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Chuyende HePT BDHSG WWW - Vnmath
Chuyende HePT BDHSG WWW - Vnmath
com
H phng trnh
I. H phng trnh dng hon v vng quanh.
" Bi 1. ( thi HSG quc gia nm 1994 )
(
(
(
)
)
)
x 3 + 3 x 3 + ln x 2 x + 1 = y
Xt hm s : f ( t ) = t 3 + 3t 3 + ln t 2 t + 1
2t 2 1
> 0, x R
t2 t + 1
ng bin trn R. Ta vit li h phng trnh nh sau :
Ta c : f' ( t ) = 3t 2 + 1 +
Vy hm s f ( t )
f (x) = y
f (y) = z
f ( z) = x
Vi : x = y = z , xt phng trnh : x 3 + 2 x 3 + ln x 2 x + 1 = 0
f ( x1 ) = g ( x2 )
f ( x 2 ) = g ( x3 )
....
f (x ) = g(x )
n 1
n
f ( x n ) = g ( x1 )
Nu hai hm s f v g cng tng trn tp A v
( x1 , x2 ..., xn )
xi A, i = 1, 2,..., n th x1 = x2 = ... = xn .
Chng minh :
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s : x1 = min { x1 , x2 ..., x n } .
Lc ta c : x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) g ( x2 ) g ( x3 ) x2 x3 ... x n x1 .
Vy : x1 x2 .... xn x1
T suy ra : x1 = x2 = ... = xn .
1
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" Bi 2.
1 2 x + x
=y
4
2 y3 + y 2
1
Gii h phng trnh :
=z
4
2 z3 + z 2
=x
4
Gii:
1
Xt hm s : f ( t ) =
, ta c : f' ( t ) = ( 2 ln 4 ) 3t 2 + t
4
Vy hm s f ( t ) nghch bin trn khong ( 0; + ) .
1
.
4
2 t3 +t2
< 0, t > 0 .
1
.
2
" Bi ton tng qut 2 . Xt h phng trnh c dng (vi n l ):
f ( x1 ) = g ( x2 )
f ( x 2 ) = g ( x3 )
....
f (x ) = g(x )
n 1
n
f ( x n ) = g ( x1 )
Nu hm s f gim trn tp A , g tng trn A v ( x1 , x2 ..., x n ) l nghim ca h phng trnh , trong
xi A, i = 1, 2,..., n th x1 = x2 = ... = xn vi n l .
Chng minh :
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s : x1 = min { x1 , x2 ..., x n } .
Lc ta c :
x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) g ( x2 ) g ( x3 ) x2 x3 ... x n x1 f ( xn ) f ( x1 ) x1 x2 .
x1 = x2
T suy ra : x1 = x2 = ... = xn .
" Bi 3.
( x 1)2 = 2 y
2
( y 1) = 2 z
Gii h phng trnh :
2
( z 1) = 2 t
2
( t 1) = 2 x
2
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Gii :
Xt hm s :
Vy x, y, z, t [ 0; 1] . Do ta c :
x y f ( x) f ( y) y z f ( y) f (z) z x x = z .
Vi x = z f ( x ) = f ( z ) y = t .
( x 1)2 = 2 y
( x 1)2 = 2 y
x = y = 2 3
Lc h phng trnh tr thnh :
x = y
2
( y 1) = 2 x
x = y
Vy h phng trnh cho c 2 nghim : x = y = z = t = 2 + 3 v x = y = 2 3 .
" Bi ton tng qut 3 . Xt h phng trnh c dng (vi n chn ):
f ( x1 ) = g ( x2 )
f ( x 2 ) = g ( x3 )
....
f (x ) = g(x )
n 1
n
f ( xn ) = g ( x1 )
Lc ta c :.
x1 x3 f ( x1 ) f ( x3 ) g ( x2 ) g ( x 4 )
x2 x 4
f ( x 2 ) f ( x 4 ) g ( x3 ) g ( x5 )
x3 x5 .........
f ( xn 2 ) f ( x n ) g ( x n 1 ) g ( x1 )
x n 1 x1 .........
f ( xn 1 ) f ( x1 ) g ( x n ) g ( x2 ) x n x2
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2 x 3 7 x 2 + 8 x 2 = y
3
2
2 y 7y + 8y 2 = z
2 z3 7 z 2 + 8z 2 = x
x2 = y + a
2
y = z + a
2
z = x + a
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Ii. H phng trnh gii c bng phng php lng gic ho.
x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 = 1
" 1. Gii h phng trnh :
(1 x )(1 + y ) = 2
1 x 2 0
x 1
Gii.
