Ngi son: Nguyn Duy Nht Vin

Chng 1

Tng quan
I. Lch s pht trin :

Trong sut lch s pht trin ca loi ngi, u tin trao i nhng tm t, tnh cm, nhng kinh nghim sng v u tranh sinh tn, ngi ta dng nhng c ch, hnh ng, ting ku n gin truyn t cho nhau, lc ny s giao tip l rt kh khn. Vic pht minh ra ngn ng c th xem l mt cuc cch mng truyn thng u tin ln nht. Ngn ng c th biu t hu ht nhng g c th xy ra trong cuc sng, tuy nhin, ting ni ch c th c truyn i vi mt khong cch ngn. Sau khi tm thy la, con ngi dng n lm phng tin truyn tin i xa c nhanh chng v c hiu qu, nhng vn cn mt s hn ch nh thi tit, i hnh... v tnh an ton thng tin l khng cao. Mi n khi ch vit ra i th con ngi c th truyn thng tin m khng b gii hn v ni dung v khng gian nh trc y na. T pht sinh nhng dch v th bo c kh nng truyn i t nhng ni rt cch xa nhau. Tuy nhin, con ngi lc ny cn n mt h thng truyn thng an ton hn, cht lng hn v hiu qu hn. Nm 1837, Samuel F. B Morse pht minh ra my in tn, cc ch s v ch ci c m ho v c truyn i nh mt phng tin truyn dn. T kh nng lin lc, trao i thng tin c nng cao, nhng vn cha c s dng rng ri v s khng thn thin, tng i kh gi nh ca n. Nm 1876, Alecxander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi, ta ch cn cp ngun cho hai my in thai cch xa nhau v ni vi nhau th c th trao i vi nhau bng ting ni nh m c ca con ngi t ngn xa n thi by gi. Nhng cho nhiu ngi c th trao i vi nhau ty theo yu cu c th th cn c mt h thng h tr. n nm 1878, h thng tng i u tin c thit lp, l mt tng i nhn cng in t c xy dng New Haven. y l tng i u tin thng mi thnh cng trn th gii. Nhng h tng i ny hon ton s dng nhn cng nn thi gian thit lp v gii phng cuc gi l rt lu, khng tha mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca x hi. gii quyt iu ny, nm 1889, tng i in thoi khng s dng nhn cng c A.B Strowger pht minh. Trong h tng i ny, cc cuc gi c kt ni lin tip tu theo cc s in thoi trong h thp phn v do gi l h thng gi theo tng bc. EMD do cng ty ca c pht trin cng thuc loa ny. H thng ny cn gi l tng i c in v nguyn tc vn hnh ca n, nhng vi kch thc ln, cha nhiu b phn c kh, kh nng hot ng b hn ch rt nhiu. Nm 1926, Erisson pht trin thnh cng h tng i thanh cho. c c im ho bng cch tch hon ton vic chuyn mch cuc gi v cc mch iu khin. i vi chuyn mch thanh cho, cc tip im ng m c s dng cc tip

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xc c dt vng v cc c tnh ca cuc gi c ci tin nhiu. Hn na, mt h thng iu khin chung iu khin mt s chuyn mch vo cng mt thi im c s dng. l cc xung quay s c dn li vo cc mch nh v sau c kt hp trn c s cc s quay c ghi li chn mch ti sinh. Thc cht, y l mt tng i c sn xut da trn c s nghin cu k thut chuyn mch v hon thin cc chc nng ca tng i gi theo tng bc, v vy, n khc phc c mt s nhc im ca chuyn mch gi theo tng bc. Nm 1965, tng i ESS s 1 ca M l tng i in t c dung lng ln ra i thnh cng, m ra mt k nguyn cho tng i in t. Chuyn mch tng i ESS s 1 c lm bng in t, ng thi, vn hnh v bo dng tt hn, c bit, tng i ny trang b chc nng t chun on v vn hnh theo nguyn tc SPC v l mt tng i ni ht. Cng M, hng Bell System Laboratory cng hon thin mt tng i s dng cho lin lc chuyn tip vo u thp k 70 vi mc ch tng cao tc ttruyn dn gia cc tng i k thut s. Thng 1 nm 1976, tng i in t s chuyn tip hot ng trn c s chuyn mch s my tnh thng mi u tin trn th gii c lp t v a vo khai thc. K thut vi mch v k thut s pht trin y nhanh s pht trin ca cc tng i in t s vi kh nng phi hp nhiu dch v vi tc x l cao, ngy cng ph hp vi nhu cu ca mt thi i thng tin.

