghim nh sau :

Hai nicol P v A v tr thng gc. ng T gia P v A cha mt cht lng trong sut
ng hng, th d sulfur carbon. Mt s khng nhn c nh sng.
Chn mt dng in chy qua mt cun dy cun chung quanh ng T tao mt t
trng H trong cht lng v song song vi phng truyn ca tia sng. Ta li thy nh
sng i qua A. Nu ta quay nicol A mt gc ( cng chiu vi dng in sinh t th nh sng
li b A hon ton chn li.
Th nghim ny chng t: T trng H lm cho cht lng trong ng T tr thnh c
tnh quang hot, do lm mt phng chn ng sng quay mt gc (, tng t nh hin
tng phn cc quay gy ra bi cc cht quang hot thin nhin.
Gc quay ( cng ln nu ta thc hin th nghim vi cc cht c chit sut ln.

SS.33. NH LUT VERDET.
Nu mi trng c t trong mt t trng u song song vi phng truyn ca nh
sng, gc quay ( ca mt phng chn ng sng t l vi cng t trng H v chiu di
( ca mi trng nm trong t trng.

( c gi l hng s Verdet ty thuc bn cht ca mi trng v ty thuc di
sng ca nh sng.
( thng c tnh ra pht/cm.gauss
Vi nc v nh sng vng ca Na, ta c ( = 0,013 pht/ cm.gauss. Sulfur carbon l
mt cht lng c chit sut ln (n = 1,628 vi nh sng vng ca Na) nn tr s ca ( rt ln
so vi nc hoc a s cc cht lng hu c: (CS2= 0,042 pht/cm.gauss.
- Nu t trng khng song song vi phng truyn ca nh sng th gc quay ( t l vi
thnh phn ca H trn phng truyn ca nh sng.

= .. H

H cos
H
= . . Hcos
H.71
P T
A
H.70
SS.34. S KHC BIT GIA PHN CC QUAY T V PHN CC QUAY
THIN NHIN.
Cc th nghim cho thy, thng thng chiu quay ca mt phng chn ng sng trong
hin tng phn cc quay t cng chiu vi dng in sinh t. Vy chiu ca gc quay (
khng ty thuc chiu truyn ca nh sng.
Trong th nghim hnh v 72, nu mt nhn theo chiu xx (nh sng truyn theo
chuyn xx) s thy mt phng chn ng sng quay ngc chiu kim ng h, sulrur
carbon tr thnh mt cht t trin; ngc li nu mt nhn theo chiu xx (nh sng truyn
theo chiu xx) th li thy mt phng chn ng sng quay theo chiu kim ng h, sulfur
carbon trong trng hp ny ng vai tr ca cht hu trin.

Tri li trong hin tng phn cc quay thin nhin, nu mt cht l t trin th lun lun
l t trin (hu trin cng vy). Chiu ca gc quay ( thay i theo chiu truyn nh sng.

Ni chung, vi a s cc cht, chiu quay ca mt phng chn ng sng cng chiu
vi dng in sinh t, nhng cng c vi cht, chiu quay ny ngc chiu dng in, th
d cc dung dch mui st. Cc cht ny c gi l cc cht m.

x x x x
H. 72
Chat ta trcn
SS.35. NG DNG: KNH TRONG SUT MT CHIU.
Ta sp t nh sau :

Cc nicol P v A cc v tr hai mt phng thit din chnh hp vi nhau mt gc
45o. C l mi trng gy hin tng phn cc quay t. Chn cc i lng thch hp khi
nh sng i qua, gc quay ca mt phng chn ng sng l ( = ((H = 45o.
Gi s c hai quan st vin i din nhau, cc v tr Q1 v Q2.
i vi ngi Q1, nh sng ti C c phng chn ng l OA, khi i qua C, phng
chn ng quay mt gc 45o theo chiu dng in I, tr thnh song song vi phng OP, do
i qua nicol P khng b thay i trng thi phn cc. V vy nngi ng Q1 nhn thy
ngi v tr Q2 v thy khi C nh trong sut.
Ngc li, i vi ngi Q2, nh sng ti C c phng chn ng l OP. Khi i qua
C, phng chn ng quay mt gc 45o theo chiu dng in, tr thnh phng OP thng
gc vi phng OA. Do b nicol A chn li. V vy ngi v tr Q2 khng nhn thy
ngi v tr Q1. Mi trng C nh vy ch cho nh sng i qua theo mt chiu m thi.

P C
A
(a)
I
Q
1
Q
2
P
(b)
45
o
45
o
O
A
P
H. 74
Chng V

S TN SC NH SNG

SS.1. HIN TNG TN SC THNG.
Ta cp ti hin tng tn sc nh sng, khi kho st v lng knh. Mt chm nh
sng trng khi i qua mt lng knh, b tn sc thnh cc nh sng n sc c mu bin thin
lin tc t ti tm.

gii thch hin tng tn sc ny, ngi ta cho rng nh sng trng l mt nh sng
tng hp gm v s cc nh sng n sc, c cc di sng khc nhau, bin thin mt
cch lin tc. Mi mt di sng ng vi mt chit sut ca lng knh. Do cc n sc
khi i qua lng knh s c gc lch khc nhau, v l ra khi lng knh theo cc phng khc
nhau. Hng chm tia l ln mt mn E, ta c mt vt sng mu bin thin lin tc t
ti tm. Di mu ny gi l quang ph ca nh sng ti.
Trong th nghim trn, mu b lch t nht. lch tng dn t , cam, vng, lc,
lam, chm ti tm.
Nh vy, t hin tng tn sc, ta thy chit sut ca mt mi trng chit quang l mt
hm s theo bc sng.
n = f ( )
( l bc sng ca n sc trong chn khng.
ng biu din s bin thin ca chit sut ca mt cht theo bc sng c gi l
ng cong tn sc ca cht y. Hnh v bn di l ng cong tn sc ca mt s cht.

n
Thach anh
Thuy tinh (flint silicat)
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
0
()
fluorin
H. 2
H. 1
(E)
Anh sang trang
(F)
tm
o

Ta thy ng cong tn sc ca cc cht u c chung mt dng tng qut: chit sut
gim khi bc sng tng. ng cong tn sc loi ny c trng cho hin tng tn sc
thng.
Ta c th xc nh ng cong tn sc ca mt cht bng phng php thc nghim nh
sau:
Gi s ta mun v ng cong tn sc ca lng knh P. Xp t mt h thng quang c
nh hnh v (3). Thu knh hi t L cho mt chm tia sng trng song song ti mt cch t
R thng ng. Chm tia l khi cch t b tn sc t tm ti . Nu ta hng trc tip chm
tia l ny ln mn E (b lng knh P ra), ta c mt quang ph T nm ngang. Nu chm
tia ti thng gc vi cch t, s phn b cc n sc trong quang ph T t l vi bc
sng (. Vy trc nm ngang trn mn E biu din bc sng (. By gi chm tia l i ra t
cch t c cho i qua lng knh P c y nm ngang.

Cc n sc s lch v pha y lng knh. lch tng dn t ti tim. Nu lng
knh P c gc A nh th lch ca cc n sc i qua lng knh t l vi n - 1. Vy trc
thng ng trn mn E t l vi n - 1. Trn mn E ta c mt ng cong (c) c mu bin
thin t ti tm, biu din s bin thin ca n - 1 theo bc sng (. Dng ca C l dng
ca ng cong tn sc ca mi trng dng lm lng knh P.
SS.2. HIN TNG TN SC KHC THNG.

do
tm
(E)
(P)
R L
tm
do (o)
A
T
I
H. 3
(c)
n - 1
M
i
e
n

h
a
p

t
h
u
h
0,4

n - 1
0,5 0,6 0,7
1,0
0,4
2,5
2,0
1,5
0,6 0,5
(
0,7
n
H.4
H.5
Trong phn trn ta kho st hin tng tn sc ca cc cht trong sut i vi vng nh
sng thy c. Trong vng ny chit sut gim dn khi bc sng tng. By gi kho st
hin tng tn sc ca mt cht c tnh hp thu mnh i vi mt vng no trong khong
nh sng thy c, ta thy mt hin tng ngc li trong vng di sng b hp thu v
trong vng ln cn : Trong cc vng ny chit sut tng theo di sng. Hin tng tn
sc vi c tnh ny c gi l hin tng tn sc khc thng. Th d trong th nghim
hnh v (3) ta dng lng knh P bng cyanin, ng cong tn sc c dng nh hnh (4).
ng ny b gin on mt khong trong vng t lc ti (vo khong t 0,54 ( ti 0,66
(). l vng nh sng thy c b cyani hp thu. iu quan trng l: Quan st ng
cong tn sc ny, ta thy hai bn min hp th, cc n sc v pha mu lc lch t hn cc
n sc v pha mu . Mun v c ton b ng cong tn sc ca cyanin, ta c th
dng cc lng knh P c gc nh nh (chng vi pht). Hnh v (5) l ng tn sc ca
cyanin th rn v trong vng nh sng thy c. ng cong ny cho ta phn bit r
rng hin tng tn sc thng v tn sc khc thng. hai bn vng hp thu, ta c hin
tng tn sc thng : chit sut gim khi di sng tng; trong vng hp th, ta c hin
tng tn sc khc thng: chit sut tng kh nhanh theo di sng.
Ni chung, mt cht hp thu mnh nh sng trong mt vng di sng no th gy ra
hin tng tn sc khc thng vng di sng .
Tht ra, hin tng tn sc khc thng khng c g l khc thng, m l mt hin
tng ph bin, v chng ta bit bt k mt mi trng vt cht no cng c tnh hp thu
bc x trong mt s vng no . V trong cc vng ny, ta u c hin tng tn sc khc
thng. Th d, trong vng nh sng thy c, thy tinh gy ra hin tng tn sc thng.
Nhng trong nhng vng nh sng t ngoi, thy tinh c tnh hp thu mnh, ta li c hin
tng tn sc khc thng.

L THUYT V HIN TNG TN SC

SS.3. NHNG H THC CN BN TRONG THUYT IN T.
* Biu thc ca chit sut.
Ta bit trong l thuyt v in t, nu gy ra ti mt im trong chn khng hay trong
mt in mi ng hng mt in trng thay i th dng in dch tng ng gy ra
trong khng gian chung quanh mt t trng thay i. S bin thin ca t trng ny li
gy ra mt in trng ng. C nh vy in trng c truyn i trong chn khng,
hay trong in mi. Ta c cc h thc ca Maxwell i vi mt in mi nh sau :

Trong : = vct cm ng t
( = t thm ca mi trng
(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
(dong ien dch trong ien moi)
(3.4)
t
E
i
B
E rot
t
B
H rot i
=
=
=
=
r
r
r r
r
r
r r

( = hng s in mi
T 4 h thc trn, ta suy ra :

T hai phng trnh (3.5) v (3.6), ta suy ra phng trnh truyn ca in trng:

Vi , v = vn tc truyn

Vy
Trong mi trng l chn khng, vn tc truyn l :

Gi (r v (r l hng s in mi t i v t thm t i ca mi trng, ta c :

Vy chit sut ca mi trng l :

Vi cc mi trng thng thng, ta c (r ( 1 nn

H thc ny c nghim ng vi nhiu mi trng. Di y l bng so snh cc tr
s ca n v ng vi vi mi trng.
n
- Khng kh 1,000294 1,000295
- Kh Hidrogen 1,000138 1,000132
- Kh Nitrogen 1,000299 1,000307
- Benzen 1,482 1,490
Ta xt mt sng phng phn cc thng Ex, chn ng theo phng OX, c mch s (,
truyn i theo phng Oz vi vn tc v. Ta c h thc :

Nu chn ng pht ra t ngun l chn ng iu ha, th Ex c dng :

hay dng tp l :

T h thc , ta suy ra
Vi (T trng chn ng theo phng Oy thng gc vi Ox)
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
1
= v
s m x C
o o
/ 10 3
1
8
= =

1 1
r r o o r r
c
v

= = =
r
n =
r
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
x x
x
E E
v E v
t z

= =

=
v
z
t a E
x
cos
(3.8)

=
v
z
t j
x
ae E

(3.9)
=
v
z
t b H
y
cos
b a =
F rot
t
H
H rot
t
E
r
r
r
r
=
E v
t
E
r
=
2
2

1
2
= v
r r
v
c
n = =
Gia cc vct, v (vn tc truyn) lin h vi nhau nh hnh v 6.

SS.4. PHNG TRNH TRUYN CA MT CHN NG N SC - CHIT
SUT THEO THUYT IN T CA LORENTZ.
Nh ta thy trn, t thuyt in t, ngi ta lp c h thcv ta thy h thc
ny c nghm ng vi nhiu mi trng. iu chng t s vng chc ca thuyt in
t. Tuy nhin vi mt s mi trng khc, ta li thy cc tr s ca n vkhc nhau hn. Th
d vi nc, ta c : n = 1,33 nhng ( 8,94. Nh vy v im ny, thuyt in t c
nhng hn ch ca n. Ngoi ra h thc khng cho thy nh hng ca bc sng i vi
cht sut.
V nhng hn ch , ta khng th ch dng thuyt in t ca Maxwell gii thch
hin tng tn sc. Mun gii thch hin tng ny ta phi ti tc dng ca vct chn
ng sng (vct in trng) i vi cc ht mang in ca mi trng. l thuyt
in t ca Lorentz. Nhng ht mang in y c th l cc electron hay cc ht ln nh
ion. Tuy nhin vi cc sng sng c tn s cao nh ta ang kho st th ch cn ti cc
electron. Ch khi no cp ti vng hng ngoi ta mi cn ti cc ion.
Do tc dng ca in trng ca sng sng, cc electron b dch chuyn, to thnh mt
dng in phn cc. Ta xt mt th tch vi cp ca in mi, kch thc rt nh so vi bc
sng ca nh sng truyn qua. Trong iu kin ny, in trng c coi nh ging nhau
ti mi im trong th tch ny. By gi ta xt cc electron, cha trong cc phn t khc
nhau nhng ng nht nh nhau, vo mi thi im, cng chu mt s chuyn dch. Vo
thi im , s dch chuyn ca cc electron ny tng ng vi mt dng in song
song vi vn tc dch chuyn. Trong thi gian dt, on dch chuyn ca electron l ds. Gi
N l s electron trong mt n v th tch. S electron i qua mt n v din tch thng gc
vi ng di chuyn trong thi gian dt l N.ds, ng vi mt s di chuyn din tch l dq =
N.e.ds. Dng in phn cc c tr s l

Hay dng vct l : (4.1)
Nh vy gii thch hin tng tn sc ta vn dng c cc h thc trong thuyt in
t ca Maxwell nhng dng in trong cng thc (4.1) phi c hiu chnh li. Ta tha
nhn rng, trong trng hp ny, dng inl tng ca hai dng in: Dng in dch,
ng nht vi dng in dch trong chn khng, v dng in phn cc( trn, ta ch
mi xt mt nhm electron ng nht, nu xt tt c cc nhm electron ng nht th dng
in phn cc ton phn l.
x
z
y
E
r
V
r
H
r
H. 6
dt
ds
e N
ds
dq
i
p
. . = =
dt
s d
e N i
p
r
r
. . =
. .
o
E ds
i Ne
t dt

= +

r
r
r
(4.2)
By gi ta xt s chuyn ng ca cc electron. Ta bit trong mt in mi, ta khng
c cc electron t do nh trong cc kim loi. Cc electron trong in mi ch c th chuyn
ng bn trong cc phn t. Ta tha nhn rng : Cc electron chuyn ng di tc dng
ca lc ma st t l vi vn tc
rds
dt
uur
va lc lien ket electron vi v tr can bang
ks
r
. Lc nay co khuynh hng keo electron tr v v tr cn bng v t l vi ly
s, c tnh cht nh mt lc n hi. Nu khng c tc dng ca in trng, phng trnh
chuyn ng ca electron c vit di dng :
2
2
0
d s ds
m r ks
dt dt
+ + =
r uur
r

Chuyn ng ca electron l cc dao ng tt dn. Chu k dao ng ring To ca
electron c nh ngha l chu k dao ng ca electron khi khng c ma st. Ta c :
2
o
m
T
k
= (4.3)
m l khi lng electron
Di tc dng ca in trng c mch s , electron chu thm mt lc ,
phng trnh dao ng ca electron tr thnh :
2
2
d s ds
m r ks eE
dt dt
+ + =
r r
r
r
(4.4)
Ta xt nghim c dng :
j t
s Ae

=
r
r

Vn tc v gia tc ca electron l :
.
j t
ds
Aj e j s
dt
= =
r
r
r

2
2 2
2
j t
d s
A e s
dt
= =
r
r
r

Phng trnh (4.4) tr thnh
2
( ) m jr k s eE + + =
r
r

Suy ra :
2
.
ds e E
dt k jr m t

=
+
r
r

Vy

Hay

0
2
2
= + + s k
dt
s d
r
dt
s d
m
r
r r

T
2
t
E
m jr k
Ne
t
E
i
o
+
+
=

r r
r
. .
2
2

t
E
m jr k
Ne
i
o
+
+ =

r
r
. ) (
2
2

Vy i bng tch s ca vi mt tp s (

Vy

( c gi l hng s in mi tp.
T cc phng trnh (3.1), (3.2), (3.3) v (4.5) suy ra :

v ta cng c phng trnh truyn sng ca in trng

2
2
2
E
v E
t
r
r
vo
2
'
1
v

=
Suy ra nghm tng t (4.8)

Ta c th t

Hay

Trong (r = hng s in mi tp t i
n = chit sut tp

Ta c :

Cho (r = 1, ta c :

Vy :

Hay
t
E
+
+ =
2
2
'

m jr k
Ne
o

(4.5)
t
E
i
=
r
r
.
'

(4.6)
E rot
t
H
H rot
t
E
r
r
r
r
=
.
.
'

) ( exp
v
z
t j a E =
2
'
( )
o
v j =

( )
'
2
' ' 2
r
o
v j n
= = =
' ' ' '
1 1
r
r r
o o r
c
v

= = =
=
z
c
v
t j z
c
a E
z
c
j v
t j a E
z
c
n
t j a E
exp exp
exp
exp
'

(4.8)
88)
(4.7)

Phn thc l

SS.5. SO SNH
r
v
r
.
By g ta th so snh
r
v
r
.

Ta c :

hay

Trong

Suy ra

vi

Ngoi ra t

Vy (5.1)

Trong tnh in hc ta c:

Suy ra
P
la moment lng cc ng vi mot n v the tch cua moi trng. Ta co:

, P Nes vi s la
r r
oan dch chuyn ca electron.
= z
c
v
t z
c
a E
x
cos exp

+
+ =
2
2
'

m jr k
Ne
o

2
'
2
.
1
1
o
r
Ne
k
m
jr
k k

= +
+

2
2
4
o
T
k
m
=
T
T
jG
k
jr
T
T
k
m
o
o
=
=
2
2
2

m
rT
G
o
2
=
K
k
Ne
o
=
+
+ =
2
2
'
1
1
T
T
T
T
jG
K
o o
r
E
P
E
D
P E E D
o o
r
o
r
r
r
r
r r r r
.
1
.

+ = =
+ = =

Mt khc, trng thi cn bng, ta c :
ks eE =
r ur

Suy ra

Vy (5.2)

Ta thy (r tin ti hng s in mi tnh in (r khi T tng ln v cc. Suy ra n tin ti
phn thc (, hay (2 = (r, khi ta kho st cc di sng ln.
Phn thc ( l chit sut ca mi trng. ( (hay n) ch bngkhi ta xt di sng ln
m thi.
( c gi l ch s tt, hay ch s hp th ca mi trng.
( cng ln, bin gim cng nhanh khi truyn trong mi trng, ngha l chn ng
b hp th cng mnh. Vy h thc Maxwell ch l mt h thc trong trng hp gii hn.
H thc ny cng c nghim ng khi ta xc nh chit sut ng vi cc di sng cng
ln (hay chu k cng ln). iu ny c xc nhn bng thc nghim. Th d : Khi kho st
thch anh, ngi ta o c 2,12
r
= so vi chiet suat thng ng vi vung anh
sang thay c la n 1,5. Nhng khi o chiet sut ny ng vi di sng 56( th
Rubens tm c tr s l 2,18, rt gn .
Ta nhn xt (, (r, n, ( v ( l cc hm theo chu k T.

SS.6. GII THCH HIN TNG TN SC.
Trc tin ta tha nhn rng s dao ng ca cc ht mang in, hay electron ni ring,
bn trong phn t km theo mt s tiu tn nng lng, tng t nh cc ht c hc mt
nng lng do s ma st. Hin tng ny bin thnh nhit, nng lng ca chn ng sng
v gy ra hin tng hp th.
Cng chnh v hin tng ny m ta thy trong phng trnh (4.13) c lc ma st. S
tiu tn nng lng ni trn khng xy ra nh nhau ivi cc bc sng m thay i theo
bc sng ca chn ng sng. Ngoi ra, ta bit, chn ng ca cc ht mang in nh
electron l chn ng cng bch. Chn ng sng l chn ng kch thch. Chn ng ca
cc ht mang in cng mnh khi chu k ca chn ng kch thch cng gn chu k ring To
ca ht. M lc ma st t l vi vn tc ca ht, vy hin tng tiu tn nng lng trn
mnh nht khi chu k T ca chn ng sng bng chu k ring To ca ht. Hay ni cch
khc, hin tng hp th xy ra r rt vng ln cn chu k ring To v mnh nht khi ta
c s cng hng, ngha l khi chu k ca chn ng kch thch bng chu k ring To ca
ht b kch thch.
S hp th xy ra trong tng vng bc sng nh vy c gi l s hp th lc la.
By gi ta tr li h thc
2
o o
P Ne
K
E k
= =

r
= 1 + K
( )
2
' ' 2
2
2
1
1
r
o o
K
n v j
T T
jG
T T
= = = +
+

Th , v tch ring hai phn thc v o, ta c
* Phn thc : (6.1)
* Phn o j2v( vi (6.2)

* S TN SC THNG.
S tn sc thng xy ra vi cc khong di sng ngoi vng hp th. H s G
thng c tr s kh nh, do nu ta xt cc ( cch xa (o ng k th ta c th b qua s
hng G2(2(o2 bn cnh s hng ((2 - (o2)2. Gi s by gi ta xt vng hp th ln cn
di sng (o v gi s di sng ny cch kh xa cc di sng cng hng (1, (2, ...
khc. Nh vy trong vng bc sng kho st, cc s hng trong tng s ng vi (1, (2,
... c coi nh cc hng s, cc s hng trong tng s ng vi (1, (2, ... c th coi nh
trit tiu.
Cc h thc (6.1) v (6.2) vit li l :
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
o
o o
K
G

=
+
(6.3)

( )
3
2
2 2 2 2 2
o
o o
G
K
G

=
+
(6.4)
( l mt hng s.
Ta ang xt cc di sng ( ngoi vng hp th, ngha l ( cch (o kh xa, nn tr s
ca s hng bn phi ca h thc (6.4) rt nh, do ( coi nh trit tiu. Cng thc (6.1) tr
thnh
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
o
o o
K K
n n

= = + = +

(6.5)
2
1 n K
= +
la gii han cua n khi cho tien ti vo cc, ta thay ngay

2
r
n
= .
Cong thc (4.23) c gi l cng thc Sellmeier. Ta c th tm li mt kt qu cp
on SS 4.5: n2 = (r khi cho ( ( (.
Vy gii thch hin tng tn sc thng, ta phi thay th cng thc n2 = (r bng
cng thc Sellmeier :

Theo cng thc ny ta thy ( tng th chit sut gim, ph hp vi thc nghim khi kho
st hin tng tn sc thng. Ta nn nh cng thc Sellmeier ch c gi tr khi ta xt cc
di sng kh xa (o, ngha l kh xa vng hp th.

