Vro

Vr


H ni 5/ 2005
o Thanh Ton
Phm Thanh Huyn
V Quang Sn

----- -----

Bi ging
K thut mch in t
Chuyn ngnh: KTVT, KTTT, KH-THGT



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
2




Li ni u:
Bi ging K thut Mch in t c bin son da trn cc gio trnh v
ti liu tham kho mi nht hin nay, c dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh
vin cc ngnh: K thut Vin thng, K thut Thng tin, T ng ho, Trang thit
b in, Tn hiu Giao thng.
Trong qu trnh bin son, cc tc gi c cc ng nghip ng gp
nhiu kin, mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon chnh
hn, song chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Chng ti mong
nhn c cc kin ng gp ca bn c!
Xin lin h: daothanhtoan@uct.edu.vn


DTT_PTH_VQS

3


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
4
Chng I. Nhng khi nim chung v c s
phn tch mch in t

I. Mch in t:

Mch in t l loi mch c nhim v gia cng tn hiu theo nhng thut
ton khc nhau, chng c phn loi theo dng tn hiu c x l.
Tn hiu: l s o in p huc dng in ca mt qu trnh, s thay i ca
tn hiu theo thi gian to ra tin tc hu ch.
Tn hiu c chia lm 2 loi l tn hiu tng t Anolog v tn hiu s
Digital.
Tn hiu tng t l tn hiu bin thin lin tc theo thi gian v c th nhn
mi gi tr trong khong bin thin ca n.
Tn hiu s: l tn hiu c ri rc ho v mt thi gian v lng t ho
v mt bin , n c biu din bi tp hp xung ti nhng im o ri rc.
Tn hiu c th c khuch i; iu ch; tch sng; chnh lu; nh; o ;
truyn t; iu khin; bin dng; tnh ton bng cc mch in t.
gia cng 2 loi tn hiu s v tng t dng 2 loi mch c bn: mch
tng t v mch s, trong khun kh gio trnh ny ch xem xt cc mch tng t.
Vi mch in t tng t, ch quan tm ti 2 thng s: bin tn hiu v
khuch i tn hiu.
Bin tn hiu: lin quan mt thit n chnh xc ca qu trnh gia cng
tn hiu v xc nh mc nh hng ca nhiu n h thng. Khi bin tn hiu
nh mV, huc V, th nhiu c th ln t tn hiu, v vy khi thit k cc h thng
in t cn lu nng cao bin tn hiu ngay tng u ca h thng.
Khuch i tn hiu l chc nng quan trng nht ca mch tng t, c th
thc hin trc tip huc gin tip trong cc phn t chc nng ca h thng, thng
thng trong mt h thng li chia thnh tng gia cng tn hiu, tng khuch i
cng sut.
Hin nay cc mch t hp(IC) tng t c dng ph bin, khng nhng
m bo cc ch tiu k thut m cn c tin cy cao v chi ph thp, tuy nhin
chng c dng ch yu cho tn hiu c phm vi tn s thp.
Xu hng pht trin ca k thut mch in t tng t l nng cao tch
hp, v kh nng ng dng ca mch.
II. Cc kin thc c bn v transistor

Xem li cc gio trnh Cu kin in t, nhng ni dung sau:
1- Cu to, nguyn l hot ng,
2- C 3 cch mc c bn ca BJT(FET) : EC(SC); CC(DC); BC(GC).
3- Cc ng dng ca BJT v FET, tu theo vic phn cc m T s lm vic theo cc
ch sau:
+ Ch khuch i tn hiu: phn cc ch khuch i
+ Lm vic ch kho: min bo ho v min ct
4- Cc s tng ng ca T
5- c tnh tn s ca T
6- S v cch tnh ton cu T khi khuch i tn hiu nh
7- So snh gia BJT v FET,
Gi :


DTT_PTH_VQS

5
Fet c u im kch thc v in p cung cp(dn n cng sut tiu th) nh hn
v tin cy cao hn BJT, nhng Fet li c nhc im l in dn g nh v nhy
cm vi in tch tnh, v vy Fet thng c tch hp trong mch IC, cn BJT
thng dng cho mch ri.

