Ch u t v vn qun l d n

Ch u t (CT) v vn qun l d n (QLDA) lun l nhng ni dung c t ra trong qu trnh i mi c ch qun l u t xy dng cng trnh (XDCT) i vi cc d n s dng vn nh nc ni chung c bit trong i vi cc d n s dng vn ngn sch nh nc bao gm c vn ODA thuc cc ngnh cc a phng hin nay. Thc t qun l nc ta cng nh kinh nghim v cch lm ca th gii theo xu hng hi nhp vn CT v QLDA phi c t trong mi quan h gia CT - Nh t vn v CT vi Nh thu m th gii thng gi l mi quan h OPC (Owner - Design Professional - Constructor) mi c th gii quyt vn mt cch ton din v trit c, chng ti hy vng s cp mt chuyn khc. Trong phm vi bi vit ny vi mc ch gp phn lm r hn vic vn dng vn ny trong thc t c bit l sau khi Lut Xy dng v cc Ngh nh 16/2005/N-CP v gn y l Ngh nh 112/2006/NCP ca Chnh ph va c ban hnh. 1. V vn ch u t 1.1. Vn mang tnh thng l, CT (hoc Ch s hu) c hiu c th l mt c nhn, mt t chc, mt tp on, mt t chc chnh tr hoc l bt c c quan nh nc no. CT phi c mt tiu chun ti thiu v nng lc c xc nh theo lut php ca Nh nc thc hin mt hp ng giao c trong thi gian hiu lc. Trn thc t, CT phi c kh nng y v ton din trch nhim php l trong hp ng. Cc trch nhim bao gm kh nng thanh ton cho d n, giy t v quyn s hu bt ng sn v bo him, thanh ton li sut v cung cp cc thng tin c bn c lin quan. CT cng phi c kh nng a ra nhng quyt nh rng buc v cc ph duyt. CT c trch nhim theo hp ng i vi c hai trng hp "Hp ng gia CT v Nh t vn thit k", "Hp ng gia CT v Nh thu". 1.2. Theo lut php hin hnh ca Vit Nam th: "CT XDCT l ngi s hu vn hoc l ngi c giao QL v s dng vn u t XDCT..." v sau c xc nh cho tng loi ngun vn: Vn NSNN, vn tnh dng u t, cc d n s dng cc vn khc th "CT l ch s hu vn hoc l ngi i din theo quy nh ca php lut". Tuy nhin qua mt s v vic xy ra va qua khi cn phn nh trch nhim gia CT v cc cp Quyt nh u t, gia CT v cc Ban QLDA i hi v mt php l cn c sa i b sung cho ph hp m gn y nht l Ngh nh 112/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph tp trung vo vic xc nh CT i vi cc d n s dng vn NSNN. - V xc nh CT i vi vn NSNN ln ny Ngh nh 112-CP yu cu: "...CT XDCT do ngi quyt nh u t quyt nh trc khi lp d n TXDCT ph hp vi quy nh ca Lut NSNN". Vn ny trong cc ln nghin cu ban hnh cc ngh nh v QLT trc y u c nu ra nhm xc nh trch nhim i vi vic thc hin cc d n trc ht l thuc v CT ca cc d n s dng vn NSNN gp kh nhiu tr ngi m c th l: Khc vi vn u t ca cc DNNN, vn NSNN dng phng thc "cp pht" vn l ch yu chim khong 20-22% tng vn T ton x hi, nn n c dng u t cho nhng d n khng c kh nng thu hi vn (cc c s h tng kinh t nh: cu cng, ng s,