+ =
2 2
2
2
o
o
r
K
n

(6.6)
Vi cc mi trng trong sut i vi vng nh sng thy c, (o nm trong vng t
ngoi hay hng ngoi.
- Trng hp ch c cc vng hp th trong vng t ngoi. Ta c (o nh i vi ( nn ta
c :

Cng thc (4.23) c dng

Vi
Cng thc (6.7) c coi l cng thc Cauchy, p dng khi kho st vi cc bc sng
( cch kh xa cc bc sng cng hng nm trong vng t ngoi. Cng thc ny rt ph
hp vi cc kt qu thc nghim khi kho st s tn sc ca thy tinh.
Nu ch ly hai s hng u, cng thc Cauchy tr thnh :

Cc hng s A, B, C c xc nh bng thc nghim i vi tng mi trng kho st.
- Trng hp c c vng hp th trong vng hng ngoi. Th d, bc sng cng hng
(o nm trong vng hng ngoi, ta c ( nh so vi (o. Vy
' ' ' 2 4
'
2 2 ' 2 ' 4 2 '
' 2
1
1
o
o o o
o
K K
K
K

= + +

Cng thc (6.5) vit li l :
2 ' 2 ' 4
2 4
B C
n A A B

= + + (6.8)
vi A = 1 + (K K = (r K
' '
' '
2 4 '
,
' o
o
K K
A B

= =
Cng thc (6.8) l cng thc Briot, c dng kho st s tn sc bi cc mi trng
c cc vng hp th trong hai vng hng ngoi v t ngoi.
* HIN TNG TN SC KHC THNG.
Hin tng tn sc khc thng xy ra i vi cc bc sng trong vng hp th.
Trong trng hp ny ( gn bng (o nn ta phi gi nguyn hai s hng mu s cc cng
thc (6.3) v (6.4).
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
3
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
o
o o
o
o o
n K
G
KG
n
G

=
+
=
+

+ +
4
4
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
1
/ 1

o o
o o
K
K K
4 2
2

C B
A n + + =
(6.7)

= = + =
4 2
, , 1
o o
K C K B K A
2
2
B
A n + =
n gin s kho st s bin thin ca n v ( theo (, hay theo mch s (, ta xt trng
hp mt vng hp th duy nht ca mt cht kh p sut yu. Trong trng hp ny ta c
chit sut gn bng 1 v n2 1 2 (n
- 1)
Ta c :
hay
2
' 2 '
2
2
' 2
2 2
/
1
1
1
.
o
r
o
o
Ne
n
k jr m
Ne
n
r
m
j
m

= = +
+
=
+

suy ra
2
'
2 2
1
1
2 .
o
o
Ne
n
r
m
j
m

=
+

Tch ring hai phn thc v o, ta c :
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
1 1
2 .
.
o
o
o
Ne
v n
r m
m

= =
(6.9)
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 .
o
o
Ne r
r m
m

=
+
(6.10)
H thc (6.9) din t s bin thin ca chit sut n theo (. H thc (6.10) din t s bin
thin ca ch s hp th ( theo (.
* KHO ST NG CONG TN SC.
Da vo hm s n - 1 = f (() h thc (6.9) ta v c ng cong tn sc ca mi trng
kho st.
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
o
o
f n M
r
m

= =
+
vi
2
2
o
Ne
M
m
=
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
o o
o
r
m df
M
d r
m

=

+

( > 0 vy du ca l du ca
Ta c
nu ta c :
suy ra v
hay 1
o
G <
v
Ngc li,nu :
Ngoi rakhi ta c :

Vy ng cong tn sc, hay ng biu din ca n - 1 theo ( nh sau (hnh 4.7).

Nu ( >> (o, xt cng thc 4.27, ta thy n - 1 ( 0 hay n(1. Chn ng i vo mi trng
hu nh khng b khc x. iu ny c nghim ng vi cc tia c nng lng ln nh
tia ( (c tn s ln).
Nu ( << (o , n - 1 ( hay n ( + 1 = hng s.

Vy i vi cc chn ng i qua mi trng c tn s nh, chit sut n c coi nh
khng thay i theo tn s (hay bc sng). y l trng hp sng v tuyn hoc hng
ngoi xa. Trong cc vng ny, h thc Maxwell n2 = (r c nghim ng nh ta thy
trong tnh in hc.
Hnh v (8) biu din s bin thin ca n - 1 theo bc sng (. Ta thy ph hp vi
ng cong tn sc v c do thc nghim: khi bc sng xa vng hp th (v c hai
bn) th chit sut gim khi ( tng. l s tn sc thng. Cng li gn vng hp th, s
bin thin cng nhanh.
Hin tng tn sc khc thng xy ra khi bc sng trong vng hp th mnh
( 1 1 )
o o
G G < < + . Trong vung nay n tang khi tang.

= =
2
1 1
G
G
o o m
m m
2
o
M
2
o
M
n - 1
o
(1G/2)
o
(1+G/2)
H. 7
n - 1
o
(1+G/2)
o
(1-G/2)
H. 8
SS.7 . KNH QUANG PH.
Quang c dng phn tch mt nh sng tp thnh quang ph (gm cc n sc) gi l
knh quang ph.
a. Knh quang ph c lng knh.
Mt knh quang ph c 3 b phn chnh :

H.9

ng chun trc C
B phn tn sc l lng knh P
Knh nhm L
* ng chun trc:
Gm mt khe F (thng gc vi mt phng ca hnh v) c th iu chnh b rng c,
c chiu sng bi ngun sng S m ta mun kho st quang ph. Khe F tr thnh mt khe
sng, c v tr mt phng tiu ca mt thu knh L tiu sc. Nh vy, ng chun trc
cho mt chm tia sng tp song song, chiu ti lng lnh P.
* B phn tn sc:
Trong loi my ny l mt lng knh. Ty theo phm vi bc sng m ta cn kho st, ta
dng lng knh lm bng cc cht khc nhau :

Mi trng : nD Phm vi s dng c tnh
Flint nh
Flint nng

SiO
2
c

CaF
2
(fluorin)
KCl (sylvin)
KBr
Csl

1,57
1,65

1,458

1,434
1,490

1,559
1,788

0,3 3
0,4 2,5

0,185 3,5

0,14 8
vng hng ngoi
< 23(

15 27
vng hng ngoi
- Tn sc mnh,
hp th tia t
ngoi gn di
hp th 2,9

t
h
y

t
i
n
h

t
i
n
h

t
h
e


CS
2

1,629

< 50(

0,22 5,8

- Tn sc mnh.
Di hp th
vng t ngoi
gn.

n
D
l chit sut ng vi vch D ca Na.
Khi s dng, lng knh c t v tr c lch cc tiu i vi bc x trung bnh ca
vng nh sng kho st. y l v tr tt nht cho vic kho st.
- Knh nhm : Quang ph c quan st nh mt knh nhm L. nh sng b tn sc (khi
l ra khi lng knh) c hi t ln mt phng tiu E ca thu knh L1. V cc n sc lch
khc nhau khi i qua lng knh nn v tr cc mu trn mt phng E lch nhau, to thnh
quang ph. Ta quan st nh mt vt knh L2.
Nu mun chp hnh quang ph, ta c th t mt phim nh v tr mt phng E. Trong
trng hp ny, ta c mt my quang ph k : Quang ph k c bit cn thit khi ta kho
st quang ph t ngoi, l vng bc sng m mt khng th quan st c.
Cc my quang ph cho ta bit ngay tr s cc bc sng, nh mt bng o mu c sn
trong my, c gi l cc quang ph k.
* NNG SUT GII CA KNH QUANG PH LNG KNH.
Xt hai bc sng ( v ( = ( + d( pht ra t khe sng F. ng vi mi bc sng ( v (
ta c mt nh trn mt phng E. Mt knh quang ph c nng sut gii cng cao nu ta th
phn bit c hai nh (ng vi ( v () vi d( cng nh.
1. nh hng ca b rng khe sng F.
Gi s kheF c b rng a, nh F trn mn E ca khe F c b rng a. V lng knh v
tr c lch cc tiu nn bin thin ca gc ti (i (khi xt t mp ny ti mp kia ca
khe F) v bin thin ca gc l (i (xt t mp ny ti mp kia ca khe F) phi bng
nhau. Ta c :
i = i

hay
'
'
f
a
f
a
=
f v f l tiu c ca cc thu knh L v L1.

Nu khe F kh rng th b rng a ca nh hnh hc F ln hn b rng ca nh nhiu a.
Do nh F

sng u. Gi (D l bin thin ca lch ng vi cc bc sng ( v ( +
((, hay ng vi cc chit sut n v n + (n. iu kin ta phn bit c hai nh ng vi hai
bc sng l hai nh ny khng ln ln nhau ngha l ta phi c iu kin
f
. D > a

suy ra f . D > a
c
h
a
t

l
o
n
g

b
F
i
f
a
r
i
f
F
E
a
i
e
B
A
2
r

L
1

L
i

i

H 10
Cng trong iu kin lch cc tiu ca lng knh, ta c :

n
tgi
n
D
2 =

do :
Vy iu kin gii hn v b rng ca khe sng F c th phn bit c hai nh ng
vi hai bc sng cch nhau (( l :

n
n
tgi f a

= . 2 (4.29)
Nhn xt cng thc (4.29), ta thy nu tiu c f ca thu knh chun trc L cng nh th
b rng a ca khe sng F phi cng b. Ngc li mun m rng khe F quang thng ti
lng knh tng ln th phi tng tiu c f.
2. nh hng ca hin tng nhiu x.
Trong trng hp khe F kh nh, ta ch cn ti hin tng nhiu x khi kho st
nng sut gii ca knh quang ph. Thit din ca lng knh ng vai tr ca hng nhiu x.
Gi b l b rng ca chm tia l ra khi lng knh, B l b rng mt ra ca lng knh, e l
chiu di ln nht nh sng i qua lng knh (trong trng hp hnh v 4.10 chnh l b rng
ca y lng knh).
Ta c : v
Ngoi ra, ta c :

b
e
r i
A
dn
dD
= =
cos . cos
sin
'

hay dn
b
e
dD =
Ta c th coi nh nhiu x trn mn E, ng vi mt
bc sng (, nh gy ra bi mt hng c b rng b. Mt
na b rng ca nh nhiu x tnh theo gc l
Gc ( chnh l gii hn ta c th phn bit c hai
nh nhiu x ng vi hai bc sng ( v + d
Vy ta phi c : dD ( (
hay
edn
b
dn
b
e

Nng sut gii ca knh quang ph c nh ngha l :
Vy (7.1)
Nng sut gii R cng ln th ta cng c kh nng phn bit c hai nh nhiu x ng
vi hai bc sng c lch d( cng nh.
Cng thc (7.1) c gi l cng thc Lord Rayleigh. Theo cng thc ny, ta thy nng
sut gii ca knh quang ph ch ty thuc vo lng knh.
Ts c gi l tn sc ca knh quang ph.
Ta cng cn lu : Khi cp ti s phn bit hai nh, nu ta trc tip quan st bng
mt, th ngoi tiu chun ca Lord Rayleigh v s phn bit hai nh nhiu x, ta cn xt ti
nng sut phn ly ca mt.

=/b
E
L
H.11
B. KNH QUANG PH DNG CCH T.
S cu to ca loi knh quang ph ny tng t knh quang ph dng lng knh, ch
khc b phn tn sc l mt cch t thay cho lng knh.
Nh ta bit khi kho st cch t, vi loi knh quang ph dng cch t, ta c nhiu
quang ph. Cc quang ph ny tn sc cng mnh khi bc ca n cng ln. Khc vi quang
ph cho bi lng knh, vi cch t, lch ca tia sng cng ln nu bc sng cng ln.
Do tia lch nhiu nht, tia tm lch t nht. Trong trng hp c bit, nu chm tia
ti thng gc vi cch t v khi xt cc gc nhiu x nh th lch ca tia sng t l vi
bc sng.
Ngoi ra, s phn b cc mu trong quang ph cch t, so vi bc sng, u n hn
quang ph lng knh nh ta thy trong (hnh v 12).

Vi knh quang ph cch t, ngi ta c nhng quang ph tn sc kh mnh so vi
quang ph lng knh.
* NNG SUT GII CA KNH QUANG PH CCH T.
Trong chm tia sng i qua cch t, ta xt hai bc x ng vi hai bc sng ( v ( = ( +
d(. Vi hai bc sng ny, ta c hai h thng vn lch nhau mt cht. Theo tiu chun
Lord Rayleigh, ta phn bit c hai h thng vn nu cc i th K ca ( (K() gn nht l
trng vi cc tiu u tin cnh cc i th nht K ca ( (K().

Ti im P, ta c cc i th K ng vi bc sng (, vy hiu quang l ca hai chm tia
i qua hai khe lin tip ca cch t l

P
= K
- Ti P, ta c cc i th K ca bc sng ( vy :

P
= K
= K ( + d)
Ngoi ra, P cng l v tr ca cc tiu u tin cnh cc i th K ca bc sng, nn ta
c :

P
= K +
N

N l tng s khe ca cch t
0,4 0,75 0,6 0,5
Cach t
0,75 0,6 0,5 0,4
Lang knh
H. 12
P
K

P
K

H. 13
Vy K (( + d() = K( +
Suy ra KN
d
=

c nh ngha l nng sut gii R ca cch t
KN
d
R = =

Vy nng sut gii ca knh quang ph cch t cng ln nu ta xt quang ph c bc K
cng ln.

SS.8. CC LOI PH.
* Quang ph pht x.
1. Ph lin tc:
Mt ph lin tc cha tt c cc bc x vi cc bc sng trong mt khong hn no
. Trong quang ph ny, cc mu bin thin mt cch lin tc.
Quang ph mt tri l mt th d gn ng v ph lin tc t tm ti nu ta b qua
cc vch hp th Fraunhofer. Ta cng c cc ph lin tc cho bi cc cht rn hay cht lng
b kch thch bi nhit (nung nng).
2. Quang ph vch.
Gm nhiu vch ri nhau. Mi vch l mt n sc. Thng cc vch khng phn b
u trn ton b rng ca quang ph.
Th d : quang ph hidrogen cho bi ng Geissler gm 4 vch trong vng trng thy
c gi l H(, H(, H
, H

Cc vch H(, H(, H(, H( ln lt c bc sng 6563A, 4861A, 4340A, 4102A.
Quang ph cho bi ngn la Natrium gm mt vch kp D gm hai vch rt gn nhau
ng vi cc bc sng 5890A v 5896A. Nu ta thc hin th nghim vi nhiu mui khc
nhau ca Na, ta thy v tr ca cc vch D khng thay i trong quang ph. Nh vy cc
vch ny c trng cho nguyn t Natrium, l ph ca nguyn t Natrium sau khi phn
ly khi mui ca n. Ngi ta tha nhn rng tt c cc quang ph vch u l quang ph
sinh ra bi cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau.
3. Quang ph di.
Gm nhiu di sng mu, mt cnh r nt, cnh kia m dn.

Nhng nu ta dng mt knh quang ph c tn sc mnh hn th ta thy cc di b
phn ly thnh v s vch. Cc vch ny gn nhau v pha cnh r nt v cng xa nhau khi
i v pha cui di.

H. 15
H

H. 14
T ngoai Hong ngoai
Quang ph di sinh ra bi cc phn t. Thc vy ta c quang ph di khi ngun pht
x l cc kh a nguyn t khi cc iu kin kch thch khng lm phn ly kh . Th d
quang ph cho bi ng Geissler cha kh nitrogen. Nu s kch thch mnh khin cc phn
t b phn ly thnh cc nguyn t th ta li c quang ph vch. Ta c th kim nhn iu
ny bng cch kho st quang ph nitrogen khi kch thch bng tia la in, l mt cch kch
thch mnh lm phn ly cc phn t N2 thnh cc nguyn t N.
Nh vy, ta thy s cu to ca mt quang ph pht ra bi mt ngun pht x thay i
theo iu kin kch thch (nhit , p sut, hiu th in, .. ). y ta khng cp ti
c cu ca s pht x, cho nn khng i su vo vn ny, tuy nhin cng nu mt th d
cho thy s thay i v thnh phn quang ph do s thay i iu kin kch thch ngun
pht x. Trong trng hp pht x do bi thy ngn gy ra bi s bn ph bng mt chm
in t. S cu to ca quang ph thay i theo nng lng electron kch thch. Cc hnh
4.16a, 4.16b, 4.16c l cc ph pht x bi Hg ng vi nng lng ca electron kch thch ln
lt l 7,0 ev, 8,4 ev, 8,9 ev.

* QUANG PH HP TH.
Di mt chm tia sng i qua mt cht A, gi s dng nh sng trng. Chm tia l ra
c cho i qua mt knh quang ph. Nu cht A khng c tnh hp th i vi cc bc
sng ca nh sng ti th ta vn quan st mt quang ph lin tc t ti tm. Nu cht A
c tnh hp thu i vi mt s bc sng trong nh sng ti, th khi quan st, trn nn ca
ph lin tc, ta thy nhng vch en hay di en v tr ca cc bc sng b hp th.
Quang ph vi nhng vch en hay di en c gi l quang ph hp th ca cht A.
Th d : quang ph mt tri ng ra l quang ph hp th. Nhng vch hp th c gi
l vch Fraunhofer, v tr cc bc sng b lp khi p sut yu xung quanh mt tri (gi l
lp chromosphre) v lp kh quyn bao quanh tri t hp th (7594A, 6867A, 6563A,
6893A .. ).
* NH LUT KIRCHHOFF.
Trong khi kho st cc quang ph hp th ca cc cht khc nhau, ngi ta nhn xt
c mt iu quan trng l: chnh nhng bc x hin din trong quang ph pht x li l
nhng bc x b hp th trong quang ph hp th.
Kirochhoff nu nh lut sau :
Mt vt ch c th pht ra nhng bc x m n c th hp th trong cng mt iu kin.
- Kim chng :
Ta bit ngn la Na (bng cch b vi ht mui vo ngn la n cn) pht ra cc
vch 5890A v 5896A. Theo nh lut Kirochhoff, ngn la Na cng phi hp th cc bc
sng trn.
Thc vy, ta xp t mt th nghim nh hnh v 4.17.

7,0 ev
8,9 ev
8,4 ev
(c)
(b)
(a)
H. 16

S l mt n in dy tc cho mt quang ph lin tc. Nu ti S ta t mt ngn la Na th
qua knh quang ph ta thy trn nn quang ph lin tc ca n in S xut hin 2 vch en ti
v tr ca cc bc sng 5890A v 5896A. Thc ra, hai vch ny khng hon ton en, v mc
d ngn la S hp th cc bc sng trn ca ngn n S nhng chnh S li pht ra hai n
sc ny. Nhng cng sng ca cc bc x pht ra bi S yu hn cng sng ca cc
bc x cn li trn quang ph lin tc pht ra bi S nn ta nhn thy hai vch nh en.
Hin tng trn c gi l hin tng o vch quang ph.

SS.9. VN TC PHA - VN TC NHM.
Ta tr li phng trnh chn ng ca mt sng phng iu ha. Chn ng pht ra t
ngun gi s c dng :
s
o
= a cost
Nu v l vn tc truyn ca sng, phng trnh chn ng ti mt im M trn phng
truyn Ox, cch ngun chn ng mt on x l :
S = a cos (t -
v
x
)
vi ( (t ) l pha ca chn ng

Xt mt im M m pha c mt tr s l K.
(t -
v
x
) = K
suy ra t = hng s
hay x = vt + hng s
Nh vy ta thy v chnh l vn tc truyn ca cc im c pha khng thay i. V vy v
c gi l vn tc pha.
Thc ra, khng bao gi c mt sng iu ha nh trn truyn v tn trong khng gian v
thi gian, m trong thc t, cc sng ta kho st l chng cht ca nhiu sng iu ha. Trc
ht ta xt trng hp n gin : s chng cht ca hai sng c cng bin a, chu k hi khc
T v T. Phng trnh ca hai sng l :
( ) kx vt a
v
x
t a S =
= 2 cos cos
1
vi k =
1

( ) x k t v a
v
x
t a S
'
'
'
2
'
2 cos cos =
= vi k
=
'
1

Chn ng tng hp l :
S
H
F
Knh quang pho
L
1

S
L
2
H 17
H.18
= + = x
k k
t
v v
x
k k
t
v v
a S S S
2 2
2 cos
2 2
2 cos 2
' ' ' '
2 1
v v
v, va k
k, nen ta
co the cho k
k k
v
v v
+
2
,
2
' '

Vy
Ta thy bin A ca sng tng hp thay i theo honh x v thi gian t
A = 2 a cos2
x
k
t
v
2 2

S hp ca hai sng iu ha nh trn c biu din bng hnh v 4.19

Nu ch c bc sng (, ta c chn ng sin s1; Nu ch c bc sng (, ta c chn ng sin
s2; Nu c c hai bc sng ( v (, ta c chn ng tng hp s vi bc sng l AB v c bin
thay i mt cch tun hon : cc i ti A, trit tiu ti C, C, ...
Pha ca sng tng hp l 2( ((t - kx). Mun tnh vn tc truyn pha (vn tc pha) ta cho 2(
((t - kx) = hng s.
Suy ra x =t + hng s
Vy vn tc truyn pha ca sng tng hp l

(9.1)

on sng CC c gi l mt nhm sng. Vn tc truyn v i ca nhm sng c gi
l vn tc nhm. Gi s hnh 19a biu din cc chn ng vo thi im t. Khi cc cc i
A1, A2 trng nhau. Hnh 19b biu din chn ng tng hp s vo cng thi im c bin
cc i A. Vo thi im t = t + (, sng s1 truyn c mt on v(, sng s2 truyn c
mt on v(. Nu thi gian ( thch hp c hiu s v
- v( = (v - v) ( = ( - ( th cc cc i
B1 v B2 (t B1 v B2 n) s trng nhau. Nhm sng di chuyn c mt on l AA =
x
s A
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 s
2
s
1

(a)
s
(b
s C
A
B
C x
B
1
B
2
A
1 A
2
x

s
(c)
A
A
x
H. 19
v
v v
k
= =
v. (. Ta thy vn c nhm V l vn tc truyn ca bin v c tr s khc vi vn tc pha v.
Xt s truyn ca mt bin xc nh. Ta c :
hng s
suy ra hng s
x l on di chuyn ca bin ni trn ng vi thi gian t, vn vn tc truyn bin l
k
v
hay
dk
dv

(9.2)

M ta c : ( =
Suy ra V =
dv
v k
dk
+

Hay

Ty theo du ca, vn tc nhm V c th ln hay nh hn vn tc pha v.
trn ta xt trng hp chng cht hai sng iu ha gin d ha vn . Cc sng
m ta kho st trong tc t c coi l tng hp ca nhiu sng. Trong trng hp ny, ta
chng minh c vi s gn ng, song tng hp ch c bin khc khng trong mt khong
khng gian nh. Ta gi sng tng hp ny l mt b sng.

Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm ca b sng l :

o
o
o
k
v
k
dv
V
dk
=

=

(o l tn s trung bnh ca cc sng iu ha tng hp thnh b sng, ko =
Ta nhn xt vn tc nhm ch bng vn tc pha khi = 0, ngha l vi cc mi trng
khng tn sc (vn tc truyn pha khng ph thuc bc sng).

V=
dk
dv

V =
dv
v
d

Chng VI

S TN X NH SNG

1. HIN TNG TN X NH SNG.
Quan st mt chm tia sng ri vo mt phng ti. Nu khng kh trong phng tht sch,
ta khng thy c ng i ca chm tia sng. iu chng t nh sng ch truyn theo
phng quang hnh. Nhng nu trong phng c vn cc ht bi nh th ta nhn thy c
ng i ca chm tia sng chiu vo phng nh nhng ht bi nh, tr thnh nhng ht
sng, bn trong chm tia. iu ny chng t rng trong mt mi trng vn c ln cc ht
nh khng ng tnh (v quang hc) vi mi trng, ngoi phn nh sng truyn i theo
phng ti, cn mt phn nh sng truyn theo cc phng khc. Hin tng ny gi l s
tn x nh sng.
Ta cng c hin tng tn x trong cc mi trng vn th lng, v ngay c trong
trng hp tinh th.
Ta c th thc hin mt th nghim n gin nh sau :

Ri mt chm tia sng song song qua mt chu nc yn tnh. Nu nc tht sch th
mt t v tr, gi s nh hnh v 1, khng nhn thy ng i ca chm tia sng qua
nc. Nh vo chu nc vi git nc hoa, nc trong chu C tr thnh mt mi trng
vn v mt nhn thy r ng i ca chm tia sng qua cht lng. Vy mi trng tn
x nh sng.
Hin tng tn x nh sng bi cc ht nh (so vi bc sng) trong mt mi trng
ng tnh v quang hc c gi l hin tng Tyndall; Tyndall kho st thc nghim
(1868) v Hayleigh kho st v l thuyt (1871).

2. S TN X BI CC HT NH SO VI BC SNG HIN TNG
TYNDALL.
Ta kho st hin tng tn x nh sng bi mi trng vn vi nh sng t nhin hoc
nh sng phn cc. Th nghim c thit tr nh hnh v 2.

ng T cha mi trng tn x nh sng. Gi s cc ht tn x l nhng ht in mi,
khng mu, trong sut, ng cht v c dng hnh cu, kch thc nh so vi cc bc sng
Mat
S
H.1
x
z
o
y

x
T
P L
S
H.2
kho st. Mt quan st theo phng Oy. nh sng khuch tn c mu xanh nht, trong khi
nh sng ti l nh sng trng.
Quay knh phn cc P xung quanh phng Ox, ta thy cng nh sng tn x qua
mt cc tiu gn nh trit tiu khi phng chn ng ca nh sng ti song song vi
phng quan st Oy v qua mt cc i khi phng chn ng ti song song vi phng
Oz.
Ngc li, ta c th gi c nh phng chn ng ca nh sng ti, th d theo phng
Oz v thay i phng quan st OM trong mt phng thng gc vi phng truyn Ox ca
chm tia ti th ta thy khi phng quan st OM song song vi phng Oy, cng nh
sng tn x cc i; Khi phng quan st OM trng vi phng Oz, cng nh sng tn
x trit tiu.

