9

1

, ,
, .

,
. ,
, .
,
, .

,
, .
.

.

30100%

.
,
.
.

. Terzaghi

,
.

.

, ,

2
,
.

,
.
, .
,

.
, .

.

. ,
,
.
,
, .
,
RMR (Bieniawski, 1989), Q, GSI.

.
, ,
-.


.

2
.

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2008

9
A09_RockMassHoekBrown

1N (+ ) = 1 + a 3bN (Murrel, 1965)

1N (+ ) = 1 + 3 N + a 3bN (Hobbs, 1964)

1N = 1 + a 3 N (Bodonyi, 1970 - M/C)
1N = 3 N + a ( 1N + 3 N )b ; a = 1 (Franklin, 1971)

1N (+ ) = a + b 3N ; a = 1 (Bieniawski, 1974)

1N (+ ) = 3 N + a 3bN ; c = t = 0 (!); b < 1 (Ramamurthy et al., 1985)

( 1N 3 N )2 = 8 tN ( 1N + 3 N ) (Griffith, 1924)
( 1N 3 N )2 = a + b ( 1N + 3 N ) (Fairhurst, 1964)
1N = 3 N + (m 3 N + s )1 / 2 (H & B, 1980)
1N = 3 N + a ( 3 N + s )b ; s 1 (Yoshida, 1990)
1N

= 1 + 3 N
tN

; t 0 (Balmer,1952, Sheorey et al.1989)

2.1 Hoek-Brown
, Hoek-Brown
, ,
.
, (Hoek and Brown, 1980;
Hoek, 1983) (Hoek and Brown, 1988; Hoek et al, 1992; Hoek,
1994; Hoek et al., 2002), ( 1) :

1N = 3 N + (mb 3 N + s )a

1N = 1
ci

3 N = 3
ci

,
mb:
. Mohr-Coulomb.
s:
0 1. Mohr-Coulomb.
a: .
0.5 0.67,

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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

4
ci:
.
s
Mohr-Coulomb. 2.

2.

1. Hoek-Brown

mb=mi, s=1, a=0.5

.
,
, tm cm :

HB
tmN

HB
cmN

tmHB 1
s
=
= mb mb2 + 4s
; a = 0.5
ci
2
mb

HB
= cm = s a
ci

H mb, s, a, ,

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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

5

.

GSI , mb
. GSI
3. (Hoek et al., 2002)
:

mb
GSI 100
= exp

mi
28 14 D
GSI 100
s = exp

9 3D
1 1
a = + e GSI 15 e 20
2 6

3
3

D: 0 , 1
.

, ci, mi, GSI.

Hoek-Brown
1,2

mb/mi, s, a

mb/mi

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

GSI
3. Hoek-Brown

2.2 GSI
GSI
.
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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

6
1. Hoek et
al. (1998). GSI
RMR Q.

GSI

25 GSI RMR76,
. :
GSI = RMR76 { [(1) + (2) + (3) + (4)] + 10}>25
RMR76 2.
GSI 25, Q,
(Jw=1) SRF=1, :
25 > GSI = 9 log e Q + 44 > 9
RQD J r
Q =

> 0.0208
Jn Ja

Q
Q.

2.3
F
. GSI (=FGSI)
. Q (=FQ) .
(R2+R3+R4=FRMR)
RMR . , Jv (=FRMi)
RMi .
, .
4 (Tzamos & Sofianos, 2007) ,
.

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2008

9
A09_RockMassHoekBrown

7
SR=-17.5log(Jv)+79.8
S = mean discontinuity spacing
Vb = mean block volume

Vb

Description

cm3

10

cm
6

100

V. Good
R4 30
BSQ = RQD/Jn

R2+R3
35

Blocky

BSQ
16.5

50

70

105

30

FRMR
60

V. Poor
4

FGSI
40

FGSI
60
FRMi
0.1

60
FQ
10

30

Poor
10

FGSI
80

65
6

Fair
17

0.1
4.5
1.7
0.67
0.25
Jc 12
JCQ =Jr/Ja 5
3
2
1
0.5
0.25 0.12 0.05
SCR
Jv SR 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
FRMi
80 0.5

75
3 joint sets

Good
23

Very blocky
3 or 4 joint sets

55
10

FRMR
50

20

FRMi
0.01

50

25

45

FRMR
40
FQ
1

103

10

40

FRMR
30

20

Blocky /
disturbed

35
4 or more joint sets

10

5
102

15

30
25

10

30

FGSI
20

20

FQ
0.1

6
many joint sets - crushed
rock

Disintegrated
10

15
9

10
0.5
1

1cm

FRMR
20
FRMi
0.001

8
100

FRMi
0.0001

FRMR
10

4.

.
, 5,
FGSI (=GSI)
Q.
,
.. 4.

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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

8
,
.

80

FGSI Predicted from Q .

70
60
50
40
30
20
10

r=95.5%

0
0

20

40

60

80

FGSI Measured
5.

2.4 1.
, GSI=40, ci=50MPa, mi=10.
. .
. (0 0.25ci).
. 20%,

.
. .

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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

9
1. GSI
(Hoek et al., 1995).

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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

10
2. GSI Bieniawski (1976)

>8

4-8

2-4

1-2

[[MPa]

>200

100-200

50-100

25-50

10-

3-

25

10

1-3

(1)

15

12

90-100

75-90

50-75

25-50

<25

(2)

20

17

13

>3

1-3

0.3-1

50-300

<50

30

25

20

10

<1mm

<1mm

<5mm

>5mm

1-5mm

2 RQD [%]

[m]
(3)
4

>5mm

(4)

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25

20

12

2008

9
A09_RockMassHoekBrown

11

3
3.1
, ,
Em. Serafim and Pereira
(1983) ( 6) Hoek and Brown (1997) , :
ci 100 MPa E m [GPa ] = 10 ( (GSI 10) / 40)
ci < 100 MPa E m [GPa ] =

ci [ MPa ]
100

10 ( GSI 10 / 40)
(

6. .

Poisson
0.2, 0.25 0.3.

3.2 2.
, GSI=40, ci=50MPa, mi=10.
. E .
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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

12
. 20%,
.

4

Hoek-Brown. , ,
Mohr-Coulomb.
.
.

4.1 -n
HB 1-3 ,
,
n, -.
(Balmer, 1952):

n =3 +

1 3
1 / 3 + 1

= ( n 3 )
tan =

n 3

1 3
1
1

=
3 1 + 1 3 3
=

1
3

Hoek-Brown
:
a mb
1
= 1+

3
(mb 3 N + s )1a

=0.5, Bray ( 8), 6,

1-3 -n.

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

13

4.2
4.2.1
Mohr-Coulomb
: 8 1,3 ( 7)
H-B, [0, 0.25ci],
cMC, tan.
c.

8.

7.

4.2.2 MC HB
9
Hoek and Brown (1997) .
10 H-B
M-C 1-3.

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

14

Hoek-Brown Mohr-Coulomb

sigci=

mb=
sigtm=
k=
sigcm=

Line:

85 MPa

1,40256
-0,13427 MPa
3,008729
10,98203 MPa
0
21,25
10,98203 74,91752

mi=

10

GSI=

45 D=

s=

0,002218

a=

0,508086

phi=
E=

30,07206
6913,683 MPa

coh=

3,165637 MPa

sig3
sig1

-0,13427 1,00E-10 3,035714 6,071429 9,107143 12,14286 15,17857 18,21429

21,25
0 3,810204 22,01798 32,77495 41,79895 49,91005 57,43274 64,53523 71,31809 Hoek-Brow

9.

H-B M-C
ci=85MPa, mi=10, GSI=45

80

Hoe
k-

70
60

1 [MPa]

50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

3 [MPa]

15

20

25

10. H-B M-C

4.2.3 Mohr-Coulomb
1, 3
GSI mi. GSI mi,
4.2.1,
c/ci . , Hoek-Brown,
c/ci ,
GSI mi. 11
12 ,

Hoek-Brown.
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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

15

11.

12.

4.3
,
,
,
,
.

(Sofianos & Halakatevakis, 2002), pi pe., ; pi
, pe
.
.

4.3.1 H-B
H-B 2 , pe

(Sofianos & Halakatevakis, 2002).
p e ( HB ) = p o M ci p eN ( HB ) = p oN M

(8)

m
1 m
M = b + mb p oN + s b
2 4
8

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2008

(9)

9
A09_RockMassHoekBrown

16
,
,
.
1. Mohr-Coulomb
Hoek-Brown,
(Sofianos and Halakatevakis, 2002).
20
mi =
10
GSI=
25
Input sigci(MPa)=
po(MPa)=

10

Output mb=

pi(MPa)=

0.69

s=

tan

2.24

(degrees)=

sigcm(MPa)=

2.30

M=

0.22

0.2
0.00024

a=

0.5

22.5

coh(MPa)=

0.77

E(MPa)=

1061

poN=

0.5

peN=

0.280

pe[MPa]=

5.609

3=

0.773

sig3

2.00E-01 9.73E-01 1.75E+00

2.52E+00 3.29E+00 4.06E+00 4.84E+00 5.61E+00

sig1

1.886 4.640669 6.651061

8.406828 10.02049 11.54016 12.99171 14.39093

mb=mi*EXP((GSI-100)/28)
s=EXP((GSI-100)/9)
a=0.5
tan=LINEST(B10:I10;B9:I9)
=ASIN((tan-1)/(tan+1))*180/PI()
coh=sigcm/(2*SQRT(tan))
sigcm= INDEX(LINEST(B10:I10;B9:I9);2)
E=IF(sigci>100,1000*10^((GSI-10)/40),SQRT(sigci/100)*1000*10^((GSI-10)/40))
M=0.5*SQRT((mb/4)^2+mb*poN+s)-mb/8
poN=po/sigci
peN==poN-M
pe =peN*sigci
3=(pe-pi)/7
sig3=start at pi and increment in 6 steps of 3 to pe
sig1=sig3+sigci*(((mb*sig3)/sigci)+s)^a

Note: B10:I10 is the range of sig1, and B9:I9 is the range of sig3.

4.3.2 H-B

(Sofianos AI, 2003) :

p eN = p eoN

1
(mb p eoN + s )a p oN
2
a
a 1
1 + mb (mb p eoN + s )
2

p eoN +

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2008

(10)

9
A09_RockMassHoekBrown

17

.

, Hoek et al. (2002)

,
, t 3max.,
:

tN =

3 max N

cmN

s
mb

= 0.47 poN cmN

poN

(11)

0..06

(12)

[mb + 4s a(mb 8s )] mb 4 + s

=
2(1 + a )(2 + a )

a 1

(13)

, ROCLAB
http://www.rocscience.com, .

4.3.3

. ,

. Sofianos & Nomikos (2006) (10)
,

, ,
http://www.tunlab.metal.ntua.gr.

MC
HB, .

5
5.1

.
. ,
.

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2008

9
A09_RockMassHoekBrown

18

5.2
Hoek and Brown (1997), :
.

, =0.2, ()=/4=46o/4, /f=46o/38o, cf=0,

Em/Efm=42GPa/10GPa. , =0.25, ()=/8=33o/8,

cm/fcm=13/8,

Em/Efm=9GPa/5GPa.

=0.3,

()=0o, cm/fcm=1.7/1.7, Em/Efm=1.4GPa/1.4GPa

13
.

13.

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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

19

6
6.1
.
ci=51MPa
mi=16.3
GSI= 75
c .

6.2

ci=110MPa
mi=17.7
GSI= 75
c .

6.3
,
ci=30MPa
mi=15.6
GSI= 65
c .

6.4

ci=5MPa
mi=9.6
GSI= 20
c .

6.5

ci=15MPa
mi=10
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2008

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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

20
GSI= 24
c .

7
Balmer G. (1952). A general analytical solution for Mohrs envelope. Am. Soc. Test.
Mat. 52., 1269-1271.
Bieniawski Z.T. (1976). Rock mass classification in rock engineering. Proc. of the
Symp. on Exploration for rock Engineering, 97-106. Balkema, Cape Town.
Bieniawski Z.T. (1989). Engineering rock mass classification, p251, Wiley, N.Y.
Hoek E. and Brown E.T. (1980). Underground excavations in Rock, p.527. London,
I.M.M.
Hoek E. (1983).
Strength of jointed rock masses, 1983 Rankine lecture,
Geotechnique 33(3), 187-223.
Hoek E. and Brown E.T. (1988). The Hoek-Brown failure criterion-a 1988 update.
In rock Engineering for Underground excavations, Proc. 15th Canadian Rock
Mech. Symp. (Ed. Curran J.C.), 31-38. Dept. Civil Eng., University of Toronto,
Toronto.
Hoek E., Wood D. and Shah S. (1992). A modified Hoek-Brown criterion for jointed
rock masses. Proc. Rock Characterization, EUROCK92 (Ed. Hudson J.A.),
pp209-214, B.G.S.
Hoek E. (1994). Strength of rock and rock masses. ISRM News Journal 2(2), 4-16.
Hoek E.., Kaiser P.K. and Bawden W.F. (1995). Support of Underground
Excavations in Hard Rock, p.215. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Hoek E. and Brown E.T. (1997). Practical estimates of rock mass strength. Int. J.
Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., Vol.34, No.8, pp.1165-1186.
Hoek E., Marinos P. and Benissi M. (1998). Applicability of the geological strength
index (GSI) classification for very weak and sheared rock masses. The case of
the Athens Schist Formation, Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 57:151-160, Springer
Verlag.
Hoek E, Carranza -Torres C and Corkum B (2002). Hoek-Brown failure criterion 2002
Edition, Proc. NARMS-TAC Conference, Toronto, 1, 267-273.

Serafim J.L. and Pereira J.P. (1983).

Consideration of the geomechanical
classification of Bieniawski. Proc. Int. Symp. on Engineering Geology and
Underground Construction, Lisbon 1(II), 33-44.
Sofianos A.I. and Halakatevakis N. (2002). Equivalent tunnelling Mohr-Coulomb
strength parameters for given Hoek-Brown ones, Intern. J. of Rock Mechanics
and Mining Sciences, in Press.
Sofianos, A.I. 2003. Tunnelling Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters for rock masses
satisfying the generalized Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 40:
435440.
Sofianos, A.I., Nomikos P.P. 2006. Equivalent MohrCoulomb and generalized HoekBrown
strength parameters for supported axisymmetric tunnels in plastic or brittle rock. Int J
Rock Mech Min Sci. 43: 683-704.
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A09_RockMassHoekBrown

21
Tzamos S and Sofianos AI (2007). A correlation of four rock mass classification systems
through their fabric indices, International Journal of Rock Mech. & Mining Sciences, 44,
477-495.

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