II. II.1.

Khi nim chung v mng vin thng : Dch v vin thng :

II.1.1. Khi nim :

Thng tin Bu chnh Vin thng Thoi Telex Teletex Facximine VideoText S liu
Hnh 1.1 : Vin thng, mt trong cc dng t bit ca truyn thng

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Truyn thng : l s trao i thng tin ca cc i tng c nhu cu trao i thng tin vi nhau bng con ng ny hoc ng khc. Vin thng : l mt trong s cng c truyn thng. Truyn thng l mt khi nim rng. Vin thng c th coi nh l mt b phn ca ton b x hi truyn thng. Gi s, ta t hng bng in thoi, th l dng truyn thng rt t bit. Vin thng l m ch mt khong cch a l c bc cu trao i thng tin t xa . Dch v vin thng : l hnh thi trao i thng tin m mng vin thng cung cp. Vt mang ca dch v : Vt mang dch v cho ta kh nng s dng cc dch v vin thng. V d : Khi ta gi th, th h thng bu chnh dch v nh thng th, phng pht th, chuyn th ... hnh thnh vt mang dch v gi th. Chng ta c cc vt khc ca vt mang trong vin thng. Mng in thoi l vt mang dch v in thoi. Cng ging nh vy, mng Telex l vt mang ca dch v telex v.v... Tuy nhin, thng c s ln ln v vt mang cc dch v vin thng, nh cp ca cc c quan ch qun in thoi c th s dng lm vt mang ngoi dch v in thoi. Trong mt cp, c th c cc i hon ton chng dnh dng g n mng in thoi nh mt vt mang. V d c mt s i cho telex hoc truyn s liu t nhn. S khc bit gia dch v v vt mang l n gin nu ta hiu c khi nim ny.
Dch v vin thng

Dch v xa

Dch v vt mang

Hnh 1-2 : Dch v xa v dch v vt mang.

Dch v vt mang ch l s cung cp ca mt h thng truyn ti cho s trao i thng tin. Dch v xa c tnh bao hm hn, n khng ch cung cp m h thng truyn ti m cn cc chc nng nh ni kt, nh a ch, ng nht ngn ng, dng thng tin ...

II.1.2. Cc dch v vin thng :

- Thoi : S trao i thng tin bng ting ni, vi u cui l my in thai. Dch v thoi l dch v tri rng nht trong loi hnh vin thng. Dng in thoi, trn thc t ta c th gi mi ni trn th gii. - Telex :Thit k mng telex da trn thit k mng in thoi, vi cc u cui l my telex thay v my in thoi. Tuy nhin, vic truyn cc k t khng phi l m

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thanh m bng cc m do cc mc in p to nn. Tc chm (50bits/s), khng k mt s k t c bit th ch c ch ci mi c truyn i. - Teletex : N c th s dng nh telex thng thng nhng tc l 2400 bits/s thay v 50 bits/s. Hn na, n c b k t bao gm ch ci v ch con. Cng c th lin lc cho vi cc thu bao Telex. Vn bn c thu bao tho ra, bin tp, lu gi v gi n thu bao khc trong mng. Do , tc truyn cao, dch v ny thch hp vi cc t liu ln m vi cc dch v telex c l qu t v tn thi gian. C cc s dch v c a ra, nh cc con s rt gn, truyn t ng n mt hoc nhiu a ch lu gi ... Khng cn phi gim st thit b v n c m lin tc. Thng tin c nhn lp tc c ct gi cho n khi c c v c x l. - Facsimile : Dch v ny cho php truyn thng tin hnh nh gia cc thu bao. Cn c mt thit b c bit c v pht nh tnh. - Videotex : Dch v Videotex c khai thc trn mng in thoi. S dng cc thit b tng i n gin nh my tnh c nhn l c th tm gp s lng ln cc c s d liu. Videotex lm vic tc 1200 bits/s trn hng c s d liu n thu bao v 75 bits/s trn hng thu bao n c s d liu. i vi ngi cung cp thng tin trong h thng, tc truyn l 1200 bits/s trn c hai hng. - S liu : Bao gm tt c cc loi hnh truyn thng, , my tnh c dng trao i, truyn a thng tin gia cc ngi s dng.