Vy khng c nh sng tn x theo phng ca chn ng ti. Ngoi ra, quan st bng
mt nicol phn tch, ta thy nh sng tn x cng l nh sng phn cc thng.
Nu ta o cng nh sng khuych tn I ti mi v tr M bng mt t bo quang in
C v v ng biu din s bin thin ca I theo gc ta c ng cong c dng nh
hnh v h.4.
- By gi dng nh sng ti l nh sng t
nhin (b knh phn cc P ra). V nnh sng ch
truyn c chn ng ngang nn nh sng tn x
theo phng quan st OM vn l nh sng phn
cc ton phn. Phng chn ng thng gc vi
OM. Nu phng tn x khng thng gc vi Ox,
nh sng tn x ch phn cc mt phn. Ngoi ra,
v s phn b i xng cc chn ng thng trong
mt phng YOZ xung quanh phng truyn Ox
ca nh sng t nhin, ta thy cng nh sng tn x trong trng hp ny khng thay
i khi quay phng quan st OM trong mt phng YOZ.
- Trong th nghim hnh v 2, ta ng T thng ng, ngha l cho trc ca ng song
song vi trc Oz. o cng d nh sng khuych tn theo cc phng thng gc vi trc
Oz. Nu nh sng ti l nh sng phn cc chn ng theo phng Oz th cng nh
sng khuch tn I khng i khi phng quan st OM quay xung quanh O trong mt phng
XOY. Nu nh sng ti l nh sng t nhin th cng I thay i theo gc ( nh hnh v
5b vi OA = 2OB.

z
P
r

I()
y
H. 4
z

M
C
o y
H. 3

3. NH LUT RAYLEIGH.
- Cng nh sng tn x I t l nghch vi ly tha bc 4 ca bc sng nh sng

4
K
I
=
K l mt hng s i vi bc sng (.
Theo nh lut ny bc sng cng nh th nh sng khuych tn c cng cng ln.
Chnh v vy khi cho nh sng trng i qua mi trng tn x v quan st nh sng tn x, ta
thy mu xanh nht.
nh lut ny c gii thch nh sau : Xt mt im M ca th tch vi cp v trong mi
trng tn x. Gi s phng trnh chn ng ca nh sng ti ti im M l A cos(t. Theo
l thuyt v nhiu x th th tch vi cp v ng vai tr ca mt ngun th cp ng pha vi
chn ng ti. Chn ng t ngun th cp ny truyn ti mt im P cch M mt khong r
l

2
. .cos
A r
y k v t
r

=

H s k ty thuc gc m phng MP lm vi phng ca tia ti, tnh cht ca ht tn
x, mt cc ht tn x, bc sng ( ca nh sng.
. .
A
k v
r
chnh la bien o chan ong tan xa. Vay phai cung th nguyen vi
A. Do o
kv
r
khong c th nguyn (hay c th nguyn bng l : = l), suy ra th nguyn
ca k l nghch o ca chiu di bnh phng. Rayleigh chng t c rng h s k t l
nghch vi (2.

2
o
k
k =
Vy bin ca chn ng tn x c th vit l :

2
1
. . . . .
o
A A
a k v k v
r r
= =
Cng chn ng tn x l :

2
2
4 4
1
.
o
A K
I a k v
r

= = =

y

I(
o x
(a)
I(
O
B
y
x
A
(b)
H.5
4. THUYT IN T V S TN X BI CC HT NH.
Xt cc ht tn x trong mi trng. in trng xoay chiu ca sng nh sng khi
truyn qua mi trng lm di ch cc din tch bn trong mi ht khin cc ht tr thnh
phn cc, to thnh mt lng cc in c moment. Nu kch thc ca ht nh so vi
bc sng th vo mi thi im, trong th tch v ca ht, ta c th coi nh c mt in
trng u. Moment c tr s t l vi in trng E v th tch v. Ta c th t
P = . vE
H s t l ( ty thuc bn cht ca ht.
Gi s in trng c dng E = Em cos(t, moment P s c dng
P = Pm cos(t vi Pm = (.v.Em
Lng cc in hnh sin ny s pht x mt sng thc cp c mch s ( v bc sn.
Gi s Oz l phng ca in trng, ng thi l phng ca moment t ti 0. Ti
mt im M cch 0 mt on r, in trng ca sng th cp tnh c l :
( ) kr t E
c
r
t P
r
E m
m
o
=
cos cos
sin
'
2
'
(4.1)

Trong ( l gc hp bi cc phng Oz v OM.
Nng lng truyn theo phng OM, qua mt n v din tch ti M trong mt n v
thi gian c tnh theo cng thc :

2
2 3 2
2 2
sin
. 32
4
2 r c
P CE
I
o
m m
o
= =
hay
4 2 2
2 2
2 3 2
sin
32 .
m
o
v
I E
c r

=
Sng th cp pht ra bi lng cc in l sng tn x m ta kho st v ta thy I, theo
nh ngha, chnh l cng nh sng tn x theo phng OM.
Ta c th t I di dng

2 2
sin . m E C I = (4.2)
vi C = hng s,
Theo cng thc (4.2) ta thy cng nh sng tn x thay i theo gc tn x(. Xt
trong mt phng yOz, v ng biu din bin thin ca I theo (, ta c mt ng c
dng nh ng cong thc nghim trong hnh 4.

z

r
M
o
x
y
P
r
z
H. 6
- Khi ta quan st theo phng OM th nh sng tn x nhn c khng phi t mt ht
duy nht m bi v s ht, cc ht ny phn b hon ton ngu nhin trong th tch c
kho st ca mi trng tn x. Do s hng trong cng thc (4.1) thay i mt cch bt
k khi ta xt t lng cc in ny ti lng cc in khc. Ni cch khc, cc sng th
cp ti M khng c mt s lin h nht nh v pha, l cc sng khng iu hp khng
lin kt. V vy, cng sng ta nhn c l tng s cc cng ca cc sng th cp.
Ngoi ra, biu thc ca I khng ty thuc gc (, ph hp vi hnh v 5a.
- Trng hp nh sng ti l nh sng t nhin. Ta c th coi nh chn ng sng c
hai thnh phn Ey v Ez c lp vi nhau, c bin bng nhau v tha h thc :
m zm ym E E E
2 2 2
2
1
= +
m E
2
ty lc vo cuong ca nh sng t.
Trc ht ta xt s thay i cng nh sng tn
x theo cc phng trong mt phng yOz
Cc thnh phn, gy ra cc lng cc in.
Cc lng cc in ny pht x sng th cp. Xt
phng tn x OM1 nm trong mt phng yOz (thng
gc vi phng ti). Cc cng nh sng tn x
pht ra bi cc lng cc in theo phng OM1,
ln lt l CE2ym cos2( v CE2zmsin2(. Cng
tng cng theo phng OM1 l :
m zm ym CE CE CE I
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
sin cos = + =
Vy I = hng s, ph hp vi kt qu trong thc nghim ta xt phn SS.2.
- By gi xr s bin thin ca cng nh sng tn x theo cc phng thng gc vi
Oz, ngha l cc phng nm trong mt phng xOy.
Cng nh sng tn x theo mt phng OM2, hp vi Ox mt gc (, pht ra bi cc
lng cc in , y z P P

lan lt la CE
2
ym
cos
2
, CE
2
zm
(goc = 90
o
) .
Cng tng cng l :
( )
2 2 2 2 2
cos 1
2
1
cos + = + = m zm ym CE CE CE I
Ta nhn xt chnh l cng nh sng tn x theo phng Oy. t. Vy cng
nh sng tn x theo mt phng hp vi phng ti mt gc ( c tnh bi cng thc :
( )
2
cos 1+ =

I I (4.3)
Trong l cng tn x theo mt phng bt k thng gc vi phng ti.
V l do i xng, cng tn x theo mt phng bt k hp vi phng ti mt gc
( u c cng tr s I.
Cng thc (4.3) ph hp vi kt qu thc nghim biu din bi hnh v 5b. Khi ( = O,
OM2 trng vi Ox, I
o=
2 I

z
M
1

o
x
y
M
2

6

P
y

P
z

H.7
- Xt hnh v 7, ta cng thy ngay, nu phng tn x thng gc vi phng ti Ox, nh
sng tn x phn cc ton phn, nu phng tn x khng thng gc vi phng ti, th d
phng OM2 th chn ng tn x truyn ti M2 gm hai thnh phn :
Thnh phn Ez pht ra bi lng cc in, ng vi cng CE2zm, thnh phn Ey
pht ra bi lng cc in , ng vi cng CE2ym cos2(. Vy l nh sng phn cc
mt phn.
Ta cng nhn xt :
2
sin
2
m CE I = vo
2 3 2
2 2 4
32 r C
V
C
o

=
m
Ta tm li c nh lut Rayleigh

4
K
I =

* T S LORD RAYLEIGH.
T nh ngha v cng sng ca ngun, ta thy Ir2 l cng sng ca ht tn x.
Gi N l s ht tn x trong mt n v th tch. Cng tn x ca mt n v th tch
theo phng Oy (( = ( = 90o) khi nh sng ti l nh sng t nhin l:

2 2 2
2 2
4
.
4
m
o
N V c
J NIr E

= =
Cng ca chm tia ti trn mt phng thng gc vi Ox l :
m E c
2
0
. .
2
1
=
Suy ra
4
2
2
2 2
2
.

v
N
I
o
= =

(4.6)
duoc go la ty so Lord Raylcgh.
Trong cc phn trn ta xt hin tng nhiu x do cc ht l l lng trong mt mi
trng. Cc kt qu a ra bi LordRayleigh ch ng vi iu kin: ht c kch thc nh
so vi bc sng nh sng. Trong trng hp ht c kch thc ln, cc kt qu trn khng
cn ng vi thc nghim na. Ta xt mt th d n gin: khi thuc l c mu xanh l do
s khuych tn nh sng do cc ht nh carbon. Nhng khi thuc l c th ra t ming
li c mu ng sang trng, v cc ht khuych tn trong trng hp ny ln hn, do cc ht
hi nc trong kh th ra t ming. Hin tng cc ht bi sng trong chm tia nng di vo
phng ti cng l mt trng hp khuych tn nh sng bi cc ht c kch thc tng i
ln.

E
z

E
y

y
P
z

P
y

M
2

x
H.8
5. S TN X PHN T.
Thc ra, mt mi trng hon ton tinh cht, khng c cc ht vn, vn khuych tn nh
sng. Tuy nhin cng nh sng khuych tn bi cc mi trng ny rt yu. Th d vi
khng kh t s Lord Rayleigh = 0.25 x 10-7 ng vi bc sng 0,4 (. V vy, mun o
c cng nh sng khuych tn ta phi lm sao loi b c cc nh sng k sinh.

Hnh 9 l s mt loi dng c kho st hin tng tn x ny. Mi trng tn x
c cha trong mt ng ch thp bng thy tinh c hai nhnh A v B un cong. Bn ngoi
cc nhnh bi en hp th nh sng khng cho
phn x tr li gy kh khn cho vic quan st nh
sng tn x. Mt quan st t ca C ca phng ti.
Ta dng cc ngun sng kh mnh nh mt tri hay
h quang. nh sng ti c thu knh L hi t ti
im S.
Cc kt qu th nghim cho thy nh sng tn x
c mu xanh. Cng tn x t l nghch vi ly
tha bc 4 ca bc sng, tng t hin tng
Tyndall.
gii thch hin tng tn x ny, ngi ta cho rng chnh cc phn t ca mi trng
tinh cht tn x nh sng. V vy hin tng c gi l tn x phn t. Tht vy, d mi
trng hon ton tinh cht, khng c cc ht l, nhng do s chuyn ng nhit hn lon
ca cc phn t, s phn t N trong mi n v th tch khng phi l mt hng s, m c
nhng thay i khi i t ni ny ti ni khc, a n s thay i ca chit sut t ni ny
n ni khc trong mi trng. Ni cch khc, vo mi thi im, mi trng mc d hon
ton tinh cht, vn khng hon ton ng tnh v quang hc, do vn tn x nh sng. S
chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn t ty thuc vo nhit , do cng nh sng tn x
phn t cng ty thuc nhit . Theo thc nghim v theo l thuyt ca Einsteins, cng
nh sng tn x t l vi nhit tuyt i T ca mi trng.
Nu nh sng ti l nh sng t nhin v quan st theo phng thng gc vi tia ti, ta
thy nh sng tn x trong trng hp tng qut khng phi l nh sng phn cc ton phn.
T s i/I (i = cng ng vi chn ng song song vi tia ti, I l cng ng vi chn
ng thng gc vi tia ti) c gi l h s kh cc ca chm tia tn x. Vi kh argon, h
s kh cc ( 5/1000, vi khng kh (i/I) ( 4/100. Ngi ta gii thch tnh kh cc ny bng
s d hng ca cc phn t ca mi trng. Thc vy, trong thc t, cc phn t ni chung
khng phi l nhng ht hnh cu, m phi coi l nhng ht c tnh d hng. Nhng dao
ng ca nhng tm din tch bn trong phn t c th theo nhng phng khc vi phng
ca chn ng ti.
Hin tng tn x phn t khng nhng quan st c vi cht kh, m ngi ta cn
thy vi cht lng. Trong trng hp cht lng, v mt phn t ln hn nhiu so vi cht
kh, nn cng tn x cng mnh hn nhiu. Hin tng ny phc tp v khng th b
qua s tc dng h tng gia cc phn t trong cht lng.
Ta c th dng hin tng tn x phn t gii thch mu xanh ca nn tri, mu
trn bu tri lc bnh minh hay hong hn.

H.9
B
A
L
C
s
6. S TN X T HP.
Khi thc hin th nghim v s tn x phn t vi nh sng ti n sc, gi s c tn s
(o, v phn tch ph ca nh sng tn x ngi ta nhn thy: ngoi vch ng vi tn s (o,
cn c nhng vch ph c tn s hai bn tr s (o v cng rt yu so vi vch (o (( 1%
cng ca vch tn x phn t (o). Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng tn x t hp,
hay trong mt s ti liu, c gi l hiu ng Raman. Hin tng c kho st gn nh
ng thi vo nm 1928 bi cc nh bc hc Lng - sbec v Man - en - stam ca Lin X
v Raman v Krichman ca n .
S thit tr dng c th nghim nh hnh v 10.

n thy ngn AC dng lm ngun sng. Knh lc n sc E ch cho tng nh sng n
sc ca ngun sng i qua. Mt thu knh L hi t nh AC ca ngun sng vo trong ng
T cha mi trng tn x (nh benzen, tetraclorur carbon, ....). Thu knh L chiu nh ca
ct sng AC trong mi trng tn x ln khe F ca mt knh quang ph.
Hin tng c quan st vi cc c tnh nh sau :
* Cc vch ph c tn s i xng tng i mt qua tn s (o: (o - (1 v (o + (1, (o - (2
v (o + (2, ....
Cc vch ph c tn s nh hn tn s (o ((o -(1, (o - (2, ...) c gi l cc vch stokes
hay vch m. Cc vch ph c tn s ln hn (o ((o +(1, (o + (2, ...) c gi l cc vch
i stokes hay vch dng. Cng vch dng lun lun yu hn cng vch m
tng ng.

* Cc khong cch v tn s (1, (2, .... gia cc vch ph v vch tn x phn t ((o) c
trng cho cht tn x, khng ph thuc vo tn s (o ca nh sng ti.
Ta c th chng minh iu ny bng cch dng mt cht tn x duy nht trong ng T v
thay i
o
(dng cc knh lc n sc E khc nhau chiu cc n sc khc nhau ca
ngun sng ti mi trng tn x). Ta thy cc tr s (1, (2 khng thay i.
* Cc tr s (1, (2, .... trong hiu ng Raman hu nh bng tn s ca cc vch hp th
ca mi trng tn x trong vng hng ngoi.

A
L
F
L
A
C
T
E
C
H. 10
V
o
-V
2
V
o
-V
1
V
o
V
o
+V
1
V
o
+V
2
H. 11
7. GII THCH HIN TNG TN X T HP BNG THUYT LNG T
NH SNG.
Ta c th gii thch hin tng tn x t hp bng s trao i nng lng gia phn t
ca cht tn x v photon ca nh sng ti. Photon ti mang nng lng h(o. Khi ng vi
phn t ca mi trng tn x, ch mt phn h(1 ca nng lng ny b phn t hp th
i t trng thi cn bn Ec ln trng thi kch thch Ek. Phn nng lng cn li h ((o - (1)
pht x di hnh thc photon ca nh sng tn x c tn s (o -
1
. l vch stokes trong
ph Raman. gii thch vch i stokes, ta tha nhn rng trong mi trng tn x c
nhng phn t trng thi kch thch Ek. Khi b ng bi photon ca nh sng ti, phn t
ny pht ra nng lng gm nng lng h(1 (m phn t nhn vo khi hp th i t trng
thi Ec ti trng thi Ek) v nng lng h(o ca photon ti. Vy nng lng tng cng pht
ra di dng photon tn x l h ((o + (1) ng vi tn s (o + (1. Phn t tr v trng thi cn
bn Ec. S pht x cc vch Stocke v i stokes c biu din bi hai s 12a v 12b.
S phn t trng thi kch thch Ek, trong cc trng hp bnh thng, bao gi cng
nh hn s phn t trng thi cn bn Ec. Do , kh nng pht x vch i stokes km
hn kh nng pht x vch stokes. iu ny gii thch ti sao cng vch stokes ln hn
cng vch i stokes.

h
o
E
c
E
k
= E
c
+ h
1

h (v
o
+ v
1
)
h
o
E
c
Ek = Ec + h1
h (
o
-
1
)
(a)
(b)
H.12
Chng VII

O VN TC NH SNG

1. PHNG PHP ROMER.
nh sng truyn i tc thi hay c mt vn tc gii hn ?. l vn m t xa cc
nh thng thi t ra v khng ng vi nhau. Aristote cho rng vn tc nh sng l v
hn. Ngc li nh khoa hc Hi gio Avicenna li cho rng vn tc nh sng mc du rt
ln nhng c mt tr s xc nh. Alhazen (nh vt l A - rp) v Boyle (i Nh Lan) ng
vi quan im ny. Mt cc nh bc hc ni ting khc nh Kepler, Descartes li ng
vi Aristote.
Galilc l ngi u tin a ra mt phng php o vn tc nh sng, nhng khng
thnh cng v phng php qu n gin. Ngi th nht a ra mt php o c gi tr, mc
d kt qu cha c chnh xc, l Romer - mt nh thin vn ngi an Mch. Th
nghim thc hin vo nm 1676.
Khi quan st h tinh gn mc tinh nht, cc nh thin vn thi by gi nhn thy : trong
mt nm, ngha l trong thi gian tri t quay c mt vng xung quanh mt tri, thi
gian T gia hai ln lin tip h tinh trn i vo vng ti pha sau mc tinh th thay i, trong
khi ng nh T phi l hng s. Thi gian ny cng tng khi tri t cng xa mc tinh v
gim khi hai hnh tinh ny cng gn nhau. Thi gian sai bit (T cc i khi xt hai v tr tri
t gn v xa mc tinh nht (v tr A v v tr B). Thi gian ny, cc nh thin vn thi by
gi o c l 1320 giy. Thi gian sai bit ny lm cc nh thin vn lng tng, khng gii
thch c. S kin ny cho thy hnh nh thi gian T, h tinh trn quay c mt vng
xung quanh mc tinh, thay i theo v tr ca tri t. iu ny kh c th chp nhn.
gii thch thi gian (T = 1320 giy ny, Romer chp nhn thuyt cho rng nh sng c mt
vn tc gii hn. Khi tri t v tr A, nh sng ch truyn i trn qung ng M1A. Khi
tri t v tr B, qung ng nh sng phi truyn i l M2B. V thi gian 1320 s l thi
gian nh sng truyn i trn qung ng chnh lch M2B - M2A, coi nh bng ng knh
AB ca qu o ca tri t.

1
nam/von
42,5 gi /vong
12 nam/vong
Quy ao trai at
M
1
M
2
Quy ao moc tinh
A
B
S
Thi by gi, ngi ta tnh c AB = 293 x 106 km, do Romer tm c vn tc
nh sng l : C ( 222.000 km / s
Vi cc con s chnh xc ngy nay : ((T)cc i = 1002 s v AB = 299,5 x 106 km.
Bng phng php ca Romer, ta tnh li c kt qu : C ( 298.000 km / s

2. PHNG PHP DNG A RNG CA.
Phng php ca Romer l mt phng php thin vn, ngi ta khng th kim sot
c cc d kin ca th nghim, ng thi n i hi mt thi gian di hon tt th
nghim. Do cc nh bc hc khng tha mn vi phng php ny. Fizeau l ngi u
tin thc hin php o vn tc nh sng ngay trn mt t. Th nghim ca Fizeau c thc
hin vo nm 1849.
Th nghim c thit tr nh hnh v 4.2

nh sng xut pht t ngun S, i qua thu knh L, phn chiu trn gng na trong
sut G. Chm tia phn chiu hi t ti im A. Thu knh L1 bin chm tia phn k ti thu
knh thnh chm tia song song. nh sng truyn ti mt v tr th hai cch v tr pht xut
nhiu cy s. Ti v tr ny, mt thu knh L2 hi t chm tia sng trn mt gng M.
Gng ny phn chiu chm tia sng tr li. Chm tia tr v i qua gng G. Ta quan st
nh mt thu knh L. a quay C l mt a rng ca, b rng ca khe v ca rng bng
nhau.
Nu lc u a C ng yn v im A gia mt khe ca a th mt s nhn thy nh
ca ngun sng S. Cho a C quay vi vn tc tng dn khi vn tc quay ln thi gian
i v ca nh sng (gia hai trm i v n) bng thi gian rng bn cnh im A quay
ti trc im A th nh sng b a C chn li : mt khng nhn thy nh ca S na.
Gi D l khong cch gia hai trm. Qung ng i v l 2D. Thi gian tng ng l
:
n = s vng quay mi giy ca a C khi mt thy nh sng tt.
P = s rng ca a C
Vn tc nh sng l :
Fizeau dng mt a c 720 rng v nhn thy nh sng b tt khi a C quay vi
vn tc 12,5 vng/s ng vi khong cch D l 8,69 km. T , suy ra tr s ca vn tc nh
sng l C(312.000 km / s.
Bng phng php ny, Cornu tm c C ( 300.400 ( 300km/s (1876). Perrotin tm
c C ( 299.880 ( 50 km / s (1902).

Tram 2

L

.
Tram 1
L1
G
C
O
A
M
L2
L

S
3. PHNG PHP GNG QUAY.
Phng php ny thu ngn khong cch D rt nhiu so vi cc th nghim ca Fizeau,
Cornu v c thc hin bi Foucault vo nm 1862. Hnh v 3 trnh by cch thit tr th
nghim ca Foucault.

Nu gng quay M ng yn hay c vn tc quay nh, nh sng i v theo qu o
SIJS1JIs. Ta c nh cui cng s. Nu gng M quay vi vn tc ln th trong thi gian nh
sng i v trn qung ng JS1, gng M quay c mt gc (. Do trong ln v, tia
phn chiu trn gng M l JI. Ta c nh cui cng l s. Bng mt knh nhm vi cp, ta
xc nh c khong cch ss. T suy ra vn tc nh sng.
Gi S1 l nh ca S nu khng c gng M. Nhng v c gng M nn chm tia sng
phn chiu hi t ti mt im S1 trn gng cu lm B.S1 v S1 i xng qua gng M
nn khng ty thuc v tr ca gng ny. Do khi M quay, S1 c nh. Khi gng M
quay mt gc (, tia phn chiu quay mt gc ( = 2(, S1 l nh ca S1 cho bi gng M. Ta
c
Dng knh nhm vi cp o khong cch:
ss = SS = (.d (d l khong cch t ngun sng S ti gng quay).
Thi gian nh sng t gng M ti gng cu lm B v tr v l :
Vy ( = 2( = 4(N( (N = s vng quay mi giy ca gng M).
Suy ra :
C
ND
8
=
Foucault tnh c vn tc nh sng :
Trong th nghim ca Foucault, khong cch D = 20m, N=800vng / giy, vn tc nh
sng tnh c l :
C = 298.000 500 km / s
Newcomb nm 1882 thc hin li th nghim ca Foucault vi D = 3700m, N = 210
vng / giy, tm c C = 299.860 ( 50 km / s.

