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Chng 1

tng quan v h thng mimo

1.1 Gii thiu Nhu cu v dung lng trong h thng thng tin khng dy nh thng tin di ng, internet hay cc dch v a phng tin ang tng ln nhanh chng trn phm vi ton th gii. Tuy nhin ph tn v tuyn li hn ch, do vy mun tng dung lng ta bt buc phi tng hiu qu s dng ph tn. Nhng tin b trong m ho nh m Turbo, m kim tra chn l mt thp c th tip cn ti gii hn dung lng Shannon ca h thng vi 1 anten. Tuy nhin c th t c hiu qu ph tn cao hn na vi h thng c nhiu anten c my pht v my thu.

dn nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra (MIMO). Hiu qu ph tn l c im ni bt ca h thng MIMO, gi s vic truyn dn l l tng th n tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi s lng anten.

trn knh gia cc cp anten thu, pht c m hnh bng phng php fading Rayleigh phng c lp. Trong chng ny ch hn ch nghin cu vi knh bng hp c th m t bng m hnh phng tn s. Kt qu s c suy ra cho knh bng rng bng cch coi knh bng rng l mt tp trc giao cc knh bng hp. M hnh Rayleigh rt ph hp vi cc mi trng c nhiu vt phn tn. Trong chng ny vi m hnh fading Rayleigh c lp, cc tn hiu c pht t mi anten pht s xut hin c lp mi anten thu. Kt qu l tng ng vi mi tn hiu t anten pht c du hiu phn bit nhau anten thu. M hnh fading Rayleigh c lp gn ging vi knh MIMO khi khong cch gia cc anten ln hn nhiu bc sng ca sng mang, hoc gc sng ti tng i ln (trn 30 0 ).

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Chng ny tp trung tm hiu v dung lng ca cc knh truyn

Mt knh MIMO c thc hin vi nhiu anten. Mi trng truyn

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C nhiu php o v th nghim ch ra rng nu 2 anten thu c s dng phn tp my thu trm gc, chng phi t cch nhau 10 bc sng m bo l c lp nhau. Tng t, cc php o ch ra gi mc phn tp tng t my cm tay th anten phi cch nhau 3 bc sng. 1.2 M hnh h thng MIMO Gi thit t ra l mt h thng MIMO im im vi n T anten pht v n R anten thu. Tp trung vo m hnh h thng tuyn tnh bng gc phc c m t trong min thi gian ri rc. S khi h thng c ch ra ma trn ct x kch thc n T 1, trong phn t x i l tn hiu c pht t anten i. Xt knh Gaussian, theo l thuyt thng tin, phn b ti u ca tn hiu pht cng l phn b Gaussian. Do vy cc phn t ca x c xem l cc bin Gaussian phn b ng nht c lp trung bnh 0. Ma trn hip phng sai ca tn hiu pht l: trong Hnh 1.1. Tn hiu pht trong mi chu k symbol c biu din bng

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Rxx = E{xxH} Hnh 1.1 S khi h thng MIMO.

(1.1)

trong E{.} l php ton k vng v ton t AH l Hermitian ca ma trn A, tc l hon v lin hp phc cc phn t ca A.

Tng cng sut pht P khng ph thuc vo s lng anten pht nT, c cho bi cng thc:

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P = tr (Rxx)

(1.2)

trong tr(A) l vt ca ma trn A, c xc nh l tng ca cc phn t ng cho ca A. Nu knh khng c bit trc my pht, ta gi s rng tn hiu c pht t mi anten c cng sut bng nhau P/nT. Ma trn hip phng sai ca tn hiu pht l:

trong In T l ma trn n v kch thc nT nT. Di thng ca tn hiu pht l nh cc thnh phn tn s c coi l phng. Ni cch khc

ca H biu th h s fading knh t anten pht j ti anten thu i. chun ho ta gi s rng cng sut thu mi nhnh thu bng cng sut pht tng. Theo l thuyt iu c ngha l chng ta b qua s khuch i, suy gim tn hiu, hiu ng chn, tng ch anten T y ta c phn t ca H trn knh c h s xc nh nh sau:

ho c p dng biu din gi tr ca biu thc trn.

xuyn c bit my pht. Ma trn knh c th c nh gi my thu bng cch pht mt chui hun luyn. Thng tin trng thi knh c th c truyn ti my pht thng qua knh phn hi. Cc phn t ca ma trn H c th l tin nh hoc ngu nhin. Ta tp trung vo h thng thng tin khng dy m cc phn t ca ma trn knh c phn b Rician v Rayleigh, ch yu xem xt phn b Rayleigh v

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chng ta gi s rng knh l khng nh.

