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CHNG 3

PHN TCH AN TON CC MNG IN

3.1. KHI NIM: Phn tch an ton trong mng in l tnh ton, xc nh gi tr dng in qua ngi trong cc iu kin khc nhau m ngi c th tip xc vi mng in trong qu trnh vn hnh li in v thit b in. Qu trnh phn tch an ton mng in cng cn phi nh gi c cc yu t khc, cng nh cc thng s ca mng in nh hng n tai nn in git. Tai nn in git c th xy ra khi ta tip xc hai pha hoc mt pha nhng y ta ch xt mt pha. Tip xc mt pha c th c xem l chm t khng an ton v lc ny dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo ch trung tnh ca mng in. Dng in qua ngi khi ngi tip xc vi vt ni t c dng chm t i qua ph thuc vo dng in chm t. Dng in chm t l dng in i qua ch chm t vo t ph thuc vo cc thng s mng in v trung tnh ca li. Trung tnh my bin p v my pht c th c ni t trc tip hoc cch in i vi t. Nu trung tnh my bin p, my pht khng ni vi cc thit b ni t hoc ni qua thit b b dng in dung trong mng, qua my bin in p ...hay qua kh c c in tr ln, c gi l trung tnh cch in i vi t. Ngc li, nu trung tnh ni trc tip vi thit b ni t hoc qua mt in tr b (my bin dng) c gi l trung tnh trc tip ni t. Theo Quy trnh thit b in ngi ta c th chia ra: 1. Thit b c in p di 1000V (h p) 2. Thit b c in p trn 1000V (cao p) a. Thit b c dng chm t ln (I>500A, trong I l dng chm t 1 pha), thng l nm trong mng c trung tnh trc tip ni t. b. Thit b c dng chm t b (I<500A, trong I l dng chm t 1 pha) thng l nm trong mng c trung tnh cch in. 3.2. MNG IN MT PHA + Mng in mt pha cch in vi t + Mng in mt pha c trung tnh trc tip ni t. 3.2.1. MNG IN MT PHA CCH IN I VI T
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

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Xt mng in mt pha cch in i vi t nh hnh v (hnh 3.1) trong mng in ny mi pha ngoi in tr cch in (tc dng) r1, r2 cn c in dung i vi t C1, C2
2 U 1 R1 C1 R2 C2 Ing U10 Ing U20 I2 Y I1 Y 2 Y 2

Yng

Yt
1

1 Hinh 3.1: Chm vo mt dy ca mng in mt pha

in dn ton phn ca mi pha i vi t Y1 = g1 + jb1 Y2 = g 2 + jb 2 in dn ca ngi Yng = in dn tng ng: Ytd = Y1 + Yng Ta c : U10 , U 20 : in p ca pha 1 v pha 2 so vi t , , : dng in qua Y , Y v qua ngi I I I
1 2 3
1 2

1 R ng

Theo s thay th tng ng ta c : 2 = U. Y2 .Ytd I Y2 + Ytd Dng in qua ngi Ing ta c th tnh c nh sau: = I ng Trong mng in ta c : Suy ra : 2 .Yng I = U.Yng Ytd Y1 + ; Y2 Y2 + Yng

1 Y1 = Y2 = Y = Z = U.Y I ng ng = I ng U

Yng=1/Rng

Y 2Y + Yng (3-1)

Hay

2Yng + Z

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T cng thc 3-1 ta xt cc trng hp sau: a) Mng in c in dung b: y l cc ng dy trn khng c in p <1000V chiu di ngn 1 = 1 1= R Z= cd Y g + jb g do lc ny dng qua ngi : = I ng b) Mng in c in dung ln: Mng in ng dy trn khng c in p >1000V c cch in tt Z= 1 1 1 = = jX C = Y g + jb c U 2Yng + R cd

T xc nh c tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ngi: = I ng

( 2R ng ) 2 + X C 2

Vi mng in dy cp di c in p b hn 1000V phi tnh n in dn ca cch in v c in dung Khi ngi chm vo dy 1 th in tr ca dy dn 1 lc ny s l: R = r1 // Rng Do vy in p ca dy dn 1 s thay i t U1 n U1, v in p ca dy dn 2 cng s thay i t U2 thnh U2. y chnh l nguyn nhn s phng v np in tch ca C1 v C2. Dng in qua ngi: I ng U = .e R ng
t R ng .( C 1 + C 2 )