I

M gng quay

= 2
S
1
S
1
Knh nham
vi cap
I

G

S

S

D

B

S
1
s
s

J

H. 3
4. PHNG PHP MICHELSON.
Michelson thc hin nhiu th nghim o vn tc nh sng. y, ta ch cp ti
cc th nghim sau cng ca Michelson c thc hin trong khong thi gian 1924 1926.
Khong cch nh sng i v di 35,4 km gia hai ngn ni Wilson v San Antonio. Thit tr
ca th nghim nh hnh v H.4.

P l mt lng knh phn x 8 mt, c th quay xung quanh trc O.M v M l hai gng
cu lm. Lc u, P ng yn, nh sng t khe sng S ti mt a ca lng knh P v ln lt
phn chiu trn cc gng : m1, m2, M, M, m3, M, M, m4, m5 ti mt e (i din vi mt
a) ca lng knh P, phn chiu trn mt ny ti gng m6. Quan st bng mt knh nhm vi
cp, ta thy nh cui cng S ca khe sng S. Sau khi iu chnh h thng nh trn,
ngi ta cho lng knh P quay th nh S bin mt. nh ny li xut hin ng v tr c nu
trong thi gian nh sng i v, mt d ca lng knh P quay ti ng v tr ban u ca mt e,
ngha l thi gian i v ( ca nh sng bng thi gian t lng knh P quay c 1/8 vng.
Nu N l s vng quay mi giy tng ng ca lng knh P, ta c :
Vn tc nh sng l :
DN
D
C 16
2
= =

Trong th nghim trn ca Michelson, lng knh P quay vi vn tc 528 vng / giy.
Thc ra, trong cc th nghim, hai thi gian ( v t kh th iu chnh cho hon ton bng
nhau. Do ta c ( = t ( (, ngha l mt d khi ti th ch mt e, hp vi v tr ban u ca
mt e mt gc (. V vy, ta quan st thy mt nh sng S1 khng trng vi v tr ban u S.
Xc nh khong cch SS1, ta c th tnh c (. T tnh c s hng hiu chnh cho
vn tc nh sng.
Trong thi gian t nm 1924 ti u nm 1927, Michelson thc hin php o nhiu
ln. Kt qu trung bnh ca cc th nghim l 299.976 km/giy vi sai s 4 km/giy.
C = 299.976 ( 4 km/giy
Nm 1930, Michelson vi s cng tc ca Pease v Pearson thc hin php o vn tc
nh sng trong chn khng. thc hin th nghim ny, ng dng mt ng di 1600m v
ht khng kh trong ng ra (p sut ch cn 0,5 mmHg). Thit tr ca th nghim nh trong
hnh v 5.

S
c
M
m
2
m
1
m
4
Khe
m
3
m
5
m
6
Knh nham
vi cap
M
(P)
.
f
e
d
b
g
h
D = 35,4Km
a
H. 4
o

P l mt lng knh phn x 32 mt. Chm tia sng t ngun S, i qua gng bn trong
sut G, phn chiu p v b ti mt gng lm M1. Gng ny to thnh chm tia phn x
song song. Chm tia song song ny phn x nhiu ln lin tip trn hai gng phng M2 v
M3 gn nh song song nhau. Ln phn x sau cng trn gng M2 thng gc vi gng ny
tia sng i v theo ng c, l ra khi ng chn khng, phn x trn lng knh P v trn
gng bn trong sut G ti knh nhm. Nguyn tc o C ging nh phng php trn.
Th nghim ny c tin hnh sut nm 1930 cho ti gn na nm 1931 (khi Michelson
mt) vi hng trm ln o. Sau khi Michelson mt, Pease v Pearson tip tc cng vic cho
ti nm 1933. Tnh c thy 2885 ln o c thc hin trong mt thi gian 3 nm vi kt
qu l :
C = 299.774 ( 11 km / giy
Tr s o c bi cc th nghim ca Michelson v cc cng s vin kh chnh xc.
Sau ny, ngi ta cn thc hin nhiu th nghim bng cc phng php khc nhau, c
gng t c cc kt qu chnh xc hn na. Hin nay chng ta tha nhn vn tc ca nh
sng trong chn khng l:
C = 299.793 km / giy.
Vi sai s nh hn 1 km / giy.

5. VN TC NH SNG TRONG MI TRNG NG YN.
Nm 1850, Foucault dng phng php gng quay so snh vn tc nh sng trong
khng kh v trong nc. Nguyn tc ca th nghim c m t trong on SS.3. S ca
th nghim nh hnh v 6. Chm tia sng pht sut t ngun S c hi t trn cc gng
cu lm B1.B2 (c tm l J) khi gng quay qua cc v tr M1 v M2. ng T cha y
nc. Khi gng quay ng yn v tr M1, chm tia sng ti v phn chiu trn gng
lm B1, ta c nh cui cng v tr s. Khi gng quay ng yn v tr M2, chm tia sng
ti v phn chiu trn gng lm B2 (i qua nc trong ng T), nh cui cng cng v tr
s. Khi cho gng quay quay, nh cui cng v tr s1 (i vi chm tia ti B1) v v tr s2
(i vi chm tia ti B2). Foucault nhn thy ss2 > ss1. iu ny chng t thi gian nh
sng i v trn on ng JB2 ln hn thi gian i v trn on ng JB1. T suy ra
vn tc v ca nh sng trong nc nh hn vn tc nh sng trong khng kh (coi nh bng
C).

.
S
M
3

M
1

M
2

b
a
P
G
Knh nham
H.5

Nm 1888, Michelson lm li th nghim ca Foucault v tm c v = c/1,33 ngha l
bng chit sut tuyt i n ca nc i vi nh sng thy c : v = c/n.
Thc ra, ta thy trong cc php o vn tc nh sng, ngi ta o vn tc truyn bin
, ngha l vn tc nhm V, ch khng phi vn tc pha v.

dv
V v
d
=
Nhng trong chn khng :, ta c v = V. Trong cc mi trng nh khng kh hay nc
th nn ta c th ly v ( V. Tri li trong nhiu mi trng, v v V c th khc nhau nhiu.
Trong trng hp ny ta cn hiu chnh li kt qu trong php o vn tc nh sng. Th d
khi o vn tc nh sng trong CS2 (Sulfur Carbon) l mt mi trng tn sc mnh.
Michelson thy vn tc l C / 1,758 trong khi chit sut trung bnh ca CS2 l 1,635.

6. VN TC NH SNG TRONG MT MI TRNG CHUYN NG.
Fizeau thc hin th nghim nh hnh v ( n gin ha).

Ngun sng S t tiu im ca thu knh L1, do ta c chm tia sng song song
chiu thng gc ti mn chn sng D c hai khe hp. Hai chm tia sng qua hai khe ny
c cho i qua hai nhnh T1 v T2 ca mt ng ch U cha y nc. Vn giao thoa c
mt thu knh L2 lm hin ln mt mn E t v tr mt phng tiu ca n.
Lc u nc trong ng ch U ng yn, h thng vn giao thoa chim mt v tr no
trn mn E. Cho nc trong ng chuyn ng vi vn tc V, ta thy h thng vn b di
ch, chng t c s thay i v quang l i qua cc nhnh T1, T2 so vi trng hp nc
ng yn.
Ban u ngi ta ngh rng c th gii thch hin tng bng cch cng vn tc nh
trng hp m thanh truyn trong khng kh chuyn ng. Nh vy, vi l vn tc ca
nh sng trong nc ng yn (n l chit sut ca nc) th trong trng hp nc chuyn
T
1

(E)
S
L
1

L
2

T
2

o
D
H.7
J
T
G M
1

M
2

I
B
1

B
2

l
S
s
s
1

H.6
s
2

gng quay
ng theo chiu nh hnh v, vn tc nh sng trong nhnh T1 l, v trong nhnh T2 l.
Thi gian nh sng i qua hai nhnh T1 v T2 ln lt l,, ( l chiu di chung ca
T1 v T2.
2 1
2 2 2
2 2
2
1
v
t t t
c n v
n c
= =

l

2
2
2v n
t
c

l
v
2 2
2
0
n v
c

Xt im O, hiu quang l ca hai chm tia l :
= c . t
ng vi s bin thin v bc giao thoa l :
2
2 n c t v
p
c

= =
l

Nhng trn thc t, th nghim cho thy bin thin ca bc giao thoa ti O khng phi
l (p m l mt tr s (p.
=
2
'
1
1
n
p p
Ngha l hin tng xy ra ging nh vn tc nh sng trong cc nhnh T1 v T2 l :
2
1
1
c
v
n n

ch khng phi nh l lun trn.
2
1
1
n
= c goi la he so keo song anh sang cua moi trng chuyen
ong.

7. GII THCH TH NGHIM FIZEAU BNG THUYT TNG I.
Xt mt h thng qui chiu S (x, y, z, t) v mt h
thng qui chiu S (x, y, z, t) chuyn ng thng
u vi vn tc v theo phng Oz (Oz trng vi
Oz, Ox // O
, Oy // O
)
Theo c hc c in, ta c php bin i Galie
nh sau :
t
= t
x
= x
y
= y (7.1)
z
= z - vt
Trong t l thi gian tuyt i, khng ty thuc vo h qui chiu S hay S.
Nhng theo thuyt tng i ca Einstein, ta c cc phng trnh bin i ca cc ta
khng gian v thi gian l :
x
= x
y
= y (7.2)
z
=
2
1
vt z

t = vi
hay
x = x

y
o
o

x x

z
y

H.8
y = y

(7.3)
z =
2
' '
1
vt z

t = l php bin i Lorentz
Ta thy, theo quan im tng i ca Einstein th nim v thi gian cng c tnh
tng i: thi gian ty thuc vo h qui chiu.
Xt mt vt chuyn ng theo phng Oz, c vn tc u i vi h qui chiu S, v c
vn tc u i vi h qui chiu S.
Ta c : u = v u =
T hai cng thc cui ca nhm (7.3) ta c :
dz =
' '
2
1
dz vdt

dt =
2
'
1
+ dz
c
dt

Suy ra :
' '
' '
dz dz vdt
dt
dt dz
c
+
=
+

hay :
u =
'
'
'
'
1 .
dz
v
dt
dz
c dt
+
+

u =
'
'
2
1
u v
v
u
c
+
+
(7.4)
Nu v v u rt nh so vi c :, ta thy li cng thc v php cng vn tc trong ng
hc c in : u = u + v.
Nu u = c, ta suy ra u = c. Vy vn tc nh sng c khng ty thuc h qui chiu.
Tr li th nghim Fizeau, xt nhnh T1 v gi s chiu dng t tri sang phi, ta c v
= V (vn tc ca nc), u = (vn tc ca nh sng i vi h qui chiu S l nc), vy
vn tc ca nh sng i vi h qui chiu S, gi s gn lin vi phng th nghim, l :
u =
2
1 1
c c
v v
n n
v c v
c n cn
+ +
=
+ +

hay u ( v nh
Suy ra :
u
2
1
(1 )
c
v
n n
+
Nu xt chm tia truyn qua nhnh T2, ta c : v = -V, u =. Suy ra u (. Ph hp vi
th nghim.

Chng VIII

BC X NHIT

1. NH NGHA.
Mt vt pht ra bc x c gi l ngun bc x. S pht bc x ca mt vt c th l
do nhiu nguyn nhn : vt b kch thch bi nh sng, bng s phng in, do tc dng ha
hc, ... Trong chng ny, ta kho st s bc x nhit. l hin tng nhit bn trong vt
bin thnh nng lng bc x pht ra. Thng thng, mt vt pht ra bc x thy c a
ln mt nhit trn 500oC. Nhit ca vt cng cao th nng lng bc x pht ra cng
nhiu. cc nhit thp hn, vt cng pht bc x nhng thuc vng hng ngoi nn mt
ta khng nhn thy c.

2. CC I LNG TRONG PHP O NNG LNG BC X.
* Cng sut bc x:
Ngi ta nh ngha cng sut bc x ca ngun l nng lng do ngun pht ra khng
gian xung quanh trong mt n v thi gian.
Nu (W l nng lng bc x ton phn (gm tt c cc di sng v pht ra theo tt
c mi phng) pht ra trong thi gian (t th cng sut pht x (ton phn) l :

(2.1)

Cng sut pht x c tnh ra Watt.
* Nng sut pht x ton phn:
- Nng sut pht x ton phn c nh ngha l nng lng bc x pht ra (gm tt c
cc di sng v theo tt c mi phng) bi mt n v din tch trn b mt ca vt bc
x trong mt n v thi gian.
Nu (W l nng lng bc x ton phn pht ra bi mt din tch ds ca b mt vt bc
x trong mt n v thi gian th nng sut pht x ton phn l :

(2.2)

R c tnh ra Watt/m2.
* H s pht x n sc:
By gi ta xt cc bc x c di sng trong khong ( v ( + d( (d( rt nh). Nng
lng (W( pht ra theo mi phng bi mt din tch ds trong mt n v thi gian mang
bi cc n sc trn, th t l vi din tch ds v vi d(. Do ta c th vit:
(2.3)

R( c gi l h s pht x n sc ng vi di sng ( v c tnh ra Watt/m3
trong h thng n v SI.
Nng lng ton phn pht ra trong mt n v thi gian bi din tch ds l :
ds d R W W .
0

= =

so vi : (W = Rds
t
W
P
=
ds
W
R

=

d ds R W . . =
Ta c : R = (2.4)
R v R( ty thuc vo nhit ca vt bc x.
* CHI NNG LNG.
Xt mt din tch vi phn ds bao quanh mt im A trn b mt ca mt vt bc x v
xt mt chm tia bc x c gc khi d( vi phng
trung bnh l AA. Nng lng dW mang bi chm
tia (gm tt c cc di sng) trong mt n v thi
gian th t l vi gc khi d( v vi din tch d( (hnh
chiu ca ds xung mt phng thng gc vi phng
trung bnh AA: d( = dscosi vi i l gc hp bi php
tuyn AN ca din tch ds vi phng AA). Ta c
th vit dW di dng :
(2.5)

H s t l e ch ty thuc vo bn cht v nhit ca ngun, v ty thuc vo phng
AA. Ta thy e chnh l nng lng pht ra trong mt n v thi gian theo phng AA bi
mt n v din tch ca b mt pht x thng gc vi phng AA v ng vi mt chm tia
c gc khi bng mt n v:

d d
dW
e
.
=
H s e c gi l chi nng lng ca ngun theo phng AA (ta thy biu thc
ca e ging nh biu thc ca chi B trong trc quang hc B =).
* H S CHI NNG LNG N SC.
Bc x pht ra bi mt ngun c th gm nhiu n sc. Nng lng pht ra ng vi cc
n sc th khng bng nhau. Do ngi ta a vo mt i lng c trng trong s bc
x, gi l h s chi nng lng n sc e(. Nu chm tia bc x trn gm cc n sc c
di sng trong khong ( v ( + d( th nng lng mang bi chm tia trn trong mt n
v thi gian l :

(2.6)

Nng lng ca chm tia trn v k tt c mi di sng l:

d d d e dW dW .. .
0 0

= =
So snh vi cng thc (2.5) ta c ngay :
0
. e e d
(2.7)
Ta thy, theo cng thc (2.6), theo mt phng no , nu e( cng ln th nng lng
bc x pht ra cng nhiu, vt bc x cng mnh.

3. H S HP TH.
Xt mt chm tia bc x gm cc di sng trong khong ( v ( + d( chiu ti mt
din tch vi phn ds bao quanh im A ca mt vt, vi phng trung bnh l (. Nng lng
ti ds trong mt n v thi gian dW(. Mt phn dW( ca nng lng trn b ds hp th.
Ngi ta nh ngha h s hp th ca vt ti im A, theo phng (, i vi di sng (
v nhit T ca vt l :

(3.1)
d d e dW . .. =

d d d e dW . . . =
ds
d
d
A
'
' '
dW
dW
a =

a l t s gia hai i lng cng th nguyn, do khng c n v. Vi mi vt, ta c
0 ( a( 1.

4. VT EN.
Vt en l nhng vt hp th hon ton nng lng bc x chiu ti, i vi mi di
sng v i vi mi gc ti. Ngha l vi vt en ta c a( = 1 vi tt c cc di sng. Nh
vy nu ta chiu ti vt en mt tia sng th tt c u b vt hp th, khng c nh sng
phn x, khng c nh sng khuych tn, cng khng c nh sng truyn qua. V vy, gi l
vt en (thc ra danh t ny khng chnh lm, v, mc d vy, vt c th pht x).

Trong thc t, ta khng c c mt vt en tuyt i theo ng nh ngha, v khng c
vt no hp th hon ton nng lng ti. Tuy nhin mt bnh kn C c c mt l thng
nh, bn trong bi en bng m hng, c th coi l mt vt en, bc x khi i qua l hng
vo bn trong bnh, phn x nhiu ln lin tip bn trong bnh, do hu ht nng lng
bc x u b hp th. Din tch l hng va l b mt hp th va l b mt pht x (khi
pht x, bc x t trong thot ra cng qua l hng ny).
5.NH LUT KIRCHHOFF.
Xt mt bnh kn C khng cho bc x i qua, bn trong l chn khng v c gi mt
nhit khng i T. Trong bnh l mt vt M.
Th nghim cho thy d vt M lm bng cht g
v c nhit ban u l bao nhiu th sau mt
thi gian, nhit ca M cng bng vi nhit
T ca bnh. Trong trng hp ny, s truyn
nhit khng th xy ra do hin tng dn nhit
hay hin tng i lu, m s cn bng c
thc hin l do s trao i nng lng di dng
bc x gia bnh C v vt M. Thnh trong ca
bnh pht ra bc x (hoc phn chiu). Nng
lng bc x ny khi chiu ti M th mt phn b vt M hp th, bin thnh nhit nng ca
cc nguyn t bn trong M. Nhng ng thi, vt M cng pht ra bc x (nng lng bc
x ny c chuyn ha t nhit nng ca cc nguyn t ca M). Gi s lc u nhit
ca vt M thp hn nhit ca bnh C. Hin tng hp th M mnh hn hin tng pht
x, nhit ca M tng ln. Nhit ca M cng cao th hin tng pht x cng mnh. Ti
mt lc nng lng do M pht ra bng nng lng thu vo trong cng mt thi gian ta c s
cn bng nhit ca vt M v ca bnh C bng nhau.
Gi e
v a
ln lt l h s chi nng lng n sc v h s hp th ca vt M ti

mt im A i vi phng AA v i vi di sng . Xt chm tia bc x pht ra bi
mt din tch vi phn ds bao quanh im A, c gc khi dv phng trung bnh AA.
C
H.2
H.3
A

dS
d
M
Nng lng mang bi chm tia ny trong mt n v thi gian v i vi cc di sng
trong khong v + d
l:
dW
= e

. d . d . d

(d = ds.cosi l hnh chiu ca ds xung mt phng thng gc vi phng AA).
By gi ta xt chm tia trn nhng theo chiu ngc li, ngha l xt nng lng do bnh
C bc x vo din tch ds ca vt M. Nng lng ny (trong mt n v thi gian v ng vi
cng cc di sng trn) truyn qua khong chn khng trong bnh v c tr s l:
dW
= E

. d . d . d

(5.1)
E
l h s t l. Ngi ta chng minh c E

khng ty thuc bn cht ca thnh bnh
v phng ca chm tia sng, m ch ty thuc nhit T v di sng . Nh vy E
= E
(T, ) l mt hm ph bin theo nhit T v di sng (ph bin v chung cho mi
vt). E
c gi l cng ring ca bc x nhit trong chn khng.

Phn nng lng b din tch ds hp th l : dW
= a
. dW== a
. E= . d . d . d
.
Trong iu kin cn bng ta phi c :
dW
= dW

Suy ra : e

= a

. E

Vy (5.2)

Da vo h thc trn, nh lut Kirchhhoff c pht biu nh sau :
T s gia h s chi nng lng n sc e
v h s hp th a
ti mt im trn b mt
ca mt vt, ly theo cng mt di sng v cng mt phng l mt hng s. Hng s
ny c lp i vi bn cht ca vt, vi im kho st trn b mt ca vt v vi phng
pht x. N ch ty thuc di sng v nhit ca vt.

6. NGHA CA NH LUT KIRCHHHOFF.
1. T h thc (2.6) nh ngha e
, ta thy h s chi nng lng n sc e
biu th kh
nng pht x theo mt phng xc nh v i vi di sng , ca mt im trn b mt
mt vt mt nhit xc nh. Vy theo nh lut Kirchhoff, mt vt pht ra bc x

cng mnh nu n hp th bc x ny cng mnh. Ni cch khc, i vi mt bc x , mt
vt bc x tt nu n l mt vt hp th tt.
2. Cho e
v a
theo th t l h s chi nng lng n sc v h s hp th ca mt

vt bt k;
vd
e
l h s chi nng lng n sc ca vt en, theo nh lut Kirchhoff, t s

gia h s chi nng lng n sc v h s hp th khng ty thuc bn cht ca vt nn
xt cng mt nhit v cng mt di sng , ta c :
a
e
= e
v

Vy t s gia h s chi nng lng n sc v h s hp th (ng vi cng mt di
sng v xt cng mt phng) ca mt vt bt k th bng h s chi nng lng n sc
ca vt en i vi cng mt di sng v cng mt nhit .
3. Ngoi ra vi mt vt bt k, h s hp th lun lun nh hn 1 (a
< 1) nn lun ta c
:

vd
e
> e

Vy ng vi cng mt di sng v cng mt nhit , vt en l vt c kh nng pht
x mnh nht.
Ta cng suy ra t nh lut Kirchhoff
) , ( T E
a
e
=

e

= a .
vd
e

Mun e 0, ta phi c ng thi a 0 v
vd
e
0. iu c ngha l mun mt vt
bt k, mt nhit xc nh, c th pht ra bc x (e 0) th iu kin l vt phi
hp th c bc x (a 0) v ng thi vt en cng nhit cng c kh nng pht ra
bc x (
vd
e
0).

7. S PHT X CA VT EN.
a/ Vi vt en, ta c
d v
a
.
= 1. Vy

d v
a
.
E
Ta bit
E = E (, T) l mt hm ph bin theo nhit T v di sng , khng ty

thuc vo bn cht ca vt en cng nh cch thc hin vt en. V vy, h s chi nng
lng n sc
d v
a
.
ca vt en cng khng ty thuc bn cht v cch thc hin n, ni

cch khc cng mt nhit v i vi cng mt di sng, mi vt en u c cng
mt h s chi nng lng n sc
d v
a
.
.
b/ i vi vt en, h s hp th av( khng ty thuc phng kho st nn h s chi
nng lng n sc ev( cng khng ty thuc phng pht x, do kh nng pht x ca
vt en theo mi phng u nh nhau
c/ chi nng lng ton phn (i vi mi di sng t 0 ti ) e =

d e
trong
trng hp vt en cng c lp vi phng pht x. V vy khi nung qu cu bng kim loi
ph m hng (coi nh vt en) ti nhit pht x nh sng thy c, ta thy nh mt a
trn sng v kh nng pht x ca mi im trn hnh cu theo phng ti mt u nh
nhau.

* V E =
d v
a
.
nn ta cng gi E
l h s chi nng lng n sc ca vt en v

chi nng lng ton phn c th vit l:
E =
0
.

d E (7.14)
d/ H thc lin lc gia E
v R
:
By gi ta tnh nng lng bc x pht ra bi mt n v din tch b mt ca vt en,
theo tt c mi phng v gm tt c cc di sng. Nng lng ny chnh l nng sut
pht x ton phn R.
Nng lng bc x pht ra bi mt n v din tch
trn b mt vt en trong mt n v thi gian gii hn
trong mt hnh nn s cp gc khi d l gm tt c cc
di sng t 0 ti ( l dW= E dS cosi d = E cosi d.
Xt chm tia gii hn gia hai hnh nn c trc l php
tuyn AN, cc na gc nh l i v i + di, gc khi ca
chm tia ny l :
A
B
i

i
H.4
(C)
N M
M

H R
di
A
di i
R
MM MH
d . sin 2
. . 2
2
'
= =
Vy dW - 2( E. cosi sini. di.
Nng sut pht x ton phn l :
R =

= =
2 /
0
2 /
0
. . 2 . .. 2

E di i Sin E di Sini Cosi E
(7.2)

Tng t ta cng chng minh c h thc lin h gia s pht x n sc R( v h s
chi nng lng n sc E( ca vt en.
R
= .E

(7.3)
e/ Mt nng lng.
Trong cc kho st hin tng pht x ca mt vt, ngi ta cn dng mt i lng gi
l mt nng lng.
Xt cc di sng trong khong v + d. Nng
lng bc x mang bi chm tia hnh nn s cp c gc
khi d, phng trung bnh MM, i qua din tch d
(xung quanh im M v thng gc vi MM).... trong mt
n v thi gian l E.d.d.d. Trong mt thi gian dt,
on truyn ca bc x l C. dt. Nng lng i qua din
tch d l E.d.d.d.dt chim mt th tch l C.dt.d.
Vy nng lng bc x trong mt n v th tch l :

d d E
C d dt C
dt d d d E
. .
1
. .
. . . .
=
Nng lng bc x trong n v th tch ny tnh theo tt c mi phng l :

d E
C
d d E
C
.
4
.
1

Du tch phn ly theo ton th khng gian nn Stradian.
t nng lng ny l : U
. d

Vy (7.4)

U c gi l mt nng lng n sc ca vt en. Nng lng ton phn cha trong
n v th tch trn (theo tt c mi phng v vi tt c cc di sng t 0 ti ) c
gi l mt nng lng ton phn U ca vt en. Ta c :
E
C
d E
C
d U U

= = =
0 0
4
.
4
.