K :
2
1 y 0
y 1
(1)
(2)
2
(1 cos )(1 + cos ) = 2
sin cos sin .cos 1 = 0
1 t2
t t = sin cos , t 2 sin .cos =
2
2
1 t
1 = 0 t 2 + 2t 3 t = 1
Khi ta c : t
2
x = 0
Vi t = 1 , ta c : 2sin = 1 = = 0
4
2
y = 1
Nu : x a ( a > 0 ) , ta t x = acos , vi [ 0; ]
2 ( x y )(1 + 4 xy ) = 3
2
2
x + y = 1
( 1)
(2)
Gii .
Do x 2 + y 2 = 1 x, y [ 1; 1] . t x = sin , y = cos vi [ 0; 2 ] .
Khi (1) 2 ( sin cos )(1 + 2sin2 ) = 3
0
0
= 35 + k120
cos 3 =
(k R)
0
0
4
2
= 65 + k120
T suy ra h c 6 nghim
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2 x + x 2 y = y
2
" 3. Gii h phng trnh :
2 y + y z = z
2
2 z + z x = x
Gii : T cc phng trnh ca h , suy ra : x, y, z 1 . Do ta c :
2x
y = 1 x 2 (1)
2y
(2)
z =
1 y2
2z
(3)
x =
1 z2
t t x = tg vi ; (4) v sao cho tg , tg2 , tg4 1 (5).
2 2
k
2k
4k
, y = tg
, z = tg
, k = 0, 1,..., 3
Tng t bi 2. H phng trnh c 7 nghim x = tg
7
7
7
Vi mi s thc x c mt s vi ; sao cho x = tg
2 2
x 3z 2 x 3z + z 3 = 0
2
3
y 3x y 3x + x = 0
z 3y 2 z 3y + y 3 = 0
2
3
y 1 3x = 3x x
2
3
z 1 3 y = 3y y
(
(
(
T , d thy nu
3z z 3
x
=
1 3z 2
3x x 3
(I) y =
1 3x 2
3y y 3
z
=
1 3y 2
( x , y, z )
)
)
)
(I)
1
3
. Bi th :
(1)
(2)
(II)
(3)
1
(5).
t x = tg vi ; (4) v sao cho tg , tg3 , tg9
3
2 2
Khi t (2), (3), (1) s c : y = tg3 , z = tg9 v x = tg27
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k
vi k nguyn tho mn :
26
12 k 12 . D dng kim tra c rng, tt c cc gi tr c xc nh nh va nu u tho
mn (5).
Vy tm li h phng trnh cho c tt c 25 nghim, l :
k
3k
9 k
x = tg 26 , y = tg 26 , z = tg 26 , k = 0, 1,... 12
1
1
1
3 x + = 4 y + = 5 z +
x
y
z
xy + yz + zx = 1
x, y, z dng .
t x = tg ; y = tg ; z = tg 0 < , , < 90 0 .
1
1
1
3 tg +
= 4 tg +
= 5 tg +
( 1)
tg
tg
tg
H
tg tg + tg tg + tg tg = 1
(2)
1 + tg2
1 + tg2
1 + tg2
3
4
5
=
=
(1) 3
=
=
4
5
sin2 sin2 sin2
tg
tg
tg
T (2) suy ra : tg ( tg + tg ) = 1 tg tg cotg =
( tg + tg ) = tg
1 tg tg
( + )
tg = tg ( + ) + + = .
2
2
3
4
5
=
=
sin2 sin2 sin2
Do
nn 2,2,2 l cc gc ca mt tam gic c s o 3 cnh 3,4,5.
0 < , , < ; + + =
2
2
Do tam gic c 3 cnh 3,4,5 l tam gic vung nn 2 = 900 = 450 z = tg = 1
2tg
3
2x
3
1
=
= x=
2
2
1 tg 4
1 x
4
3
2tg
4
2y
4
1
=
= y=
tg2 =
2
2
1 tg 3
1 y
3
2
tg2 =
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x 2 + y 2 + xy 3 x 4 y + 4 = 0
(2)
Gii : Gi s h phng trnh c nghim . Ta thy (2) tng ng vi :
x 2 + ( y 3) x + ( y 2 ) = 0
phng trnh ny c nghim i vi x ta phi c :
7
2
2
= ( y 3) 4 ( y 2 ) 0 1 y
(3)
3
Mt khc phng trnh (2) cng tng ng vi : y 2 + ( x 4 ) y + x 2 3 x + 4 = 0
phng trnh ny c nghim i vi y ta phi c :
4
2
= ( x 4) 4 x 2 3x + 4 0 0 x
(4)
3
256 49 697 698
T (3) v (4) ta c : x 4 + y 2
+
=
<
, khng tho mn (1).
