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Jatinder Pal Singh Deutsche Telekom Labs, Stanford University, Oct., 2007
Cellular Networks:
Agenda
Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Emerging trends Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies Economics of operation From a clean slate
Alternative wireless access technologies Convergence
Basics: Structure
Multiple Access
Handoff
Base Station
Fixed transceiver
Cells
Different Frequencies or Codes
Codes
Time
Information (voice, data) is digitized and bit streams modulated onto carrier Modulation, data redundancy (coding), transmission power, data retransmissions (ARQ) adapted to varying wireless channel quality Spatial attenuation of signal
Frequency or codes can be reused (frequency reuse)
cdmaOne/CDMA2000 Family
Agenda
Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Emerging trends Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies Economics of operation From a clean slate
Alternative wireless access technologies Convergence
25 MHz bandwidth - 124 carrier frequency channels, spaced 200KHz apart Time Division Multiplexing for 8 full rate speech channels per frequency channel. Circuit Switched Data with data rate of 9.6 kbps Handset transmission power limited to 2 W in GSM850/900 and 1 W in GSM1800/1900.
Architecture
Gateway MSC interfaces with PSTN, determines which visited MSC the subscriber being called is currently located at Visited MSC - MSC where a customer is currently located. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) associated with this MSC has subscriber's data. Anchor MSC - MSC from which handover initiated. Target MSC - MSC toward which a handover should take place.
User gets pair of uplink and downlink frequencies. Multiple users share the same frequency channel with time domain multiplexing. Packets have constant length corresponding to a GSM time slot. Downlink uses FCFS packet scheduling Uplink
Slotted ALOHA for reservation inquiries during contention phase data transferred using dynamic TDMA with FCFS scheduling.
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) - WCDMA as the underlying interface Supports up to 14 Mbps rates with HSDPA (typical present deployed rates per user 384kbps) Frequency bands W-CDMA has 5 Mhz wide radio channels (CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 Mhz radio channels). HSDPA allows networks based on UMTS to have higher data rates (1.8. 3.6, 7.2, 14.4 Mbps via AMC, and HARQ, fast packet scheduling. UMTS air interface forms Generic Radio Access Network (GeRAN) which can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN, GSM or UMTS. Using PCMCIA or USB card, or cellular router customers are able to access 3G broadband services
1885-2025 Mhz (uplink), 2110-2200 Mhz (downlink) US: 1710-1755 MHz and 2110-2155 MHz
Agenda
Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Emerging trends Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies Economics of operation From a clean slate
Alternative wireless access technologies Convergence
NGMN: Beyond 3G
Video telephony and multimedia conferencing, IM, video streaming among high drivers for NGMN Essential System recommendations
Seamless mobility across all bearers with service continuity through a min of 120 km/h Peak uplink data rates 30-50 Mbps Peak > 100Mbps downlink Latency core < 10ms, RAN <10ms, <30ms e2e QoS based global roaming Broadcast, multicast, and unicast services to subscribers of all environments Real time, conversational and streaming in PS across all required bearers Cost per MB : as close to DSL as possible
Agenda
Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Emerging trends Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies Economics of operation From a clean slate
Alternative wireless access technologies Convergence
Convergence
Heterogeneous access technologies Multi-mode access devices
Dual mode phones (WiFi, 2.5/3G), UMA
Heterogeneous Services Cellular Internet access and Internet based voice/video access Challenges
Time variant heterogeneous network characteristics Heterogeneous applications with different utilities System design and networking challenges
Agenda
Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Emerging trends Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies Economics of operation From a clean slate
Alternative wireless access technologies Convergence
Packet Switched
Semi-Organic
Third party/ independent (largely) Poor
Internet
Mostly absent
Insufficient as of present
Relatively high
Higher
Lower
QoS: Wireless hop (802.11e?), PPPoE, IP QoS (Diffserv) and translation mechanisms
Mobility Options: MIP - high-barrier, delay performance, incremental patch rather than clean solution?
Cellular Scenario
Agenda
Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Emerging trends Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies Economics of operation From a clean slate
Alternative wireless access technologies Convergence
The Economics
3G spectrum licensing and migration cost Telecom equipment vendors economics of operation, meeting bids vs. system upgrades for technical innovation Stiff competition for fixed and mobile segments of operators, drive towards services. Interesting and sometimes conflicting dynamics for both fixed and mobile operators.
Agenda
Basics & Technology Evolution Architecture and Functionality (GSM, 3G and beyond) Cellular future goals (2010 and beyond) Emerging trends Comparison with Internet and sample scenario studies Economics of operation From a clean slate
Alternative wireless access technologies Convergence
Interfacing of applications/services (QoS specs) with underlying serving networks for fast and easy deployment. Heterogeneity in access technologies amongst user carried devices honored and accepted by the network elements.
be multi-homed connected with heterogeneous technologies (including p2p, delay tolerant), have intelligence for resource allocation, QoS have interaction capability with other network elements (including user devices), support mobility, handoffs have ability to recognize needs of existing and new applications (HDTV, phone, streaming video) be plug and play
Commercial grade routers with virtualization, user traceability, limited QoS support. Limited trail in Berlin; Pilot for extensive evaluation launched and technology on company product roadmap for 2008. Distributed Authentication framework for a Global WiFi network (Mobicom07, extended abstract) Optimal Control theoretic approach for rate allocation (WiOpt07) Convex optimization framework for media-aware rate allocation for HD video sequences (ACM Multimedia07, best student paper award) Markov Decision Process based flow assignment over heterogeneous networks (IEEE WoWMoM07, top 15 papers)
Large scale dynamics of a commercial P2P streaming session and realworld testing of commercial P2P streaming solutions. Gossip based P2P streaming protocol (Journal on Advances in Multimedia07)
Email: jatinder@stanford.edu