E
C
d U U

4
.
0
= =

(7.5)

E R . =

E
C
U
4
=
E
C
U
4
=
M
d
H 6
M

H
d
H 6
M
8. NG C TRNG PH PHT X CA VT EN.
Ta bit bc x pht ra bi mt vt gm nhiu n sc, nng lng pht ra ng vi
mi n sc khng bng nhau v c c trng bi h s chi nng lng n sc E

(hoc R
hay U
). ng cong biu din s bin thin ca E

theo bc sng c gi l
ng c trng ph pht x ca vt. Ta xc nh c c trng ph pht x ca vt en
bng th nghim sau.

Vt en l l A nh ca bnh kn B. Bnh B c gi mt nhit T khng i m ta
cn kho st. Chm tia bc x pht ra t A c hi t vo khe F ca ng chun trc C nh
mt thu knh hi t L1. Chm tia l song song i ra t ng chun trc C c cho i qua
mt cch t r v b tn sc bi cch t. Trong cng mt quang ph, cc n sc lch theo
cc phng nhiu x khc nhau. Mi chm tia nhiu x c hi t ti khe f nh thu knh
hi t L2 ca ng E. Bng cch quay ng E, ta c th hi t chm tia bc x c di sng
ti + d
vo khe f. Ti khe ny, ta t mt l kim loi nh k bi en hp th nng

lng bc x hi t khe f. Nng lng ny bin thnh nhit nng lm tng nhit k. Ta
o nhit ca k bng mt cp nhit in I, u hn a gn vi ming kim loi k, u hn b
tip xc vi mt ngun lnh. S chnh lch nhit hai u hn a v b to mt dng
nhit in v ta o bng mt in k G rt nhy. ng cong biu din s bin thin ca
ch trn in k G theo di sng ca bc x pht ra bi vt en A chnh l ng cong
biu din s bin thin ca E
(hoc R
hay U
) theo ( hay chnh l ng c trng ph

pht x ca vt en (hnh 8).
Bng cch thay i nhit T ca vt en, ta v c nhiu ng c trng ng vi
nhiu nhit khc nhau.

Din tch gch cho trn th t l vi E
do t l vi nng lng bc x (gm cc

di sng trong khong ( v + d
) pht ra bi mt n v din tch ca vt en A, trong

mt n v thi gian.
B
L
2

A
L
1

E
f
K
G
b
I
a
r
F
H.7
E
m

H.8
Din tch gii hn bi ng c trng v trc honh t l vi nng lng ton phn,
gm tt c cc di sng t 0 ti , pht ra bi mt n v din tch ca b mt vt en
trong mt n v thi gian, ngha l t l vi nng sut pht x ton phn R.
Nhn xt ng c trng trn, ta thy E
(hoc R

hay U
) cc i ng vi mt di
sng
m
.
Cc ng c trng thay i theo nhit ca vt en nh hnh v 9.
Nhn xt cc ng ny ta thy:
- Nng sut pht x ton phn R tng rt
nhanh theo nhit T ca vt en.
- Nhit ca vt en cng cao th tr s ca
(m cng tin v pha di sng ngn.

9. NH LUT STEFAN - BOLTZMANN.
Bng thc nghim, nm 1879, Stefan a ra nh lut :
Nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en t l vi ly tha bc 4 ca nhit tuyt i
ca vt.

(9.1)

C s l thuyt ca nh lut ny c Boltzmann thit lp ln, da vo cc l thuyt
trong nhit ng lc hc. V vy nh lut ny c gi l nh lut Stefan - Boltzmann.
( c gi l hng s Stefan - Boltzmann.
Nu R tnh ra watt / m2, T tnh ra tuyt i th ( c tr s l:
= 5,672 x 10
-8

Ngi ta p dng nh lut Stefan vo s bc x ca mt tri, mt vt en gn ng
v o c nhit mt tri T ( 5.950(k.

10. NH LUT DI CH CA WIEN.
Wien chng minh c hm s sau :
u
= T
3
f (v/T) (10.1)
Trong u( l mt nng lng n sc ca vt en ng vi tn s (. T l nhit
tuyt i ca vt en.
C s l thuyt ca nh lut ny c Wien xy dng trn cc l thuyt ca nhit
ng lc hc v hin tng Doppler - Fizeau.
Ta c th chuyn hm s trn theo bin s ( :
Nng lng bc x cha trong mt n v th tch v gm cc bc x c di sng
trong khong ( v ( + d( (hay trong khong tn s (, v + d() l
du = u( d( = u( d( m
R
v
= . T
4

1095
o
k
E

1259
o
k
1449
o
k
1646
o
k
2
()
\ung thay duoc
1 3 4 5
H.9

u( hay u( l mt nng lng n sc ca vt en ng vi di sng ( (hay tn s ().
Ta c (10.2)
Th vo (10.1) ta c :
( )
3 5
2 2
cT c cT c
u f f
T T
T

= =

t hmhm ( ((T)
Ta c U( = T5 . ( ((T) (10.3)
Ta nhn thy nu t v x = (T ri v ng Co biu din s bin thin ca y theo x th
ng vi mi tr s ca nhit T trong phng trnh (10.3), ta c th v c ng biu
din ca u( theo ( suy ra t ng Co. nh lut di ch ca Wien c pht biu nh sau :
T ng C biu din s bin thin ca U( theo ( mt nhit T ta c th suy ra
ng biu din C ng vi nhit T bng php bin i v
(u v u y l cc tr s ca u( cc nhit T v T, ng nhm vi mt nng
lng ton phn).
Ta suy ra kt qu c bit ng vi di sng (m (ti di di sng ny, u( cc i,
ngha l R( v E( cc i ).
(10.4)

11. PHNG TRNH NG C TRNG CA WIEN V CA RAYLEIGH -
JEANS.
Cc nh nghin cu c gng tm mt cng thc din t ng s phn b nng lng bc
x theo di sng m ngi ta bit qua thc nghim. Ni cch khc, ngi ta c gng
xy dng mt l thuyt gii thch ng c trng ca ph bc x c v nh thc
nghim. Wien ngh cng thc sau :

2
5
1
/
.
.
C T
C
u d d
e

= (11.1)

Trong : u( l mt nng lng n sc khong rng bn trong vt en c nhit
khng i T.
T = nhit tuyt i
C1 v C2 l hai hng s xc nh nh thc nghim, c gi l hng s bc x th nht
v th hai. Cng thc ca Wien ph hp vi ng c trng ph bc x C v c nh
thc nghim v pha di sng ngn, nhng khi ( ln hn (m th khng cn trng nhau
na (ng D1 trong hnh 10). Ngoi ra, mt nhc im quan trng ca cng thc Wien l
trong khi c gng xy dng l thuyt cho ng c trng ph bc x th Wien li chp
nhn trong phng trnh ca mnh hai hng s thc nghim.

m T = hang so = 2897,1 k
()
D1

D
2
(Rayleigh - Jeans)
C
O
U

(Wien)
H.10
L thuyt ca Rayleigh v Jeeans cht ch hn. Hai ng cho rng bc x in t phn
chiu i li nhiu ln bn trong khong rng ca vt en. Nhng bc x c phng truyn
v di sng thch hp vi kch thc ca khong rng hp vi cc sng phn x ca
chng to thnh mt h thng sng ng. C nhiu loi sng ng ty theo trng thi phn
cc ca chng v ty theo vc t sng ca bc x in t (Vct sng c phng l
phng truyn ca bc x v c sut). V h thng cn bng v nhit nn nng lng bc
x b hp th bi mt trong ca thnh bnh bng vi nng lng bc x c pht ra bi cc
nguyn t ca thnh bnh. Nng lng trung bnh ca mi loi sng ng theo l thuyt
thng k c in l kT vi k l hng s Boltzmann.
Rayleigh tnh c s loi sng ng trong mt n v th tch ca khong rng trong
vt en i vi di di sng vi cp d( (t ( ti ( + d() l:

(11.2)

Vy nng lng bc x trong mt n v th tch ny l :
u
.d = 8kT
4
d
(11.3)
Do mt nng lng n sc ng vi di sng ( l :

(11.4)

Xt v phng din l thuyt th dn gii ca Rayleigh v Jeans cht ch hn cng thc
Wien nhng cng thc (11.4) ch ph hp vi ng c trng thc nghim C khong
di sng ln, khi i v pha ( nh th U( tin ti ( (ng D2 trong H.10). iu ny mu
thun trm trng vi thc nghim. Ngi ta khng tm thy mt k h no trong l thuyt
ca Rayleigh v Jeans, v coi y l mt s khng hong v l thuyt, khng th gii thch
c trong mt thi gian di. l s khng hong trong vng t ngoi.

12. L THUYT PLANCK; S PHT X LNG T.
Trc ht Planck nhn thy nu thm -1 vo mu s ca cng thc Wien v iu chnh
cc hng s C1, C2 th c mt cng thc ph hp vi ton th ng c trng ph pht
x ca vt en v c bng thc nghim, ng thi t cng thc , c th suy ra cng
thc Rayleigh - Jeans khi xt cc sng ( ln. N c h vy chc chn cng thc Rayleigh -
Jeansc s sai lm. Mt khc, Planck d li ht sc cn k l lun ca Rayleigh v Jeans
nhng khng pht hin c k h no trong l thuyt ny. Hai yu t trn khin Planck
phi kt lun : khuyt im khng phi nm trong l thuyt ca Rayleigh m nm trong c
s ca l thuyt . Ngha l nm trong cc l thuyt c in. Rayleigh da trn l thuyt c
in cho rng nng lng trung bnh ca mi loi sng ng l kT, Planck i tnh li nng
lng trung bnh ny trn mt c s khc.
Theo quan im ca Planck mt vt bc x gm mt s rt ln cc vt dao ng vi cp,
chn ng vi mi tn s. Nhng vt dao ng vi cp ny l cc ngun pht ra bc x. Nng
lng trung bnhca mi loi sng ng l nng lng ca cc vt dao ng vi cp.
Planck tnh nng lng ny bng cch ly s vt dao ng vi cp cng mt mc nng
lng nhn vi nng lng mc , lp tng cc tch s ny v chia cho tng s cc vt
dao ng vi cp mi mc.
Theo quan im c in, nng lng ca cc vt dao ng vi cp c th c mi tr s
lin tc. Planck a ra mt quan im rt cch mng lc by gi l nng lng ca cc
d dn
4
8
=
4
8 k T
u
=
vt dao ng vi cp khng phi c mt chui tr s lin tc, m ch c th c nhng tr s
gin on v l mt bi s ca nng lng (. Xt cc vt dao ng vi cp mc nng lng
m( (m l mt s nguyn). S vt dao ng vi cp mc nng lng ny theo nh lut phn
b Boltzmann l
n
m
= n
o
.e
-m/kT
(12.1)
Nng lng ca nm vt dao ng l
m n
m
= m n
o
e
-m/kT

Nng lng trung bnh ca mt vt dao ng l :
=

=
0
/
/
.
m
kT m
o
o m
kT m
o
e n
e n m
W

V m l mt s nguyn nn ta c :

/ 2 /
/ 2 / 3 /
0 2 3 3 / .....
1 ......
kT E kT
kT kT kT
e e e kt
W
e e e

+ + + +
=
+ + + +

t x = e-(/kT, ta c :
.... 1
..... 3 2 1
3 2
2
+ + + +
+ + +
=
x x x
x x
x W vi x < 1
Hay
( )
( ) ( ) 1 / 1 1 1 / 1
1 / 1
2
=
x x
x
x
x
x W

Vy (12.2)

Nng lng bc x trong mt n v th tch ca khong rng bn trong vt en vi
di di sng vi cp d( (t ( ti ( + d() l :
4 /
8
. . .
1
kT
x
u d Wdn d
e

= =

4 /
8
. .
1
kT
u d d
e

(12.3)
Theo cc l thuyt c in, nng lng c th c mi tr s, lin tc, iu cng c
ngha l ( c th tin ti s khng, khi ta thy li kt qu (p dng qui tc Hospital
ct dng v nh ca cng thc (12.2) khi th ( = 0), ngha l ph hp vi cng thc ca
Rayleigh. trnh s khng hong gy ra bi cng thc Rayleigh, Planck cho rng ( khng
th bng khng, n l nng lng nh nht pht ra hay thu vo bi vt dao ng vi cp v
c gi l lng t.
So snh cng thc a ra bi Planck v cng thc ngh bi Wien (11.1) ta thy tng
t nu tha nhn ( ( 0 (ch khc nhau 1 mu s) v nu ly :
kT
C
T
=
2
hay
v
C
k C k C
2 2
= =

c = vn tc nh sng trong chn khng
( = tn s chn ng ca bc x pht ra.
thng s h, ta thy :
(12.4)

Th (12.4) vo cng thc (12.3) ta c :
1
/
=
kT
e
x W
hv
hc
= =

5
/
8
1
hc kT
hc
u d d
e
(12.5)
Mt nng lng n sc l :
5
/
8
1
hc kT
hc
u
e
(12.6)
Suy ra chi nng lng n sc :

Cng thc c gi l cng thc Planck, hon ton ph hp vi ng c trng C v
c bi thc nghim (hnh 10).
Hng s h c gi l hng s Planck.
h = (6,6253 + 0,0003) x 10-34 joule giy
Vy theo Planck, nng lng ca mi vt dao ng phi l mt bi s nguyn ca tch s
gia hng s h v tn s ( ca bc x m n pht ra.
Nng lng ca mt vt dao ng ch c th thay i nh nht l:
= h
Ta c th t cng thc Planck tm li cc nh lut Stefan Boltzmann, nh lut Wien,
cng thc Rayleih Jeans khi ( ln. iu ny xc nh s ng n ca gi thuyt Planck
v lng t.
Khi nim v lng t c Planck a ra nm 1900, lc u ch nhm mc ch c
gng gii thch hin tng bc x nhit ca vt en. Nhng ta s thy, pht kin to bo v
ni ting ny ca Planck dn ti nhng chuyn bin mnh trong ngnh vt l.

13. BC X NHIT CA VT THC.
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff, ta c :
e( < ev( hay R( < Rv(
cng mt nhit v xt cng mt di sng, h s pht x n sc ca mt vt
thc (khng en) bao gi cng nh hn h s pht x n sc ca vt en.
M suy ra : R < Rv
Ngha l nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt thc cng phi nh hn nng sut pht x
ton phn ca vt en.
Ta cng c th kho st s phn b nng lng trong ph bc x ca mt vt thc bng
phng php ging nh khi kho st s bc x ca vt en, nhng trong trng hp ny
ng c trng ty thuc bn cht ca vt thc. Trong hnh v 11 ng a v b l cc
ng c trng ph pht x ca hai vt thc A v B cng
nhit nhng lm bng hai cht khc nhau. ng C l
ng c trng ph pht x ca vt en.
Nhng vt thc c h s hp th a( thay i khng ng
k theo di sng ( (a(= a, hng s i vi di sng)
nn chi nng lng n sc e( t l vi chi E( ca
vt en ng vi cng mt di sng v cng mt nhit :
e??= aE?. Trong trng hp ny s phn b nng lng
trong ph pht x ging nh s phn b trong ph ca vt
en (hnh 12) v vt c gi l vt xm, th d trng hp
carbon.

1
2
/
5 2

kT hc
e
hc
E
b
a
c
e


Trong trng hp cc kim loi, ng phn b nng lng trong ph pht x c dng
tng t nh trng hp vt en nhng nh nhn dch chuyn thng l v pha di
sng ngn, i vi ng c trng ph pht x ca vt en cng mt nhit (hnh 13).
Vi cc vt en, nng sut pht x ton phn Rv tun theo nh lut Boltzmann.
Rv = (. T4
Vi cc vt thc th nng sut pht x ton phn R phi nh hn .
R < Rv hay R < ( . T4
Ta t R = b ( T4
b c gi l en ca vt, c tr s ty thuc tnh cht v nhit ca vt v lun
lun nh hn mt (b < 1).
Nu ta xt nhit T ca mt vt en c nng sut pht x ton phn bng nng sut
pht x ca mt vt thc nhit T th T c gi l nhit bc x ca vt thc.
Ta c : (T4 = b ( T4
Suy ra nhit thc ca vt thc l :

4
'
b
T
T =
(13.2)
Nh vy nu xc nh c nhit bc x T ca vt thc, ta suy ra c nhit thc
T ca n nu bit en b.

14. HA K QUANG HC.
Ha k quang hc dng o cc nhit cao, th d nhit mt vt nung , nhit
l luyn kim. Vi cc nhit cao nh vy ngi ta khng th xc nh bng cc phng
php thng thng.
Sau y l hai kiu quang ha k ch yu.

* Quang ha k bc x ton phn.
Loi quang ha k ny do cng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en, th d ca s mt l
luyn kim v ng dng nh lut Stefan suy ra nhit ca vt.
Di y l s ca mt loi quang ha k kiu ny.

Vat en
m

Vat
xam
e

H.12
Vat en
Kim loai
e

H.13

Thu knh L trong sut i vi mi n sc, hi t chm tia bc x pht ra t ngun A
(ng vai tr ca vt en) vo mt a nh k bng bc bi en. chi ca nh A trn a
k bng chi ca ngun A. Nhit ca a k c o bng mt cp nhit in v mt
in k G c nhy ln. Nhit ny t l vi chi ca nh A', do t l vi chi
ca vt en A. Bng mt bng o mu nhit c sn, ta suy ra nhit ca A bng cch
c ch trn in k G.
Nu A khng phi vt en th nhit o c ch l nhit bc x T ca vt. Nhit
thc ca A l T = vi b l en ca A.

* Quang ha k n sc.

Thu knh L1 ca quang ha hi t chm tia sng pht ra t ngun A, to thnh mt nh
A nm trong mt phng ca dy tc bng n L. Bn ( l mt knh lc mu ch cho mu
ln cn di sng, th d 0,66(, i qua. Khi quan st ta thy nh ca dy tc bng n nm
trn mt nn, sng hn hoc ti hn, l nh ca A. iu chnh bin tr R cho ti khi ta
thy nh ca dy tc bng n bin mt trn nn nh ca A. Khi chi ca ngun
bc x A v ca dy tc bng n bng nhau cc di sng ln cn 0,66(. c ch
trn in k G v nh mt bng o mu c trc, ta suy ra nhit ca ngun bc x A.
Nu ngun bc x A l vt en th nhit o c l nhit thc ca A.
Nu A khng phi l vt en th nhit o c Ta khng phi l nhit thc ca A
(v khi o mu, ta dng cc vt en). Ta c gi l nhit chi ng vi di sng c
kho st. Nhit Ta c c trn bng o mu (thc hin vi cc vt en) nn n chnh
l nhit ca vt en c chi bng chi ca vt thc A. Nu gi T l nhit thc
ca A ta c :
G
A
L
1
L
2

l
L
p
R
A
H.15
B
A
A

K
G
H.14
L
e
,
T
= E
, Ta

Vi cc nhit nh hn 3000o v vi nh sng thy c ta c th dng cng thc
n gin ca Wien thay cho cng thc Planck.
Vy : vi C1 = 2hc2
C2 =
k
hc

Suy ra : Log a
, T
+
0
1 1
2
=
T T
C
a

T suy ra nhit thc ca A
T a
a
Loga T
hc
k
T
T
,
. 1

+
=

Th d i vi vt bc x l mt si dy tungsten nung ti 2000ok th nhit chi ng
vi di sng 6650 Ao vo khong 1860ok.

Chng IX

HIN TNG QUANG IN

1. TH NGHIM CN BN.

Dng mt bn P bng km v gn vi mt bnh in
nghim nh hnh v. Tch in vo bnh. Ri vo bn P mt
chm tia sng giu tia t ngoi, ta thy kt qu nh sau :
Nu bnh in nghim c tch in dng th s chiu
sng trn khng gy ra mt tc dng no i vi in tch
ca bnh : f vn tch khi E nh c.
Nu bnh in nghim c tch in m, ta thy f khp
li kh nhanh, chng t in tch ca bnh in nghim, cng
nh ca bn P gim i v trit tiu : bnh phng in.
By gi li tch in m vo bn P v bnh in nghim
nhng t gia ngun sng v bn P mt bn thy tinh (bn ny c tnh cht hp th tia t
ngoi). Ta thy s phng in khng xy ra : f v E vn y nhau.
T th nghim ny, ngi ta kt lun :
nh sng t ngoi khi chiu ti bn km lm bt ra cc electron bn P, do in
tch m bn P v bnh gim i v trit tiu.
S phng thch electron gy ra bi nh sng nh vy c gi l hiu ng quang in :
cc electron c phng thch trong hiu ng ny c gi l quang in t. Hiu ng ny
c khm ph bi Hertz nm 1887.

2. T BO QUANG IN.
Dng c chnh kho st hin tng quang in l t bo quang in. l mt bng
trong sut khng cn tia t ngoi, bn trong bng hu nh l chn
khng v gm c :
- Mt cathd C (bn m cc) l mt lp kim loi tinh cht m ta
mun kho st.
- Mt and A (bn dng cc) l mt thanh kim loi (c th l
mt vng kim loi).
And A c ni vi mt in th cao hn in th cathod C.
Do khi ri vo cathod mt chm tia sng thch hp, lm bt ra cc
electron th nhng electron ny s b ht v pha anod to thnh mt dng electron di
chuyn.

H.2
H.1
f
E
P

3. KHO ST THC NGHIM CC NH LUT.
Dng electron di chuyn to thnh trong mch (hnh v) mt dng in i c cng rt
yu, gi l dng quang in. o dng in ny ta phi dng mt in k G rt nhy. Mt
volt k V o hin in th gia anod A v cathod C.
T th nghim trn ta suy ra cc nh lut sau :

* nh lut 1:
i vi mt kim loi tinh cht hin tng quang in ch xy ra nu tn s ca nh sng
kch thch ln hn mt tr s (o ty thuc tnh cht ca bn C.
Ni cch khc, hiu ng ch xy ra nu di sng ca nh sng kch thch nh hn tr
s (o. di sng (o c gi l thm quang in hay thm kch thch. Di y l thm
quang in i vi mt s kim loi tinh cht.

Kim loi K Ca Zn Cu Ag

o
0,55 0,45 0,37 0,29 0,27 ()

Tr s ca (o s thay i trong kim loi c ln tp cht.
Trong trng hp di sng ( ca nh sng kch thch ln hn (o ta khng th gy ra
hiu ng d chm tia sng c cng rt mnh.

* nh lut 2 :
By gi ta dng mt chm tia sng kch thch c cng sut bc x khng thay i v
thay i hiu in th V gia anod v cathod, ghi cng i ca dng quang in ng vi
mi tr s ca V, ta v c ng biu din s bin thin ca i theo V. Ta thy lc u i
tng theo V nhng khi V ti mt tr s no th cng dng quang in gia nguyn
mt tr s I c gi l cng bo ha, lc tt c electron c phng thch khi c
trong mt n v thi gian u b ht v anod trong cng thi gian .

H.3
G
V
A
C
e
-
i
I
1

o
I
2

-V
o

V=V
A
-V
C

P
1

P
2

i
H.4
Khi dng cc chm tia kch thch c cng di sng nhng c cng sut bc x khc
nhau : P1, P2,. ta thy cc ng biu din i theo V c cng dng tng qut nhng c cc
tr s cng bo ha khc nhau I1, I2, (hnh 4)
Th nghim cho thy :
= = = .......
2
2
1
1
P
I
P
I
hang so
Ta c nh lut 2 nh sau :
- Cng dng in bo ha (hay cng pht x quang in t bi cathod) t l vi
cng sut bc x nhn c bi cathod.
nh lut ny c gi l nh lut Stltp.
* nh lut 3 :
Quan st cc ng biu din i theo v, ta thy vi cng mt di sng ca nh sng
kch thch, dng quang in i trit tiu khi v c mt tr s m Vo. Vi hiu in th ny,
in trng cn tr chuyn ng ca electron, vn tc electron gim dn khi tin v anod.
V i trit tiu, nn ngay vi cc electron c vn tc ln nht (lc bt ra khi cathod) vn tc
ca n cng b trit tiu bi in trng gia anod v cathod trc khi n i ti A.
Ta c :
Trong :
VM = vn tc ln nht ca electron lc bt ra khi cathod
e = in tch ca electron (gi tr tuyt i)
m = khi lng ca electron
Vy : (2.1)
Tr s tuyt i Vo c gi l in th dng.