II.1.3. Mng s a dch v (ISDN) :

Telex Computer

Teletex

ISDN

in thoi s

FACSIMILE VIDEOTEX
Hnh 1-3 : Mng ISDN lin kt dch v.

y l phng tin vt mang cho cc dch v khc nhau, nhng n l mt th thng nht m khng phi l t hp ca cc h thng khc nhau. Chng ta ch c mt vt mang l ISDN. l mng s lin kt dch v v mi hnh thi dch v u c

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cung cp. Ct li ca ISDN l mt mng vin thng s ho hon ton, , cc thit b u cui u l cc thit b s dng k thut s v thu bao s ni tt c thit b ca mnh vo cng mt i dy.

II.2.

Mng vin thng :

II.2.1. Khi nim :

Mng vin thng l tt c nhng trang thit b k thut c s dng trao i thng tin gia cc i tng trong mng. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, nhu cu thng tin lin lc ngy cng tng. Nhim v thng tin lin lc l do mng li bu chnh vin thng m nhim. p ng nhu cu thng tin th mng phi ngy cng pht trin. Qu trnh pht trin tri qua nhiu giai on. Ban u l mng in thoi tng t dn dn in bo, telex, facsimile, truyn s liu ... cng c kt hp vo. Vi s ra i ca k thut s thc y s pht trin tin mt bc di tr thnh mng vin thng hin i vi rt nhiu dch v.

II.2.1. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng :

Thit b pht

Node chuyn mch

Node chuyn mch

Thit b thu

Hnh 1-4 : Cc thnh phn mng vin thng. Mt mng thng tin phi c cu thnh bi cc b phn sau :

Thit b thu / pht :

Thit b vo ra, thit b u cui.

Node chuyn mch :

Thu thp thng tin ca cc i tng v x l tho mn cc yu cu . Bao gm hai nhim v : + X l tin (CSDL) : X l, cung cp tin tc. + Chuyn mch. Node chuyn mch hay tng i l ni nhn thng tin ri truyn i. Ty theo loi tng i m ta c th thm nhp trc tip hay gin tip vo n. V d : vi tng i ni ht, thu bao c th trc tip thm nhp vo tng i cn i vi tng i chuyn tip th khng, n ch nhn tn hiu ri truyn i t tng i ny sang tng i khc. Cng c loi va chuyn tip va ni ht.

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B phn chnh ca node chuyn mch l trng chuyn mch. Vi mt s iu khin th bt k u vo ca trng chuyn mch c th ni ti bt k u ra ca n, iu ny m bo bt k trong mng c th giao tip vi bt k mt thu bao khc ang ri.

H thng truyn dn (mng truyn dn) :

Lin kt thnh phn 1 vi thnh phn 2 (thu bao) hoc thnh phn 2 vi thnh phn 2 (trung k). Truyn dn l phn ni cc node chuyn mch vi nhau hoc node chuyn mch vi thu bao truyn thng tin gia chng. Ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn khc nhau nh thng tin dy trn, thng tin viba s, thng tin cp quang, thng tin v tinh ... Hin nay nc ta ch yu l viba s v cp quang. Thng tin v tinh s dng trong lin lc quc t, cn thng tin dy trn hin nay hu nh khng s dng. Ton b cc ng ni gia cc node chuyn mch ti thu bao l ng dy thu bao, cn ni gia cc node chuyn mch l ng dy trung k.

Phn mm ca mng :
Gip cho s hot ng ca 3 thnh phn trn c hiu qu. Trong , s hot ng gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau l c hiu qu cao cn s hot ng gia node v thu bao l c hiu qa thp.

II.2.2. Cc phng php t chc mng :

Mng li (Mesh) :
Nu bn c giao cho mt nhim v thit k mt mng in thoi th bn phi lm g ? Nu s thu bao vng A l khng nhiu lm, c th bn s xy dng mt mng nh hnh sau:

Hnh 1-5 : Mt tng i cho nhiu thu bao.

Nhng vi s thu bao mt vng ln cn (B) cha c tng i mun trao i thng tin vi vng A th c hai gii php t ra l : Th nht, thm cc b tp trung ng dy t vng ln cn (B) v ni trc tip n tng i ang hat ng vng A. Cch ny n gin, nhng ch p ng c vi mt s lng thu bao vng B nh v nhu cu trao i thng tin

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sang vng A l t v tnh kinh t khng cao i vi s lng thu bao ca vng B l ln. Th hai, thm mt tng i nh sau :
A B

Hnh 1-6 : S ni kt gia hai tng i.

