PROJECT BY: > Priyanka G > Pranita > Nikita Kumar > Pallavi Manjunath > Ramya Mallya

Convolution is an integral concatenation of two

signals. It has many applications in numerous areas of signal processing. The most popular application is the determination of the output signal of a linear time-invariant system by convolving the input signal with the impulse response of the system.

The linear convolution of two continuous time signals x(t) and h(t) is given by: y(t ) x(t ) h(t ) x( )h(t )d

For discrete time signals x(n) and h(n), the integration is replaced by a summation as follows:
y ( n) x ( n) h( n)
k

x ( k ) h( n k )

Changing the variable from n to k. FOLDING h(k) resulting in h(-k) SHIFTING h(-k) by n, resulting in h(n-k) Element-wise MULTIPLICATION of the sequences x(k) and h(n-k)

SUMMATION of the product sequence resulting in the convolution value for x(n)*h(n)

Input: x(n)=[1,1,1] Impulse Response: h(n)=[1,1,1] Output: y(n)=x(n)*h(n) =[1,2,3,2,1]

GUI is a program interface that takes advantage of the computer's graphics capabilities to make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can free the user from learning complex command languages. It uses windows, icons, buttons and menus which can be manipulated by a mouse and a keyboard. GUI can be created in Matlab, using the GUIDE.

>> guide This will open the Quick Start window. Select the fist option: Blank GUI (Default).

Then, an untitled figure will pop-up. You have some components on the left menu, which you can drag onto your interface. Here we need 4 edit boxes.
1. 2. 3. 4. Input x(n) Starting point of x(n) Input h(n) Starting point of h(n)

The static text boxes are used for naming. We need 3 axes plots for x(n),h(n) and output, and one push button to perform convolution operation.

Drag and drop the components on the MATLAB GUI. The size of your interface window can be reduced or increased by dragging its lower-right corner, as its done in other drawing programs. When you double click on your components, the Property Inspector window will appear and you can make necessary adjustments. Background color can also be changed.

Youll be taken to the Matlab code (in the editor window) that will drive your interface. Matlab has automatically created functions related to your components. The Callback functions are the instructions that will be executed when the user pushes the buttons or does something with the components that you have included in your Matlab GUI. Here CONVOLVE is the push button included so v need to program the push button with convolution code.

function varargout = pushbutton1_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin)

x = str2num(get(handles.input_x,'String')); ox = str2double(get(handles.input_ox,'String')); h1 = str2num(get(handles.input_h,'String')); oh = str2double(get(handles.input_oh,'String')); x1=x; h2=h1; lx=length(x); lh=length(h1); ex=ox+lx-1; eh=oh+lh-1; st=ox;

hf=fliplr(h1);
n1=[ox:ex]; y3=[];

for k=0:1:(lx+lh-2) n2=[(st-lh+1):st]; n=min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2)); y1=zeros(1,length(n)); y2=y1; y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1))=x1; y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1))=hf; a2=sum(y1.*y2); y3=[y3,a2]; st=st+1; end y=y3;

axes(handles.axes_x) nnx=[ox:ex]; stem(nnx,x) xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); title('INPUT SIGNAL'); axes(handles.axes_h) nnh=[oh:eh]; stem(nnh,h1) xlabel('n'); ylabel('h(n)'); title('SYSTEM RESPONSE'); axes(handles.axes_y) nny=[(ox+oh):(ox+oh+lx+lh-2)]; stem(nny,y) xlabel('n'); ylabel('y(n)'); title('OUTPUT SIGNAL'); msgbox(num2str(y));

After entering the program save it and go to Debug option. Then select Run.

Enter the values of x(n) and h(n) and their starting points. Press CONVOLVE push button.

When push button is pressed we get the convolved output y(n) = x(n) * h(n) and the input plots, and a message box that displays the values of the samples of the output signal.

In electronics engineering, the convolution of one function (the input signal) with a second function (the impulse response) gives the output of a linear time-invariant system (LTI). At any given moment, the output is an accumulated effect of all the prior values of the input function, with the most recent values typically having the most influence (expressed as a multiplicative factor). The impulse response function provides that factor as a function of the elapsed time since each input value occurred. In probability theory, the probability distribution of the sum of two independent random variables is the convolution of their individual distributions. In optics, many kinds of "blur" are described by convolutions. A shadow (e.g., the shadow on the table when you hold your hand between the table and a light source) is the convolution of the shape of the light source that is casting the shadow and the object whose shadow is being cast. An out-of-focus photograph is the convolution of the sharp image with the shape of the iris diaphragm.

In linear acoustics, an echo is the convolution of the original sound with a function representing the various objects that are reflecting it. In artificial reverberation (digital signal processing, pro audio), convolution is used to map the impulse response of a real room on a digital audio signal (see previous and next point for additional information). In radiotherapy treatment planning systems, most part of all modern codes of calculation applies a convolution-superposition algorithm.In physics, wherever there is a linear system with a "superposition principle", a convolution operation makes an appearance.

We would like to thank our teacher and guide Mr. C.G. Raghavendra for giving us the opportunity to work on this project, and also for all his support and his valuable inputs.