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 iu, knh mng, h cha nc... v cc c s h tng x hi nh trng hc, bnh vin, sn vn ng, nh thi u...) mt s khc bit tip theo so vi vn u t ca DNNN l cp quyt nh u t (ph duyt d n) l cc cp QLNN t Th tng Chnh ph n B trng (cp tng ng) Ch tch UBND cc cp, tch khi CT l ngi c th hng NSNN v CT ch l ngi lp d n v thc hin d n trong khun kh ca d n do cp quyt nh u t ph duyt. Chnh v l trong cc Ngh nh trc y quy nh nguyn tc i vi vn NSNN th "cp quyt nh u t (tc cc cp ch qun) khng kim nhim vai tr CT" tr cc d n thuc c s vt cht k thut ca chnh mnh (XD tr s c quan, cc d n nng cao nng lc QL ca cc c quan...). iu m Ngh nh 112 CP ln ny cng tip tc thc hin nguyn tc trn ngoi tr cc d n quan trng quc gia (theo NQ 66/2006/QH 11 ca Quc hi) cn quy nh CT cc d n ny l B trng (c quan ngang b) Ch tch UBND tnh, TP trc thuc T, v DNNN m s d n ny khng phi l nhiu, cn hu ht cc d n thuc nhm ABC vn NSNN do B trng (cp tng ng) Ch tch UBND cc cp quyt nh u t u khng lm CT m CT l n v QL s dng cng trnh. Tuy nhin vic xc nh CT l n v QL s dng cng trnh cc d n s dng vn NSNN l ai? Phi chng T l cc B (Cc QL ng b i vi cc CT giao thng, Cc iu Thu nng i vi cc CT iu...) cc tnh l cc S Giao thng (i vi CT giao thng) S Nng nghip PTNT i vi cc CT thu li, cc huyn l cc phng, ban tng ng... Vn ny li lin quan n tin trnh CCHC v i mi c ch QL trong nhiu nm nay, Lut XD cc Ngh nh ca CP cng nh cc vn bn hng dn c lin quan u qun trit nguyn tc: "tch chc nng QLNN v u t v XD vi QL hot ng SXKD trong lnh vc ny" m c th l: - Mt bn l cc c quan QLNN: gm cc B Xy dng, B c CTXD chuyn ngnh nh giao thng, thu li...., UBND tnh TP trc thuc T trong c S Xy dng v cc S c CTXD chuyn ngnh nh giao thng, thu li... UBND cp huyn trong c cc phng, ban tng ng thc hin chc nng QLNN nh: ban hnh, trnh ban hnh vn bn QPPL theo thm quyn; hng dn, kim tra, pht hin v x l vi phm... - Mt bn l cc ch th: CT - cc T chc t vn v cc nh thu l nhng ngi trc tip chu trch nhim v "tin - cht lng - chi ph" trong CT l ngi chu trch nhim trc tip v hiu qu u t XDCT. Chnh v l m cc c quan QLNN cc cp cn tr v ng chc nng v nhim v ca mnh l hng dn, kim tra, pht hin v x l vi phm cn nn xc nh n v trc tip QL s dng gi vai tr i din CT hoc la chn n v c nng lc lm i din hp php ca CT m cc i din hp php c th l cc Ban QLDA hoc 1 t chc do mnh lp ra c quy nh quyn hn trong php lut nh N 112 CP ghi "Trng hp cha xc nh c n v QL s dng cng trnh khng iu kin lm CT th ngi quyt nh u t la chn n v c iu kin lm CT...". V xc nh CT i vi cc d n DNNN ch yu l vn tn dng c bo lnh ca nh nc v vn u t pht trin ca Nh nc chim khong 14 - 15% tng vn u t ton x hi (vn ny ch yu nm Ngn hng Pht trin Vit Nam). i tng phc v ch yu ca ngun vn ny l nhng d n nhiu ri ro hoc theo chnh sch u i ca Nh nc (nh d n nh bt xa b, sn xut bt giy, u i sau u t qua h tr xut khu...) nhng ch yu hin nay l vn u t pht trin ca cc DNNN chim t trng ngy cng ln khong 26-28% tng vn u t ton x hi bao gm vn khu hao li
