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com
CHUYN TH TCH
Bi 1
Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c y l tam gic vung B,cnh
SA (ABC)
. T A k AD SB v AE SC . Bit AB = a, BC = b, SA =
c.Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ADE?

Phn tch - tm li gii

AD,AE l cc ng cao trong tam gic SAB,SAC

A
B
C
D
E
S
Tnh ng cao:
ABC vung ti B nn AB BC
Gi thit cho :
SA (ABC)
SA BC
BC (ABC)
AD BC
AD l ng cao trong tam gic SAB

AD SB

AD (SBC)

AD SC
Mt khc : AE SC
SC (ADE)
Hay SE l ng cao ca hnh chp S.ADE
di SE:

2 2 2 2
AS.AB AS.AB a.c
AD
SB
AS AB a c

+ +

2 2
2 2 2 2 2
AS.AC SA.AC c. a b
AE
SB
SA AC a b c
+

+ + +
p dng Pytago trong tam gic SAE c:

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
c (a b )
SE AS AE c
a b c
+

+ +
=
2
2 2 2
c
a b c + +
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Din tch tam gic ADE:
DE =
2 2
AE AD +
=
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
c .b
(a b c ).(a c ) + + +
S =
1
.AD.AE
2
=
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 c .b ac
. .
2
(a b c ).(a c ) a c + + + +

=
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
1 a.c .b
.
2
(a b c ).(a c ) + + +
Th tch:
V =
1 1
.SE. .AD.DE
3 2
=
3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 c 1 a.c .b
. .
3 2
a b c (a b c ).(a c ) + + + + +

2 4
2 2 2 2 2
1 a.b .c
.
6 (a c )(a b c )

+ + +

Xt mt cch gii khc nh sau:

DE (SAB)
BC (SAB) => DE // BC
Pytago trong cc tam gic vung:
SD
2
= AS
2
- AD
2
; SE
2
= AS
2
- AE
2
SB
2
= SA
2
+AB
2
SC
2
= SA
2
+AC
2
= SA
2
+ AB
2
+ AC
2
Lp cc t s:

2 2
2 2 2
c
SA AE
a b c
+
+ +

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
SA AD SA AE
.
SA AB SA SB SC

+ + +

2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
c .a c (a b )
c c
a c c a b
.
a c c a b
+

+ + +

+ + +
4 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b .c
.
(a c ) (c a b )

+ + +
=>
3
2 2 2 2 2
SA SD SE b.c
. .
SA SB SC (c a b )(a c )

+ + +

SADE
SABC
V SA SD SE
. .
V SA SB SC

=
3
2 2 2 2 2
b.c
(c a b )(a c ) + + +
=>
SADE
V
=
3
2 2 2 2 2
b.c
(c a b )(a c ) + + +
.
SABC
V
=
3
2 2 2 2 2
b.c
(c a b )(a c ) + + +
.
1 1
.SA. .AB.BC
3 2
=
2 4
2 2 2 2 2
1 a.b .c
.
6 (c a b )(a c ) + + +
(vtt)
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Bi 2:
Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c mt bn SBC l tam gic u cnh
a.Cnh
SA (ABC)
, gc

0
BAC 120
. Tm th tch ca khi chp S.ABC?
A
B
C
D
S

Trnh by li gii:
Xt hai tam gic vung SAB v SAC c:
SA chung
SB = SC
=> SAB = SAC (c.c) => AB = AC => ABC l tam gic cn
Gi D l trung im ca BC ta c :
tan

CAD
=
CD
AD
=> AD =

CD a
2. 3 tanCAD

Din tch y:
2
ABC
1 a . 3
S AD.BC
2 4

SD l ng cao trong tam gic u SBC cnh a nn : SD =
a 3
2
p dng nh l Pytago trong tam gic SAD ta c:
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SA
2
= SD
2
- AD
2
=
2 2 2
3.a a 2a
4 12 3
=>SA =
a 2
3
Th tch cn tnh:
V =
ABC
1
SA.S
3

=
3
a . 2
36
(vtt)

Tng qut ha ta c bi ton sau:

Cho hnh chp S.ABC c mt bn SBC l tam gic u cnh a, gc

0
BAC (0 90 ) . Bit SA vung gc vi mt phng y. Tnh th tch
ca khi chp S.ABC theo a v

?
Mt cch hon ton tng t ta c li gii nh sau:
AD =

AD a
2.tan
tanCAD

Din tch tam gic:

2
ABC
1 1 a a
S AD.BC a
2 2 2.tan 4.tan

SD l ng cao trong tam gic u SBC nn SD =
a 3
2
p dng nh l Pytago trong tam gic SAD ta c:
SA
2
= SD
2
- AD
2
=
2 2 2
3.a a 2a
4 12 3
=>SA =
a 2
3
Th tch cn tm:

ABC
1
V SA.S
3

=
1 1 1
.B.h .SA. .AD.BC
3 3 2

=
3
a 2
12 3.tan
(vtt)
Bi 3
Trong khng gian h ta Oxyz cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l
hnh thoi. AC ct BD ti gc ta O . im A(2;0;0), B(0;1;0), S(0;0;2
2 ). Gi M l trung im ca SC v mt phng (ABCD) ct cnh SD ti
N. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABMN?
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A
B
C
S
M
N
D
O

Li gii
Ta nhn thy mt phng (SBN) chia khi chp S.ABCD thnh hai khi
chp S.ABN v S.MBN
Theo nh ngha v th tch ta c:
S.ABMN
V
=
S.ABN
V
+
S.MBN
V

S.ABN
S.ABD
V SN 1
V SO 2

=>
S.ABN
V
=
1
2
S.ABD
V
=
1
4
S.ABCD
V
Tng t ta c:

S.MBN
S.BCD
V SM SN 1
.
V SC SD 4

=>
S.MBN
V
=
1
4
S.BCD
V
=
1
8
S.ABCD
V
Do vy:

S.ABMN
V
=
1
4
S.ABCD
V
+
1
8
S.ABCD
V
=
8
3
S.ABCD
V
Th tch khi chp S.ABCD
V =
ABCD
1 1
.SO.S .SO.AC.BD
3 6
=
8
3
2

Th tch cn tnh:
S.ABMN
V
=
2
(vtt)

Nghin cu li gii
Gi V
1
l th tch khi a din nm di (ABMN): V
1
=
S.ABMN
V
Khi :
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S.ABCD
V
=
S.ABMN
V
+
ABCMN
V
hay V = V
1
+
S.ABMN
V
Ta c :V
1
=
N.ABD
V
+
B.CDMN
V

N.ABD
V
=
S.ABD
1
V
2
=
V
4


A
B
C
S
M
N
D
O
Hai hnh chp B.SCD v B.DCMN c chung nh v mt phng cha
y nn:

DCMN SDC
3
S .S
4

Th tch ca chp S.ABCD l:

V =
ABCD
1 1
.SO.S .SO.AC.BD
3 6

=
8
3
2

Th tch cn tnh:
Bi 4
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Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh a, cc na ng thng Ax v Cy vung
gc vi mt phng (ABCD) v cng mt pha so vi mt phng y. Ly
im M A trn Ax, ly N C trn Cy. t AM = m ; BN = n.
Tnh th tch ca khi chp B.AMNC theo a, m, n?

Trnh by li gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
CN (ABCD)

CN CB , O l tm y nn
OB AC

OB (ACMN)
hay OB l ng cao
di OB =
AC
2
=
a 2
2
. Mt khc
MA AC
NC AC

'

MA // NC nn t gic
ACMN l hnh thang

ACMN
S
MA NC 2
AC a(m n)
2 2
+
+
Th tch khi chp:

2
ACMN
1 a
V OB.S (m n)
3 6
+ ( vtt )

Nghin cu li gii
Nhn thy do AM AB , AM AD , AB AD nn ta a vo h trc
ta Oxyz sao cho A(0;0;0), B(a;0;0), M(0;0;m), D(0;a;0) t ta xc
nh c ta nh C(a;a;0) sau p dng cng thc tnh th tch ca
khi hp:
1
V AB, AC AM
6
1

]
uuur uuur uuuur
=
2
a
(m n)
6
+
(vtt)
Bi 5:
Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c y l tam gic u cnh a. Cnh
SA (ABC)
, SA = 2a. Gi M, N l hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln cc
cnh SB, SC. Tnh th tch ca khi chp ABCMN?
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A
B
C
S
M
N

Trnh by li gii
Xt SAB v SAC c AB = AC, SA chung, A =
0
90

SAB = SAC

SB =SC

mt bn SBC l tam gic

cn.
p dng nh l ng cao trong cc tam gic SAB v SAC ta c:

2 2
AB.AS
AM
AB AS

+
=
2a
5

2 2
AC.AS
AN
AC AS

+
=
2a
5
p dung nh l Pytago:
SM =
2 2
4a
SA AM
5



2 2
4a
SN SA AN
5

Ta c cc t s:
SM
SB
=
SN
SC
=
4
5


S.AMN
S.ABC
V
V
=
16
25

S.AMN
V
=
16
25
S.ABC
V
=
3
8a 3
75
Th tch :

ABCNM
V
=
S.ABC
V
-
S.AMN
V
=
3
a 3
6
-
3
8a 3
75
=
3
3a 3
50
(vtt)