Knh c m t bng ma trn phc H kch thc nR nT. Phn t hij

Khi cc phn t ca ma trn knh l cc bin ngu nhin, th chun Gi s rng ma trn knh c bit my thu, nhng khng thng

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n th hin tt nht cho truyn dn v tuyn khng c tm nhn thng (NLOS). Tp m my thu c m t bng ma trn ct n c kch thc nR1. Cc phn t ca n c c tnh thng k l cc bin ngu nhin Gaussian trung bnh 0 phc c lp, vi phn o v phn thc bin i bng nhau, c lp. Ma trn hip phng ca tp m my thu l:

Nu cc phn t ca n khng tng quan, ma trn trn s tng ng vi:

v mi nhnh thu s c cng sut tp m nh nhau l s2.

thu. Tn hiu thu c biu din bng ma trn ct r c kch thc nR1, mi phn t phc tng ng vi 1 anten. t cng sut trung bnh u ra ca anten thu l Pr. T s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) mi anten thu l:

tng, SNR s bng vi t s cng sut pht tng trn cng sut tp m ti anten thu v s khng ph thuc vo nT, ta c:

din nh sau: S dng cng thc (1.9) ta c ma trn hip phng sai tn hiu thu E{rrH} nh sau:

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My thu c xy dng theo nguyn l hp l cc i vi nR anten

Gi s rng cng sut thu tng trn mi anten bng cng sut pht

Bng cch s dng m hnh tuyn tnh, vct thu c th c biu

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trong cng sut thu tng c biu din l tr(Rrr). 1.3 Dung lng h thng MIMO Dung lng h thng l tc truyn dn cc i vi xc sut li nh nht nh. Trc tin ta gi s ma trn knh khng c bit trc my pht nhng li bit rt r my thu. Theo nh l phn tch gi tr ring (SVD), ma trn H kch thc nRnT c th c biu din thnh: Trong D l ma trn ng cho khng m kch thc nRnT, U v V l cc ma trn unitary kch thc nRnR v nTnT tng ng. Ngha l UUH=In R v VVH=In T trong In R v In T l cc ma trn n v kch thc nRnR v nTnT tng ng. Cc phn t ng cho ca D l cn bc 2 khng m ca gi tr ring ma trn HHH. Cc gi tr ring l ca HHH xc nh theo cng thc:

trong y l vct ng vi l c kch thc nR1, c gi l vct ring. Cn bc 2 khng m ca gi tr ring trn cng chnh l gi tr ring ca H. Hn na, cc ct ca U l cc vct ring ca HHH v cc ct ca V l vct ring ca HHH. Thay (1.11) vo (1.9) ta c vct thu: Thc hin bin i:

vi U, V l kh nghch. R rng vic nhn cc vct r, x, n bng cc ma trn tng ng nh trong (1.14) c tc dng t l. Vct n l bin ngu

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nhin Gaussian trung bnh 0 c phn thc v phn o phn b ng nht c lp. Do vy knh ban u tng ng vi knh c a ra nh sau: S lng cc gi tr ring khc 0 ca ma trn HHH bng hng r ca ma trn H. Ma trn H c hng ln nht l m = min (nR, nT), vy s lng ln nht cc gi tr ring khc 0 l m. t gi tr ring ca H bng li , i = 1,2,,r. Thay cc gi tr ring li vo (1.15), ta c cc thnh phn tn hiu thu:

, nR khng ph thuc vo tn hiu pht, ngha l tng ch knh bng 0. Mt khc cc thnh phn thu, ri , i = 1, 2, , r ch ph thuc vo cc thnh phn pht xi. Do vy knh MIMO tng ng t (1.15) c th c xem l bao gm r knh con song song c lp. Mi knh con c gn vi mt gi tr ring ca ma trn H, gi tr ny tng ng vi tng ch khuch i knh. Tng ch cng sut knh bng vi gi tr ring ca ma trn HHH. V d, nu nT > nR, hng ca H khng th ln hn nR , phng trnh (1.16) cho ta thy c khng qu nR cc knh con tng ch khc 0 trong knh MIMO tng ng, nh ch ra trong Hnh 1.2. Hoc ngc li nu nR > nT, th c ln nht nT knh con tng ch khc 0 trong knh MIMO tng ng, nh trong Hnh 1.3. Ma trn hip phng v vt ca n vi cc tn hiu r, x v n c th nhn c t (1.14):

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Phng trnh (1.16) ch ra rng cc thnh phn thu, ri, i =r + 1, r+2,

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Hnh 1.2 S khi ca knh MIMO vi nT > nR.

Hnh 1.3 S khi ca knh MIMO vi nR > nT.

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Cc mi quan h trn ch ra rng cc ma trn hip phng sai r, x, n c cng tng cc thnh phn ng cho v do s c cng cng sut nh cc tn hiu ban u, r, x, n tng ng. Ch rng trong m hnh knh MIMO tng ng (1.16) cc knh con l c lp, do vy dung lng ca chng c cng li. Gi s cng sut pht t mi anten trong m hnh knh MIMO tng ng l P/nT, chng ta c th nh gi dung lng tng ca knh bng cng thc Shannon, n v tnh dung lng l {bit/s}. Ta c cng thc:

trong W l rng bng ca mi knh con, Pri l cng sut tn hiu thu trong knh i, Pri c cho bi cng thc:

trong li l gi tr ring ca ma trn knh H, v vy dung lng knh s l:

m=min(nR,nT). Phng trnh (1.12) xc nh mi quan h gia vct ring v gi tr ring c th c vit li nh sau: (lIm Q)y = 0, y0 (1.22) Trong Q l ma trn Wishart, xc nh nh sau:

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Xt mi quan h gia dung lng knh v ma trn H. Gi s

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Vy l l gi tr ring ca Q, nu v ch nu lIm Q l ma trn ring. Do nh thc ca lIm Q phi bng 0: det (lIm Q) = 0 phng trnh (1.24). Xt a thc c trng p(l) t v tri ca phng trnh (1.24): p(l) = det (lIm Q) (1.25) p(l) c bc l m nu mi hng ca lIm Q ng gp duy nht 1 thnh phn thc bc m vi h s phc c ng m nghim, ta c th biu din a thc c trng di dng: (1.24) Gi tr ring l ca ma trn knh c th c tm bng nghim ca

trong li l nghim ca a thc c trng p(l), bng vi gi tr ring ma trn knh. Ta c phng trnh (1.24) c dng:

Ta c phng trnh t 2 v tri ca (1.24) v (1.27):

Thay -

Vy cng thc dung lng t (1.21) tr thnh:

lng ca knh tng ng vi cc ma trn H v HH cng nh nhau. Ch l nu h s knh bin i ngu nhin, cng thc (1.21) v (1.30) biu din

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nT s 2 vo l trong (1.28) ta c: p

cng sut l trong khai trin Laplace ca nh thc det (lIm Q). Khi a

Do gi tr ring khc khng ca HHH v HHH nh nhau, nn dung

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dung lng tc thi hoc thng tin tng h. Dung lng knh trung bnh c th thu c bng cch ly trung bnh tt c phn thc ca h s knh. 1.4 Dung lng knh MIMO vi cng sut pht thch nghi Khi cc tham s ca knh c bit trc my pht, dung lng c th tng ln bng cch gn cng sut pht cho cc anten khc nhau theo nguyn tc Water-filling. l t cng sut pht ln khi trng thi ca knh tt v nh khi trng thi ti. Cng sut cho knh i c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong a+ c xc nh l a+ = max(a,0) v m c xc nh sao cho:

Cng sut thu knh con i trong m hnh knh MIMO tng ng l:

Dung lng knh MIMO l:

Thay cng sut tn hiu thu t (1.33) vo (1.34) ta c:

Ma trn hip phng sai ca tn hiu pht l:

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Xt qu trnh phn tch gi tr ring ca ma trn H nh trong (1.11).

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1.5 Dung lng knh MIMO c h s c nh 1.5.1 Knh anten n Xt knh vi nT = nR = 1 v H = h = 1.Theo cng thc Shannon dung lng ca knh l:

Biu thc tng t c th nhn c bng cch p dng cng thc (1.30). Ch rng vi SNR cao dung lng tng theo hm logarit vi SNR. C tng SNR 3 dB th dung lng chun ho C/W tng 1 bit/sec/Hz. Gi s h ng anten n l 6,658 bit/s/Hz.

