tructure Summary section summarizes the main grammar points in the course for reference. iender ‘Bouns are cither masculine or feminine. Almost all feminine end with an -a (and almost all masculine nouns do not): (mase.) wedding iyo (masc,) radio fem.) Photo/picture (fem) aunt (maternal) main exceptions are some feminine nouns which don’t end in refer to females, e.g. umm (mother), bint (daughter/sirl), etc. icles definite article is il. There is no indefinite article (‘a/an’) it (2) gitl 7 the girl word before il ends in a vowel, the i is dropped: ira the wedding I-tiraH? When's the wedding? Tof il often changes to the sound of the following letter, which jounced doubled. For example: picture ura the picture radio 0 the radio186 ‘This assimilation happens with words beginning with these letters: t.d.z.n.05,sh.k §,7, D,Z, I, and sometimes g, 3 Personal pronouns fna 1 ‘nta you (mase. singular) inti you (fem. singular) hiiwwa he hhiyya she ‘Hina we font you (plural) amma they 4 Plurals Arabic plurals are divided into simple external endings and int rnal plurals that have to be learnt individually. 1 External plural -iin (only used for people) mudartis (teacher) > pl. mudarrisiin miSri (Egyptian) > pl. maSriyyfin 2 External plural -éat banTalbhn (trousers) > pl. banTalohnéat otobiis (bus) > pl otobiisiat agéaza (holiday) > pl agazéat riHila (journey) > pl riHikéat 3 Internal plural C'uC*4aC?* Taba’ (plate) > pl Tubsa’ ‘Taviil (tall) > pl. Tuwiial187 ‘plural aC'C*aaC? (price) > pl. aséar lib (friend) > pl. aSHéab (colour) > pl. alwéan (group) > pl. ufwiag jal plural C'iC*4aC? (dog) > pl. kiléab plural C'uC*iuc? (branch) > pl. furiiud al plural C'\C*ac? (suit) > pl bidal (shoe) > pl. gizam a (packet/bowtin) > pl. 9ilab plural maC*4aC'iC? or C'awéaCric? ad (institute) > pl maSiahid taf (museum) > pl. matéaKlit fsa (school) > pl. madaaris i (club) > pl. mawai iad (finger) > pl. Sawéabi9 internal plurals su’éal (question) > pl. as'la ‘shéhika (fork) > pl. shiiwak raghiif (loaf) > pl. raghifa ‘HuSéan (horse) > pl. HiSina fustdan (dress) > pl. fasati WiS (shirt) > pl. °wmSéan