III. Mch cp ngun v n nh ch lm vic

1. t vn :
Trong cc tng khuch i tn hiu nh, im lm vic nm trong min tch
cc ca BJT, trong min tht ca FET, ch tnh, trn cc cc ca T c cc dng
in tnh Ic(T
D
); I
B
(I
G
) v in p mt chiu U
CE
(U
DS
); U
BE
(U
GS
). im lm vic
tng ng vi ch ny l im lm vic tnh Q.
Khi c tn hiu vo th in p v dng in thay i xung quanh gi tri tnh,
m bo cho cc tng lm vic bnh thng trong nhng iu kin khc nhau,
ngoi vic cung cp in p thch hp cho cc cc, cn cn phi n nh im lm
vic tnh chn, nu khng cht lng lm vic ca tngb gim st.

2. Vi BJT.
a. S n inh tuyn tnh:
S ph bin l s hi tip- mt chiu: nhm bin i in p mch vo
ca T sao cho c th hn ch s di chuyn im tnh trn c tuyn ra, gy
nn bi cc yu t mt n nh. S nh sau:
V d hnh a:


























Vcc
Uv
R1
Rc
C5 R2
Vcc
Ur Uv
Q3
Ur
C2 Q2
C1
R1
Re
Uv Ur
R2
R1
C2
C1
Q1
Rc
Vcc
Ic I1
I1
h.a
h.b
h.c
Mch cung cp v n nh im lm vic bng hi tip m in p
ha. EC; hb:CC; hc: BC


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
6
Nguyn tc n nh: nu c mt nguyn nhn mt n nh no lm cho
dng mt chiu I
CEo
trn colector tng th in th U
CEo
gim, do dng nh thin
I
Bo
= U
CEo
/R1 gim theo, lm I
CEo
gim xung, ngha l dng tnh ban u gi nguyn.
Cng c th dng s hi tip dng in:
Nguyn tc n nh nh sau:

























Khi I
C
tng, th in p U
Eo
=Ie. Re, tng. v in p Ue ly trn b phn p
R1 v R2 khng i, nn U
BEo
=I
B
R2- U
Eo
gim lm cho I
B
gim, do vy I
C
khng
tng. T Ce c tc dng trnh hi tip - xoay chiu.

a. S n inh phi tuyn :
p dng phng php b nhit nh cc phn t c tham s ph thuc vo
nhit nh T, D, in tr nhit, phng php ny thch hp cho mch t hp.
- Nu D v T nh hnh a u c sn xut t mt loi bn dn nh nhau, v
nhit mt ghp ca chng nh nhau, th c tnh nhit ca in p B-E v ca
in p h trn D l nh nhau; hn na U
BE
; U
D
c chiu ngc nhau, nn nh
hng ca nhit c b hon ton.
- S hnh B cng lm vic theo nguyn tc , khi mc ni tip R2 vi D
phn cc thun, th R1, R2, D to thnh mch phn p a in p vo B, nu chn
R2<<R1 th UB hu nh khng ph thuc ngun Vcc.
- S hnh c: dng in tr c h s nhit - b, khi nhit tng th R
T

gim, do in p U
E
tng lm I
C
gim sao cho c th b li s tng ca I
C
theo
nhit
Cc mch loi ny c u im c tn hao ph khng ng k, khng gy nh hng
n p ra.

Rc
Re
1k
R2
Ce
Re
R1
C
1uF
R2
Vcc
Ur Uv
Q3
Ur
C2
Vcc
Q2
C1
R1
Re
Uv Ur
Uv
R2
R1
C2
C1
Q1
Rc
Vcc
ha
hb
hc
S cung cp v n nh im lm vic bng hi tip - dng in mt chiu.
ha. EC; hb: CC; hc: BC
Rt
(-)
Vcc
Rc
Q3
C2
C1
R1
R2
Uv
Ur
Re
Re1
Ur
Uv
R2
R1
C3
C4
Q2
Rc1
Vcc
Re
Ur
Uv
R2
R1
C2
C1
Q1
Rc
Vcc


DTT_PTH_VQS

7












c. n nh trong mch t hp tng t
Dng cc ngun in n nh v ngun dng d ch to di dng t hp,
trn s di y, gi thit IC khng ph thuc U
CE
v Q1, Q2 c tham s hon
ton ging nhau v cng mt nhit , do :
I
C1
=I
C2
v I
B1
=I
B2
= I
C1
/B
N

Theo s hnh a:
I
1
=I
C1
+ 2I
B2
= I
C2
+ 2I
C2
/B
N

T suy ra: I
C2
= I
1
/(1+2/B
N
) I
1
khi B
N
>>2
T y ta thy c th dng I
1
iu khin tr s ca I
C2
. I
1
n nh, n
gin nht l ni A vi Vcc qua R.











