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LanguageContact
YARON MATRAS
University of Manchester

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Contents
Listofgures x
Preface xiii
Listofabbreviations xvi
7 ) / - * 0 / %* ) 1
1.1 Thestudyoflanguagecontact 1
1.2 Towardanintegrated,functionalapproachtolanguagecontact 2
1.3 Thestructureofthisbook 6
7 ) 7! ( ! - # %) # 7( 0 ` / %` %) # 0 ` 7- ! + ! - / * %- ! 9
2.1 Acasestudy 9
2.2 Lexicaldevelopment 10
2.3 Controllingtheselectionmechanism 17
2.4 Combiningrepertoirecomponents 23
2.5 Consciousexploitationofthefulllinguisticrepertoire 34
2.6 Implicationsforthestudyoflanguagecontact 38
7 * %! / ` 7( 0 ` / %` %) # 0 ` %. ( 41
3.1 Linguisticrepertoiresandsocialactivities:amicro-level
approach 41
3.2 Languagedomainmappingatthemacro-level 44
3.2.1 Roleattributesoflanguagesinmultilingualsocieties 45
3.2.2 Typesofdomainspecialisation 47
3.2.3 Domainstabilityandlanguagemaintenance 50
3.2.3 Domainstabilityandlanguagemaintenance 50
3.3 Languagemanagementinmultilingualsettings 53
3.4 Repertoire,activitydomains,andlanguagechange 57
7 , 0 %- %) # 7 ) 7( %) / %) %) # 7 7 %` %) # 0 ` 7- ! + ! - / * %- ! 61
4.1 Bilingualrst-languageacquisition 61
4.1.1 Denitionsandmethodologicalproblems 61
4.1.2 Theseparationoflanguages 63
4.1.3 Linguisticsocialisationandpragmaticcompetence 66
4.1.4 Languagesystemsvs.languagerepertoires 68
4.2 Second-languageacquisition 68
4.2.1 Facilitatingfactors 69
4.2.2 Transferandinterference 72
4.2.3 Interlanguageandfossilisation 74
4.2.4 CommunicativecreativityinL2discourse 79
4.2.5 Languagelearnersandlinguisticrepertoires 85
vii

viii Contents
4.3 Bilingualismandlanguageprocessing 86
4.3.1 Languageseparationinthebrain 87
4.3.2 Modelsofbilinguallanguageprocessing 89
4.3.3 Bilingualspeecherrors 91
4.4 Conclusion 99
7 - * . . %) # 7/ $ ! 7 * 0 ) - %! . 7 * ! . 2 %/ $ %) # 7%) 7 * ) 1 ! - . / %* ) 101
5.1 Deningcodeswitching 101
5.1.1 Languagemixinginthebilingualmode 101
5.1.2 Single-wordinsertionsandtheirintegration 106
5.1.3 Thecodeswitchingborrowingcontinuum 110
5.2 Situationalandconversationalcodeswitching 114
5.2.1 Codeselection:socialnormsandidentity 114
5.2.2 Discoursefunctionsofcodeswitching 116
5.3 Structuralaspectsofcodeswitching 129
5.4 Codeswitchingandutterancemodiers 136
7 $ ! 7- ! + ` % / %* ) 7* " 7` %) # 0 %. / % 7 ( / / ! - 146
6.1 Deningborrowings 146
6.2 Generalisationsonborrowing 149
6.2.1 Motivationsforborrowing 149
6.2.2 Borrowinghierarchies 153
7 ! 3 % ` 7 * - - * 2 %) # 166
7.1 Contentwordsandthepositionofnouns 166
7.2 Thestructuralintegrationofnouns 172
7.3 Theborrowingofverbs 175
7.4 Adjectivesandlexicaladverbs 187
7 - ( ( / % ` 7 ) 7+ $ * ) * ` * # % ` 7 * - - * 2 %) # 193
8.1 Grammaticalfunctionwords 193
8.1.1 Discoursemarkersandconnectors 193
8.1.1 Discoursemarkersandconnectors 193
8.1.2 Phasaladverbsandfocusparticles 197
8.1.3 Indenitesandinterrogatives 198
8.1.4 Expressionsoftemporalandlocalrelations 199
8.1.5 Numerals 201
8.1.6 Placedeixis,demonstratives,andpersonalpronouns 203
8.1.7 Negators,possessors,andexistentials 208
8.2 Morphologicalborrowing 209
8.2.1 Derivationalmorphology 209
8.2.2 Inectionalmorphology 212
8.2.3 Articlesandclassiers 216
8.3 Constraintsonmatterreplication 218
8.4 Mechanismsofcontact-inducedchangeinphonology 221
8.4.1 Generalconsiderations 221
8.4.2 Thephonologicalintegrationofword-forms 226
8.4.3 Convergenceofphonologicalsystems 229
8.4.4 Contact-susceptibilitywithinphonology 231

Contents ix
7 * ) 1 ! - # %) # 7. / - 0 / 0 - ! . 7+ / / ! - ) 7- ! + ` % / %* ) 234
9.1 Deningpatternreplication 234
9.1.1 Distinguishingmatterandpatternreplication 234
9.1.2 Convergenceandgrammaticalisation 238
9.1.3 Patternreplicationandcreativepivot-matching 240
9.2 Thedistributionofpatternreplication 243
9.2.1 Lexicalsemantics 245
9.2.2 Clause-leveltypology 248
9.2.3 Phrase-leveltypology 252
9.2.4 Morphologyandmorphologicalparadigms 258
9.3 Linguisticareas 265
9.3.1 Methodologicalissues 265
9.3.2 Prolesoflinguisticareas 268
9.3.3 Anoutlookonlanguageconvergence 271
7 * ) / / 7` ) # 0 # ! . 275
10.1 Thebirthofalanguage 275
10.2 Pidginsandcreoles 277
10.2.1 Denitionsandkeyfeatures 277
10.2.2 Emergencescenarios 283
10.3 Mixedlanguages 288
10.3.1 Denitionsandexplanatoryaccounts 288
10.3.2 Structuralprolesandthefunctionalitycline 291
10.4 Thepositionofcontactlanguages 306
7 0 / ` * * & 308
11.1 Themultilingualspeakersrepertoire 308
11.2 Multilingualspeakersasagentsoflanguagechange 310
11.3 Contactandthelayeredarchitectureofthelanguagefaculty 312
Notes 316
References 323
Authorindex 350
Language index 355
Subjectindex 362
Book
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Sections
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1 Introduction
1.1 The study of language contact
1.2 Toward an integrated, functional approach to language contact
1.3 The structure of this book
2 An emerging multilingual repertoire
2.1 A case study
2.2 Lexical development
2.3 Controlling the selection mechanism
2.4 Combining repertoire components
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