1.5.2 Knh MIMO vi ma trn knh n v

1.5.2.1 Vi kt hp tng kt

hiu c pht ng thi t nT anten. Tn hiu anten thu l: ri= nTx (1.39)

Cng sut tn hiu thu anten i l:

trong P/nT l cng sut pht t 1 anten. Ch l do cng sut pht trn mi anten pht l P/ nT, cng sut thu tng trn anten thu nTP. Tng ch cng sut nT l do kt hp cc tn hiu pht. Hng ca ma trn H l 1, do vy ch c 1 tn hiu thu trong m hnh knh tng ng c mc cng sut:

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Trong knh ny, cc phn t ma trn hij l:

s knh c chun ho h2 =1, SNR (P/s2) = 20 dB th dung lng ca

Trong knh ny, ma trn knh c cho bng cng thc (1.38), tn

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p dng cng thc (1.19) ta c dung lng knh l:

Trong trng hp ny h thng nhiu anten suy bin thnh h thng n v ch thc hin cng sut ln hn bng cch phn tp pht v thu. H thng ny c tng ch phn tp gp nTnR so vi h thng n tng ng. thu c tng ch ny th h thng cn phi phn phi truyn dn v kt hp t s cc i tng kt. Tuy nhin dung lng tng theo hm logarit vi tch chun ho s l 12.65 bit/sec/Hz. s anten nRnT. V d vi nR = nT = 8 v 10lgP/s2 = 20 dB, dung lng 1.5.2.2 Vi kt hp khng tng kt

cc phn t ma trn knh bng 1, th ch c 1 tn hiu thu trong m hnh knh tng ng c cng sut nRP. Do vy dung lng l:

bit/s/Hz.

1.5.3 Knh MIMO vi truyn dn trc giao

nhau. Chng c kt ni bng cc knh con song song trc giao sao cho khng c xuyn nhiu gia cc knh con. C th thc hin iu ny bng cch lin kt mi my pht vi my thu tng ng bng mt ng dn sng ring, hoc pht tn hiu tri ph t nhiu anten khc nhau bng cc chui tri ph trc giao. Ma trn knh l:

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Nu cc tn hiu c pht t cc anten khc nhau l khc nhau v

Vi SNR = 20 dB, nR = nT = 8 th dung lng chun ho l 9,646

Trong v d ny ta xt knh vi s lng anten pht v thu bng

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T l (1.4).

n c a vo ph hp vi cng sut khng i trong

V HHH = nIn nn p dng cng thc (1.30) ta c dung lng knh l:

rng l cao hn so vi trng hp mc (1.5.2). Khi cc knh con c lp to ra tng ch gp n. 1.5.4 Phn tp thu bng vct:

trong ton t (.)T l chuyn v ma trn. Khi nR > nT , cng thc (1.30) s tr thnh:

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Do HH =
H

Vi nR = nT = n = 8 v SNR l 20 dB, th C/W = 53,264 bit/s/Hz. R

Gi s c 1 anten pht v nR anten thu. Ma trn knh c biu din

h
i =1

nR

, p dng cng thc (1.30) ta c:

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Dung lng ny tng ng vi kt hp cc i tuyn tnh my thu. Khi cc phn t ma trn knh bng nhau v c chun ho:

Th dung lng theo cng thc (1.45) tr thnh:

H thng ny thc hin tng ch phn tp gp nR ln knh 1 anten n. Vi n = 8 v SNR = 20 dB, dung lng phn tp thu l 9,646 bit/s/Hz. knh. Dung lng ca h thng ny l: Vi phn tp chn lc, thc hin la chn knh tt nht trong nR

1.5.5 Phn tp pht

bng vct H =(h1, h2, ., hn T ). Do HH =

H

lng phn tp pht l:

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h
i =1 nT 2 i

Qu trnh chn cc i c thc hin vi i = 1, 2, , nR. H thng c nT anten pht v 1 anten thu. Knh c biu din

, p dng cng thc (1.30) ta c:

Nu h s knh bng nhau v c chun ho nh trong (1.4), dung

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Dung lng khng tng theo s lng anten pht. Cng thc ny p dng vi trng hp my pht khng hiu knh truyn. Vi knh truyn c phn phi tryn dn, khi my pht hiu bit v knh truyn, ta c th p dng cng thc (1.35). Khi hng ca ma trn knh l 1, ch c 1 hng t trong tng theo (1.35) v ch 1 gi tr ring khc 0 cho bi cng thc:

Gi tr m trong iu kin chun ho cho bi cng thc:

V vy dung lng l:

Nu h s knh bng nhau v chun ho nh trong (1.4) ta c:

pht c dung lng l 9,646 bit/s/Hz.

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Vi nT = 8, SNR = 20 dB, phn tp pht vi knh c bit my