Trong cc mch t hp, trnh ch to cc in tr c tr s ln, do vy kh
c dng I
1
nh, v vy t c I
1
nh thng dng s bn phi.
3. vi FET
Vn n nh nhit ca FET l lm cho im lm vic khng ph thuc
vo tp tn tham s ca FET, khng ph thuc nhit , thi gian, v cc bin
i ca in p ngun cung cp, cng ging BJT bin php n nh nhit ca FET
cng dng nguyn tc hi tip - dng in v in p. v d:
Cc loi s hi tip - dng in thng qua R
S
c dng nh hnh sau:
Nu coi I
G
=0, ta c U'
G
=I
D
R
S
+ U
GS
; biu thc ny cho bit dng ca ng
in tr Rs vi dc:







R
Ucc
Ucc
Q1 Q2
A
Ucc
Ucc
Q1 Q2
Ur
+
-
Vs1
R
G
R
S
U
DD
R
D
Q1
I
S


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
8









tg=-(dI
D
/dU
GS
)

U'
G
phi chn sao cho dng mng I
D
khng i khi thay FET, chn U'
G

chnh

l chn R
G
, in tr n nh.


DTT_PTH_VQS

9

chng 2. Hi tip

I. Khi nim:
1. nh ngha:
Hi tip l ghp mt phn tn hiu ra(in p huc dng in)
ca mng 4 cc tch cc(phn t khuch i- Transistor huc KTT) v
u vo thng qua mt mng 4 cc, mng 4 cc ny gi l mng hi tip.

















Hi tip ng vai tr quan trng trong k thut mch in t
tng t, n cho php ci thin cc tnh cht ca b khuch i nh: tr
khng vo, tr khng ra, bng thng,...
2. Phn loi:
Theo tc dng hi tip c hai loi v hi tip c bn:
- Hi tip (-) : Tn hiu hi tip ngc pha vi tn hiu vo
- Hi tip (+): Tn hiu hi tip cng pha vi tn hiu vo
Trong cc loi hi tip ta li quan tm: tn hiu hi tip l mt chiu hay
xoay chiu, hi tip m mt chiu c dng n nh ch cng tc, cn hi
tip m xoay chiu c dng n nh cc tham s ca b khuch i. Quan tm
n cch ghp ni tip hay song song.
Tng hp ta c cc loi nh sau:
+ Hi tip ni tip in p: tn hiu hi tip a n u vo ni tip vi
ngun tn hiu ban u v t l vi in p u ra.
+ Hi tip song song in p: tn hiu hi tip a n u vo song song
vi ngun tn hiu ban u v t l vi in p u ra.
+ Hi tip ni tip dng in: tn hiu hi tip a n u vo ni tip vi
ngun tn hiu ban u v t l vi dng in u ra.
+ Hi tip song song dng in: tn hiu hi tip a n u vo song song
vi ngun tn hiu ban u v t l vi dng in u ra.
K
K
ht
+(-)
X
V
X
R
X
ht
X
h
X
V
: tn hiu vo
X
R
: tn hiu ra
X
ht
: tn hiu hi tip
K: H s khuch i ca mch Khuch i
K
ht
: H s khuch i mch hi tip
Hnh. S khi b khuch i c hi tip



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
10

K
K
ht
u
V
u
R
u
ht
Hnh. S khi hi tip ni tip in p

K
K
ht
u
V
u
R
u
ht
Hnh. S khi hi tip ni tip dng in

i
ht
K
K
ht
u
V
u
R
u
ht
Hnh. S khi hi tip song song in p

K
K
ht
u
V
u
R
u
ht
Hnh. S khi hi tip song song dng in

i
ht


DTT_PTH_VQS

11

3. Cc phng trnh c bn:



























T s suy ra cc quan h:
+ X
R
= KX
h

+ X
v
= K
n
X
n

+ X
h
= X
v
- X
ht
nu tn hiu vo(X
h
) v tn hiu hi tip X
ht

ng pha (X
v
= X
h
+ X
ht
)
+ X
h
= X
v
+ X
ht
nu tn hiu vo(X
h
) v tn hiu hi tip X
ht

ngc pha (X
v
= X
h
- X
ht
)