Vi gii php trn, thng tin c tnh an ton cao hn, ng thi chi ph ca mng t hn nu s lng thu bao vng B l nhiu. Trong mng li, tng i c cng mt cp. Cc tng i u l tng i ni ht c thu bao ring. Cc tng i dc ni vi nhau tng i mt. Nh vy mi thu bao ca tng i khc u i bng ng trc tip t tng i ny n tng i kia m khng qua mt tng i no trung gian c.

Hnh 1-7 : Mng li.

Mng ny c u im l thng tin truyn trc tip t thu bao ny n thu bao kia ch qua tng i ch ca thu bao y thi. Tuy nhin khi s lng tng i tng ln kh ln th vic ni trc tp gia cc tng i l phc tp v cn nhiu tuyn truyn dn. Mc khc, khi tuyn truyn dn gia cc tng i b hng th s khng c ng thay th bng cch qua tng i khc. Trong thc t, mng ny khng tn ti n c.

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Mng sao (star) :
Mng sao l loi mng phn cp, c mt tng i cp cao v nhiu tng i cp di. Tt c cc tng i cp di u c ni vi cc tng i cp cao v gia cc tng i cp di khng ni nhau. Tng i cp cao l mt tng i chuyn tip, khng c thu bao ring. Giao tip gia cc thu bao trong cng mt tng i l do tng i m nhn, khng nh hng n tng i khc. Tng i cp cao Tng i ni ht ! ... ! ! ... !

Hnh 1.8 Mng sao.

Khi thu bao ca tng i ny mun ni vi tng i khc th vic chuyn tip thng qua tng i chuyn tip v khng c ng trc tip. Mng sao c m t nh hnh trn. u im ch yu ca mng l tit kim ng truyn, cu hnh n gin. Nhng i hi tng i chuyn tip phi c dung lng cao, nu tng i ny hng th mi lin lc b ngng tr.

Mng hn hp :
tn dng u im v khc phc nhc im ca hai loi tng i trn, ngi ta a ra mng hn hp, trong mt phn l mng sao v phn kia l mng li, vi cc cp phn chia khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt mng quc gia khng phi lc no cng tun th theo chun CCITT m n cn c th thay i sao cho ph hp vi c im kinh t, x hi v quan trong nht l nhu cu trao i thng tin. V d mt mng quc gia tiu biu nh sau : + Tng i chuyn tip quc gia NTE : L tng i cp di ca tng i chuyn tip quc t (ITE). Tng i ny c hai nhim v: - Chuyn tip cuc gi lin vng. - Chuyn tip cc cuc gi ra tng i quc t. + Tng i chuyn tip vng LTE : Tng t nh tng i chuyn tip quc gia, nhng n qun l theo vng, Tng i ny c th c thu bao ring. + Tng i ni ht LE : Tip xc trc tip vi thu bao. Lin lc gia cc thu bao ca n l do n qun l, khng lin quan n cc tng i cao hn. Khi thu bao mun gi ra th n chuyn yu cu n tng i cp cao hn. Loi ny va c thu bao ring va c ng trung k.

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+ Tng i PABX : i vi thu bao th n l tng i cn i vi tng i cp trn th n li l thu bao v dy truyn dn l dy thu bao. S thu bao thng nh, nhu cu lin lc trong l ln. + Tp trung thu bao : Gii quyt trng hp qu nhiu ng dy t thu bao ti tng i.
IC

QC

TC

SC

IC QC TC

: International Center : Quaternary Center : Tertiary Center : Secondary Center : Primary Center : Local Exchange

PC

SC PC LE

LE

Hnh 1-9 : Mng hn hp theo phn cp theo chun ca CCITT

ITE

NTE

NTE

LTE LE PABX

LTE LE

... !

! !

RSS

...

...

Hnh 1-10 : Mng hn hp ca quc gia tiu biu.

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m bo tin cy, ngi ta t chc cc tuyn d phng. N c nhim v phn ti, p ng nhu cu thng tin ln v trnh hin tng tc nghn.

III.

Tng i in t s SPC :

III.1. c im :
Tng i s dng b x l ging nh my tnh iu khin hot ng ca n. Tt c cc chc nng iu khin ca n c c trng bi mt lot lnh ghi sn trong b nh. Cc s liu trc thuc tng i nh s liu v thu bao, cc bng phin dnh a ch, cc thng tin to tuyn, tnh cc, thng k... cng c ghi sn trong b nh s liu. Qua mi bc x l gi s nhn c cc quyt nh tng ng vi cc loi nghip v, s liu ghi sn a ti cc loi thit b x l nghip v . Cc chng trnh ghi sn trong b nh c th thay i khi cn thay i nguyn tc iu khin hay tnh nng ca h thng. Nh vy, ngi qun l c th linh hot trong qu trnh iu hnh tng i. Khi s dng b x l th ngoi vic iu khin chuyn mch n cn c th kim thm vi chc nng khc. Cc chng trnh iu khin cng nh cc s liu c th thay i nn cng vic iu hnh p ng nhu cu thay i ca thu bao tr nn d dng. Vic a dch v ti thu bao v thay i cc dch v c d dng thc hin qua trao i ngi my. Mt s dch v c bit c th thc hin bng cc thao tc t my thu bao. Cng vic iu hnh bo dng tr nn d dng nh trung tm iu hnh v bo dng trang b cc thit b trao i ngi my. ng thi trung tm cn thm cc chc nng qun l mng nh lu lng cc tuyn, x l ng vng... ti y cng nhn c cc thng tin tnh cc, hng hc, s c... t cc tng i khu vc. Cng vic kim tra o th c tin hnh thng xuyn v c chu k nng cao s an ton v tin cy ca tng i.

III.2. S khi chc nng ca tng i s SPC :

III.2.1. S khi :
Khi giao tip Cp thu bao Cp trung k Giao tip thu bao Giao tip trung k Gim st ng dy iu khin trung tm iu khin u ni Trng chuyn mch

Bo hiu iu hnh, khai thc & bo dng

Hnh 1-11: S khi chc nng tng i SPC.

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Mt tng i SPC bao gm cc khi chnh sau (S hnh 1-11).

III.2.2. Chc nng

iu khin trung tm:
iu khin trung tm bao gm b x l trung tm v cc b nh ca n. Thc hin cc chc nng sau: - X l cuc gi : Qut trng thi thu bao, trung k; nhn xung quay s v gii m xung quay s; tm ng ri; truyn bo hiu kt ni/ gii to cuc gi; tnh cc.... - Cnh bo: T th, pht hin li phn cng; cnh bo h hng;... - Qun l: Thng k lu lng; theo di cp nht s liu; theo di ng b...

Trng chuyn mch :

- Chc nng chuyn mch: Thit lp tuyn ni gia hai hay nhiu thu bao ca tng i hay gia cc tng i vi nhau. - Chc nng truyn dn: Truyn dn tn hiu ting ni v cc tn hiu bo hiu gia cc thu bao v gia cc tng i vi yu cu chnh xc v tin cy cao.

Giao tip thu bao :

Gm mch in ng dy v b tp trung. Mch in ng dy thc hin cc chc nng BORSCHT. Khi tp trung thu bao lm nhim v tp trung ti thnh mt nhm thu bao trc khi vo trng chuyn mch.

Giao tip trung k :

m nhn cc chc nng GAZPACHO. N khng lm chc nng tp trung ti nh giao tip thu bao nhng vn c mch in tp trung trao i khe thi gian, cn bng ti, trn bo hiu v tn hiu mu th.

Bo hiu :
Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho tng i nhn bit v tnh trng thu bao, trung k, thit b... Trong tng i phi c chc nng nhn, x l, pht thng tin bo hiu n ni thch hp.

iu hnh, khai thc v bo dng :

s dng tng i mt cch c hiu qu, c kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi, phi hp s dng cc phng thc d dng trong tng i.

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Gim st kim tra cc phn cng v ngoi vi, a ra nhng thng bo cn thit cho cn b iu hnh. Kh nng khai thc mng, thay i nghip v,qun l s liu cc...

Gim st trng thi ng dy :

Pht hin v thng bo cho b x l trung tm cc bin c mang tnh bo hiu. N qun l ng dy theo phng php qut ln lt. Sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, cng trng thi ng dy c c mt ln.

iu khin u ni :
Thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi di s iu khin ca b iu khin trung tm.

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