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cho DN, li nhun sau thu... v mt s khon ngun vn khc, c bit l vn vay thng li ngy cng pht trin. V mt c ch QL chng ta tng bc tch c c ch ch qun trong quyt nh u t cc d n (N 52/1999/N-CP, N 12/2000/N-CP v N 07/2003/N-CP). C th l Ch tch HQT cc TCty 90 TTg v 91 TTg cng nh cc Cty c lp l cc CT cc d n c quyn quyt nh u t cc d n thuc nhm A, B, C (tr cc d n QTQG do Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh u t) nu d n c trong QHPT ngnh (N 112 CP khng nh li nguyn tc ny) v cc d n nhm A khng phi lp bo co u t (tc bo co nghin cu tin kh thi - PFS) m lp ngay d n u t nh nhm BC nu ph hp vi QH v KH c cp c thm quyn ph duyt. Tuy nhin vic xc nh cp quyt nh u t v CT trong cc TCty ni trn cng cn vn cn lm r. - Nu d n do TCty lp v c HQT TCty ph duyt: trng hp ny CT v cp quyt nh u t l mt, hay ni cch khc: CT l HQT TCty gi quyn quyt nh u t. - Nu d n do Cty thnh vin lp v trc tip thc hin th CT l Cty thnh vin cn cp quyt nh u t l Ch tch HQT TCty. Trng hp ny l s chia tch tng i gia ngi quyt nh u t v CT nhng v mt ngha no n vn nm trong mt n v l TCty hay Tp on. - Trng hp Cty m, Cty con th Cty m ch c quyn quyt nh u t nu vn gp ca Cty m chim t trng ln nht. y chnh l s khc bit gia 2 m hnh TCty v Cty m - con trong quyt nh u t d n. 2. V vn qun l d n. 2.1. Cng theo thng l quc t khi trin khai thc hin mi DATXDCT thng c thng qua 4 phng php ch yu sau: - Phng php quy c (hay cn gi l phng php "chnh tc" - (Conventional): y l phng php ph bin nht, CT s dng mt n v t vn lp d n, thit k v son tho h s mi thu, gip CT t chc vic u thu v sau l gim st thi cng cng trnh cho ti khi hon thnh bn giao - Khi vn dng phng php ny trong cc Ngh nh 177CP/1994 v cc ngh nh sau ta gi phng php ny l CT trc tip QLDA (khng thnh lp BQLDA). - Phng php t qun (hay cn gi l "t lm" - In House) CT s dng lc lng ni b trong n v mnh tin hnh mi vic lin quan n XD cng trnh t vic lp d n, thit k, thi cng; phng php ny thng c p dng nhng cng trnh chuyn ngnh c bit nh du kh, khai thc m, XD trong lm nghip, nui trng thu hi sn.....". Khi vn dng phng php ny trong cc Ngh nh 177CP/1994 v cc Ngh nh sau ny c gi l "T thc hin d n" - ngoi p dng cho cc CTXD chuyn ngnh trn n cn c m rng sang cc i tng l cc nh thu XD vn ln lm CT cc d n do mnh lp ra, thc hin v khai thc vn hnh d n (bn hoc cho thu) l cc khu th hoc cc cao c vn phng do cc nh thu XD ng vai tr CT. - Phng php cha kha trao tay hoc Tng thu EPC trong CT ch quan h hp ng vi mt nh tng thu thc hin t khu lp d n - thit k thi cng mua sm thit b hoc CT quan h vi 1 nh tng thu sau khi d n u t c ph duyt, cn li
