3,5,7,9,13,15,17,19 Steady Flight L=W Aspect Ratio: b2 AR= S b = wingspan S = wing area Speed of Sound: a = ( ) RT Mach Number: V M = a Coefficient

ent of Pressure: ( p p ) C p= q For M<0.3 Prandtl-Glauert rule: C ( p , 0) C p= (1M 2 ) M = Mach Number C ( p , 0)=C p at incompressible Accurate for 0.3<M<0.7 1 [C C ( p , u) ] dx c ( p ,l ) c l =c n cos a sin c c n=

=sin ( Mach Angle= cl = (4 )

1 ) M

(4 ) c (d , w)= wave drag (M 2 1) in radians Profile Drag: D=D p + D f + D w or c d =c p+ c f + c w FOR FINITE WINGS: Induced Drag: C2 L C (D ,i) = ( AR) e Total Drag: C D=c d + C (D ,i) c d = profile drag Lift slope for finite wings: a0 a= (1+ 57.3a 0 / eAR)

(M 2 1)

0 xc

For small angle of attack (a<5) cos(a)=1 and sin(a)=0. Hence c lc n and 1 [C C ( p ,u ) ]dx c ( p ,l ) For M<0.3 cl = cl = c(l ,0 ) 0 xc

Main differences between finite and infinite are that: 1. For finite wings you must add induced drag to profile drag. 2. The slope of lift curve is less for finite than infinite (a<a0) For swept wings, the angle reduced the M_cr by only seeing the V component perpendicular (normal) to the LE.

For 0.3<M<0.7

(1M 2 )

To Find Critical Mach Number equate 2 = 2 (1M cr ) ( M 2cr ) C ( p , 0)

{[

(2+ ( M 2 ) 1) cr ( 1)

[ 1)] /(