Ngoi ra, cn c dng in chy qua in tr cch in qua ngi: I ng = U.r1 (r1 + r2 ).R ng + r1.r2

Vy dng in qua l tng hp hai thnh phn dng in trn. 3.2.2. MNG IN MT PHA C TRUNG TNH TRC TIP NI T

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

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Xt mng in 1 pha c trung tnh ni t nh hnh v trng thi lm vic bnh thng vi ti Zt - Nu ngi chm vo pha cch in i vi t mt cch gn ng c th xc nh dng qua ngi : U = I ng R 0 + R ng - Nu ngi chm vo pha ni t th dng qua ngi : = U = I bv Z d I ng R ng R ng Trong : Zd : Tng tr on dy t ngi n ch chm. U : in p ri trn on t ngun n ch ngi chm vo dy Ilv : Dng in lm vic. * Cho d ngi chm vo im b xa nht th in p trn ngi cng khng ln hn 5% U mng in.
Ilv a b c
Zt

IN a b c
U/2

(0,010,015)U

r0 Hnh 3.2

a)

r0

b)

a) Chm vo mt dy trong mng mt pha trung tnh ni t b) Chm vo mt dy ng thi xy ra ngn mch trong mng mt pha trung tnh ni t

Trng hp mng in b ngn mch nh hnh b. Gi s tit din ca 2 dy l nh nhau th ngi chm ti im C th in p t vo ngi l:U ng=U/2. Ngi chm cng gn ngun th in p cng gim Nu ngi chm ti im E th in p t vo ngi s l : l U ng = U N Z lD
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

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Trong : UN : in p ti im ngn mch mt cch gn ng c th xem UN=U/2 lZ : Khong cch t ngun n v tr ngi chm vo dy ld : Khong cch t ngun n im ngn mch. 3.3. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN BA PHA 3.3.1 GII THIU V CC LOI MNG IN BA PHA : 1 Mng in ba pha bn dy Trung tnh cch in i vi t Trung tnh ni t trc tip Trung tnh ni t qua cun khng nh 2Mng in ba pha ba dy Trung tnh cch in i vi t Trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang Trung tnh ni t trc tip 3.3.2. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG BA PHA Ta xt mng in tng qut l mng in 3 pha 4 dy (nh hnh v) c trung tnh ni t qua in tr R0 v in khng Xl
3 2 1 4 R0 Xl R4 C4 R1 C1 R2 C2 R3 C3 a.

Hnh 3.3a: Mng in tng qut 3 pha 4 dy

1 1 Y4 Yng Y3 Y1 O Y2

U1 U3
3 O

U2

Y0 2

b.

Hnh 3.3b: S thay th mng in 3 pha 4 dy

Ta c :
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

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- r1, r2, r3, r4 l in tr cch in ca cc dy - C1,C2,C3,C4 l in dung ca ng dy i vi t - Yi l in dn ca cc dy pha, dy trung tnh v trung tnh my bin p so vi t . 1 1 Y1 = g1 + jb1 = + j C1 Y2 = g 2 + jb 2 = + j C 2 r1 r2 1 Y3 = g 3 + jb 3 = + j C 3 r3 1 Y0 = g 0 jb 0 = j/ L r0 1 Y4 = g 4 + jb 4 = + j C 4 r4 1 R ng

in dn ngi : Yng =

khi ngi tip xc vi mt pha (v d pha 1 nh hnh v) in p tip xc t vo ngi l : U ng = U1 U 0 I v dng qua ngi : ng = U ng .Yng = ( U1 U 0 ).Yng
trong : U1 : in p pha U 0 : in p trung tnh i vi t .

Ta c: U.Y U1 (Yng + Y1 ) + U 2 .Y2 + U 3 .Y3 U0 = = Y Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng Vi mng ba pha i xng ta c :

U1 = U f

U1 = a 2 U f 1 3 + j 2 2

U1 = aU f

trong : a = e j120 =

Uf l gi tr tuyt i ca in p pha Suy ra : U0 = Uf Y1 + a 2 .Y2 + a.Y3 + Yng Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng

T c th xc nh c in p tip xc ca ngi nh sau :

2 = U (1 a ).Y2 + (1 a ).Y3 + Y0 + Y4 U ng f Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng

(3-2)

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Dng qua ngi :

2 = U .Y = U .Y (1 a ).Y2 + (1 a ).Y3 + Y0 + Y4 I ng ng ng f ng Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y0 + Yng

(3-3)