81
9
81
81
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim .
2
1
3x 1 +
=2
x+y
7y 1 1 = 4 2
x+y
2
y ( x + y ) = b 2
(2)
Xt cc trng hp sau :
Trng hp 1 : b = 0 . Khi :
y = 0
3
3
2
y x y = a
y = 0
v do vy : H cho
(2)
y = x
y = x
3
3
2
y x y = a
(I)
( II )
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y = x
C (II)
4
2
2 x = a
T : + Nu a 0 th (I) v (II) cng v nghim, dn n h v nghim .
+ Nu a = 0 th (I) c v s nghim dng ( x R, y = 0 ) , cn (II) c duy nht nghim
( x = 0, y = 0 ) . V
th h cho c v s nghim .
( x, y )
phi c x, y >0 . V th
(2) x =
b
y
l nghim ca h cho th
( 3) .
3
b
y y 3 = a2
Th (3) vo (1) ta c : y
2
6
t t t = a2 t 9 b t 3
t
+ a2 t = 0 ( 5 )
Xt hm s : f ( t ) = t 9 ( b t 3 ) + a 2 t xc nh trn [ 0;+ ) c :
3
f' ( t ) = 9t 8 + 9 b t 3
t 2 + a 2 0, t [ 0; + ) .
[ 0; + ) . M
f ( 0 ) = b < 0 v f
3
( b )= b
3
b
nghim, k hiu l t0 trong ( 0; + ) . Suy ra h c duy nht nghim x = t0 2 , y = t0 2 .
t0
Vy tm li : + Nu a = b = 0 th h cho c v s nghim .
`
+ Nu a tu , b 0 th h cho c duy nht nghim .
+ Nu a 0, b = 0 th h cho v nghim .
2 x 2 + xy y 2 = 1
2
2
x + xy + y = m
Gii .
2 x 2 = 1
1
+ Vi y = 0 h tr thnh 2
. H c nghim khi m =
2
x = m
x
+ Vi y 0 , t
= t , h tr thnh
y
1
2
1
2
2 t + t 1 = y 2
2t + t 1 = y 2
(2)
t 2 + t + 1 = m 2 t 2 + t 1
t2 + t + 1 = m
y2
Vy h PT (1) c nghim
( x, y )
( t, y ) .
(1) c nghim .
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t < 1
1
2
Xt h (2), t 2t + t 1 = 2 suy ra 2t + t 1 > 0
. Do h (2) c nghim ( t, y )
t > 1
y
2
2
t + t +1
t2 + t + 1
1
m= 2
c nghim t ( , 1) , + . Xt hm s f ( t ) = 2
trn khong
2t + t 1
2t + t 1
2
t = 3 7
1
t 2 + 6t + 2
,
f'
t
=
0
( , 1) , + . Ta c : f' ( t ) = 2
(
)
2
2
t = 3 + 7
2t + t 1
Lp bng bin thin :
2
3 7
f(t)
3 7
-1
+
1
2
1
2
+
f(t)
14 + 5 7
1
2
28 + 11 7
Nhn vo bng bin thin ta thy h c nghim : m
x 3 ( 2 + 3 y ) = 1
" 5. Gii h phng trnh :
3
x y 2 = 3
Gii . R rng nu y = 3 2 h v nghim.
27 ( 2 + 3y )
(y
= 1 (3) . Xt hm s : f ( y ) =
Suy ra : f' ( y ) = 0 y = 1
Ta c bng bin thin :
y
f(y)
f (y)
-1
0
0
28 + 11 7
( 1)
(2)
Vi y 3 2 , t (2) suy ra x =
14 + 5 7
3
, thay vo (1) ta c :
y 2
3
27 ( 2 + 3y )
(y
1 , ta c : f' ( y ) =
81 8y 3 + 6 y 2 + 2
(y
10
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Nhn vo bng bin thin suy ra pt(3) khng c nghim trn cc khong ( ; 1) v 1; 3 2 .
Phng trnh c 1 nghim y = 1 v 1 nghim trong khong
D thy y = 2 l 1 nghim thuc khong
2, +
2, + .
1
Vy h phng trnh cho c 2 nghim : ( 1; 1) v ; 2 .