Nghin cu li gii
Ta c th gii bi ton trn bng phng php ta bng vic a vo
h trc ta Oxyz trong A(0;0;0), B(a;0;0), S(0;0;2a). Ta xc nh
c ta ca C, M, N, sau s dng cng thc sau:
www.vnmath.com

0
S.AMN
1
V AM, AN AS 60 BAC
6
1

]
uuuur uuur uuur

S.AMN
1
V AM, AN AS
6
1

]
uuuur uuur uuur

ABCNM
V
=
S.ABC
V
-
S.AMN
V
=
3
3a 3
50
(vtt)
Bi 6:
Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.DEF c BE = a, gc gia ng thng
BE vi mt phng (ABC) bng
0
60 . Tam gic ABC vung ti C, gc

0
60 BAC
, hnh chiu vung gc ca E ln (ABc) trng vi trng tm ca
tam gic ABC. Tnh th tch ca t din D.ABC?
A
B
C
D
E
F
M
G

Trnh by li gii
Ta c:
EG (ABC)
nn EG l ng cao ca chp
p dng h thc lng trong tam gic vung EGB ta c:
EG = EBsinB = asin
0
60 =
a 3
2
p dng pytago:

2 2
BG BE EG
=
a
2
m BG =
2
3
BM

BM =
3
2
BG =
3a
4
p dung Pytago trong tam gic BMC:
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MC = MBsin
0
15 =
3a
4
sin
0
15 , AC = 2MC =
3a
2
sin
0
15 ,
BC = ACtan
0
60 =
3a
2
sin
0
15 3
Th tch ca khi chp:
V =
3
ABC
1 3
EG.S a .
3 4

2 0
sin 15 (vtt)
Bi 7:
Cho t din ABCD gi d l khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v
CD,

l gc gia hai ng thng . Tnh th tch ca t din ABCD?

A
B
C
D
E

Trnh by li gii
Dng hnh bnh hnh ABDE, do AE // (BCD) nn
ABCD E.BCD B.ECD
V V V
=
ECD
1
S .d(B, CDE)
3

=

1 1 1
CE.CD.sinECD AB.CD.d.sin
3 2 6

(vtt)

Nghin cu li gii
Ta xt mt cch gii khc nh sau:
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B
C
D
E
F
M
N
A
Dng hnh hp ch nht AEBF.MDNC ngoi tip t din ABCD ,
AB (ABEF)
,
CD (CDMN)
V (ABEF) // (CDMN) nn chiu cao ca hp bng d
Th tch cn tnh:

ABCD hp MDNC
1 1
V V S d
3 3
=
1 1
MN.CD.d.sin
3 2
=
1
AB.CD.d.sin
6

Bi 8:
Trong khng gian cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.EFGH c nh A trng
vi gc ta , im B(a;0;0), D(0;a;0), E(0;0;b), M l trung im ca
CG.tnh th tch ca khi t din BDEM theo a v b?
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B
C
D
E
F
G
H
M
(0,a,0)
(a,0,0)
(0,0,b)
A(0,0,0)

Trnh by li gii
M l trung im ca CG nn:
C G
M
C G
M
C G
M
x x
x a
2
y y
y a
2
z z b
z
2 2
+

+

'

Ta cc vect:
BM
uuur
(0;a;
b
2
),
BD
uuur
(-a;a;0),
BE
uuur
(-a;0;b)
Xt tch hu hng:

2
b b
0 a a 0 ab ab
MB, BD , , , , a
2 2
a a 2 2
a 0 0 a
_

_

1


]

,
uuur uuur
Tch v hng:

MB, BD BE
1
]
uuur uuur uuur
=
2
3a b
2
Th tch: V =
1
MB, BD BE
6
1
]
uuur uuur uuur
=
1
6
2
3a b
2
=
2
a b
4
(vtt)

Nghin cu li gii
K CO BD , ko di EM ct SO ti N, mt phng (BDM) chia khi chp
thnh hai khi chp E.BDM v N.BDM nn
E.BDM E.BDN
1
V V
2

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V M l trung im ca SG nn: CN = CA
Din tch tam gic BDN:
S =
1 1 3 2a
BD.NO a 2.
2 2 2
=
2
3a
2
A
D
F
G
H
M
N
C
B
E
O
Th tch:
E.BDM E.BDN
1
V V
2
=
1
2

1
6
2
3a
2
2b =
2
a b
4
(vtt)
Bi 9:
Tnh th tch ca khi t din ABCD c cc cnh i bng nhau AB =
CD = a, AC = BD = b, AD = BC = c?

Trnh by li gii
Dng t din APQR, y l t din vung ti nh A, tht vy:
AD = BC =
PQ
2

BC l ng trung bnh ca tam gic PQR

BC = QD = DP

AD = QD = PD

AQ AP
Hon ton tng t ta c:
AQ AR
, AR AP
Ta c:
APQR ADBQ ABCD ACDP ACBR
V V V V V + + +


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ABCD APQR AQR
1 1 1 1
V V AP.S
4 4 3 24

AP.AQ.AR
p dng nh l Pytago trong tam gic APQ, AQR, APR

2 2 2 2 2
AP AQ QP 4BC 4a +

2 2 2 2 2
AQ AR QR 4CD 4c +

AP =
2 2 2
2(a b c ) + , AQ =
2 2 2
2(b c a ) + , AR =
2 2 2
2(a c b ) +
Th tch:

( )
3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
V 2 (b c a )(a c b )(a b c )
24
+ + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
(b c a )(a c b )(a b c )
2
+ + + (vtt)
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1 ( khi A - 2007)
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAD l
tam gic u,
(SAD) (ABCD)
, gi M, N, P l trung im ca SB,BC,CD.
Tnh th tch ca khi chp CMNP theo a?
Bi 2 ( Khi A - 2009)
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thang vung ti A v D, AD =
AB = a, gc gia hai mt phng (SCD) v (ABCD) bng
0
60 , gi I l trung
im AD, bit hai mt phng (SBI) v (SDI) cng vung gc vi mt phng
(ABCD). Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD theo a?
Bi 3 (Khi B - 2006)
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh ch nht AB = a, AD = a
2
,
SA = a, SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD). Gi M, N l trung im ca
AD, SC, I l giao im ca AC v BM. Tnh th tch ca t din ANIB?
Bi 4 (Khi A - 2008)
Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC.DEF c di cnh bn bng 2a. y
ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = 2a, AC = a 3 . Hnh chiu vuong gc
ca D ln mt phng (ABC) l trung im G ca cnh BC. Tnh th tch ca
khi chp G.ABC?
2. Th tch ca khi lng tr
Trong mc ny ta s dng nh l sau: Th tch ca hnh lng tr bng
mt phn ba din tch y nhn vi chiu cao
V B.h trong : B l din tch y
h l chiu cao
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Bi 1
Cho hnh t gic u ABCD.EFGH c khong cch gia hai ng
thng AD v ED bng 2. di ng cho mt bn bng 5. Tnh th tch
khi lng tr ?
A
B
C
E
F
G
H
K
D

Trnh by li gii
Gi K l hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln ED

AK ED , AB //
EF (EFD)
do AB // (EFD) nn

d(A,EFD) = d(AB,ED)
M EF (EFDA) nn EF AK

AB AK

AK = d(A,EFD) =
d(AB,ED) = 2
t EK = x ( 0 x 5 ). Trong tam gic vung AED ta c: AK
2
= KE.KD

4 = x(5-x)

x
2
- 5x + 4 = 0

x 1
x 4

Vi x = 4 ta c AE =
2 2
AK KE 5 +

V = AE.
ABCD
S
= 5 ( vtt)
Vi x = 4 ta c AE = 2 5

V = 10 5 ( vtt)
Bi 2
y ca khi lng tr ng ABC.DEF l tam gic u. Mt phng y
to vi mt phng (DBC) mt gc
0
30 . Tam gic DBC c din tch bng 8.
Tnh th tch khi lng tr ?
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A
B
C
D
E
F
K

Trnh by li gii
t CK = x, DK vuong gc vi BC nn

DKA
=
0
30
Xt tam gic ADK c: cos
0
30 =
AK
DK

AK = x 3 , DK = 2x
Din tch tam gic BCD: S = CK.Dk = x.2x = 8, do x = 2

AD = AK.tan
0
30 = x 3

3
3
= 2
Th tch khi lng tr:
V =
1
3
AD.CK.AK =
8
3
(vtt)
Bi 3
Cho khi lng tr ng ABCD.EFGH c y l hnh bnh hnh v

BAD
=
0
45 , cc ng cho EC v DF to vi y cc gc
0
45 v
0
60 . Chiu cao
ca lng tr bng 2. Tnh th tch ca lng tr ?

Trnh by li gii
T gi thit:

GAC
=
0
45 ,

BDF
=
0
60 , AC = AG = 2, BD = 2.cot
0
60 =
2
3
p dng nh l cosin trong tam gic:

2 2 2
BD AB AD 2.AB.AD. + cos
0
45

2 2 2 0
AC AD CD 2.AD.CD.cos135 +

2 2 0 0
BD AC 2.AD.AB.cos45 2.CD.AD.cos135 +
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= -2
2
AB.AD

4
3
- 4 = -2
2
AB.AD

AB.AD =
4
3 2
- Th tch cn tm:
V = AB.AD.EA.sin
0
45
=
4
3 2

2
2

2 (vtt)
Bi 4
Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.EGH c y ABC l tam gic vung
cn, cnh huyn bng
2
. Bit mt phng (AED) vung gc vi mt phng
(ABC), AE = 3 . Gc

AEB
l gc nhn, gc gia mt phng (AEC) vi
(ABC) bng
0
60 . Tnh th tch ca lng tr?
A
B
C
K
E
M
H
G

Trnh by li gii
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H
EK AB(K AB) EK (ABC)
. V

AEB
l gc nhn nn K thuc
on AB
K KM AC
EM AC ( theo nh l ba ng vung gc )

EMK
=
0
60 . Gi s EK = x ,
2 2
EK EA EK +
=
2
3 x
MK = AK.sin

KAM
=
2
2

2
3 x
M MK = EKcot
0
60 =
x
3
, do :
2
2

2
3 x
=
x
3

x =
3
5
Vy V = EK.
ABC
S

=
1
2
AC.CB.EK =
3 5
10
( vtt)
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1
Cho lng tr t gic ABCD.EFGH c y l hnh thoi c di cnh
bng a. Gc

BAD
=
0
60 , AF BH . Tnh th tch ca khi lng tr ?
Bi 2
Cho lng tr ABC.DEF c y l tam gic vung cn ti A, BC = 2a.
M l trung im ca AD, gc

BMC
=

. Tnh th tch ca lng tr ?

3. Th tch ca khi hp ch nht
Trong mc ny ta s s dng nh l sau:
th tch ca khi hp bng tch di ba kch thc
V = a.b.c = B.h trong : a, b, c l ba kch thc
B l din tch y
h l chiu cao
Bi 1
Cho khi hp ABCD.EFGH c tt c cc cnh u bng a,

BAD
=

EAD
=

( 0

0
90 ). Tnh th tch khi hp ?
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A
B
C
E
F
G
H
K
D
M

Trnh by li gii
H
EM AC(M AC)
(1)
tam gic EBD cn ti E ( do EB = ED ) BD EO
M BD AC
BD (BAO)

BD EM (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
EM (ABCD)
hay EM l ng cao
t

EAO
=

, h EK AB

MK AK (nh l ba ng vung gc)

cos
2

cos

=
AM AK
AE AM
=
AK
AE
= cos

cos

=
cos
cos
2

EM = a.sin

=
2
2
cos
a 1
cos
2

=
2 2
a
cos cos
2
cos
2

Th tch cn tnh: V = AB.AD.EM.sin

=
2
a .sin
2 2
a
cos cos
2
cos
2

=
3
a .sin
2

2 2
cos cos
2

(vtt)
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Bi 2:
Cho khi hp ch nht ABCD.EFGH c y l hnh ch nht c
AB = 3 , AD = 7 , hai mt bn (ABDE) v (ADEH) ln lt to vi y
cc gc
0
45 v
0
60 , di tt c cc cnh bn u bng 1. Tnh th tch ca
khi hp ?
A
B
C
E
F
G
H
M
K
D
N

Trnh by li gii
K
EK (ABCD), (K ABCD)
,
KM AD(M AD)
,
KN AB(N AB)
Theo nh l ba ng vung gc ta c:
AD EM, AB NK
Ta c:

EMK
=
0
60 ,

ENK
=
0
45 ,t EK = x khi : EM =
0
x
sin60
=
2x
3
AM =
2 2
EA EM
=
2
3 4.x
3

= KN m KN = x.cot
0
45
Nn x =
2
3 4.x
3

do x =
3
7
Th tch khi hp ch nht:
V = AB.AD.x = 7 . 3 .
3
7
= 3 (vtt)
Bi 3
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Cho hnh hp ch nht c di ng cho bng d, ng cho to vi
y gc

, to vi mt bn ln gc

,tnh th tch ca khi hp ?

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A

Trnh by li gii
ng cho AG c hnh chiu ln (ABCD) l AC,ln mt phng (BCGF0
l BG nn:

GAC
,

AGB
p dng nh l Pytago trong cc tam gic: ACG, GBA, ABC c
CG = d.sin

, AC = d.cos

,AB = d.sin

,
BC =
2 2
AC AB
= d.
2 2
cos sin
ta c V = AB.BC.CG = d
3
.sin

.sin

.
2 2
cos sin
M: ( )
1 cos2 1 cos2 1
cos2 cos2
2 2 2
+
+ = cos(

).cos(

)
Vy V = d
3
.sin

.sin

. cos( ).cos( ) + (vtt)

Bi tp ngh
Bi 1
Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.EFGH c AB = a, AD = b, gc

BAD
, ng cho AD t vi y gc

. Tnh th tch khi hp ch

nht ?
Bi 2
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Cho t din ABCD c AB = CD, AC = BD, AD = BC, qua mi cnh ca
t din k mt phng song song vi cnh i din, cc mt phng nhn c
xc nh mt hnh hp:
1) Chng minh hnh hp ni trn l hnh hp ch nht?
2) CMR
hhcn ABCD
V 3V
3) Gi IJ, EF, MN l cc dng trung bnh ca t din.
CMR:
ABCD
1
V
3

IJ.MN.EF
Bi 3
Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.EFGH, M l trung im ca AD, mt
phng (ABM) ct ng cho AG ti I, tnh t s th tch ca hai khi a
din c to bi mt phng (EBM) ct hp?
4. Bi ton cc tr th tch
Bi 1
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA = x, SB = y, cc cnh cn li bng 1,vi gi
tr no ca x, y th th tch ca khi chp l ln nht, tm gi tr ln nht ?
A
B
C
S
N
M

Trnh by li gii
Gi M, N l trung im ca SA, BC, ta c:
S.ABC
V
= 2.
S.MBC
V
, cc tam gic
ABS, ACS c: BA = BS, CA = CS

ABS = ACS v l cc tam gic

cn
Ta c:
BM SA, CM SA SA (MBC)

SM (MBC)
,
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SM l ng cao, SM =
x
2
Tnh din tch y:
MB = MC =
2
x
1
4

, MN =
2
2
BC
BM
4

=
2 2
x y
1
4
+

MBC
S

=
1
2
MN.BC =
2 2
y x y
1
2 4
+

Th tch:
S.MBC
V
=
1 x y
3 2 2

2 2
x y
1
4
+

=
xy
12
,
S.ABC
V
=
2 2
xy x y
1
6 4
+

Ta c: ( x-y)
2
0

x
2
+ y
2
2xy

2 2
x y xy
4 2
+

S.ABC
V
=
2 2
xy x y
1
6 4
+

xy
6
xy
1
2

1
6
2
2 xy
(xy)
2

1
6
xy xy
2 (2 xy)
2 2

p dng BT Cauchy cho ba s
xy
2
,
xy
2
, (2-xy) ta c:

xy
2
xy
2
(2-xy)
3
3
xy xy
(2 xy)
2 2
3
_
+ +

,
=
16
27

V
1
6
16
27
=
2 3
27
, du bng xy ra khi
2 2
x y 2xy
xy
2 xy
2
+

'

x = y =
2
3
Bi 2
Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c khong cch t nh A n mt
phng (SBC) bng 2a, gi l gc gia mt bn vi mt y, vi gi tr no
ca

th th tch ca khi chp l ln nht?

www.vnmath.com
A B
C
S
H
M
I
N
D

Trnh by li gii
M, N l trung dim ca BC v AD nn

SMN
, v AD // BC suy ra AD //
(SBC)

d(A,SBC) = d(N,SBC) (1)

Mt khc:
MN BC,SM BC

BC (SMN)

(SBC) (SMN)
Do SM =
(SBC) (SMN)
, k NH SM

NH (SBC)
,
d(N,SBC) = NH (2)
t (1) v (2) ta c NH = 2a
H thc lng trong tam gic vung MNH ta c: MN =
NH
sin
=
2a
sin
Din tch y :
2
2 2
ABCD
4a
S AB MN
sin

Gi I l tm y th ta c
SI = MI.tan

=
a a
tan
sin cos


Th tch:
th tch V =
1
3
SI.
ABCD
S
=
3
2
4a
3sin .cos

2
min
V sin .cos t GTLN

cos

(1 -
2
cos ) t
GTLN
t x = cos

, xt hm s y = x - x
3
trn (0,1), xt du hm y ta c
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max
y
=
3 2 3
y( )
3 9
khi v ch khi x =
3
3

cos

=
3
3
Vy
3
min
V 2a 3 ( vtt )
Bi 3
Cho tam gic u OAB c AB = a, trn ng thng i qua O v vung
gc vi mt phng(OAB) ly im M, t OM = x,Gi E, F ln lt l cc
hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln MB v OB.ng thng EF ct d ti N. Xc
nh x th tch khi chp ABMN l nh nht?
A
O
B
M
E
F
N

Trnh by li gii
Gi V l th tch khi t din ABMN ta c
V =
M.OAB N.OAB
V V +
=
OAB OAB
1 1
OM.S ON.S
3 3

+ =
OAB
1
(OM ON).S
3

+
Do th tch V nh nht

( OM + ON ) t GTNN
Hai tam gic OMB
:
OFN suy ra: OM.ON = OF.OB = hng s v O,
F, B c nh, ta c: OM + ON 2 OM.ON du = xy ra

OM = ON
nn ( OM + ON ) t GTNN

OM = ON = x
V OM.ON = OF.OB

2
2
a
x
2

a 2
x
2
( OF =
a
2
, OB = a )
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Vy M thuc d sao cho OM =
a 2
x
2
th th tch l nh nht , khi :
V =
OAB
1
(OM ON).S
3

+
=
2
a 6
12
( vtt )
Bi 4
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c 7 cnh bng 1, cnh bn SC = x. Tinh sth
tch ca khi chp, vi gi tr no ca x th th tch l ln nht?
A
B
C
S
D
O
H

Trnh by li gii
SH l ng cao trong tam gic C nn ta c:
SH.AC = SA.SC

SH =
2
SA.SC x
AC
x 1

+
Ta c: OB
2
= AB
2
- AD
2
=
2
(3 x )
4

nn OB =
2
3 x
2

( 0 x 3 )
Din tch y
ABCD
S
= AC.OB =
2
1
3 x
2
.
2
x 1 +
Th tch V =
ABCD
1
S .SH
3
=
2 2
2
1 x
(3 x )(x 1)
6
x 1
+
+
=
2
1
x 3 x
6

Ta c: V
2
=
2 2
1
x (3 x )
36

v
2 2
x (3 x ) + = 3 khng i nn
Max
2 2
x (3 x ) 1
]
=
9
4

2 2
x (3 x )
6
x
2

www.vnmath.com
V
2
t gi tr ln nht l
9
4.36

6
x
2

max
1
V
4

6
x
2

Bi 5
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, hai mt bn (SAB)
v (SAD) cng vung gc vi y, mt gc

0
xAy 45 chuyn ng trn
y quay quanh im A cc cnh Ax, Ay ct CB v CD ti M, N, t BM =
x, CN = y, tm x, y th tch ca
AMCN
V
t GTLN?
B
C
D
S
M
N
A

Trnh by li gii
Tr ht ta chng minh ng thc: x + y =
2
a xy
a

Ta c

0
BAM NAD MAN 90 + +
,

0
BAM NAD 45 +
t

0
BAM NAD 45 +
tan( ) +
= 1
Ta c
tan tan
1
1 tan tan
+

, m
x y
tan , tan
2 2

suy ra
2
x y
2
1 x y
xy
1
a
+
+

=
2
a xy
a

,
www.vnmath.com
ta c
2
AMCN ABCD ABM ADN
ax ay
S S S S a
2 2


2
AMCN AMCN
1 a ax ay
V SA.S (a )
3 3 2 2

=
2
a
(a xy)
6
+

ta c xy
2
(x y)
4
+
suy ra Max (xy) =
2
(x y)
4
+


max
V (xy)
t GTLN khi (xy) =
2
(x y)
4
+
t GTLN suy ra
2
2
(x y)
a(x y) a
4
+
+ + suy ra x y 2a( 2 1) +

2
max
a
V (2 2)
3
khi x = y = a( 2 1)
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1
Cho hnh chp S.ABC trong
SA (ABC)
, ABC l tam gic vung
cn ti C. Gi s SC = a. Hy tm gc gia hai mt phng (SCB) v (ABC)
th tch khi chp l ln nht, tm gi gi tr ln nht ?
Bi 2 ( s 21- Chuyn luyn thi vo H - Trn Vn Ho)
Cho ba tia Ox, Oy, Oz vung gc vi nhau tng i mt. Xt tam din
Oxyz. im M c nh nm trong gc tam din. Mt mt phng qua M ct
Ox, Oy, Oz ln lt ti A, B, C gi khong cch t M n cc mt phng
(OBC), (OCA), (OAB) ln lt l a, b, c. Tnh OA, OB,OC theo a, b, c
th tch khi t din l nh nht?
5. Chng minh h thc hnh hc
chng minh cc h thc trong khi a din ta c th s dng cc kin
thc v th tch gii nh sau:

Gn bi ton cn chng minh vo mt h thc no v th tch, cc h

thc ny thng l: Th tch ca mt khi no c th biu din thnh
tng hoc hiu cc th tch ca khi a din c bn ( nh khi chp, khi
lng tr )

Vi cc h thc v th tich y sau cc php bin i tng ng n

gin ta nhn c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 1
Cho t din ABCD, im O nm trong t din v cch u cc mt ca
t din mt khong r. Gi
A B C D
h , h , h , h
ln lt l khong cch t cc im
A, B, C, D n cc mt i din.
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CMR
A B C D
1 1 1 1 1
r h h h h
+ + +
A
B
C
D
H
Khi t din ABCD c chia thnh 4 khi t din OBCD, OCAD,
OABD, OABC. Ta c:

OBCD
ABCD A
V r
V h

OCAD
ABCD B
V r
V h

OABD
ABCD C
V r
V h

OABC
ABCD D
V r
V h

Cng v vi v ca cc ng thc trn ta c:

OBCD OCAD OABD OABC
ABCD A B C D
V V V V 1 1 1 1
r
V h h h h
1 + + +
+ + +
1
]

ABCD
ABCD A B C D
V 1 1 1 1
r
V h h h h
1
+ + +
1
]

A B C D
1 1 1 1 1
r h h h h
+ + +
( pcm )
Bi 2
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Chng minh rng tng khong cch t mt im nm trong t din n
cc mt i din ca n khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im nm trong t
din ?
A
B C
O
F
G
H
K
Gi s M l im ty thuc min trong ca t din u ABCD
Gi
1 2 3 4
d , d , d , d
l khong cch t im M n cc mt (BCD), (ACD),
(ABD), (ABC)
Gi
1 2 3 4
V, V , V , V
l th tch ca 4 khi t din chung nh M, V l th tch
ca t din ABCD ta c:
V =
1 2 3 4
V V V V + + +

1 2 3 4
V V V V
1
V V V V
+ + +
V ABCD l t din u nn khong cch t nh xung mt i din bng
nhau. Ta gi s khong cch ny l h, hai t din ABCD v MBCD c
chung y nn:
1 1
d V
h V

Hon ton tng t ta c kt qu:

i i
V d
V h
(i= 2,3,4)
Do :
1 2 3 4
d d d d
1
h h h h
+ + +

h =
1 2 3 4
d d d d + + +
( pcm)
Bi 3
Cho gc tam din vung Oxyz nh O trn Ox, Oy, Ox ln lt ly cc
im A, B, C sao cho OA + OB + OC + AB + AC + BC = L, gi V l th
tch ca t din ABCD. CMR:
3
L ( 2 1)
V
162

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Hng dn gii
A
C O
B
t OA = a, OB = b, OC = c p dng BT Bunhiacpxki:
a + b
2 2
2(a b ) + , a + c
2 2
2(a c ) + , b + c
2 2
2(c b ) +
cng v vi v cc BT trn:

2 2 2 2 2 2
2(a b c) (a b ) (a c ) (c b ) + + + + + + +
(a + b + c)( 1 +
2
)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a b ) (a c ) (c b ) (a b c) + + + + + + + +
(a + b + c)( 1 +
2
) L (1)
du = trong (1) xy ra khi a = b = c
p dng BT Cauchy cho a, b, c ta c: a + b + c
3
abc (2)
Ta c V =
abc
6
, BT (2)

a + b + c
3
3 6V (3)
Du = trong (3) xy ra khi a = b = c
T (1), (3) ta c
3
L 3.(1 2).3. 6V + hay
3
L ( 2 1)
V
162

(4)
Du = (4) xy ra khi a = b = c =
L( 2 1)
3

Bi 4
Cho OABC l t din vung ti nh O, vi OA = a, OB = b, OC = c,
gi r l bn knh hnh cu ni tip t din.
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CMR:
1 1 1 1 3 3
r a b c a b c
+ + +
+ +
Hng dn gii
A B
C
O
H
K OH (ABCD) v gi s OH = h
Do OABC l t din vung nn a, b, c, h l 4 ng cao ca t din ln lt
k t A, B, C, O theo kt qu ca bi tp 2 ta c:

1 1 1 1 1
r a b c h
+ + +
(1)
T (1) suy ra BT cn chng minh c dng:
1 3 3
h a b c

+ +
(2)
V OABC l t din vung nn ta c kt qu sau:

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
h a b c
+ +
(3)
Theo (3) v p dng BT Cauchy ta c:

3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
h a b c a b c
+ + (4)
Ta li c:
( a + b + c )
2

2 2 2 3
9 a b c
(5)
T (3), (4), (5) ta c:

2 2 2 2
1 9
3
h a b c

+ +
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1 3 3
h a b c

+ +
Vy (2) ng suy ra pcm, du = xy ra khi a = b = c
T bi ton trn ta c kt qu:
h
1 3
r
+
Tht vy:
Theo (1)
1 1 1 1 1
r a b c h
+ + +
Do:
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3
a b c a b c h
_ _
+ + + +

, ,
hay
1 1 1 3
a b c h
+ +

1 1 3 h
1 3
r h h r
+ + ( pcm )
Bi tp ngh
Bi 1
Chng minh khong cch t mt dim nm trong hnh lng tr n cc
mt ca n khng ph thc vo v tr ca im nm trong lng tr ?
Bi 2
Cho hnh chp tam gic c
a b c
sin sin sin


, trong a, b, c l ba
cnh ca tam gic y. Cc gc

tng ng l cc gc nh din
cankj a, b, c. Chng minh tng khong cch t mt im O trn mt y n
cc mt xung quanh ca hnh chp l mt hng s