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Glossary of Financial Terminology The list of 50 most frequently-used terms will be provided in the following table:
No Terms Translation Notes (in English) An accounting entry that represents an entity's obligation to pay off a short-term debt to its creditors. The accounts payable entry is found on a balance sheet under the heading current liabilities. If a company has receivables, this means it has made a sale but has yet to collect the money from the purchaser. Receivables usually come in the form of operating lines of credit and are usually due within a relatively short time period, ranging from a few days to a year. Annuity refers to any terminating stream of fixed payments over a specified period of time. Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings account, monthly home mortgage payments and monthly insurance payments. A financial statement that summarizes a company's assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time. Notes (in Vietnamese) Mt mc k ton th hin ngha v tr mt khon n ngn hn ca doanh nghip i vi cc ch n. Cc khon phi tr xut hin trn bng cn i k ton di nhm n ngn hn. Nu mt cng ty c khon phi thu, iu ny c ngha l cng ty bn nhng vn cha thu c tin t khch hng. Cc khon phi thu thng c dng nh mc tn dng v thng c hon tr trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn, t mt vi ngy n mt nm. Nin kim dng ch cc khon thanh ton c nh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. V d v nin kim c th k dn nh tin gi lien tc cho mt ti khon tit kim, tin th chp nh v tin bo him hng thng. Mt loi bo co ti chnh tng hp ti sn, n phi tr v vn ch s hu ca doanh nghip ti mt im c th.

Accounts payable

Khon phi tr

Accounts receivable

Khon phi thu

Annuity

Nin kim

Balance Sheet

Bng cn i k ton

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Capital gain

Thng d vn

1. An increase in the value of a capital asset (investment or real estate) that gives it a higher worth than the purchase price. 2. Profit that results when the price of a security held by a mutual fund rises above its purchase price and the security is sold (realized gain).

1. S gia tng gi tr ca ti sn vn (u t hoc bt ng sn) so vi gi mua ban u. 2. Li nhun thu c khi gi c phiu tng cao hn gi mua ban u v c phiu c bn (li nhun c ghi nhn).

Cash flows

Dng tin

Ngun thu nhp hoc A revenue or expense stream that changes a cash dng chi ph lm thay i ti khon tin mt trong account over a given mt khong thi gian period. nht nh. Properties or assets that are offered to secure a loan or other credit. Collateral is a form of security to the lender in case the borrower fails to pay back the loan. A security that represents ownership in a corporation. Common stockholders are on the bottom of the priority ladder for ownership structure. In the event of liquidation, common shareholders have rights to a company's assets only after bondholders, preferred shareholders and other debtholders have been paid in full. In the U.K., these are called "ordinary shares". Ti sn c em ra m bo cho mt khon vay. Ti sn th chp l mt hnh thc bo m c li cho ngi cho vay trong trng hp bn vay khng hon tr khon vay. Mt c phiu th hin quyn s hu i vi mt doanh nghip. Ngi nm gi c phiu ph thng c v tr di cng trong bc thang c cu s hu u tin. Trong trng hp thanh l, cc c ng thng c quyn i vi ti sn ca cng ty sau khi ngi s hu tri phiu, c ng u i v cc ch n khc c thanh ton y . Anh, c phiu ph thng cn c gi l "ordinary shares".

Collateral

Ti sn th chp

Common stock

C phiu ph thng

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Compensating balance

S d b p

A minimum balance that must be maintained in an account. The compensating balance is often used to offset a portion of the cost that a bank faces when extending a loan or credit to an individual or business, and is usually calculated as a percentage of the loan outstanding. The cost of capital determines how a company can raise money (through a stock issue, borrowing, or a mix of the two). This is the rate of return that a firm would receive if it invested in a different vehicle with similar risk. The direct costs attributable to the production of the goods sold by a company. This amount includes the cost of the materials used in creating the good along with the direct labor costs used to produce the good. It excludes indirect expenses such as distribution costs and sales force costs. COGS appears on the income statement and can be deducted from revenue to calculate a company's gross margin.

S d ti thiu phi c duy tr trong ti khon. S d b p thng c s dng b p mt phn chi ph m ngn hng phi i mt khi cho mt c nhn hoc doanh nghip vay, v thng c tnh theo t l phn trm ca khon vay.