2
) 6. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 2004 Bng B )
x 3 + 3 xy 2 = 49
Gii h phng trnh sau : 2
2
x 8 xy + y = 8 y 17 x
" 7. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 1998-1999 Bng A )
(1 + 4 2 x y ) .512 x + y = 1 + 22 x y +1
(1 + 4 ) .5
t
1 t
= 1 + 2 t +1
2 x + y + x y = 2
Gii :
K c ngha ca h phng trnh : min {7 x, 2 x} y
t :
7x + y = a v
a + b = 5
b + x y = 2
(1 )
(2)
5y 2 + y 1 = 2 y =
( 5 x ) , th vo (2) ta c :
2
( 3)
11 77
2
y=
11
11 77
.
2
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k 3 x 8 + x 2 + 3 x 2 + 1 + ( k 1) 3 x 4 = 2 y 3 x 4
1
3x . 1 +
=2
x+y
7y . 1 1 = 4 2
x+y
Gii . K c ngha ca h : x 0, y 0 v x 2 + y 2 0 .
D thy , nu ( x, y ) l nghim ca h cho th phi c x >0, y>0 . Do :
1
1
2 2
1
2
=
( 1)
1 +
=
x+y
3x
7y
3x
x + y
H cho
1 1 = 4 2
1 = 1 + 2 2
(2)
x+y
7y
3x
7y
11 + 4 7
22 + 8 7
, y=
.Th li ta thy tho mn yu cu bt.
21
7
) 4.
12 x 2 48 x + 64 = y 3
2
3
12 y 48y + 64 = z
12 z 2 48z + 64 = x 3
x 19 + y 5 = 1890 z + z 2001
19 5
2001
" 5. Gii h phng trnh :
y + z = 1890 x + x
z19 + x 5 = 1890 y + y 2001
Gii . Chng ta s chng minh h phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht x = y = z = 0 .
12
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x 3 + x ( y z )2 = 2
2
Gii h phng trnh sau : y 3 + y ( z x ) = 30
3
2
z + z ( x y ) = 16
x 2 ( x + 1) = 2 y 3 x
2
3
" 8. Gii h phng trnh :
y ( y + 1) = 2 z y
2
3
z ( z + 1) = 2 x z
Gii .
Vit li h cho di dng :
x 3 + x 2 + 2 x = 2 y3 + 1
3
2
3
hay
y + y + 2 y = 2z + 1
z3 + z 2 + 2 z = 2 x 3 + 1
(
(
(
) +1
) +1
) +1
f ( x) = g ( y)
f ( y ) = g ( z)
f ( z) = g ( x )
h ( 2 ) < 0, h ( 0 ) > 0,
3
2
3
2
8cos u 4cos u 4cosu + 1 = 0
sinu 8cos u 4cos u 4cosu + 1 = 0
x = y = z = 2cosu, u ( 0; )
Hay
(5).
sin4u = sin3u
13
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x = y = z = 2cosu, u ( 0; )
3 5
;
Gii h phng trnh (5) ta thu c u ;
v
3 5
7 7 7
u 7 ; 7 ; 7
2 x 2004 = y 6 + z 6
2004
= z6 + x 6
2 y
2004 = x 6 + y 6
2 z
Gii :
Gi s
gi s 0 < x y z . Nh vy :
x 2004 x 6
2 x 2004 = y 6 + z 6 x 6 + x 6
x 1
x = y = z =1
2004
2004
6
6
6
6
6
z
= x +y z +z
z 1
z
2z
o li, d thy x = y = z = 1 l mt b ba s dng tho mn yu cu bi ton .
x5 x 4 + 2 x2 y = 2
5
4
2
) 11. Gii h phng trnh :
y y + 2y z = 2
z5 z 4 + 2 z 2 x = 2
(
(
(
)
)
)
x 3 y 2 + 3y + 3 = 3y 2
3 2
2
) 12. Gii h phng trnh :
y z + 3z + 3 = 3z
3 2
2
z x + 3 x + 3 = 3 x
" 13. Tm tt c cc s thc a sao cho h phng trnh sau c nghim thc x, y, z :
x 1 + y 1 + z 1 = a 1
x + 1 + y + 1 + z + 1 = a + 1
Gii. K: x 1, y 1, z 1
H phng trnh tng ng vi h phng trnh :
x 1 + x + 1 + y 1 + y + 1 + z 1 + z + 1 = 2a
x +1 x 1 + y +1 y 1 + z +1 z 1 = 2
t u = x 1 + x + 1 ; v = y 1 + y + 1 ; s = z 1 + z + 1
(
(
) (
) (
) (
) (
)
)
Do x 1, y 1, z 1 nn u 2, v 2, s 2 . Ngc li nu u 2, v 2, s 2 , ta c :
1
2
1
4
2
2
x +1 x 1 =
=
x + 1 = u + x = u2 + 2 1
2
u
4
u
x +1 + x 1 u
Tng t i vi y, z .