Nhn xt cng thc (2.1) ta thy ng nng cc i ca electron ch ty thuc vo Vo
m khng ty thuc vo cng sut bc x ca chm tia ri ti cathod (thc nghim chng t
Vo khng ty thuc cng sut bc x ca chm tia kch thch, hnh 4). Nhng nu ta thc
hin th nghim vi cc bc x c tn s khc nhau, gi s (2 > (1 v gi cng sut bc x
khng i, cc ng biu din i theo V nh sau:
Ta c : Vo2 > Vo1
nh lut 3 c pht biu nh sau :
- ng nng cc i ca electron bt ra khi kim loi cathod th c lp i vi cng
sut bc x chiu ti cathod v l mt hm ng bin ca tn s bc x kch thch.
nh lut 3 cn c gi l nh lut Einstein (Anhstanh)..

V
I
-V
o1

i
H.5
-V
o2

4. S GII THCH CA EINSTEIN - THUYT LNG T NH SNG.
Thuyt sng in t v nh sng t ra bt lc khi c gng gii thch cc nh lut
trong hiu ng quang in. Theo thuyt ny nu chm tia sng kch thch c cng sut bc
x cng ln th nng lng n cung cp cho electron cathod C cng nhiu, do vi mt
chm tia, d di sng l bao nhiu, nu c cng mnh th s gy ra c hiu ng
quang in. iu ny mu thun vi nh lut v thm quang in. Hn na, nu cng sut
bc x ca chm tia sng kch thch cng ln th ng nng ban u cc i ca electron
cng phi cng ln, iu ny cng khng ph hp vi thc nghim cho thy ng nng cc
i ny c lp i vi cng sut bc x.
gii thch hiu ng quang in, nm 1905, Einstein a ra thuyt lng t nh sng.
Nh ta bit, thuyt lng t c Planck nu ra gii thch hin tng bc x ca vt
en. Nhng Planck cho rng ch p dng cho ngun dao ng bc x v vi bc x trong
vng ln cn ngun m thi, cn khi truyn i trong khng gian th vn tun theo cc nh
lut ca l thuyt in t c in.
Einstein khai trin thuyt ca Planck, p dng thuyt lng t cho bc x trong ton
khng gian v thi gian. Nhng nt chnh ca thuyt lng t nh sng nh sau : nh sng
gm nhng ht rt nh gi l quang t hay photon. Mi photon mang mt nng lng l ( =
h(, trong h l hng s Planck, ( l tn s ca nh sng. Vi cng mt n sc th cc
photon u ging nhau. trong chn khng, tt c mi photon ng vi tt c mi n sc,
u truyn i vi cng mt vn tc l c ( 3 x 108 m/s. Cng ca mt chm nh sng th
t l vi s photon i qua mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian.
Da vo thuyt ny, Einstein gii thch c cc nh lut ca hiu ng quang in.
* Gii thch nh lut 1:
Cc photon mang nng lng h( p vo cathod C, truyn nng lng ny cho electron
cathod. Tc dng gia photon v electron c tnh cch c nhn, ngha l gia mt photon v
mt electron. Mun lm electron bt ra khi cathod c th gy ra dng quang in th t
nht nng lng h( phi bng cng sut Wo bt ri electron khi kim loi.
h W
o
Wo ty thuc tnh cht ca kim loi.
Vy tn s ca nh sng kch thch phi ln hn mt tr s hay di sng phi nh
hn mt tr s
( ( (o (thm quang in)
* Gii thch nh lut 2:
Gi cng sut pht x ca chm tia kch thch khng i, tng hiu in th V, s
electron b ht v anod trong mt n v thi gian tng ln, do dng quang in i tng.
Khi V ln hn mt tr s no , tt c electron bn ra khi cathod trong mt n v thi
gian u b ht v anod trong cng thi gian . V vy d tng V na, s electron ti anod
trong mt n v thi gian khng th tng thm, dng quang in i t ti tr s bo ha.
Khi tng cng sut ca chm tia kch thch, ngha l tng s photon p vo cathod, ta
lm cho s electron b bn ra khi cathod tng ln, s electron ny t l vi s photon tc
dng vo cathod C. Vy cng pht x quang in t (hay cng bo ha ca dng
quang in) t l vi cng sut ca chm tia kch thch.
- Gii thch nh lut 3:
Electron bn ra khi cathoid c th c cc vn tc khc nhau. Vi cc electron trn b
mt ca cathod C, nng lng hv ca photon gm mt phn Wo bt electron khi kim
loi, mt phn cn li chuyn thnh ng nng ca electron. ng nng ca electron ny
ln nht. Ta c:

2
1
2
M hv Wo mV = + (4.1)
Vi cc electron nm bn trong lp kim loi dng lm cathod, ng nng ca n khi
thot khi cathod s nh hn, v mt phn nng lng b mt i do s ng vi cc nguyn
t kim loi khi i ra ti b mt ca cathod. Vi cc electron ny ta c :
2
1
2
hv Wo mv > + (4.2)
Xt cng thc (4.1) ta thy, vi cng mt kim loi, ng nng cc i ca electron
(ECM = h - Wo) tng theo tn s ca nh sng kch thch v khng ty thuc cng sut ca
chm tia ny.

5. HIU NG QUANG IN TRONG.
Hin tng ta kho st trn c gi l hiu
ng quang in ngoi: khi ta ri ti mt kim loi
mt chm tia sng c di sng thch hp, cc
photon lm bt ra t b mt kim loi nhng
electron. Ta cn c th nhn thy hiu ng quang
in trong cc cht bn dn. Mt photon c th
lm cho mt electron ca cht bn dn nhy t
di ha tri ln di dn in. Mun gy c tc
dng vy, nng lng ca photon phi ln hn khong cch nng lng (W gia hai di.
Cng nh hiu ng quang in ngoi, ta cng c thm quang in i vi hiu ng quang
in trong. nh sng mun gy ra c hiu ng ny th tn s ca n phi ln hn mt tri
s l

hay di sng phi nh hn mt tri s l

kt qu l dn in ca cht kho st tng ln.

6. VI DNG C QUANG IN.
1. T bo quang in.
Trong khi kho st v hiu ng quang in, ta cp ti loi t bo quang in chn
khng ngha l bn trong t bo c ht ht tt c cc cht kh, coi nh ch l chn khng.
Loi t bo quang in ny c nhy rt yu, vo c 15 (A/(m ( nhy y c nh
ngha l t s gia cng bo ha, tnh ra microampere, v quang thng roi ti cathod,
tnh ra lumen).
Ta cng c th dng loi t bo quang in c kh, bn trong t bo quang in loi ny
c cha mt cht kh him, th d Argon, trnh tc dng vi kim loi cathod.
p sut trong t bo tt nht vo c 0,1 mm Hg. Tham gia vo dng quang in, ngoi
cc electron s cp bt ra t cathod do cc photon, ta cn c cc electron th cp sinh ra do :
h
W
V
o
=
W
hc
V
c
o
o
= =
Dai cam W
Dai hoa tr
Dai dan ien
S ng ca electron s cp vi cc nguyn t kh him.
S ng ca cc ion dng (sinh ra do s ng ca electron s cp vi nguyn t kh
him) vi cathod.
Kt qu l s electron lao v anod c nhn ln gp bi so vi trng hp t bo quang
in chn khng. Vi loi t bo quang in c kh, nhy c th ln ti 100(A/(m.
Khi thc hin loi t bo quang in c kh, p sut trong t bo phi thch hp. Nu p
sut yu qu, s ng gia electron s cp v cc nguyn t kh t xy ra. Nu p sut qu
cao, mt nguyn t kh him ln, do cc s ng dc ng (khng gy ra s ion ha
nguyn t kh him), cc electron kh t ti ng nng cn thit bt c in t khi
nguyn t kh him.

ng biu din s bin thin cng dng quang in i theo hiu s in th V gia
anod v cathoid trong trng hp t bo quang in c kh nh hnh v 7. Khi V nh hn
in th ion ha VI ca cht kh, 15V i vi Argon, ng cong c dng tng t trng
hp t bo quang in chn khng (b lm quay xung), khi V tin ti V1, cng i gn
nh bo ha. Khi V vt tr s V1 th i li tng ln (do s tham gia ca cc electron th cp
sinh ra do cc s ng), ng biu din c b lm quay v pha trn.
Hiu in th s dng khng c qu cao trnh s phng in trong cht kh.
2. My nhn quang in.
My nhn quang in l mt loi t bo quang in chn khng phc tp, trong s
quang in t pht ra t cathod c nhn gp bi do hin tng pht in t th cp.

Hnh v 8 m t n gin mt my nhn quang in.. Bn trong ng l chn khng v
gm c: mt cathoid C, nhiu dng cc ph D1, D2, D3 ... c in th cao dn gi l cc
dynod v mt anod A c in th cao nht.
Cc photon p vo cathod lm bn ra t in cc ny cc electron. l s pht in
t s cp. Cc in t s cp ny c hng dn p vo dynod D1, li lm bn ra cc
electron t dynod ny, l hin tng pht in t th cp. Cc in t pht ra t D1 li
A
D
2
D
4
C
D
3 D
1
H. 8
V
V
I
i
H.7
c hng dn p vo dynod D2 gy ra s pht in t th cp k tip ... C nh vy s
in t c nhn ln gp bi trc khi n anod A.
cc hiu in th thng dng (hiu in th gia cc dynod thng dng vo khong
80 volt ti 120 volt), cc electron khi p vo cc dynod c nhng nng lng ln hn nng
lng ca photon nhiu. S pht ra in t th cp ty thuc cht lm dynod, nng lng
ca in t s cp, gc ti ca cc in t ny...
Gi d l h s pht in t th cp trung bnh ca cc dynod (h s pht in t th cp
c nh ngha l t s gia s in t th cp pht ra v s in t s cp p vo dynod). N
l s in t ti dynod th nht, s in t ti anod l : Ndn
Vi n l s dynod ca my. Vi nng lng in t s cp p vo dynod vo khong 700
eV ti 900 eV, tr s ca d c th ln ti trn 10. Th d hp kim AgMg, d = 15 (cc i) khi
nng lng in t s cp vo khong 300 eV. Ngoi ra ta tha nhn d t l vi hiu in th
Vo gia hai dynod lin tip (d = k . Vo, k : hng s).
Vi mt my nhn quang in thng thng, s in t ti anod c th gp triu ln s in
t ti dynod th nht (dn = 106)
Do cng dng quang in rt ln so vi trng hp mt t bo quang in chn
khng n gin.
3. Pin quang in.
Pin quang in cn gi l t bo lp dng, l mt p dng ca hiu ng quang in trong
khi mt cht bn dn nh germanium hay selenium, tip xc vi mt kim loi thch hp th c
th pht sinh mt sc in ng khi c chiu sng. S cu to ca mt pin quang in bn
dn kim loi nh hnh v 9.
B l lp bn dn tip xc vi mt bn kim loi A thch
hp, a l mt vnh kim loi tip xc vi mt lp vng C rt
mng nh sng i qua c.
Vnh a v bn kim loi A ng vai tr hai in cc ca
my pht quang in. Khi ri nh sng vo lp bn dn qua
lp C, ta c mt dng quang in i theo chiu nh trn hnh
v.
Mt yu t rt thun li ca Pin quang in l khng cn
mt ngun cung cp in th nh cc loi t bo quang in
m t trn, ng thi c nhy kh ln, c vi trm
(A/lumen.
Hiu ng quang in c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong i sng hng ngy cng nh
trong cc phng th nghim. Cc t bo quang in, pin quang in, my nhn quang in ...
c dng trong cc php o quang hc cn s chnh xc cao, trong cc mch t ng, ... mt
ng dng quan trng v c nhiu trin vng l bin i quang nng ca nh sng mt tri, mt
ngun nng lng v hn, thnh in nng phc v i sng.

a
c
A
B
a
+

H. 9
7. L THUYT V PHOTON.
Ta thy, gii thch hiu ng quang in, Einsteins khai trin thuyt lng t ca
plack v a vo thuyt photon, cho rng nng lng nh sng c tp trung trong nhng ht
nh gi l photon hay quang t. Nh vy, song song vi bn cht sng, chng ta chp nhn
bn cht ht ca nh sng, tuy nhin y khng phi l nhng ht c hc n gin nh quan
nim ca Newton m c nhng thuc tnh ring ca n.
Mt chm nh sng n sc c tn s ( gm v s cc ht photon, mi ht c mt nng
lng l h(, trong h l hng s planck.
Mi mt n sc ng vi mt loi photon c nng lng nht nh. Trong chn khng, tt
c cc loi photon u truyn i vi vn tc C ( 300.000 km/giy, nhng trong mt mi trng
khc, photon ca mi n sc li c mt vn tc truyn ring

Theo thuyt tng i, gia khi lng m v nng lng W ca mt vt, c h thc lin lc
W = mc2. Vy khi lng ca photon l :

ng lng ca photon c tr s l :

hay: (l vect sng, song song vi phng truyn sng v c)
Ngoi ra theo thuyt tng i, mt vt c khi lng tnh mo (khi lng khi ng yn) th
khi chuyn ng vi vn tc V c khi lng l :
2
1
o
m
m
V
C
=

Vi photon, ta c v = c. Nh vy nu photon c mo ( 0 th phi c m = (.
iu ny tri vi thc t. Vy ta phi cng nhn photon l mt loi ht c bit c khi
lng tnh mo ( 0. Hay ta cng c th ni khi mt photon b ngng li th lp tc tt c nng
lng W = mC2 ca n chuyn cho mt vt khc (gi s trong trng hp hp th hon ton)
v photon ht tn ti.

n
C
V =

2 2
C
h
C
W
m

= =
h
C
h
mc p = = =
Chng X

HIU NG COMPTON

1. KHO ST THC NGHIM.
L mt hin tng ni bt v bn tnh ht ca nh sng. Hin tng ny c kho cu
u tin bi Compton vo nm 1923, khi ng nghin cu s khuych tn (hy tn x) tia X
bi graphit (than ch). Khi cho mt chm tia x c di sng ( i qua mt khi graphit,
chm tia b khuych tn. Khi kho st chm tia khuych tn mt gc khuych tn ( nh
mt my quang ph, ngi ta thy ngoi vch ng vi di sng ( cn mt vch ng vi
di sng ( ln hn (. Compton gii thch hin tng ny bng s ng gia photon
vi electron ca cht khuych tn, trong ng coi photon nh mt ht c tnh c hc.
S th nghim kho st hiu ng compton nh hnh v 1. Chm tia X phng ra t ng
T c chun trc nh hai khe F1 v F2, do chm tia ti A (vt tn x) coi nh song
song. Mt phn ca chm tia ny i thng qua A, mt phn b tn x. Cc chm tia tn x
ng vi cc gc khc nhau, c thu vo my quang ph B, my ny c th di chuyn trn
mt cung trn xung quanh vt tn x A. ng vi mt gc tn x (, my quang ph ghi
c hai vch ng vi hai di sng ( v ( nh trn ni.

Th nghim cho thy lch v di sng (( = ( - ( khng ty thuc nng lng ca
photon X v cht tn x, m ch ty thuc gc tn x (. Hnh v 2 l kt qu ca hiu ng
compton thc hin vi vch K( ca Molybden, tn x bi Carbon, o cc gc ( = 0o, 45o,
90o Tia X pht ra t ngun cha nhiu di sng. Do mun ch c mt di sng, th
d ch c mt vch K(, ta phi cho tia X i qua mt b phn lc, trc khi ti vt tn x.

T
F
1
F
2
A
B

H. 1
(a)
(A
o
)
5x10
-2
4 3 2 1
0
= 0
(b)

5 4 3 2 1
0
= 45
o

B
A
(c)
5 4 3 2 1
0
= 90
o

B
A

Ngoi ra, ta cng nhc li, vch K( (tia X) do s di chuyn ca electron t tng L xung
tng K ca nguyn t cht dng lm i m cc trong ng phng tia X (trong th d ca
chng ta l molybden).
nh A ng vi di sng (, nh B ng vi di sng (. Ta thy trong trng hp (
= 0, (( = 0, khng c hiu ng compton.
Ngoi ra (( tng theo gc tn x.
Th nghim cng cho thy cng vch compton (ng vi nh B) mnh i vi cc
nguyn t nh lm cht tn x.

2. KHO ST L THUYT CA HIU NG COMPTON.
Xt mt chm tia X i vo cht tn x, ng phi mt electron, gi s lc ban u ang
ng yn O, phng truyn ca photon ti l Ox. Sau khi ng, phng truyn ca
photon lch i mt gc ( i vi phng ti Ox v in t bn i theo mt phng hp vi
Ox mt gc (.
Trc khi ng, electron c ng lng bng O, nng lng l moC2, photon c ng
lng theo phng Ox, nng lng.

Sau khi ng, electron c ng lng mv theo phng (, nng lng mc2, photon c
ng lng theo phng ( nng lng
- S bo ton ng lng cho ta :

Chiu xung trc x, ta c :

Vi

Do :

r
r r
m
h h
+ =
'

(2.1)

cos cos
'
mv
h h
+ =
2
2
1
C
V
m
m
o
=

cos
1
.
cos
2
2
'
C
V
V m h h
o
=
(2.2)
y

x

0

Chiu h thc (2.1) xung trc y, ta c :

Suy ra

Bnh phng cc phng trnh (2.2), (2.3) v cng li ta c:

hay
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
cos
' '
1
o
o
h h h m C
m C
V
C

+ =

Xt s bo ton nng lng :

suy ra :

hay

em bnh phng phng trnh (2.5), ta c :

em so snh vi phng trnh (2.4) suy ra :

Sau cng ta c

hay

sin
1
.
sin
2
2
'
C
V
V m h
O
o
sin
1
.
sin
2
2
C
V
V m h
o
=
(2.3)
= + 1
1
1
1
cos
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
'
2
2
'
2
2
2
C
V
C m
C
V
V m h h h
o
o

(2.4)
2
2
2
'
2
'
2
1
C
V
C m hc
mC
hc
C m
hc
o
o
+ = + = +

2
2
2
2
'
1
C
V
C m
C m
hc hc
o
o
= +

'
2
2
1
o
o
h h m C
m C
V
C

+ =

(2.5)
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 ' '
'
2
2 1 1
2
1
o
o o
h h h m C
m C hm C
V
C

+ + + =

( )
2
' '
2 1 1
cos 1 2 0
o
h
hm C

+ =

( ) cos 1
'
= =
C m
h
o

2
sin 0484 , 0
2
sin
2
2 2

= =
C m
h
o

(A) (2.6)

Ta thy cng thc trn ph hp vi cc kt qu thc nghim. (( tng theo gc tn x v
khng ty thuc bn cht vt tn x cng nh khng ty thuc di sng ( ca tia X.
Cc electron cp ti trn phi l cc electron t do hoc lin kt yu vi nhn
nguyn t. Nu photon X ng mt electron lin kt cht vi nhn th c nguyn t u chu
tc dng ca s ng v khi lng mo phi coi l khi lng ca nguyn t hn l khi
lng ca electron. Trong trng hp ny, mo rt ln (so vi trng hp ng electron t
do) nn (( rt nh, khng th pht hin c. l trng hp ca cc photon X to thnh
nh A (trong hnh v 2). Tri li, cc photon ng vi cc electron t do, hoc lin kt yu
vi nhn, ng vi nh B trong hnh v.
S lin kt mnh hay yu cp ti y c ngha tng i. Vi cc tia X c nng
lng ln th a s cc electron b ng tc dng li photon nh cc electron t do, nhng
vi cc tia X c nng lng nh th n tc dng nh nhng electron b buc, tr trng hp
nguyn t tn x c nguyn t s thp. Chnh v vy, cc photon ca nh sng thy c
khng th gy ra hiu ng compton, v i vi cc photon ny, cc electron u coi nh lin
kt cht vi nhn nguyn t tn x.

3. SNG V HT.
Sng hay ht? l mt cuc tranh chp ko di t lu v bn cht ca nh sng.
Nhn thc ca loi ngi tri qua cc chuyn bin ln v su sc v vn ny. T quan
im ht n hi ca Newton, nhn thc tin mt bc di khi chp nhn quan im
sng ra u tin bi Huyghen. Sau mt lot cc th nghim v giao thoa, nhiu x, phn
cc nh sng v s gii thch da trn thuyt quang hc sng ca Young, Fresnel, Arago,
Malus, Cornu,. nht l sau cng trnh ca Maxwell chng t rng nh sng l mt loi
sng in t c di sng ngn, th quan im sng v bn cht nh sng ln ti nh
cao nht ca n.
Quan im ht ca Newton hon ton b thay th bi thuyt sng khi Foucoult chng t
vn tc nh sng trong mt mi trng nh hn vn tc trong chn khng (ngc vi quan
im Newton), v sau khi thuyt nh sng l sng in t di sng ngn ca Maxwell
c Hertz kim chng vo nm 1888 khi ng dng mt mch dao ng kch thc nh
lm pht sinh sng in t c di sng ngn (viba) v chng t bng th nghim, sng
ngn ny c cc tnh cht ca nh sng : giao thoa, nhiu x, phn cc,
Nhng cng chnh Hertz l ngi pht hin hiu ng quang in vo nm 1887, mt
hin tng khng th gii thch bng thuyt sng. Nm 1900, khi kho st v s bc x ca
vt en, Planck ra thuyt in t. Nm 1905 Einsteins khai trin thuyt in t ca
Planck, a ra thuyt photon gii thch hiu ng quang in ca Hertz. Chng ta li i
dn v quan im ht v bn cht ca nh sng. Quan im ny ni ln rt r rt, nh ta
thy, trong cng trnh kho cu v s tn x ca tia X bi Compton vo nm 1923.
Mun gii cc hin tng lin quan n s truyn ca nh sng (nh giao thoa, nhiu x,
) ta khng th gt b thuyt sng in t ca Maxwell, gii thch c cc hin tng
tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht (pht x, hp th) ta phi chp nhn quan im ht
photon ca Einstein. Vn y by gi khng phi l s tranh chp gia hai quan im
m li s thng nht chng li. Ngy nay chng ta cng nhn nh sng c bn cht lng
tnh sng v ht. Hai tnh cht ny cng tn ti trong mt th thng nht l nh sng v ty
iu kin ca hin tng kho st, bn cht ny hay bn cht kia ca nh sng c th hin
ra. Ta c th coi: sng v ht l hai tnh h b, hai tnh ph nhau ca nh sng.
Gia hai mt sng v ht c nhng lin h, c tnh thng nht, ch khng th l hai mt
c lp vi nhau. Th d, khi xt v cng sng ti mt v tr no , vo mt thi im
no , ta bit cng sng t l vi bnh phng bin ca sng. Mt khc theo
thuyt photon ca Einstein th cng sng t l vi s photon ti v tr vo cng mt
thi im. Chng ta s thy s thng nht ca hai quan im khi tha nhn rng bnh
phng bin ca sng biu din xc sut tm thy mt photon v tr v thi im kho
st.
Khi thc hin vn giao thoa trn mt mn E chng hn, ta c mt h thng vn ng
vi cc v tr c bnh phng bin sng cc i v cc tiu. iu cng c ngha l s
phn b cc phototn ti mn E khng theo mt xc sut u nhau, m c nhng v tr xc
sut ny cc i (vn sng), c nhng v tr khc xc sut ny cc tiu (vn ti).
Theo thuyt sng ngi ta khng tha nhn cc photon c nhng qu o xc nh nh
trong quang hnh hc. Ta c th ly mt v d quen thuc, th nghim v vn nhiu x v
cc ti hai khe young. Khi ta dng c 2 khe, trn mn nh ta c cc vn giao thoa trong
nh nhiu x. Nu ta che mt khe i th cc vn giao thoa bin mt ch cn li nh nhiu x
m thi. Ngha l, cc photon ti mn E, ti cc v tr m chng khng ti c khi cn
m c hai khe. Ta c th kim nghim iu ny bng cch gim dn cng nh sng
chiu ti cc khe young. Ti mt mc yu no , ta c th coi nh khng cn s tng tc
na. Nhng th nghim cho thy h thng vn giao thoa vn khng c g thay i (d nhin
h thng vn ny khng th quan st trc tip bng mt, m phi in ln mt phim nh). Nh
vy, ta phi kt lun rng : cc photon, cng nh mt photon ring l, khng c mt qu o
xc nh. Chng c th ti mt v tr ny, nhiu hn mt v tr khc theo mt quy lut no
. Quy lut c thit lp bng thuyt sng nh ta kho st trong cc chng giao
thoa, nhiu x,... Nh vy, phng trnh sng khng cho ta bit v tr xc nh, qu o xc
nh ca mt photon, cng nh khng cho ta bit photon chuyn ng c th nh th no.
N ch biu din mt cch thng k cc c tnh trong s chuyn ng ca photon.
S kt hp hai bn cht sng v ht gip chng ta hiu c mt cch bao qut cc
c tnh ca nh sng. Hn th na, t bn cht lng tnh ca nh sng, ngi ta suy
rng ra cho cc ht vt cht khc, nh ta bit trong l thuyt ca Louis De Broglie.

4. P SUT NH SNG (P SUT BC X).
Nu nh sng gm nhng ht mang nng lng v chuyn ng th c th ngha rng :
khi mt chm tia sng p vo mt b mt S, cc photon s truyn cho b mt ny mt ng
lng, ngha l s tc dng ln b mt mt p sut, tng t nh khi ta tc dng mt lc
nn ln din tch S. p sut nh sng ny c Maxwell on trc nm 1874, nhng
khng phi da trn thuyt photon, m suy ra t thuyt sng in t. Ti nm 1900, mi
c kim chng ln u tin bi Lebedew.
Ta c th gii thch hin tng p sut nh sng mt cch n gin da trn quan m
photon. Xt mt chm tia sng c tn s (, mt photon l n (s photon trong mt n v
th tch) ng vi mt nng lng l u = n h (. S photon ti thng gc mt n v din tch
S trong mt n v thi gian l nC ng vi mt nng lng l :

h h
p nC nC nh u
C
= = = =

- Nu b mt c tnh hp th hon ton th ng lng p c hon ton truyn cho mt
n v din tch S ca b mt . Ap dng nh lut cn bn v ng lng v xt vi mt
n v din tch trn b mt ca vt c chiu sng, ta c :

f l lc do chm tia sng tc dng ln mt n v din tch b mt ca vt. (P l s bin
thin ng lng ng vi mt n v din tch b mt ca vt trong thi gian (t = 1s. vy
P = p = u = f
Ta thy f chnh l p sut nh sng p, vy (4.1)
- Nu b mt phn x mt phn vi h s phn chiu l ( th trong nC photon ti din
tch n v S c nC (1 - ( ) photon b hp th v nC ( photon phn x tr li.
nC (1 - () photon b S hp th nn truyn cho din tch n v S mt ng lng l
(1 ) (1 )
hv
nC u
c
= .
Xt cc photon phn x. Mt photon khi ti dn tch n v S c ng lng l khi
phn x tr li, theo nh lut bo ton ng lng, c ng lng l (bng v ngc
chiu vi ng lng khi n) vy nu ch xt ring photon bin thin ng lng c tr
s l 2hv/c ng lng c truyn cho din tch n v S. ng lng
do nc(, photon phn x truyn cho din tch S l :
2
2
hv
nC u
C
=
Vy p sut nh sng l :
Vi (t = 1 giy

V (P = ( 1 - ( ) u + 2 ( u = ( 1 + ( ) u

Do c (4.2)

- Nu b mt phn x ton phn, ta c ( = 1. Vy
(4.3)

- Vi b mt hp th hon ton, ( = 0, ta tm li c cng thc : P = u
Nhn xt cng thc (4.2), ta thy u l mt nng lng ca chm tia ti, ( u l mt
ca chm tia phn x. Do ta c th vit cng thc tng qut cho 3 trng hp trn di
dng :
P = u
( u l tng s mt nng lng ca cc chm tia ti v phn x pha trc b mt S.

f
t
P
=
'

p = u
'
'
t
P
f P
= =
P = ( 1 + ) u
P = 2u
c
hv

c
hv

By gi ta xt trng hp chm tia sng ti b mt ca vt di mt gc i. n gin,
ta vn ch xt din tch n v S. Thit din thng ca chm tia l S cosi = cosi. S photon
ti S trong mt n v thi gian l nc.cosi ng vi mt ng lng c tr s l :
cos . cos
hv
P nc i u i
c
= =
v c phng l phng truyn ca tia sng.
Thnh phn ca P trn phng thng gc vi S l :
P
N
= P cosi = ucos
2
i
p sut nh sng by gi l :
P = P
N

Lp li cch chng minh tng t trng hp tia ti thng gc, ta c :
P = ( u ). cos
2
i
p sut nh sng rt nh. p sut nh sng do mt tri tc dng vo mt b mt trong
cc iu kin tt nht (gia tra, chiu thng gc, b mt phn x hon ton) cng ch vo
khong 10-5 N/m2 ngha l ch bng 10-10 ln p sut kh quyn chun nh (76 CmHg (
105 N/m2).

5. TC DNG HA HC CA NH SNG.
Rt nhiu phn ng ha hc ch xy ra di tc dng ca nh sng nh tc dng trn
phim nh, s cu to cht ozon t oxi do tc dng ca nh sng t ngoi, mt s ln phn
ng th ca cc hidrocarbon vi Clor, v.v... Tc dng ca nh sng trong cc phn ng ha
hc nh vy c gi l tc dng quang ha.
Vai tr ca nh sng c th ch l khi mo, sau phn ng ha hc t n tip din.
Cng c nhiu phn ng ch xy ra trong thi gian c chiu sng, v phn ng s ngng
khi s chiu sng chm dt.
Mt trong nhng phn ng quang ha c bit quan trng l phn ng quang tng hp
bi cy xanh vi carbon rt t kh carbonic (CO2) trong khng kh to thnh cc hp
cht hu c nh glucoz, celuloz, tinh bt, v.v... l nhng cht rt quan trng trong i sng
thc vt v ng vt. S tng hp ny phng thch kh O2 theo phn ng:
CO
2
+ H
2
O HCOH + O
2

Cht Aldehid formic to thnh (HCOH) li trng hp thnh glucoz hay cc hidrad
carbon khc.
Theo Einstein, trong cc phn ng quang ha mi mt phn t vt cht c hnh thnh
hay b phn tch ch hp th nng lng ca mt photon m thi.
T cc kt qu th nghim, ngi ta rt ra c cc nh lut sau :
* nh lut 1 :
Khi lng m ca cc cht c to thnh trong phn ng quang ha th t l vi quang
thng ( ca nh sng kch thch v vi thi gian chiu sng t
m = K . ( . t; K = hng s t l
* nh lut 2 :
N
i
s
Nng lng ca photon kch thch trong phn ng quang ha phi ln hn mt tr s w,
l nng lng cn thit phn tch hay to thnh mt phn t trong phn ng:
h w hay

hc
w

Nh vy ta thy cc nh sng c di sng ngn (tia t ngoi) ng vai tr c bit
quan trng trong cc phn ng quang ha.
C nhiu trng hp nng lng ca photon khng phi c hp th mt cch trc tip
bi cc cht tham gia trong phn ng, m phi qua mt cht trung gian, cht trung gian ny
c gi l cht nhy ha.
Th d phn ng to thnh nc nng (H2O2) bi H2O v O2
2H
2
O + O
2
2H
2
O
2
L phn ng quang ha do tc dng ca bc x 2536Ao ca thy ngn. Nhng hi nc
v Oxizen u khng hp th c bc x ny, nn ngi ta phi trn vo vi hi nc v
Oxizen mt t hi thy ngn. Hi thy ngn l cht trung gian, hp th mnh nng lng
ca photon 2536 Ao v truyn nng lng li cho cht chnh trong phn ng. Do qu trnh
trung gian ny phn ng trn xy ra rt nhanh.

w
hc
Chng XI

S PHT QUANG

1. NH NGHA.
Nhiu cht c tnh cht khi c ri ti mt chm tia sng thch hp th s pht ra nh
sng theo mi phng. nh sng pht ra c bc sng khc vi bc sng ca nh sng
kch thch.
Ty theo cch kch thch, ngi ta phn bit nhiu hin tng pht quang. Th d :
Nhit pht quang s pht sng do b t nng.
in pht quang, pht sng do s phng in trong kh km, do tc dng ca hiu
in th.
Cathod pht quang, kch thch bi tia m cc.
X pht quang: kch thch bi tia X, tia (, ...
Ha cht quang: do phn ng ha hc.
Trong chng ny, ta ch gii hn trong s kho st hin tng quang - pht quang.

2. PHT HUNH QUANG V PHT LN QUANG.
Trong hin tng quang pht quang, ta phn bit hai trng hp: pht hunh quang v
pht ln quang.
Trc kia, ngi ta phn bit nh sau: danh t pht hunh quang dng ch cc hin
tng m s pht quang ch xy ra trong thi gian kch thch. Khi ngng kch thch th s
pht hunh quang cng lp tc chm dt. Tri li, s pht ln quang ch cc hin tng pht
quang m thi gian pht quang cn ko di sau khi s kch thch chm dt.
Th d : S pht quang ca flluorescein l pht hunh quang, trong khi s pht quang
ca Culfur km l pht ln quang.
Ngy nay, vi k thut o c cc thi lng rt nh, ngi ta thy rng, thc ra hin
tng pht hunh quang khng phi chm dt ngay cng vi s kch thch m cn ko di
mt thi gian, d l rt ngn. Ngc li, ngi ta li thy nhiu hin tng pht ln quang
c thi gian ko di (sau khi ngng kch thch) thc ngn ngi. Nh vy ta khng th c
mt s phn bit r rng hai hin tng nu ch da vo thi gian pht quang ko di ni
trn.
Hin nay ngi ta phn bit c hai hin tng l nh tc dng ca nhit . Vi mt
cht pht hunh quang, thi gian pht quang khng ty thuc nhit . Tri li, vi mt cht
pht ln quang thi gian ny b chi phi r rt bi nhit : thi gian ny gim kh nhanh
khi ta tng nhit , v ngc li nu ta h nhit xung thp ti mt no th c th
lm ngng hon ton s pht ln quang. Hm lng hp th c trong thi gian kch thch
c tch tr li trong mi trng trong mt thi gian v hn nh, v c phng thch khi
ta tng nhit ca mi trng. Nh vy, vi hin tng pht ln quang, ngi ta c th
gi li nh sng trong mt mi trng bng cch p lnh, ngha l ngi ta c th
dnh nh sng. Qua s kho st nh hng ca nhit i vi thi gian pht quang, ta
thy rng pht hunh quang v pht ln quang l hai hin tng phn bit, xy ra vi hai c
ch khc nhau.
3. NH LUT STOKES.
Trong hin tng quang pht quang, ph pht quang mang tnh c trng ca cht kho
st. Vi cc cht hi pht quang, ni chung ph gm nhng di c th phn li thnh cc
vch, nhng vi cht lng hay cht rn th s phn li ny khng th thc hin c. Ngoi
ra, nh ta cp trong phn nh ngha, vi mt cht kho st nht nh, s pht quang
ch xy ra khi ta kch thch bng nh sng thch hp, th d: kho st hin tng pht quang
ca eosin, ta thy ph pht x nh hnh v 1.
Nng lng mang bi nh sng kch thch b hp th bi cht
kho st. Ph hp th c biu din bi ng cong K. Mt
phn ca nng lng hp th ny chuyn thnh nng lng phat
x. S bin thin ca nng lng pht x theo bc sng c
biu din bi ng cong P.
Cc th nghim cho thy, bc sng ng vi cc i ca
ng pht x bao gi cng ln hn bc sng ng vi cc i
ca ng hp th. l nh lut stokes. Chnh v nh lut
ny nn mun gy ra s pht quang nh sng thy c, thng
ta phi dng nh sng kch thch trong vng tm hay t ngoi.

4. KHO ST L THUYT HIN TNG PHT HUNH QUANG.
Trong hin tng pht hunh quang, cc ht pht x (nguyn t, phn t, ion) c kch
thch t trng thi cn bn (bn) ln trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng cao hn, trng
thi ny khng bn, nn sau mt thi gian cc ht t ng tr v trng thi cn bn, tr li
nng lng chng hp th (khi c kch thch) di dng nh sng. Hin tng ny
c gi l s pht x ngu sinh.
Gi s khi hp th nng lng hv = E3 - E1, ht
t trng thi cn bn ng vi mc nng lng E1
nhy ln E3. Sau mt thi gian t mc nng lng
E3 (t l i sng ca ht trng thi kch thch E3) ,
ht t ng ri xung mc nng lng E2 v pht ra
photon c nng lng hv
= E
3
- E
2
.
Khi c chiu bi chm tia sng kch thch,
khng phi tt c cc ht ca cht pht quang chu s
tc ng ca photon kch thch, m ch c mt phn,
gi s N ht (N t l vi cng ca nh sng kch
thch). n gin, ta xt trng hp s trao i nng lng xy ra gia hai mc nng
lng E (cn bn) v E* (kch thch). Vo mt thi im bt k trong thi gian pht quang,
N gm n ht trng thi c bn v n* ht trng thi kch thch.
N = n + n
*
Trong thi gian dt, s ht i t trng thi cn bn ln trng thi kch thch (t l vi n v
thi gian dt) l a.n.dt, s ht t trng thi kch thch ri tr v trng thi cn bn (t l vi
n* v dt) l b.n*.dt, trong a v b l cc hng s t l, c tr s dng. Nh vy trong thi
gian dt, s ht trng thi kch thch bin thin l:
H. 2

hv

hv

E
1
E
2
E
3
H. 1
P
K
dn* = an dt - bn
*
dt
= [ aN - (a + b)n
*
] dt

hay
Gii phng trnh ny, ta c :
( ) *
1
a b t
aN
n e
a b
+

=

+

Thi gian t tnh t lc bt u kch thch. Khi t = 0, ta c n*=O. Khi thi gian kch thch
tng, s ht trng thi kch thch tng theo v tin ti mt tr s gii hn l. Khi s ht
t trng thi cn bn nhy ln trng thi kch thch th bng s ht t trng thi kch thch
ri tr v trng thi cn bn tnh trong cng mt thi gian: an = bn*. Ta ni s pht quang
t ti ch n nh.
Cng nh sng pht quang I t l vi s ht ri tr v mc c bn trong mt n v
thi gian. Ta c th vit
I = bn
*

ng vi ch n nh, ta c :

ab
I N
a b
=
+

M ta bit N t l vi cng Io ca nh sng kch thch, do I cng t l vi Io. Tuy
nhin N khng th ln hn tng s ht pht quang c trong cht kho st, do khi tng Io,
cng pht quang I khng th tng mi m s t ti ch bo ha.
Khi ta ngng kch thch, s pht x ngu sinh vn tip tc trong mt thi gian. S ht
trng thi kch thch gim dn theo h thc.
Hay
*
.
*
dn*
bn*
dt
dn
b dt
n
=
=

Suy ra
* * bt
o
n n e
=
Vi = s ht trng thi kch thch vo lc t = 0, thi gian t tnh t lc ngng kch
thch.
Hnh v 3 biu din s bin thin ca n* theo thi gian

( ) aN n b a
dt
dn
= + +
*
*
trong khi kch
thch
t
n
*
sau khi ngng
kch thch
H. 3
- i sng trung bnh trng thi kch thch.
Xt mt thi im t (t = 0 lc ngng kch thch). Trong thi gian dt k tip, s ht t
trng thi kch thch t nhin ri tr v trng thi cn bn l bn*dt. V dt rt nh nn ta c
th coi cc ht ny trng thi kch thch trong cng mt thi gian l t. Vy thi gian
tng cng ng vi s ht trn l bn*dt.t. Thi gian t c th ly t 0 ti (, do i sng
trung bnh ca ht trng tha kch thch l :

Suy ra
1
b
=

b c gi l xc sut pht x
Vy n* = no* e-t/ (

5. HIU SUT PHT HUNH QUANG.
Ta thy cc ht pht quang c vai tr nh cc my bin i nh sng : hp th nh sng
kch thch v bin i thnh nh sng pht quang. Thc ra, khng phi tt c cc ht b
kch thch, khi ri tr v mc cn bn, u pht hunh quang, m mt phn ca cc ht ny
nhng nng lng m chng hp th cho cc ht xung quanh di dng chuyn ng.
Do cc ht ny khi tr v mc cn bn s khng pht x. Nh vy, trong mt n v thi
gian, s ht ri tr v mc cn bn khng phi ch gm bn* ht pht hunh quang m l bn*
+ cn* (cn* l s ht ri v mc cn bn trong mt n v thi gian m khng pht hunh
quang, c l mt h s dng).
Do o, i sng trung bnh ca ht trng thi kch thch khng phi l m thc ra l
:
Hiu sut pht hunh quang c nh ngha l :
*
* *
bn b
bn cn b c
= =
+ +

Hay = b

Ta thy hng s. Vy t l c trng cho hin tng pht hunh quang n gin.

6. NH HNG CA NHIT .
Hiu sut pht quang trn c th vit l :

Trong J l quang thng pht quang, A l quang thng hp th hay
1
1 /
J
A c b
=
+

=
=
0
0
*
. .
. . * .
1
dt t e b
dt t n b
n
bt
o

c b
b
A
J
+
= =
Gi s cc ht tr v trng thi cn bn m khng pht quang l do s ng th trong
cng thc trn, b l hng s i vi nhit trong khi c thay i theo nhit .
Nu ta tha nhn rng, trong mt khong nhit gii hn no quang thng hp th
A c lp vi nhit v tha nhn c= 0 nhit T = 0ok th :
Vi Jo l quang thng pht quang 0ok
hay A = J
o

Suy ra

Vy l mt hm bc nht theo c khi nhit tng th c tng, do cng pht
quang gim.

7. O THI GIAN PHT QUANG.
Ta xt trng hp quang pht quang n gin c cng pht quang gim i theo cng
thc :
I = I
o
. e
-t/
t = thi gian tnh t lc ngng kch thch
( = thi gian pht quang trung bnh
My u tin o thi gian l ln quang nghim Becquerel. My gm hai a trn A
v B, trn mi a c c cc l thng cch u nhau. Cc l thng trn hai a khng i
din nhau m xen k. Hai a A v B gn trn cng mt trc quay. Cht pht quang gia
hai a v l lp mng nh sng truyn qua c. Cht pht quang c chiu sng (kch
thch) qua mt l ca a ny, gi s a A, v c quan st qua mt l ca a kia (a B).
Gi s mi a c n l v quay vi vn tc N vng/s. Cht pht quang c kch thch khi
mt l thng ca a A quay n trc n v c quan st khi mt l thng ca a B quay
n trc . B rng ca cc l thng kh hp s kch thch v s quan st c coi nh
tc thi.

Thi gian t lc kch thch ti lc quan st l :
1
2
t
Nn
=
b
c
j
J
o
+ =1
B
A
H. 4
A
B
T cng thc I = Io e -t/(, suy ra:
1
log
2
o
LogI I
Nn
=
Cho N thay i mt lot tr s v o cc cng I tng ng. V ng biu din ca
Log I theo, ta c mt ng thng. Bit c h s gc ca ng ny ta suy ra thi
gian (.
Vi ln quang nghim ny, ngi ta c th o c nhng thi gian ( kh ngn (10-
4s).
Cc th nghim sau ny thc hin bi Wood c th o c nhng thi gian ( ngn hn
nhiu. Wood cht pht quang trn mt a quay v to trn cht ny nh im ca ngun
sng kch thch. Nu s pht quang xy ra tc thi, khi quan st a quay ta ch thy mt
im sng. Nu s pht quang ko di, ta c mt cung sng. Da vo chiu di ca cung
ny, Wood xc nh c thi gian. Th d, trong mt th nghim vi platino cyanua
barium, Wood o c .
Nhng thi gian pht quang cc ngn ca cc cht lng c th o bng phng php ca
Gaviola, cc dng c thit b nh hnh v 5.

nh sng kch thch pht x t ngun S, i qua t bo Ker C cha nitrobenzen t gia
hai nicol cho gc N1 v N2, ti cht pht quang P. nh sng t P pht ra i qua t bo Ker
C(cha nitrobenzen) t gia nicol cho gc N1 v N2 ti quan st vin O. Cc t bo
Ker C v C c t ng b vi mt in trng cao tn, gi s c tn s N = 5.106 hertz.
Nh vy ivi chm tia kch thch v chm tia pht quang, cc h thng (I) v (II) cho nh
sng i qua mt cch ng b vi chu k l giy. Gi ( = thi gian nh sng i qua
qung ng CPC (( < T).
Nu s pht quang xy ra tc thi th s khng c nh sng ti 0. Nu hin tng pht
quang ko di th chnh nh sng pht ra bi p, sau khi p b kch thch mt thi gian t = T - (,
s ti c sau khi nh sng kch thch ti C mt thi gian l T, do i qua c h thng (II)
v ti 0. Bng cch gim qung ng CFC, ngha l gim (, ta lm tng t. Khi khng cn
nh sng ti 0, ta c t = (. Vi phng php ny ta c th o c cc thi gian ( kh nh so
vi chu k T.
Kho st dung dch fluoresein, Gaviola o c thi gian pht quang trung bnh vo
khong t 10-8 giy ti 10-9 giy.

O
(II)
(I)
C
C
S
N
2
N
1
P
N
2
N
1
H. 5
8. HIN TNG PHT HUNH QUANG CHM V PHT LN QUANG.
Trong phn trn, ta xt mt loi pht quang trong ch c s tham gia ca cc mc
nng lng thng (mc cn bn v mc kch thch). Cc hin tng pht quang nh vy
c gi l pht hunh quang n gin. Mt loi hin tng pht quang th hai trong c
s tham gia ca mc nng lng gii n (metastable), l trng hp pht hunh quang
chm, hoc pht ln quang.
Mt ht khng th trc tip t mc nng lng c bn E nhy ln mc nng lng gii
n E m phi qua trung gian ca mt mc nng lng kch thch E* cao hn. T mc nng
lng gii n, hai c ch sau y c th xy ra.

- Hoc ht t ng ri tr v mc cn bn (hnh 6a). l mt loi hin tng pht
hunh quang, nhng c thi gian pht quang ko di hn (so vi pht hunh quang n
gin). V vy c gi l pht hunh quang chm. Thi gian pht hunh quang trung bnh
ng vi hin tng pht quang chm vo khong t 10-4 giy ti 1 pht, trong khi thi
gian ny ng vi hin tng pht hunh quang n gin trong khong t 10-10 giy ti
10-4 giy.
- Hoc ht do tc ng bn ngoi, nhy ln mc kch thch E* cao hn, ri t ng ri
tr v mc cn bn. l hin tng pht ln quang (hnh 6b), trong hin tng ny, mc
nng lng gii n c coi l hon ton bn nu khng c tc ng ca bn ngoi. Ngoi
ra, ta thy t mc cn bn ln mc gii n, hay t mc gii n xung mc cn bn, u xy
ra mt cch gin tip. Thi gian ht nm mc gii n c th ko di v hn.. Ta thy mc
ny ging nh mt ci by nng lng.
Nu ta h nhit xung thp lm gim tn s ng gia cc ht, thi gian pht ln
quang s tng ln. i sng trung bnh ca ht mc gii n c th ko di v hn nu ta
h nhit xung ti mt mc no .
Ngi ta cn phn bit hai loi pht ln quang
Pht ln quang Perrin, xy ra vi cht lng v cht kh. Gia hai qu trnh hp th v
pht x, cc phn t tri qua mt trng thi trung gian v ch pht ln quang khi nhn
c mt s cung cp nng lng ca mi trng.
Pht ln quang Becquerel - Lenard, xy ra vi cc cht rn kt tinh. Trong qu trnh
pht ln quang ny c mt s ion ha ni. Mt in t b bt ra khi nguyn t
pht quang c mt t do no . Khi in t ny ti hp vi nguyn t th s
pht x ln quang xy ra.

Huynh quang cham
E

E
E
*
(a)

Lan quang
E

E
E
*
(b)

H. 6
9. CHT TNG HOT - TM C.
Khi kho st s pht quang ca mt cht, ngi ta thy rng nu trn vo cht ny mt
cht kim thch hp th s pht quang mnh hn rt nhiu so vi cht pht quang nguyn cht
lc u.
Th d : Trn tht u bt CdI2 v PbI2 trong aceton v cho kt tinh. Ta c mt
phm vt c tnh pht quang mnh hn nhiu so vi CdI2 tnh cht. Ta bo cht CdI2
c tng hot cht kim a vo (Pb) c gi l cht tng hot. Cht ban u (CdI2) c
gi l cht cn bn. Mt cht pht quang c cht tng hot, th d trng hp CdI2 tng hot
bi ch, c k hiu nh sau : CdI
2
(Pb).
Tng t ta c th tng hot CdI2 bi ng hay Mn.Sulfur km c th tng hot bi Ag,
Cu, ......
T l ca cht tng hot trong cht cn bn c nh hng r rt ti cng pht quang
v ta c mt t l xc nh cng pht quang mnh nht. S hin din ca cht tng
hot khng nhng lm tng cng pht quang m cn c th lm thay i ph pht
quang.
Ngc li vi s tng hot, s hin din ca cc cht nh Fe, Co, Ni c th lm mt tnh
pht quang ca mt cht. Cc kim cht trn c gi l cc tm c. Th nghim cho thy
r hin tng ny nhng ngi ta cha th gii thch c ti sao.