Mng in ba pha bn dy trung tnh ni t trc tip a.Ngi tip xc vi mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng:
3 2 1 4 Y0 Y4 Y1 Y2 Y3

Hnh 3.4: Ngi chm vo mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng

Trn hnh v ta c in dn trung tnh: Y0=

1 = g0 r0

(r0: l in tr ni t trung tnh)

- Trong trng hp ny in dn ca dy trung tnh nh hn nhiu so vi in dn Y0 ca im trung tnh cho nn c th xem : Y1=Y2=Y3=Y4 0 cho nn in p tip xc ca ngi theo (2-2) n gin hn nhiu : Y0 U ng = U f Y + Y
0 ng

hay v dng qua ngi l :

U ng = U f
I ng = I ng =

R ng R 0 + R ng
Uf R0 + Rng

(3-4) (3-5)

Nhn xt: Trong trng hp ny dng in qua ngi gn nh khng thay i khi in tr ca h thng thay i. Hay dng in qua ngi khng ph thuc vo in tr cch in. b.Tip xc vi mt pha trong trong trng hp mng s c :
3 2 1 4 Y0 Y4 Y1 Y2 Y3 Uch Rch

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng Hnh 3.5: Chm vo mt pha trong khi pha khc chm t

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Gi thit khi ngi chm vo pha 1 v pha 3 chm t qua mt in tr nh Rch v Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 nh hn nhiu so viY0 v Ych = 1 tc : Y1=Y2=Y3=Y4 0 R ch

Vy t (3-2) ta c :

(1 a )Ych + Y0 U ng = U f Y0 + Ych + Yng

thay Ych =

1 1 1 ; Y0 = ; Yng = vo biu thc trn ri bin i ta rt ra R ng R ch R0 U ng = U f .R ng

2 3R 0 + 3R 0 R ch + R ch

c tr hiu dng:

R 0 R ch + R 0 R ng + R ng R ch

n gin ta gi thit : 3RchR0=2 3 RchR0 ta c :

U ng = U f .Rng 3R0 + Rch 3R0 + Rch = U f .Rng R0 Rch + R0 Rng + Rng Rch R0 Rch + Rng ( R0 + Rch ) I ng = U f 3R0 + Rch R0 Rch + Rng ( R0 + Rch )

(3-6)

v :

(3-7)
U1

Ta xt hai trng hp t trng : * Khi in tr chm t : Rch = 0 ta c Ung= 3 Uf tc trong trng hp ny in p t vo ngi bng in p dy * Khi R0 = 0 ta tnh c:Ung =Uf trong thc t R0, Rch lun lun ln hn khng nn :Ung = U13 - Uch suy ra
3U f U ng U f
U3 Uch

Ung 0 0 U0 U2

Hinh 3.6: Gin vect

iu ny cng c minh ha trn gin vc t. Nh vy tip xc vi dy pha trong trong mng c trung tnh trc tip ni t khi c s c s nguy him hn trong trng hp lm vic bnh thng . V d 1: Mt ngi chm vo mt pha ca li in ba pha bn dy 380/220V c trung tnh trc tip ni t hy xc nh dng in qua ngi. Cho bit : r0=4 ; Rng=1000 ; r1=r2=r3=r4=rc1=104
B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

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1 =32.103 c 1 1 1 Y0 = Gii: Ta c : Y = 4 + j 3 4 10 32 10 Do c th coi : Y1=Y2=Y3=Y4=Y0 Uf 220 I ng = = 220mA Nn: R ng + R 0 1000 + 4 c1=c2=c3=c4=c=0,1 f , hay X C = hay nu b qua R0 th: I ng = Uf 220 = 220mA R ng 1000

V d 2 : Mt ngi chm vo mt pha ca li in ba pha 4 dy c trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p 380/220V khi pha 3 chm t nh hnh (2-3). Bit : R0=4 ; Rng=1000 ; r1=r2=r3=r4=rc1=104 ; c1=c2=c3=c4=c=0,1 f Hy xc nh cc gi tr ng vi cc gi tr ca in tr chm t Rch=100 ; 50; 4; v 0,5 Gii : Vi Rch=100 Tng t ta cng xem Y1=Y2=Y3=Y40 Dng in qua ngi c xc nh theo cng thc (3-7) I ng = U f R 0 R ch 3R 0 + R ch 3.4 + 100 = 220. = 226mA + R ch R ng + R 0 R ng 4.100 + 100.1000 + 4.1000 Rch = 50 Rch = 4 Rch = 0,5