14
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( 1)
1 1 1
u + v + s = 1
+ iu kin cn : Gi s h phng trnh (1) c nghim . Theo bt ng thc Bunhia ta c :
9
1 1 1
2a = ( u + v + s ) + + 9 a
2
u v s
9
+ iu kin : Gi s a . Chng ta s chng minh h phng trnh (1) c nghim
2
u + v = 2a 3
2
3 ( 2a 3 )
u, v l hai nghim ca tam thc bc hai : t 2 2 ( 2 a 3 ) t +
2
2a 3 ( 2a 3 )( 2a 9 )
u, v =
2
Ch : t h = 2a 9 0 h + 6 2 2
( 2a 3 ) 2
2>
( 2a 3)( 2a 9 )
> ( h + 3 ) > h ( h + 6 ) . Tc l :
2
u > 2, v > 2 .
1
1
1
20 x + = 11 y + = 2007 z +
x
y
z
xy + yz + zx = 1
2
Gii h phng trnh : y 2 y + 6.log3 ( 6 z ) = y
2
z 2 z + 6.log3 ( 6 x ) = z
Gii . K xc nh x, y, z < 6 . H cho tng ng vi :
x
log3 ( 6 y ) =
2
x 2x + 6
y
log3 ( 6 z ) =
2
y 2y + 6
z
log3 ( 6 x ) =
z2 2 z + 6
15
(1 )
(2)
( 3)
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Nhn thy f ( x ) =
x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 5 = y
1) x y z
x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 5 x
T h trn ta c : 3
2
z + 3z + 2 z 5 z
( x 1) ( x + 2 )2 + 1 0
x 1
2
1 z
( z 1) ( z + 2 ) + 1 0
2) x z y
x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 5 x
T h trn ta c : 3
2
y + 3y + 2 y 5 y
( x 1) ( x + 2 )2 + 1 0
x 1
2
( y 1) ( y + 2 ) + 1 0 1 y
1
1
1
8
=
x+ y+ z
x
y
z 3
1 1 1 118
x+ y+z+ + + =
x y z
9
1
1
1
728
=
x x + y y + z z
27
x x y y z z
16
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x2 + y2 = y ( x + z)
2
x + x + y = 2 yz
3 x 2 + 8 y 2 + 8 xy + 8yz = 2 x + 4 z + 2
x ( x + 1) + y ( 2 z + 1) = 0
2
2
2
2
4 ( x + y ) + 4 ( y + z ) = ( x + 1) + ( 2 z + 1)
GG
GG
G 2 G2
G
G
G
Xt : a = ( x; y ) , b = ( x + y; y + z ) , c = ( x + 1; 2 z + 1) a.b = 0, a.c = 0, 4 b = c
G G
1
+ Nu a = 0 th x = y = 0, z = .
2
G
G G
G
G
G
1
+ Nu a 0 th b v c cng tuyn nn : c = 2 b , t ta c : x = 0, y = z = .
2
1 1 1
Tm li h c hai nghim : 0; 0; , 0; ; .
2 2 2
n n. ( n >3, n N )
x1 + x2 = x31996
1996
x 2 + x3 = x 4
.........
x + x = x 1996
1
1995 1996
1996
x1996 + x1 = x2
Gii : Gi X l gi tr ln nht ca cc nghim xi , i = 1,...1996 v Y l gi tr b nht ca chng.
Th th t phng trnh u ta c :
2X x1 + x2 = x31996
2X x k1996 , k = 1, 2,....,1996
T i vi cc phng trnh ca h ta c :
b2
bn
" 2. Gii h phng trnh : b1
x + x + .... + x = c
n
1 2
vi b1 , b2 ,..., bn 0,
b
i =1
17
(1)
(2)
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Gii . t :
x a
x1 a1 x2 a2
=
= ... = n n = t
b1
b2
bn
n
i =1
i =1
i =1
Ta c : xi = tbi + ai xi = ai + t bi
c
ai
n
n
c = ai + t bi t = n i =1
i =1
i =1
bi
i =1
c ai
xi = ai + bi n i =1
bi
n
i =1
18