10. S NHY HA.
Ta xt s pht quang ca pht pht calci Ca3(PO4)2. Nu cht tng hot l Mangan v
nu kch thch bng tia m cc th pht quang nh sng . Nhng khi kch thch bng tia t
ngoi 2500Ao th li khng pht quang.
Nu tng hot bng Sri (Ce) v kch thch bng tia t ngoi trn (2500Ao) th thy pht
quang nh sng t ngoi 3500Ao.
By gi tng hot c Ce v Mn v kch thch bng nh sng 2500Ao th ta thy nh sng
pht quang gm c vch 3500Ao v vch ni trn.
Ngi ta gii thch nh sau: Khi c kch thch bng tia 2500Ao, Ce chuyn nng
lng kch thch cho cht tng hot Mn, nh vy, mt cch gin tip, pht pht calci vi
cht tng hot l Mn b kch thch bi tia 2500Ao. S chuyn nng lng gia hai tm
sng nh trn (t tm sng c cha Ce sang tm sng c cha Mn) c gi l s nhy ha.
Ce c gi l cht nhy ha.

Chng XII

LASER

1. S PHT MINH LASER.
Vic pht minh ra tia Laser bt ngun t cc c gng ca cc nh khoa hc mun tm
c cch sn xut cc lung sng v tuyn c bc sng tht ngn. Trong k thut v
tuyn, ngi ta bit rng : Mun to c cc lung sng v tuyn c bc sng cng ngn
th phi c cc my pht sng c kch thc cng nh. Nh vy, cc k thut gia trc mt
vn nan gii l : Khng th ch to c cc my pht sng c kch thc qu nh.
gii quyt kh khn ny, ngi ta ngh ti loi my pht sng v cng nh c sn trong
thin nhin : l cc nguyn t, cc phn t vt cht. Thc vy, chng ta bit nh sng
l loi sng in t c di sng ngn pht ra bi cc nguyn t hay phn t. Vy s b
tc ni trn ca ngnh v tuyn, trn nguyn tc c th c gii quyt. Tuy nhin, mt vn
rt kh t ra trc cc nh khoa hc, k thut l: Lm th no bt cc my pht sng t
hon hot ng theo mun ca con ngi. V chng ta bit, s pht sng nh sng
ca cc nguyn t, phn t xy ra hon ton ngu nhin, t pht, khng iu khin c.
Cc nguyn t trong mt ngun sng pht ra nh sng theo tt c mi phng vi v s
bc sng khc nhau. Cc sng c pht ra khng c lin h g vi nhau v bin cng
nh v pha. Mt ngun sng nh vy khng c li ch g trong k thut v tuyn.
Qu trnh gii quyt vn ny (iu khin c cc bc x pht ra bi cc nguyn t,
phn t) a n s pht minh ra MASER (vit tt ca Microwave Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation) v LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
of Radiation).
Hai nh bc hc Lin X Prkhrp v Basp v nh bc hc M Townes l nhng
ngi ng gp rt nhiu trong vic a n cc pht minh trn (lnh chung gii Nobel
v vt l nm 1964).
My Maser u tin c thc hin nm 1954 M v Lin X.
Thng 7/1960, my Laser u tin xut hin do cng trnh ca Maimain.

2. S PHT X KCH NG.
Ta bit rng s pht x bi cc ht (nguyn t, phn t, ion) trong cc ngun sng
thng thng l cc qu trnh xy ra mt cch t pht, hon ton ngu nhin. Khi nhn c
mt nng lng thch hp, ht s t trng thi bn nhy ln trng thi kch thch c mc
nng lng cao hn. Sau mt thi gian, ht s ri tr v trng thi bn v phng thch nng
lng ( hp th) di dng nh sng, ngha l pht ra photon.
Nm 1917, khi nghin cu qu trnh tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht, Einstein cho
rng : Khng nhng cc ht pht x mt cch ngu nhin nh trn m cn c th pht x do
tc ng ca bn ngoi. Khi ta chiu vo h mt bc x, th cc ht ang mc nng lng
kch thch E2 s ri tr v cn bn E1 v pht ra bc x : l hin tng bc x kch thch
ng (hay bc x ng, bc x cng bc). y l c s hot ng ca my Laser.
By gi ta xt trng hp n gin : cc ht thay i gia hai mc nng lng E1 (cn
bn) v E2 (kch thch). Khi ta kch thch bng quang t (photon) c nng lng.
h = E
2
E
1
Th cc ht t mc E1 s nhy ln mc E2. Gi s vo mt thi im t, h kho st c n1
ht mc cn bn E1 v n2 ht mc kch thch E2. S ht t mc E1 nhy ln mc E2
trong thi gian t thi im t ti thi im t = t + dt l :
- dn
1
= Bn
1
dt
B : l mt h s dng, c gi l xc xut hp th.
( : l mt nng lng kch thch.
S ht ngu nhin ri tr v mc cn bn trong thi gian trn l:
- dn
2
= A n
2
dt
A : h s dng, c gi l xc xut pht x t nhin.
S ht pht x do kch ng trong cng thi gian trn l:
- dn
*
2
= Bn
2
dt
B: xc xut pht x kch ng, gi thuyt bng xc xut hp th.
Khi h t ti s cn bng nhit ng lc hc, s ht mc E2 khng thay i, vy s
ht i ln mc E2 phi bng s ht ri tr v mc cn bn.
- dn
1
= - dn
2
dn
*
2
Hay Bn
1
dt = A n
2
dt + Bn
2
dt
Suy ra Bn
1
= (A + B ) n
2

Vy
Ngha l s ht mc nng lng kch thch E2 (cao hn) bao gi cng t hn mc
nng lng cn bn E1 (thp hn).
Tm li, khi ta chiu vo h mt chm tia sng kch thch c nng lng photon l h( th
trong mt thi gian dt s lm cho mt s ht t trng thi c bn E1 nhy ln trng thi kch
thch E2 (s hp th), trong thi gian , mt s ht t mc E2 t pht ri tr v E1, mt s
ht khc b ng vi photon kch thch cng ri tr v E1 (s pht x ngu nhin v pht x
kch ng). Nhng lun lun n2 < n1. Do , cc photon kch thch h( gp cc ht mc E1
nhiu hn gp cc ht mc E2, ngha l hin tng hp th mnh hn hin tng pht x
nh sng. V vy, iu kin bnh thng, khi i qua mt mi trng vt cht bao gi nh
sng cng b yu i.
Khi mt photon h( gp mt ht trng thi kch thch v lm ht ny ri tr v mc cn
bn th photon c ht phng thch cng l h( (nng lng do ht hp th khi i t E1 ln
E2), photon mi sinh ra ny hon ton ging photon kch
ng (v hng i, bc sng, sng, pha, tnh phn cc).
Nh vy kt qu ca s kch ng l t mt photon ti
ht, ta c hai photon pht x.

H. 1

hv

hv

E
1
E
2
hv

3. S KHUYCH I NH SNG I QUA MT MI TRNG.
By gi ta th gi thuyt c mt trng hp: Trong mt mi trng s ht trng thi
kch thch ln hn s ht trng thi cn bn : n2 > n1. Trong trng hp ny, photon kch
ng s gp cc ht trng thi kch thch nhiu hn trng thi cn bn. Khi hin
tng bc x s mnh hn hin tng hp th v kt qu ngc vi trng hp trn, khi
truyn qua mi trng, nh sng mnh hn ln. Thc vy, khi mt photon kch ng gp
mt ht trng thi kch thch v gy ra s pht x th mt photon thnh hai. C nh th s
photon tng ln rt nhanh, V khi truyn qua mi trng, ta c mt chm tia sng c
cng mnh.
Nh vy, vn l: Mun c mt chm tia sng cc mnh bng cch c khuych i
ln nh trn, ta phi lm cch no c n2 > n1. l s o ngc dn s. Mi trng khi
b o ngc dn s nh vy c gi l mi trng hot tnh.
s ht c nng lng cao nhiu hn ht s ht c nng lng thp, ngi ta phi cung
cp nng lng cho mi trng, phi bm nng lng cho n. Mt trong cc cch lm
nghch o dn s l phng php bm quang hc. K thut ny a n gii Nobel v
vt l cho nh bc hc Php Kastler nm 1966 (cng trnh ny ca Kastler c thc hin t
nm 1950). Kastler dng mt chm tia sng c cng mnh lm bm bm nng
lng cho mi trng khin n tr thnh hot tnh. Phng php bm quang hc thng
c dng vi cc cht rn v cht lng. Vi laser kh, ngi ta thng nghch o dn s
bng cch phng in trong kh km.

4. B CNG HNG.
Vi iu kin n2 > n1, mi trng cho kh nng c th thc hin s khuych i cng
nh sng, nhng mun c c mt chm tia Laser c c tnh nh hng cao th ch
c mi trng hot tnh th cha , m cn cn mt b phn gi l b cng hng. B
phn ny va c tc dng tng cng cng nh sng, va c tc dng nh hng chm
tia laser khi n phng ra khi my. Trong trng hp n gin nht, b phn cng hng
gm hai gng phng M1 v M2, thit tr hai u my.
Cc photon c phng di chuyn thng gc vi hai gng s di i, di li nhiu ln
trong mi trng hot tnh. Nh vy b phn cng hng ng vai tr nh mt ci by nh
sng. Trong khi phn chiu qua li nh th, cc photon p vo cc ht trng thi kch
thch, lm phng thch cc photon khc. Cc photon ny li phn chiu qua li gia M1 v
M2, p vo cc ht trng thi kch thch v li lm bt ra cc photon mi na, c nh th
cng nh sng tng ln rt mnh.
Cc photon ny khng di chuyn thng gc vi hai gng th sau mt hi di chuyn,
chng b lt ra ngoi my.

5. THM PHT X KCH NG.
Ta nhn thy trong cch cu to trn ca my laser, c th mt phn nng lng s b
mt i do s phn chiu trn hai gng M1, M2 v do s nhiu x lm lch phng di
chuyn ca cc photon. Do , ta ch thc s c hin tng khuych i cng nh sng
nu cng sut P sinh ra do s pht x kch ng ln hn cng sut P b mt i

Ta c
h
dt
dn
dt
dw
P = =

dn/dt l s photon pht ra do s pht x kch ng trong mt n v thi gian.

Vy P = (n2 n1)B ( h(
* Mt nng lng do phn chiu :
Trn thc t, nng sut phn x ( ca cc gng bao gi cng nh hn 1. Do mt
phn nh sng b mt i do s phn x trn cc gng. Cng nh sng mt i trong mt
n v thi gian do s phn x l :

vi

L = chiu di gia hai gng M1 v M2
C = vn tc truyn sng.
* Mt nng lng do nhiu x :

Mt phn nh sng cng b mt i do hin tng nhiu x khi nh sng ti cc gng
M1 v M2. Cng nh sng mt i trong mt n v thi gian do hin tng ny l :

vi

Cng gim tng cng l :

Vi

My cng tt th T c tr s cng ln, nng lng mt i do cc hin tng trn cng
nh.
T iu kin P > P hay (n2 n1) B( h( > P, ta suy ra
(tr s dng)

( )
( ) B n n
dt
dn
dt
dn
dt
dn
1 2
1
*
2
=
=
1
T
I
dt
dt
px
=
) 1 (
1

=
C
L
T
2 nx
dI I
dt T
=
C
D
T
2
2
=
T
I
T T
I
dt
dI
=
+ =
2 1
1 1

2 1
1 1 1
T T T
+ =
h B
p
n n
'
1 2
>
T Bh
n n
T
P
1
1 2
'
> =
M
1
H. 2

L

D

M
2
P c tnh bi cng thc

Nh vy mun c c s khuych i cng nh sng, khng nhng ta phi c iu
kin u tin n2 > n1 m n2 n1 phi ln hn mt tr s (dng) xc nh. Tr s ny c
gi l thm pht x kch ng. Ta c tr s cng ln th thm pht x kch ng cng thp.
Ch khi vo n2 n1 vt qua thm, th mi c nh sng laser pht ra.

6. CC C TNH CA TIA LASER.
1. Tnh n sc.
Cc photon pht x kch ng mang cng mt nng lng h( nn nh sng rt n sc.
Nu xt nh sng pht ra bi ngc hng to th trong trng hp laser, b rng PP ca vch
6943Ao hp khong 10-4 ln so vi b rng QQ ca vch ny trong trng hp pht x
thng thng.
2. Tnh iu hp .
Vi mt ngun sng thng thng, nh sng
pht ra bi cc ht l nh sng khng iu hp
nhau, ngha l khng c mt s lin h no v
pha gia cc chn ng pht ra bi cc ht. Trong
trng hp ngun sng laser, cc photon pht ra
u ng pha nn nh sng laser l mt chm nh
sng iu hp. Chnh v vy, chm tia laser c th gy ra nhng tc dng rt mnh (tng
hp cc chn ng ng pha).
3. Tnh song song.
Chm tia laser pht ra song song vi trc, vi mt gc loe rt nh.
Nm 1962, mt chm tia laser c chiu ln mt trng c gc loe l 3 x 10-5 rad.

7. CH TO LASER.
1. Laser hng ngc (Ngc hng to).

Hng ngc (Rubis) l tnh th oxid nhm Al2O3 c ln mt lng nho ion Cr +++,
chnh cc ion Cr +++ ny ng vai tr ht hot tnh. Loi my ny gm mt thanh hng
ngc hnh tr di vi cm, ng knh vi mm (gn y ngi ta dng thanh hng ngc ti
20cm) lm o ngc dn s.

M
1
H. 4

M
2
(A
o)
Q

Q

2
M
I
(A
o)
I

I
M
P

P

6943

H. 3

Khi my t in phng in vo n Xnon, n pht ra xung nh sng c cng rt
mnh ri vo thanh hng ngc trong mt thi gian ngn. Cc xung pht ra lin tip ny
bm nng lng bin mi trng thnh hot tnh. Cc photon do n pht ra ti thng
gc vi thanh hng ngc. Cc ion Cr +++ hp th nh sng trong vng vng lc ca n
chiu ti, nhy t mc nng lng c bn E1 ln mc nng lng E3. i sng mc ny
rt ngn nn gn nh tc thi cc ht Cr +++ ri xung mc nng lng E2 c i sng kh
di (( 5.10-3s), chnh v vy ht mc E2 mi c th ln hn s ht mc E1.
Khi b kch thch, cc ion Cr +++ t E2 ri tr v mc cn bn E1 v pht nh sng
c di sng 6.943Ao. cc photon ny di chuyn song song vi trc ca thanh hng ngc,
b di i di li gia hai gng M1 v M2 khin s photon tng ln nhanh v gp bi, khi
vt qua thm pht x kch thch, tia laser bn ra ngoi.

Nh vy ta thy laser hng ngc to hot ng theo ch pht xung. Tia laser bn
ra cch nhau chng vi pht, tc ng mi ln trong mt thi gian rt ngn (( 10-6s) v pht
ra mt nng lng ( 0,1 joule, ngha l c cng sut 105 watt (trong thi gian tiu th ti
1.000J).
Ngi ta cng ch to c laser hng ngc pht x lin tc nhng cng sut rt yu.
2. Laser kh He Ne.
Trong hn hp ny, Ne l cht chnh, cn He ch ng vai tr trung gian (cht mi). S
d phi cn cht mi v nng sut hp th ca Ne km v nht l mc nng lng ca Ne
hp nn nu kch thch trc tip Ne th gp phi kh khn l phi c nh sng kch thch rt
n sc.
ng cha hn hp kh He Ne c hnh tr di 1m. ng knh 25mm. Hai u ng l
hai tm knh trong sut A v B nghing sao cho gc ti ca tia sng l gc ti Brewster (
lm gim nh sng mt i do phn chiu).

Nguyn t He b kch thch nhy t mc c bn E1 ln mc E4 v chuyn nng lng
ca nguyn t Ne ang mc c bn.

A
M
2
i
B
M
1
B
H. 6
H.5
E
3
E
2
6943A
E
1

Cc nguyn t Ne mc nng lng kch thch nhy xung mc E3 ri ri xung E2
pht ra nh sng 6328Ao. S ht mc E2 nh nn s o ngc dn s d thc hin
hn v s pht x ch i hi mt thm nng lng tng i nh hn trng hp Laser
hng ngc.
Laser He Ne hot ng theo h pht x lin tc nhng cng sut rt yu (vi
miliwatt). Tia sng Laser bn ra qua l thng gng M2.
Ngy nay, ngi ta thc hin c s pht x laser vi rt nhiu mi trng khc nhau :
rn, lng hay kh cht bn dn.

8. NG DNG CA LASER.
- Dng to cc mt nng lng rt ln, nhit cao.
- V tnh n sc nn rt c dng trong vic p dng vo giao thoa k hc .
- p dng vo ngnh v tuyn in.
- o khong cch v nh v tr
- Trong y khoa gii phu cc t bo.
- Hng dn mc tiu.
- Chp nh ton k.
v.v..

9. GII THIU V QUANG HC PHI TUYN.
Quang hc kho st vi cc ngun sng thng thng (khng phi l ngun laser) c
gi l quang hc tuyn tnh. Cc ngun sng thng thng ny cho ta cc chm bc x vi
cng in trng tng i yu (khong 103 V/cm) so vi cng in trng bn
trong nguyn t (t 107 V/cm n 109 V/cm). Khi cc chm tia bc x ny truyn qua mt
mi trng th s to ra vct phn cc in l mt hm tuyn tnh theo in trng ca
bc x truyn qua.

( ) ( )
, , P t E t =
r r r r
H. 7
E
1
E
4
He

He
*
E
1
E
3
E
4
6328A
o
E
2
Ne

Ne
*
He
*
+ Ne Ne
*
+ He
Trong mi trng ng hng, ( l mt v hng v c gi l cm in mi tuyn
tnh ca mi trng.
Trong mt mi trng d hng t nhin, ta phi thay th biu thc trn bi biu thc
tens. Vi mt thnh phn Pi ca, ta c:
( ) ( )
, ,
i ij j
P t E t =
r r r

Trong (ij l cc phn t ca mt tens cp 2, gi l tens cm in mi tuyn tnh.
Trong quang hc tuyn tnh, ta thy cc tnh cht quang hc ca mi trng ty thuc
vo tn s ca bc x truyn qua v khng ty thuc vo cng in trng ca bc x
ny.
Sau s ra i ca bc x laser, vi cc chm tia laser c cng in trng kh mnh
(t 105 V/cm ti 108 V/cm), xp s vi cng in trng bn trong nguyn t. Ngi ta
thy cc tnh cht quang hc ca mi trng khng nhng ty thuc vo tn s ca bc x
tng tc m cn ty thuc cng in trng ca bc x ny. ng thi ghi nhn c
nhiu hiu ng quang hc mi do s tng tc ca cc chm ti laser vi mi trng. T
, hnh thnh mt ngnh quang hc mi, c gi l quang hc phi tuyn tnh. Danh t
ny bt ngun t biu thc phi tuyn tnh gia vct phn cc in v in trng.
y ta c biu thc tng qut hn gia v

( )
i ij j
j
P E E =
r

Trong tens cm in mi ( ph thuc vo in trng.
Khai trin (ij (E) theo cc ly tha ca cng in trng vi s gn ng bc nht,
ta c :
( )
k
k
ij ij ij
E E

+ =
r

Vy ta c biu thc phi tuyn tnh gia v nh sau:
i ij j ijk j k
j jk
P E E E = +

Trong (ij l cc phn t ca tens cm in mi tuyn tnh. (ijk l cc phn t ca
tens cm in mi phi tuyn.
j
j
ij
t
i
E P

= la thanh phan cua vect phan cc tuyen tnh.
k j
k j
ijk
pt
i
E E P

=
,
la thanh phan cua vect phan cc phi tuyen.
Ta c Pi = Pit + Pipt

10. S LC V MT S HIU NG QUANG PHI TUYN.
1. S pht sinh sng ha tn bc hai (SHH).
l hin tng khi chiu vo mi trng mt chm laser c tn s ( th khi bc x l
ra khi mi trng, ta thy xut hin thm mt bc x mi c tn s 2(. Ta c th thc hin
s pht SHH bng cch cho mt chm tia laser hng ngc c cng sut trung bnh (( 10 kw)
hi t vo mt mt bn tinh th thch anh. Trong nh sng l, ngi ta thy xut hin mt
bc x mi c bc sng bng mt na bc sng ca laser hng ngc. SHH ny, trong cc
th nghim u tin c cng rt yu ( 1 miliwat).
Cn lu l khng phi mi mi trng u c kh nng pht SHH. Th d khng th
to ra s pht SHH vi mt mi trng ng hng hoc vi mt tinh th c tm i xng
nghch o.
L thuyt v thc nghim cho thy lm tng hiu sut bin i t sng c bn (laser
chiu ti mi trng) thnh SHH, ngi ta phi cho chm tia laser (song song hoc hi t
yu) i qua mt tinh th theo mt phng c bit sao cho chit sut ca sng c bn v ca
SHH bng nhau. iu kin ny c gi l s iu hp chit sut. Trong cc th nghim ca
nhm Maker v Giordmaine thc hin vi tinh th KDP (KH2PO4) v vi laser hng ngc,
ngi ta thy phng c bit ny lm vi trc quang hc ca tinh th mt gc ( 50o.
2. S pht sng ha tn bc ba (SHB).
Hin tng pht sng ha tn bc ba c thc hin vi calcit bi nhm nghin cu
Terhune, sng mi pht sinh c tn s gp ba ln tn s bc x laser c bn.
3. S t hp tn s.
y c coi l hiu ng bin i tng qut hn v tn s bc x do tng tc vi mi
trng.
Cc th nghim u tin v t hp tn s c thc hin trong tinh th TGS
(Triglycine Sulphate) nhit ca N2 lng vi hai chm tia laser c hiu s bc sng l
(( = 8Ao, ngi ta ghi nhn c, ngoi cc SHH, mt bc x tng tn ((1 + (2)
Ngi ta cng thc hin c cc th nghim trong ghi nhn c s pht sinh ca
bc x hiu tn (
1
-
2
).
Cc th nghim trn c thc hin ln u tin nm 1962.
4. S hi t ca chm tia sng.
Khi chiu mt chm tia laser song song i qua mt mi trng, th d CS2, chm tia
laser lm cho mi trng tr thnh khng ng tnh; chit sut ca mi trng tng dn khi
i t ngoi vo trung tm chm tia, khin chm tia laser b hi t li. Nng lng ca chm
tia thay v b tiu tn nh trng hp thng thng, th y c tp trung li trong mt
con knh nh sng c thit din hp.

5. S bin mt gii hn trong hiu ng quang in.
Vi cc chm tia laser c cng t ti gi tr mnh, hiu ng quang in ngoi
xy ra vi nhng tn s thp hn tn s ngng.

H. 8

Chuyen de Quang Hoc

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chuyen de Quang Hoc

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG THPT CHUYEN HUNG VNG

Hgao dong cung pha.

. \ay hcu quang lo cuo cung la:

duoc d}nh nghia la nang suat ga cua cach tu

(tng phn pha

d I dJ . cos . 2 sin . 2 sin cos

d I dJ . sin . 2 sin . 2 sin cos

la moment lng cc ng vi mot n v the tch cua moi trng. Ta co:

la gii han cua n khi cho tien ti vo cc, ta thay ngay

ln lt l h s chi nng lng n sc v h s hp th ca vt M ti

l h s t l. Ngi ta chng minh c E

c gi l cng ring ca bc x nhit trong chn khng.

, ta thy h s chi nng lng n sc e

theo th t l h s chi nng lng n sc v h s hp th ca mt

l h s chi nng lng n sc ca vt en, theo nh lut Kirchhoff, t s

E = E (, T) l mt hm ph bin theo nhit T v di sng , khng ty

ca vt en cng khng ty thuc bn cht v cch thc hin n, ni

l h s chi nng lng n sc ca vt en v

). ng cong biu din s bin thin ca E

vo khe f. Ti khe ny, ta t mt l kim loi nh k bi en hp th nng

) theo ( hay chnh l ng c trng ph

do t l vi nng lng bc x (gm cc

) pht ra bi mt n v din tch ca vt en A, trong

You might also like