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nh Tng thu thc hin t khu kho st, thit k n thi cng mua sm thit b cho ti khi hon thnh bn giao ton b cng trnh cho CT (Turnkey/EPC Contract). - Phng php QLDA (Project Management) l phng php trong CT thu mt hng t vn thay mt mnh ng ra giao dch vi cc n v thit k, cung ng vt t, thit b v thi cng xy lp cng trnh. Trng hp ny CT tch khi chc QLDA. T vn QLDA chu trch nhim gim st mi cng vic ca d n nhng khng phi l nh Tng thu XD theo kiu cha kho trao tay hoc EPC. Khi vn dng vo Vit Nam cc Ngh nh 177CP/1994 v cc Ngh nh sau ny u coi c 4 phng php trn l 4 hnh thc QLDA. Tuy nhin n Lut Xy dng phn nh c 2 hnh thc QLDA l: CT trc tip QLDA trong c th thnh lp Ban QLDA v CT thu t vn QLDA. Nh vy phi chng hnh thc "T thc hin d n" v hnh thc "Cha kho trao tay"hoc EPC vn cn c coi l hnh thc QLDA? Bi l trong thc t khi p dng hnh thc "T thc hin d n" CT vn lp Ban QLDA v Thng t 07/2003-TT-BXD ca B Xy dng vn quy nh c hng 30% chi ph QLDA hoc hnh thc tng thu EPC - CT vn lp Ban QLDA v c hng 60% chi ph QLDA cn 40% chi ph QLDA phi giao li cho Tng thu EPC (cng trong Thng t 08/2003/TT-BXD) v 2 m hnh ny vn ang tn ti trong thc t. Tt c iu ni ln mt thc t l cc hnh thc QLDA hin nay tuy c s khc bit i ch vi cch lm theo thng l v tp qun quc t hoc vi Ngh nh 16/2005/NCP nhng n vn ang tn ti mt cch hp php v hp l Vit Nam. 2.2. Cn phn bit v lm r khi nim "dch v iu hnh d n" v cc "dch v t vn d n". Cng theo thng l ngi ta lit k c khong 55 dch v iu hnh d n bao gm cc dch v chung, cc dch v trc hp ng, cc dch v trong giai on u thu, lm h s hp ng, cc dch v sau hp ng, cc dch v sau giai on XD (tham kho ph lc cui bi). Dch v iu hnh d n c th hiu nh chc nng ca cc Ban QLDA hin nay ca ta, vi dch v ny ch mang tnh iu phi, lo chy th tc, sp xp phi hp cng vic gia cc bn lin quan trong mi cng vic t lp d n, thit k, u thu, hp ng gim st, nghim thu v l khng nn v khng th buc h phi trc tip lm cc dch v t vn d n m cc Ban QLDA ch nn lm dch v "iu hnh d n". Dch v t vn d n thc cht l cc cng vic ca cc nh thit k, t vn... nh iu tra nghin cu th trng, lp d n, thit k, d ton, gim st thi cng... trong thc t chng ta cha phn nh r 2 loi cng vic dch v t vn ny (c c ch chnh sch ln vn hnh trong thc t). Nu yu cu cc Ban QLDA phi trc tip lm cc dch v t vn d n s khng m bo tnh chuyn nghip ca t vn m nhng dch v ny phi do cc t chc t vn, thit k, gim st chuyn nghip m nhim. C chng ch nm gn chc nng "iu hnh d n" vi mt vi dch v t vn d n c bit nh gim st thi cng hoc thm tra h s thit k, d ton... nhng cng trong chng mc nht nh khng nn i hi hoc bt buc cc Ban QLDA phi lm. C th tham kho kinh nghim ca Trung Quc cho php thnh lp cc "Cty t vn QLDA v gim st cng" c lp vi cc CT v quan h da trn hp ng t vn QLDA, m hnh ny chng minh s thnh cng trong thc t nhng nm qua ti Trung Quc.
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2.3. i chiu vi Ngh nh 112/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph ln ny quy nh r hn vai tr, quyn hn v trch nhim ca CT v cc Ban QLDA so vi Ngh nh 16/2005/N-CP trc y m c th l: Xc nh hnh thc CT trc tip QLDA th CT thnh lp Ban QLDA gip CT lm "u mi" QLDA (xc nh chc nng u mi). Hoc trng hp CT thu t vn QL iu hnh d n th trch nhim quyn hn ca t vn QLDA c thc hin theo hp ng tho thun gia hai bn; nhng cng ch l u mi iu hnh v vy t vn QLDA c thu t chc c nhn t vn tham gia QL nhng phi c CT chp thun... Cn lu trong c 2 trng hp trc tip QLDA hay i thu t vn iu hnh QLDA th quan h gia CT v cc t chc ny khng phi l "phn cp" m l "u quyn". V l N 112 CP ghi r: "Ban QLDA chu trch nhim trc CT v php lut theo nhim v c giao v quyn hn c u quyn hoc "T vn QLDA chu trch nhim trc php lut v CT v vic thc hin cc cam kt trong hp ng", tc trch nhim lin i gia CT v Ban QLDA hoc t vn QL iu hnh d n. Ngh nh 112 CP khng nh trch nhim trc ht thuc CT i vi ton b d n c trong trng hp lp ra Ban QLDA hay i thu t vn QL iu hnh d n, c th: CT thc hin nhim v quyn hn k t giai on chun b d n, thc hin d n n khi nghim thu bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng, m bo tnh hiu qu, tnh kh thi ca d n v tun th cc quy nh ca php lut (khon 12, 13, N 112/2006/N - CP) quy nh cho trng hp CT lp ra Ban QLDA hay i thu T vn QL iu hnh d n; iu ny cng cn c p dng i vi cc Ban QLDA do cc CT lp ra v c u quyn lm i din hp php ca CT. CC DCH V IU HNH D N Ti liu tham kho kinh nghim quc t (Hng T vn Rawlinsons - Australia) I CC DCH V CHUNG 1 Thay mt CT (khch hng) hot ng trong mi vn lin quan n d n. 2 Xc nh v thit lp cc mi lin h ca CT v lm cc bo co theo yu cu. 3 Cng vi CT xc nh cc mc tiu ca d n thit lp bn tm tt v cc loi, ch tiu v chng trnh cho d n 4 Tr gip v t vn cho CT trong vic chun b cc h s, bn tm tt v cc chuyn gia t vn (v php l, k thut v QL). 5 Thay mt cho CT mi cc chuyn gia t vn bao gm cc vic m phn v cc ph lin quan, chun b cc iu kin k kt hp ng (t vn). 6 Xc nh mc mi yu cu ca CT 7 Xc nhn, kim tra cc bn thanh ton ph t vn 8 m bo khi cn bng vic u t XD c ng k vi "Hi ng ng k ca cc nh XD" v m bo bng cc ph bo him theo yu cu c tr. 9 Tr gip khi cn trong vic nghin cu th trng, bn v cho thu d n 10 Tr gip trong vic t vn cc vn quy hoch ca TP c lin quan n d n II CC DCH V TRC GIAI ON HP NG 1 Tr gip v t vn cho CT trong vic nghin cu tnh kh thi ca d n (thu t vn lp d n u t) 2 Chun b v hng dn chng trnh thit k v cc h s 3 Thu xp v iu khin cc cuc hp phi hp gia cc nh thit k v cc chuyn gia t vn khc.
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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 II 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

m bo vic kho st hin trng c thc hin Tip nhn cc thng tin, hng dn v phi hp cc chuyn gia t vn m bo cc yu cu v thi gian v chi ph lun c tun th T vn v la chn cc vt liu, k thut, k nng XD v phn tch tnh ton cc thay i v thit k theo cc kha cnh chi ph, thi gian v tnh nng. m bo tt c cc giy php, chng ch v cc giy t tng t c y Tham d cc cuc hp chung nu cn thit Tr gip trong vic xem xt, cn nhc cc vn v php l m bo vic chun b cc thit k tng th, thit k trin khai, cc k hoch v chi ph c cc nh QS thc hin v m bo khi cn thit nu phi sa li thit k th vn m bo ngn sch ban u lp cho d n Tho lun vi tng c nhn chuyn gia t vn, QL trong sut cc giai on ca d n Kim tra li cc ngh, gii php ca nhm thit k c m bo khun kh, mc tiu ph hp vi bn m t tm tt d n gc khng. Kim tra v bo co v chi ph bo tr d n trong tng lai i vi cc thit k khc Chun b phc tho cc n t hng trc cho cc vt liu m bo cc yu cu theo chng trnh Thu xp, gii quyt cc gin on hay s chnh hng ca bt c dch v hin c no. CC DCH V TRONG GIAI ON U THU, LM H S HP NG Chun b bn iu kin chung ca hp ng Chun b cc iu kin u thu, mu h s d thu T vn trong vic tuyn chn v b nhim 1 nh thu Phi hp, bin son cc ti liu h s u thu gi thu Thit lp 1 c cu QL bao gm vic chun b cc nguyn tc, th tc trong xc nh r cc trch nhim, mi lin h ca tt c cc bn tham gia vo d n D tho v a ra 1 chng trnh (tin trnh) XD a vo h s u thu D bo v ngun tin cho d n cng chuyn gia QS (Quantity Surveyor - Nhng nh chuyn mn tnh tin lng, lp d ton v QL chi ph cc d n) Phn tch cc n thu nhn c, chun b cc bo co v cc n thu CT xem xt, chun b h s hp ng CT k kt vi nh thu CC DCH V TRONG GIAI ON SAU HP NG m bo vic kho st c tin hnh trc khi khi cng XD ti cng trng Gii quyt cc vn lin quan ti vic u ni cc dch v h tng (cung cp in, nc, hi...), v vn cy chng - vn khun... v cc vn tng t. Cng vi cc nh lm k hoch ca nh thu chun b lp s mng cho vic XD v bn giao cc hng mc cng trnh theo tin . Chun b v pht hnh cho nh thu 1 ti liu hng dn v cc nguyn tc, th tc cng vi cc biu mu chun v duy tr h thng QL m bo cc quyt nh cng nh d n c tin hnh tri chy Sp xp, tham d, iu khin tt c cc cuc hp ca d n ti hin trng Tham d tt c cc cuc hp do CT triu tp m bo cc bo co hng thng v cht lng, thi gian, chi ph do nh thu v cc chuyn gia t vn lm c chun b xut trnh cho CT Cng vi cc chuyn gia t vn gim st tin trnh cng vic trn cng trng
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9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 V 1 2 3 4 5 6

Phi hp vic thanh tra ca cc chuyn gia t vn v cc cng vic ti hin trng vi nhn vin chu trch nhim cht lng ca nh thu Chng nhn cc bn thanh ton hng thng Gim st, QL lung thng tin v thit k gi ti cc nh thu m bo chng trnh XD nh gi v quyt nh cho php cc vic c lin quan lm ko di thi gian XD (Khng do li nh thu gy ra). Phi hp cng vi CT v cc chuyn gia t vn khc son tho v cng b tt c cc hng dn, cc ph duyt, phng hng, cc s thay i v cc vic tng t (iu chnh d n). m bo cc n t hng c thc hin vi y cc giy php, ph hp vi tin XD ra Gip CT trong vic phi hp cc cng vic mua sm, giao hng, lp t ca cc hng ho, trang thit b gn vi chng trnh m bo CT nhn c tt c cc giy chng nhn cn thit khi hon thnh cc hng mc cng trnh v giy chng nhn cc cng vic hon thnh thc t cho nh thu CC DCH V SAU GIAI ON XD Kim tra li tt c cc cng vic trc khi bn giao cng trnh v thc y cc bn c trch nhim lp danh sch chi tit cc khim khuyt, h hng ca cng trnh m bo c c tt cc chng nhn th nghim cn thit cng nh cc bo hnh m bo c c mi hng dn vn hnh cn thit v cc bn v hon cng m bo rng cc li, h hng s c nh thu sa li trong thi gian h c trch nhim vi cc khim khuyt h hng m bo vic CT c bo him h hng Sau khi ht hn thi gian phi chu trch nhim vi cc h hng v sau khi hon thnh sa cha mi khuyt tt, h hng s pht hnh chng ch cui cng (chng ch hon thnh ton b).

Ngun: TC Xy dng s 1-2007