V m.

,
. ,
.
( )
, m.
,
.

r
. f ,
dm

r
r
f dm , f {X, Y, Z }.
V
1 2.
. 1.

r
2 1 R

A .
r
A R ,
.

r

r N
T .

N dN
=
=
A 0 A
dA
lim

()
T dT
lim
=
= .
A 0 A
dA

p
( ).

N dN
=
A 0 A
dA

p = lim

p = p( x, y, z) .

r
dP
dP = p dA .

r
r
dP = p dA .

[p] = ML1T 2
M, L T - , .

1 Pa = 1 N / m 2 .

pm = p pa .

p v = pa p .


,
,
.
,
.
T ()
, .
,
, . .
.

.
,
, .

.

,
.

1. ,
, .
.
V m,
,
m
s = ,
V
.

.

V , , , .

. 2.

 m,
V,
,
s =

m
,
V

.
,
,


m dm
=
.
V 0 V
dV

= lim

V,
.

= ( x, y, z, t ) .

[] = ML3.

dm

dm = dV = const.
dV
,
.

= 0 = const.
dV . ,
, ,
.
p
,

= (p, T) ,

( ).

= (p),
.

 -
(Boyle, Mariotte)

p p0
=
= const. , T = const.
0
, ,
.

0
= p = const. p = (p) .
p0

p
= .
p 0 0
n =
.

2.

()
.
dp
dV, dV / V

s=

dV
,
V dp

.
.

dV = s V dp ,
V1 o
p1
V1 = V e sp .

 s p

e


V1 = V (1 s p) .

p = (p1 p)
V1

,
p1 .

V dp
.
dV

,

V p
=
,

V = V V1

. .
a
,

m = V = const ,

dm = dV + Vd = 0 ,

dp
.
d

,

.

.
, 10C,
203 bar 1%.
, .
,

=1 = const.

3.
() ().

.
,

(
viscum ). ,
.

.

. 3.



.
:

vx = v 0

v = v( y) .

.
.
, y
,

v x = v.

1 v+dv.
dv / dy v
y
( )
(Newton) 1687. .
,
.

dv
= ,
dy

[] = ML1T 1.

Ns / m 2 = Pa s .

,

, .,

[] = L2T 1.

.
.
,
.

T
=
0 T0

32

T0 + C0
.
T + C0

C 0 .
, -20 500,

m

m = 0,76 .

T
= ,
0 T0

. . .
SI
(Ubbelohde)

0,0631

4
2
= 0,0731 E
10 , m / s .
E

4.
.
.

.
V = V0 [ 1 + ( t t 0 )]

V V0 - ,

- ()
.
m ,

0
=
1 + ( t t 0 )

, 0 - t t0 .
= 0,00044 C 1.

= 0 = const.

p = RT ,
p, N / m 2 ,

,
R , J / kgK .

T, K

p = ZRT
Z(p, T) ( ).

= 1,408 .

p
= ,
p0 0


, .
().
.

.

.

,
. . , ,
.

.
.
, .
, ,
.