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Cost of capital

Chi ph vn

Chi ph vn xc nh cch mt cng ty c th tng vn (thng qua pht hnh c phiu, i vay, hoc c hai). y l t sut li nhun m mt cng ty s nhn c nu u t vo cc cng c ti chnh khc c cng ri ro. Cc chi ph lin quan trc tip n vic sn xut hng ho bn ra ca cng ty. Chi ph ny bao gm chi ph nguyn vt liu cng vi cc chi ph lao ng trc tip s dng trong qu trnh sn xut hng ha. N khng bao gm chi ph gin tip nh chi ph phn phi v chi ph cho nhn vin bn hng. COGS xut hin trn bo co thu nhp v c khu tr t doanh thu tnh tng li nhun ca cng ty.

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Costs of goods sold

Chi ph hng bn

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Coupon rate

Li sut cung phiu

The interest rate stated on a bond when it's issued. This is also referred to as the "coupon rate" or "coupon percent rate". The coupon is typically paid semiannually. For example, a $1,000 bond with a coupon of 7% will pay $70 a year. A balance sheet account that represents the value of all assets that are reasonably expected to be converted into cash within one year in the normal course of business. In the United Kingdom, current assets are also known as "current accounts". Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, prepaid expenses and other liquid assets that can be readily converted to cash. A company's debts or obligations that are due within one year. Current liabilities appear on the company's balance sheet and include short term debt, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other debts. An expense recorded to allocate a tangible asset's cost over its useful life. Because depreciation is a non-cash expense, it increases free cash flow while decreasing reported earnings.

Li sut ghi trn tri phiu ti thi im pht hnh. Cng c gi l."coupon" hoc "coupon percent rate". Khon li sut cung phiu thng c tr na nm mt ln. V d, mt tri phiu c gi $1,000 vi li sut 7% s tr $70 mt nm. Ti sn lu ng th hin gi tr ca tt c cc ti sn d kin s c chuyn i thnh tin mt trong vng mt nm. Anh, cc ti sn lu ng cn c gi l "current accounts". Ti sn lu ng bao gm tin mt, cc khon phi thu, hng tn kho, chng khon c th bn ngay, chi ph tr trc v ti sn c tnh thanh khon tt c th d dng chuyn i thnh tin mt.

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Current assets

Ti sn lu ng

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Current liabilities

Ngun vn ngn hn

Cc khon n o hn trong vng mt nm. Ngun vn ngn hn xut hin trn bng cn i k ton ca cng ty v bao gm n ngn hn, cc khon phi tr, n tch lu v cc khon n khc. Khon chi ph c ghi li phn b chi ph mt ti sn hu hnh trn vng i ca n. Do khu hao l chi ph khng phi l tin mt, n lm tng dng tin t do trong khi lm gim cc khon thu nhp bo co.

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Depreciation

Khu hao

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Derivatives

Cng c phi sinh

A security whose price is dependent upon or derived from one or more underlying assets. The derivative itself is merely a contract between two or more parties. Its value is determined by fluctuations in the underlying asset. The most common underlying assets include stocks, bonds, commodities, curre ncies, interest rates and market indexes. The interest rate used in determining the present value of future cash flows. A distribution of a portion of a company's earnings, decided by the board of directors, to a class of its shareholders. Dividends may be in the form of cash, stock or property. A measure of the sensitivity of the price (the value of principal) of a fixed-income investment to a change in interest rates. Duration is expressed as a number of years. Rising interest rates mean falling bond prices, while declining interest rates mean rising bond prices.

Mt ti sn c gi ph thuc vo hoc xut pht t mt hoc nhiu ti sn gc. Cc cng c phi sinh ch l hp ng gia hai hoc nhiu bn. Gi tr ca n c xc nh bi bin ng gi ca ti sn gc. Cc ti sn gc ph bin nht bao gm c phiu, tri phiu, hng ha, tin t, li sut v ch s th trng.

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Discount rate

T sut chit khu

Mc li sut c s dng trong vic xc nh gi tr hin ti ca dng tin trong tng lai. Vic phn phi mt phn thu nhp ca mt cng ty, theo quyt nh ca ban gim c, i vi mt nhm c ng. C tc c th theo hnh thc c phn, tin mt hoc ti sn. Thc o nhy ca gi (gi tr ca tin vn) ca mt khon u t c thu nhp c nh trc s thay i li sut. Thi gian o hn bnh qun c th hin bng s nm. Li sut tng c ngha l gi tri phiu gim, trong khi li sut gim c ngha l gi tri phiu tng.

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Dividend

C tc

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Duration

Thi gian o hn bnh qun

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Equity

Vn ch s hu

On a company's balance sheet, the amount of the funds contributed by the owners (the stockholders) plus the retained earnings (or losses). Also referred to as "shareholders' equity". In the context of margin trading, the value of securities in a margin account minus what has been borrowed from the brokerage. A long-term tangible piece of property that a firm owns and uses in the production of its income and is not expected to be consumed or converted into cash any sooner than at least one year's time. Buildings, real estate, equipment and furniture are good examples of fixed assets. Fixed assets are sometimes collectively referred to as "plant". A financial contract obligating the buyer to purchase an asset (or the seller to sell an asset), such as a physical commodity or a financial instrument, at a predetermined future date and price. Futures contracts detail the quality and quantity of the underlying asset; they are standardized to facilitate trading on a futures exchange.

Trn bng cn i k ton ca mt cng ty, khon ng gp ca ch s hu (c ng) cng vi li nhun tch ly (hoc l). Cng c gi l "shareholders' equity". Trong giao dch k qu, gi tr c phiu trong ti khon k qu tr i khon vay t cc mi gii. Mt phn ti sn hu hnh di hn m mt cng ty s hu v s dng trong sn xut kinh doanh v d kin s khng c tiu th hoc chuyn i thnh tin mt trong thi gian t nht mt nm. Nh ca, bt ng sn, trang thit b v ni tht l cc v d in hnh ca ti sn c nh. Ti sn c nh i khi c gi chung l "plan". Mt hp ng ti chnh bt ngi mua phi mua mt ti sn (hoc ngi bn phi bn mt ti sn), chng hn nh mt mt hng c th hoc mt cng c ti chnh, vo mt ngy xc nh trong tng lai vi gi c nh trc. Cc hp ng tng lai nu r cht lng v s lng ca ti sn gc v c chun ha to iu kin cho cc giao dch trn sn giao dch hp ng tng lai.

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Fixed assets

Ti sn c nh

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Futures

Hp ng tng lai

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Income Statement

Bo co thu nhp

A financial statement that measures a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period. When an individual or organization can no longer meet its financial obligations with its lender or lenders as debts become due. An asset that is not physical in nature. Corporate intellectual property (items such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, business methodologies), goodwill and brand recognition are all common intangible assets in today's marketplace. For example, a company such as Coca-Cola wouldn't be nearly as successful were it not for the high value obtained through its brand-name recognition The discount rate often used in capital budgeting that makes the net present value of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. IRR is sometimes referred to as "economic rate of return (ERR)".

Mt loi bo co ti chnh nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca cng ty trong mt k k ton c th. Mt c nhn hoc t chc khng cn kh nng tr n ngi cho vay khi cc khon n n hn.

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Insolvency

Mt kh nng thanh ton

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Intangible assets

Ti sn v hnh

Mt ti sn m bn cht khng phi l ti sn hu hnh. S hu tr tu (bng sng ch, nhn hiu, bn quyn, phng php kinh doanh), thng hiu l cc ti sn v hnh ph bin trn th trng hin nay. V d, mt cng ty nh Coca-Cola s khng th thnh cng nh hin nay m khng da vo thng hiu ca mnh.

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Internal rate of return

T sut sinh li ni b

T l chit khu thng c s dng trong d ton ngun vn, lm cho cc gi tr hin ti rng ca tt c cc dng tin ca mt d n nht nh bng khng. IRR i khi c gi l "economic rate of return (ERR)".

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Leverage

T l n by

The amount of debt used to finance a firm's assets. A firm with significantly more debt than equity is considered to be highly leveraged. For example, if a company formed with an investment of $5 million from investors, the equity in the company is $5 million - this is the money the company uses to operate. If the company uses debt financing by borrowing $20 million, the company now has $25 million to invest in business operations and more opportunity to increase value for shareholders. The ability to convert an asset to cash quickly. Also known as "marketability". Any equity or debt instrument that it readily salable and can be converted into cash, or exchanged with ease. Stocks, bonds, short-term commercial paper and certificates of deposit are all considered marketable securities because there is a public demand for them and because they can be readily converted into cash.

Khon n c s dng cp vn ti sn ca mt cng ty. Mt cng ty c n nhiu hn hn so vi vn ch s hu c coi l c t l n by cao. V d, nu mt cng ty c $5 triu t cc nh u t, vn ch s hu trong cng ty l $5 triu y l s tin cng ty s dng hot ng. Nu cng ty vay thm $20 triu, cng ty s c $25 triu na u t vo hot ng kinh doanh v c nhiu c hi hn tng gi tr cho c ng.

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Liquidity

Kh nng thanh khon

Kh nng chuyn i mt ti sn thnh tin mt nhanh chng. Cn c gi l "marketability". Vn ch s hu hoc bt k cng c n c th bn v chuyn i thnh tin mt, hoc trao i d dng. C phiu, tri phiu, thng phiu ngn hn v chng ch tin gi c coi l chng khon c th bn ngay do th trng c nhu cu mua cao v chng c th d dng chuyn i thnh tin mt.

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Marketable securities

Chng khon c th bn ngay

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Net Income

Thu nhp thun

A company's total earnings (or profit). Net income is calculated by taking revenues and adjusting for the cost of doing business, depreciation, interest, taxes and other expenses. In the U.K., net income is known as "profit attributable to shareholders". The difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of an investment or project. A financial derivative that represents a contract sold by one party (option writer) to another party (option holder). The contract offers the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call) or sell (put) a security or other financial asset at an agreed-upon price (the strike price) during a certain period of time or on a specific date (exercise date).

Tng thu nhp (hoc li nhun) ca mt cng ty. Thu nhp thun c tnh bng cch ly doanh thu tr cc chi ph kinh doanh, khu hao, li, thu v cc chi ph khc. Anh, thu nhp thun c gi l"profit attributable to shareholders".

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Net present value

Gi tr hin ti rng

S khc bit gia gi tr hin ti ca dng tin vo v gi tr hin ti ca cc dng tin ra. NPV c s dng trong d ton vn phn tch li nhun ca mt khon u t, d n. Mt cng c phi sinh ti chnh th hin mt hp ng bn bi mt bn (bn bn quyn chn) cho mt bn khc (ngi mua quyn chn). Hp ng quyn chn cung cp cho ngi mua quyn, khng phi l ngha v, mua hoc bn mt ti sn hoc cc ti sn ti chnh khc ti mt mc gi tha thun trc (gi thc hin) trong mt khong thi gian nht nh hoc ti mt ngy c th (ngy thc hin). Thi gian cn thit thu hi chi ph u t. V d, nu mt d n c chi ph $100,000 v d kin s thu c $20,000 hng nm, thi gian hon tr l $100,000/$20,000, hoc nm nm.

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Option

Hp ng quyn chn

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Payback period

The length of time required to recover the cost of an investment. For example, if a project costs Thi gian $100,000 and is expected hon tr to return $20,000 annually, the payback period will be $100,000 / $20,000, or five years.

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Preference share

C phiu u i

A class of ownership in a corporation that has a higher claim on the assets and earnings than common stock. Preferred stock generally has a dividend that must be paid out before dividends to common stockholders and the shares usually do not have voting rights. A type of asset that arises on a balance sheet as a result of business making payments for goods and services to be received in the near future. 1. The amount borrowed or the amount still owed on a loan, separate from interest. 2. The original amount invested, separate from earnings. 3. The face value of a bond. 4. The owner of a private company. 5. The main party to a transaction, acting as either a buyer or seller for his/her own account and risk. The gain or loss on an investment over a specified period, expressed as a percentage increase over the initial investment cost. Gains on investments are considered to be any income received from the security plus realized capital gains.

Mt loi hnh s hu trong cng ty, c quyn i vi ti sn v thu nhp trc c phiu ph thng. C phiu u i thng nhn c c tc trc c ng ph thng v thng khng c quyn biu quyt.

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Prepaid Expense

Chi ph Tr trc

Mt loi ti sn trn bng cn i k ton v l kt qu ca vic tr trc cc khon cn thanh ton i vi hng ho v dch v s nhn c trong tng lai gn. 1. S tin vay hoc s tin cn n trn mt khon vay, khng bao gm li. 2. S tin u t ban u, khng bao gm thu nhp. 3. Mnh gi ca tri phiu. 4. Ch s hu ca mt cng ty t nhn. 5. Bn giao dch chnh, l ngi mua hoc ngi bn ti khon v ri ro ring.

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Principal

Tin gc, ngi y thc

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Rate of return

T sut li nhun

Li hay l ca mt khon u t trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, th hin di dng gia tng t l phn trm so vi chi ph u t ban u. Li u t l tng ca thu nhp nhn c t c phiu v thng d vn.

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Retained earnings

Thu nhp tch lu

Retained earnings refers to the portion of net income which is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. Revenue is the amount of money that is brought into a company by its business activities. The return in excess of the risk-free rate of return that an investment is expected to yield. An asset's risk premium is a form of compensation for investors who tolerate the extra risk - compared to that of a risk-free asset in a given investment. The principle that potential return rises with an increase in risk. Low levels of uncertainty (low risk) are associated with low potential returns, whereas high levels of uncertainty (high risk) are associated with high potential returns. According to the risk-return tradeoff, invested money can render higher profits only if it is subject to the possibility of being lost. The estimated value that an asset will realize upon its sale at the end of its useful life. The value is used in accounting to determine depreciation amounts and in the tax system to determine deductions.

Thu nhp tch ly th hin phn thu nhp rng c tch ly m khng phn phi cho cc ch s hu di dng c tc. Doanh thu l s tin thu c t cc hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty. Phn tri hn so vi t sut li nhun phi ri ro m mt khon u t d kin nhn c. Phn b ri ro ca mt ti sn l mt hnh thc bi thng cho nh u t chp nhn thm ri ro - so vi mt ti sn phi ri ro. L nguyn tc: li nhun tng cng vi s gia tng ri ro. Mc ri ro thp tng ng vi tim nng li nhun thp, trong khi mc ri ro cao tng ng vi tim nng li nhun cao. Theo nh nguyn tc ny, khon u t c th to ra li nhun cao hn ch khi n c kh nng khng thu hi c.

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Revenue

Doanh thu

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Risk Premium

Phn b Ri ro

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Risk-Return trade-off

S tho hip Ri ro-Li nhun

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Salvage value

Gi tr thu hi

Gi tr c tnh ca mt ti sn khi n c bn cui vng i hu ch ca n. Gi tr ny c s dng xc nh khu hao v trong h thng thu xc nh khon khu tr.

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Stock Split

Chia tch c phiu

A corporate action in which a company's existing shares are divided into multiple shares. Although the number of shares outstanding increases by a specific multiple, the total dollar value of the shares remains the same compared to pre-split amounts, because no real value has been added as a result of the split. In the U.K., a stock split is referred to as a "scrip issue", "bonus issue", "capitalization issue" or "free issue". For example, in a 2-for-1 split, each stockholder receives an additional share for each share he or she holds. The idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity. This core principle of finance holds that, provided money can earn interest, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received. Also referred to as "present discounted value".

Mt hnh ng ca doanh nghip, trong mt c phiu hin c ca cng ty c chia tch thnh nhiu c phiu. Mc d s lng c phiu tng, gi tr thc tng s c phiu vn khng thay i so vi trc khi chia tch. Anh, chia tch c phiucn c gi l mt "scrip issue", "bonus issue", "capitalization issue" hoc "free issue". V d, khi chia tch 2cho-1, mi c ng c nhn thm mt c phiu cho mi c phiu m h nm gi.

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Time value of money

Gi tr thi gian tin

Tin c sn ti thi im hin ti c gi tr hn khon tin tng t trong tng lai do kh nng mang li thu nhp tim nng ca n. Nguyn tc ti chnh ct li ny cho rng, u t khon tin hin ti c th thu c li sut, do vy, khi ngi u t nhn dc tin cng sm, tin cng c gi tr ln. Cng c gi l "present discounted value".

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Trade credit

Tn dng thng mi

Trade credit is an arrangement between businesses to buy goods or services on account, that is, without making immediate cash payment. The supplier typically provides the customer with an agreement to bill them later, stipulating a fixed number of days or other date by which the customer should pay. It can be viewed as an essential element of capitalization in an operating business because it can reduce the required capital investment required to operate the business if it is managed properly. An individual who holds or manages assets for the benefit of another. A company or other entity that administers the public issuance and distribution of securities from a corporation or other issuing body. A calculation of a firm's cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. WACC is the average of the costs of these sources of financing. A measure of both a company's efficiency and its short-term financial health. The working capital ratio is calculated as: Current Assets - Current Liabilities

Tn dng thng mi l tha thun gia cc doanh nghip mua hng ha, dch v m cha thc hin thanh ton bng tin mt ngay lp tc. Cc nh cung ng thng cho khch hng mua hng tr sau, quy nh khong thi gian tr c nh hoc ngy m khch hng phi tr tin. N c th c xem nh mt yu t thit yu trong hot ng ca mt doanh nghip bi v n c th lm gim vn u t cn thit vn hnh doanh nghip nu c qun l ng cch.

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Trustee

T chc u thc

Mt c nhn nm gi hoc qun l ti sn v li ch ca ngi khc. Mt cng ty hay t chc qun l vic pht hnh v phn phi c phiu ca mt cng ty hoc c quan pht hnh khc. Php tnh ton chi ph vn ca mt cng ty trong mi ngun vn c tnh theo trng s. WACC l chi ph ngun vn trung bnh. Mt thc o hiu qu hot ng v kh nng ti chnh ngn hn ca mt cng ty. Vn lu ng c tnh bng cng thc: Ti sn ngn hn N ngn hn

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Underwriter

T chc bo lnh pht hnh

Weighted 48 average cost of capital

Chi ph vn trung bnh theo trng s

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Working capital

Vn lu ng

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