Tng t vi :

Ing = 232mA Ing = 300mA Ing = 360mA

Mng in ba pha ba dy c trung tnh cch in a. Tip xc mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng
3 2 1 R1 C1 R2 C2 R3 C3

Hnh 3.7: Chm vo mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh thng

Xt trng hp ngi tip xc trc tip vi mt pha trong mng 3 pha 3

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dy hnh (3-7). p dng cng thc:

2 = U Y2 (1 a ) + Y3 (1 a ) + Y0 + Y4 U ng f Y0 + Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Yng

y do khng ni t nn: Y4=Y0=0 . 2 = U Y2 (1 a ) + Y3 (1 a ) U ng f Y + Y + Y + Y

1 2 3 ng

(3-8)

Suy ra:

2 = U .Y Y2 (1 a ) + Y3 (1 a ) I ng f ng Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Yng

(3.9)

S dng cng thc (3-8) v (3.9) nh gi mc nguy him khi tip xc vi mt pha trong ba trng hp sau : * Khi in dung ca cc pha bng nhau: C1= C2 = C3 = C v in tr cc cng pha bng nhau: R1 = R2 = R3 = Rc. y l mng in cp c in p nh hn 1000V T (3-8 ) ta c :
2 3Y = U Y(1 a + 1 a ) = U U ng f f 3Y1 + Yng 3Y + Yng

(v 1-a2+1-a=3)

Suy ra:

ng = U f .Yng I

3Y = Uf . 3Y + Yng

1 R ng + Z 3 (3-10)

Trong :

1 = 1 = Z= Y g + jb

1 1 + j c R cd

Khi chuyn qua gi tri hiu dng ta c : I ng = Uf R ng 1 R cd (R cd + 6.R ng ) 9(1 +

2 R cd 2 c 2 )R 2 ng

1+

(3-11)

* Khi : C1 = C2 = C3 = 0 v R1= R2 = R3 = Rc y l trng hp trong mng in p nh hn 1000V c chiu di b nn b qua tr s in dung. y Y1=Y2 =Y3 =Y = g =1/Rcd Theo (3-11) ta c I ng = Uf R ng + R cd 3 (3-12)

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

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* Khi : C1 = C2 = C3 = C v R1 = R2 = R3 = y l trng hp ca mng in p ln hn 1000V. Lc ny ta c Y1=Y2=Y3=Y=jb=jc=1/Z Uf Uf = I ng = 1 X thay vo (3-11) ta c: R ng + R ng j c j3 c 3 Hay gi tr hiu dng : I ng = U f (R ng + j R2 ng Xc ) 3
I ng = Uf X R + c 3
2 ng 2

(3-13)

X + ( c )2 3

(3-14)

V d 3: Mt ngi tip xc vi mt pha ca mng in 3 pha 3 dy c trung tnh cch in in p 380V. Bit Rng=1000 . Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi trong hai trng hp aKhi C1=C2=C3= 0 v R1=R2=R3=3.103 bKhi C1=C2=C3= C=0,03 f hay Xc=100.103 v R1=R2=R3= Gii: a) Ta p dng cng thc (3-12): I ng = 220 = 110mA 3000 1000 + 3

b) Ta p dng cng thc :(3-14) ta c

I ng = 220 100.10 1000 2 + 3
3

= 6,6mA

b. Tip xc mt pha trong ch s c:

3 2 1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Rch 0 Ung 0 U2 U1

Uch

Uch U3

Hnh 3.8: Chm vo mt pha trong khi pha khc chm t

Hinh 3.9: Gin vect

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

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Gi thit pha 3 chm t m ngi tip xc vi pha 1, in tr chm t l Rch. y c th coi Y4 = Y0= 0 v Ych =1/Rch Ych (1 a ) I Thay cc gi tr ny vo (3-9) ta c : ng = U f Yng (3-15) Ych + Yng Thay: Ych= 1/Ych v Yng=1/Rng v bin i ta tnh c gi tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ngi.
I ng = 3U f Rng + Rch = Ud Rng + Rch

(3-16)

v in p: U ng = I ng R ng = 3U f R ng R ng + R ch (3-17)

Nu cho Rch 0 hoc coi Rch<<Rng th ta c :

U ng = 3U f = U d

Tc l in p t vo ngi bng in p dy. Nh vy chm vo mt pha trong tnh trng s c mng trung tnh cch in nguy him hn trong mng trung tnh trc tip ni t.

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng