(a) The following is a part of the Periodic Table : — pte tf @ Gi) ii) (iv) Referring to the letters indicated in the above table, answer the following questions : @ What is the name for the family of elements of which b and f are members ? (2 In what way are the electronic arrangements of the atoms of elements b and f a) similar to each other ? apd different from each other ? Element d has a higher melting point than element c. Explain. The oxide of element d is insoluble in water and amphoteric. q@ Give the formula for this oxide. (2) Suggest suitable chemical tests to show that the oxide is amphoteric. Two elements in the above table have allotropes. q@) Explain the meaning of ‘allotropes’. (2) Suggest what the two elements are.®) (vy) Element ¢ can form compounds with elements a and ¢ separately. qd) Draw the electronic structures of these two compounds, showing the outermost electrons ONLY. (2) Which of these two compounds has a higher melting point ? Explain your answer. (13 marks) A vegetable oil, X, can undergo reversible hydrolysis in the presence of sulphuric acid as given by the following equation : X + 3H,O == CH,CH-CH, + 3RCOOH (where R 1 tol represents alkyl OH OH OH groups) propane-1,2,3-triol @ Write the structural formula of X. (ii) What is the function of sulphuric acid in this reaction ? X can be hydrolysed more effectively by using sodium hydroxide solution instead of sulphuric acid, and the products are propane-1,2,3-triol and Y. (iii) Name this process. (iv) Write the structural formula of Y. (vy) Using the concept of chemical equilibrium, explain why the use of sodium hydroxide solution is more effective. When a solution of Y is slowly added, with stirring, to a mixture of peanut oil and water, a milky solution is obtained. (vi) Based on the structural formula of Y, explain why a milky solution is formed. (vii) | Name the process leading to the formation of the milky solution and suggest one domestic application of this process. (12 marks)@) A student wished to find out which of the two commercial brands of vinegar, A and B, was the better buy, i.e. of lower price per gram of ethanoic acid (CH,COOH). The following table listed some of the information about these two brands : Brand Volume of | Concentration of vinegar ethanoic acid Pa | sco] as0em | sogam | [3 | s600] seven _| UNKNOWN The student carried out a titration experiment to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in Brand B as follows : 25.0 cm’ of the vinegar was first diluted to 250.0 cm? with distilled water. 25.0 cm’ portions of the diluted solution were then titrated against 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution, using a suitable indicator, until the end-point was reached. The following results were obtained : mee Pe [Fiat eaiog ont) [25.50 | 25.70 | 25.20 | 2590 | win eating emt) | 0.0 | 1.00 | 10 | 0 | @) Describe, giving the names of the apparatus used, how 25.0 cm’ of the vinegar should be diluted to 250.0 om’. (ii) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration and state its colour change at the end-point. (iii) Based on the titration results, calculate a reasonable average for the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution used.