Bi 4 BI TON V THUAT TON

I. Mc dch yu cu
, Kin thuc:
- Bit khai nim bai toan va thut toan, cac tinh cht c, thut toan
- Hiu cach biu din thut toan bng so d khi va bng lit k cac
buoc
b Ki nng:
- Xy dung duoc thut toan, giai cac bai toan don gian bng so d
khi hoc lit k cac buoc
II. Phuong php, phuong tin dy hc
- !huong phap: Thuyt trinh, vn dap
- !huong tin: May chiu, may tinh, phong chiu hoc bang
III. Tin trnh bi hc
1 Kim tr, bai c:
- ho bit khai nim v chuong trinh
- Em hy trinh bay cu th cac b nho ma em d duoc hoc

2 Ni dung bai moi:

* t van d. l vit duoc 1 chuong trinh t, cn phai bit duoc th nao la bai toan
va thut toan Hm n,y t, hoc bai Bi ton v thut ton

NI DUNG HOAT DNG CA GV V HS













1 Bai toan:
-Khai nim: Bai toan ma con nguoi cn
may tinh thuc hin
VD: Giai pt, quan ly thng tin v hoc
GV: Noi v thut toan thi t, chu, bit,
nhung noi v bai toan trong toan hoc thi
t, d bit ro
- Hy cho bit K/n v bai toan
HS: Tra loi tai ch
GV: Trong toan hoc t, nhc nhiu dn
k/n 'bai toan va t, hiu do la nhung
vic m con nguoi cn phai thuc hin
s,o cho tu nhung du kin d co phai tim
r, h,y cm 1 kt qua nao do Vy k/n bai
toan trong tin hoc co gi khac khng?

GV: Trong nha truong co chuong trinh
quan ly HS, nu t, yu cu du, r, cac
hoc sinh co dim TBM la 9 do la bai
toan H,y du, r, d,nh sach c, nhung
hoc sinh la con thuong binh do cng la
NI DUNG HOAT DNG CA GV V HS
sinhla bai toan









-E. yu t. Khi may tinh giai 1 bai toan
cn qu,n tm 2 yu t:
Input: (Thng tin du, vao may tinh)
Output (Thng tin mun ly tu may)
bai toan
GV: hy du, r, vd v bai toan trong tin
hoc
HS Tra loi tai ch
GV: l giai mt bai toan vic du tin
la gi?
HS: Tra loi: Xac dinh du kin d cho va
cai cn tim la gi?



GV: Du kin d cho o dy la Input, cai
cn tim o d,y la Output

JD1. Hy xac dinh Input va Output c,
bai toan tim UN c, 2 s M,N

GV: Ghi vd ln bang cho hs ln xac
dinh Input va Output
HD: Input: M,N la 2 s nguyn duong
Output: UN(M,N)

JD2. ho bit Input va Output cu, bai
toan giai phuong trinh bc h,i:
,x
2
bxc0
GV: l giai pt b2 thi t, d co nhung du
kin gi? Va cn tim gi?
HS: n bang vit r, Input va Output
HD: Input: ,,b,c la cac s thuc
Output: Nghim x c, pt

JD3. Kim tr, n co phai la s nguyn t
khng
HD:
Input: n la s nguyn
Output: cu thng bao n la s nguyn t
hoc khng la s nguyn t
JD4. Xac dinh Input va Output c, bai
toan xp loai hs
HD: l xp loai hs t, cn cai gi?
HS: vit r, Input va Output
2 Thut toan
-Khai nim thut toan: a mt dy huu
han cac th,o tac duoc sp xp theo mt
trinh tu xac dinh s,o cho s,u khi thuc hin
dy th,o tac do, tu Input c, bai toan nay
t, nhn duoc Output cn tim
-Tac dung c, thut toan: Dung d giai
mt bai toan

GV: (lt vn d) Mun cho cho may
tinh du, r, duoc Output tu Input d cho
thi cn phai co chuong trinh, ma mun
vit duoc chuong trinh thi cn phai co
thut toan
- Vy thut toan la gi?
HS: Suy nghi va tra loi
GV: lu, r, k/n thut toan Giai thich
thm k/n nhu: Dy huu han cac lnh,
NI DUNG HOAT DNG CA GV V HS

VD: Thut toan tim UN c, 2 s M,N
Input: M,N
Output: UN(M,N)

















B1: Nhp M,N
B2: Nu MN thi UN M
B3: Nu M~N thi MM-N qu,y lai B2
B4: Th,y NN-M ri qu,y lai B2
B5 Gan UN la M Kt thuc

* ac hinh dung d th hin so d khi
Th hin th,o tac nhp xut du liu
Th hin cac phep tinh toan
Th hin th,o tac so sanh
Quy dinh trinh tu thuc hin cac
th,o tac







sp xp theo mt trinh tu nht dinh
GV: lu, r, vd tim UN c, 2 s
M,N Xac dinh Input va Output c, bai
toan
HS: Tra loi tai ch
GV: y vi du c th:
Tim UN c, 2 s 12 va 8
B1: lu, vao gia tri c, M,N
M12,N8
B2: M12-84, N8 -~ N~M
B4: M4, N8-44, -~ MN
B5: Kt qua: UN(M,N)4
GV: ung hs kt hop lam bai trn S,u
do Gv ghi thut toan ln bang

GV: ach vit thut toan nhu o trn goi
la cach vit lit k, ngoai r, con co cach
lam khac do la dung so d khi

GV: Du, vao thut toan trn va cac hinh
trn Hy th hin thut toan theo so d
khi
HS: Suy nghi nu co th cho hoc sinh
ln v
GV: V so d thut toan hoc diu
chinh su, chu,

GV: Xoa cac ghi chu l,S
HS: n bang ghi lai nhung ghi chu do
Trinh bai lai thut toan bng loi



GV: lu, r, vi du tim Min hoc M,x d
cho hoc sinh tu lam
Nhp M,N
MN
M~N
MM-N
NN-M
Kt thuc
NI DUNG HOAT DNG CA GV V HS
l

S
l

S




3. Mt s vi d v thut ton.
JD1. Kim tr, tinh nguyn t c, mt s
nguyn duong
* XE. dnh bai toEn.
-Input: N la mt s nguyn duong
-Output: N la s nguyn t hoc khng
nguyn t
* Tung. Mt s nguyn duong N la s
nguyn t nu no co dung 2 uoc s khac
nh,u la 1 va chinh no
-Nu N1 thi N Khng la s nguyn t
-Nu 1N4 thi N la s nguyn t
-Nu N~4 va khng co uoc s trong
pham vi tu 2 dn phn nguyn c, cn bc
2 c, N thi N la s nguyn t
-Tu do t, co thut toan nhu s,u
*Thut toEn.
a.Lit k.
B1: Nhp s nguyn duong N
B2: Nu N 1 thi thng bao N khng la s
nguyn t;
B3: Nu N4 thi thng bao N la nguyn t
ri kt thuc;
B4:i 2;
B5: Nu
(*)
| | i > thi thng bao N la s
nguyn t ri kt thuc;
B6: Nu N chi, ht cho i thi thng bao N
khng la s nguyn t ri kt thuc;
B7: i i1 ri qu,y lai B5

bSo d khi
























Voi N29 (cn bc 2 c, 29 5)
i 2 3 4 5
N/i 29/2 29/3 29/4 29/5
?chi, K K K K
ht
l
l
l
l
S
S
S
S
Nhp N
N1?
N4
I 2
(*)
| | i >

N chi,
ht cho i
Tbao N la s
nguyn t
Kt thuc
Tbao N khng la
s nguyn t
Kt thuc

I i1
l
l
l
S
S
S
NI DUNG HOAT DNG CA GV V HS
N la s nguyn t
-y vdu N45 (cn bc 2 c, 45 6)
JD2. Bai toan sp xp
*Thut toEn sp xp bng trEo doi
(Ex.hange Sort)
-ho dy A gm N s nguyn ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N

n sp xp cac hang s d dy A tro
thanh dy khng giam
*XE. dnh bai toEn.
-Input: Dy A gm N s nguyn ,
1
,,
2
,,
,
N

-Output: a dy A duoc sp tng dn
* tung.Voi mi cp s hang dung lin
k trong dy, nu s dung truoc lon hon
s s,u t, di ch chung cho nh,u Vic do
duoc lp lai, cho dn khi mi s dung
truoc nho hon s dung s,u
*Thut toEn.
,.Cch lit k:
B1: Nhp N, cac s hang ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N

B2: MN
B3: nu m2 thi du, r, dy A d duoc sp
xp ri kt thuc
B4: MM-1,i0;
B5: ii1;
B6: Nu i~M thi qu,y lai buoc 3
B7: Nu ,
i
~,
i1
thi trao di ,
i
va ,
i1
cho
nh,u
B8: Qu,y lai B5

b So d khi
hi .hu. MN, giam M cho dn khi
M2 i chay tu 0 dn M1


























'3: Bi ton tm kim:
- ho dy A gm N s nguyn khac nh,u
,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N
va 1 s k n bit co h,y
khng chi s i (1iN) ma ,
i
k Nu co
hy cho bit chi s do
*Thut toEn tim kim tuan t (Sequential
seas.h)
*XE. dnh bai toEn.
-Input: Dy A gm N s nguyn khac
Ghi chu: Trong thut toan trn, i la bin
chi s va nhn gia tri nguyn ln luot tu
1 dn N1






Trao di
,
i
va ,
i1

lu, r, A
Kt thuc
Nhp N va ,1,,2,, ,N
MN
M2
MM-1
Ii1
i~M ?
,
i
~,
i1

l
l
S
S
NI DUNG HOAT DNG CA GV V HS
nh,u ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N
va 1 s k
-Output: hi s i (1iN) ma ,
i
k
Hoc thng bao khng co s hang nao c,
dy A co gia tri bng k
* tung. Tim kim tun tu duoc thuc
hin mt cach tu nhin n luot tu s
hang thu nht, t, so sanh gia tri s hang
d,ng xet voi khoa cho dn khi hoc gp 1
s hang bng khoa hoc dy d,ng xet ht
Va khng co gi tri nao bng khoa
*Thut toEn.
,. Cch lit k:
B1: Nhp N cac s hang ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N
va 1
s k;
B2: i1;
B3: Nu ,
i
k thi thng bao chi s i, ri kt
thuc;
B4: ii1;
B5: Nu i~N thi thng bao dy A khng
co s hang nao co gia tri bng k, ri kt
thuc;
B6: Qu,y lai buoc 3;























%hut ton tm kim nh phn (Bin,7
Se,7ch)
*XE. dnh bai toEn.
-Input: Dy A la dy tng gm N s
nguyn khac nh,u ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N
, va mt s
nguyn k
-Output: hi s i ma ,
i
k hoc thng bao
khng co s hang nao c, dy A co gi tri
bng k
* tung. Su dung tinh cht dy A la dy
tng, t, cn thu hp nh,nh pham vi tim
kim s,u mi ln so sanh khoa voi s hang
duoc chon l lam diu do, t, chon s
hang ,
giu,
o giu, dy d so sanh voi k,
trong do giu,
2
1 +
;
Khi do, chi xy r, 1 trong 3 truong hop

















Nhp N, ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N
va 1 s
k
I1
,
i
k
Ii1
i~N ?
Thng bao dy A
khng co s hang co
gi tri bng k Kt thuc
lu, r, i ri
kt thuc
l
S
l
l
S
S
NI DUNG HOAT DNG CA GV V HS
s,u:
-Nu ,
giu,
k thi giu, la chi s cn tim,
vic tim kim kt thuc
- Nu ,
giu,
~k thi do dy A la dy duoc sp
xp nn vic tim kim tip theo chi xet
trn dy ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
giu, 1
(!ham vi tim kim
moi bng khoang mt nu, pham vi tim
kim truoc do)
Nu ,
giu,
k thi thuc hin tim kim trn
dy ,
giu, 1
,
N

Qua trinh trn s lp lai mt s ln cho d
khi hoc d tim thy khoa k trong dy A
hoc pham vi tim kim bng rng
*thut toEn.
,. Cch lit k:
B1: Nhp N, cac s hang ,
1
,,
2
,, ,
N
va
khoa k;
B2: D,u1, ui N;
B3: Giu,

+
2
uoi Dau
;
B4: Nu ,
giu,
k thi thng bao chi s giu,
ri kt thuc;
B5: Nu ,
giu,
~k thi dt uoiGiu,-1, ri
chuyn dn buoc 7;
B6: D,u Giu,-1;
B7: Nu D,u~uoi thi thng bao dy A
khng co s hang co gi tri bang k, ri kt
thuc;
B8: Qu,y lai buoc 3;
hi ch: Tuy thu. a
gia
~k ho. a
gia
k
ma .h s dau ho. .ui .a dy bu.
tim kim tip theo s thay doi. th.
hin diu do, trong thut toEn .h s dung
.E. bin nguyn tuong ng Dau va uoi
.o giE tr khi to Dau1 va uoi.




























*VD m phong trong SGK





V NG :
- Bai toan la vic ma t, mun may thuc hin
- Mun giai mt bai toan t, phai xac dinh Input va Output
- Input: Thng tin du, vao may tinh
,
giu,
k?
Nhp N va
,1,,2,, ,N,k
D,u1;uoi N
Giu,|(D,uuoi)/2|
lu, r, giu,
ri kt thuc
,
giu,
~k?

D,uGiu,1
uoiGiu,-1
D,u~uoi
TB dy A khng co
s hang co gii, tri
bng k roi kt thuc
- Output: Thng tin mun ly r, tu may tinh
- Thut toan la mt dy huu han cac th,o tac duoc sp xp tun tu ma khi
thuc hin no thi tu Input du, vao t, s ly r, duoc Output
- Thut toan co 2 dang: it k va so d khi
VI BAI TA! VE NHA:
- am cac bai tp trong SGK tr,ng 42, GV giai thich thm cho HS v
thut toan tim s nho nht c, mt dy