+ X
ht
= K
ht
X
r



n
n
R
tp
ht V
R
K K
X
X
K
KK
K
X
X
K ' ;
1
' = =

= =

K : Hm truyn t mng 4 cc tch cc c hi tip
K
tp
: Hm truyn t ton phn ca n
K
n
: Hm truyn t ton phn ca khu ghp
- Gi K
v
= KK
ht
l h s khuch i vng
- Gi g = 1 K
v
=1 KK
ht
l su hi tip(du khi hi tip song song,
du + khi hi tip l ni tip)
Cc tham s ny dng nh gi mc thay i cc tham s ca b
khuch i. Phn bit cc trng hp sau:
g >1, tc K<K, tc mch hi tip mc vo lm gim h s khuch
i, ta c hi tip (-).
K
K
ht
+
X
V
X
R
X
ht
X
h
X
V
: tn hiu vo
X
R
: tn hiu ra
X
ht
: tn hiu hi tip
K: H s khuch i ca mch Khuch i
K
ht
: H s khuch i mch hi tip
X
n
: tn hiu t tng trc
K
n
: H s khuch i mch ghp
Hnh. S khi b tng qut khuch i c hi tip

Kn
X
n
+

-



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
12
g <1, tc K >K, tc mch hi tip mc vo lm tng h s khuch
i, ta c hi tip (+).
g=1, tc K = K, mch tr thnh mch dao ng(xem chng mch
dao ng)

III. Phng php phn tch mch c hi tip:

Phn tch l vic tm ra cc thng s c bn: Zv, Zr, K, B...C bn ging nh
cc mch in t khc, ch yu vn dng cc kin thc ca l thuyt mch in
phn tch, ngoi ra cn c th kt hp vi cc l thuyt khc nh l thuyt iu
khin t ng.
Hi tip + s xem xt ti chng dao ng, sau y xt cho cc trng hp
hi tip -
Sau y l v d v cc trng hp, phn t tch cc l Transistor:
a, Hi tip m dng in, ghp ni tip
Chn gi tr ca cc t in sao cho tr khng ca n vi tn s
tn hiu lm vic ca mch l rt nh, c th coi tn hiu c ni tt
m khng qua Re s khng hi tip.
Vi s c hi tip, khng dng Re, nn dng ng ra i
e
i
c
, i qua Re to ra
in p xoay chiu, y cng chnh l in p hi tip Vht=Ve=Re.i
e
(phi tnh l
in p v tn hiu X
h
l tn hiu p-Vs).
H s khuch i hi tip:
K
ht
=Xht/Xr = Vht/Vc=(i
B
..Re) /(-i
B
..Rc)= - Re/Rc
T kt qu ny ta c th tnh tip cc thng s khc
ur
Vs
Vcc
C2
C1
R2
R1
Re=Rht
Rc
hnh. Mch khuch i hi tip
ie
uht= ve


DTT_PTH_VQS

13

















b, Hi tip m in p, ghp ni tip
Cp in tr Rht v Re1 to thnh cp phn p ly tn hiu p u
r
v u vo,
in p hi tip ly trn in tr Re1, c gi tr:


Rht
u Vht K u
Rht
Vht
r
+
= = =>
+
=
1 Re
1 Re
/ ' .
1 Re
1 Re


T cng thc ta thy h s khuch i hi tip ph thuc
vo 2 in tr Re1 v Rht, nhng m bo ch thin p mt chiu
cho Q1, Re1 khng th thay i trong phm vi ln, v vy h s khuch
i hi tip ph thuc ch yu vo Rht.
Vcc
Q2
Rc2
R2
C3
u
r
C2
C1
R1
Rc1
Q1
Vs
Hnh. Mch khuch i khng hi tip
Ce
ur
Vs
Vcc
C2
C1
R2
R1
Re
Rc
hnh. Mch khuch i khng hi tip


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
14























c, Hi tip m in p, ghp song song

in tr Rht thay th Rb phn p cho B ca Transistor, ng thi Rht cng
ly in p ra hi tip v.
Rht kt hp vi tng tr ng vo to thnh mch phn p, in p hi tip
c xac inh:
Rht hie
hie
u Vht K u
Rht hie
hie
Vht
r
+
= = =>
+
= / ' .

Re1
R
ht
Vcc
Q2
Rc2
R2
C3
u
r
C2
C1
R1
Rc1
Q1
Vs
Hnh. Mch khuch i hi tip in p ni tip
+
+
-
-
+
Vht
Rht
Ur
Vcc
Vs
C2
C1
Rc
Q1
Hnh. Hi tip m in p song song
hie
uht


DTT_PTH_VQS

15















d, Hi tip m dng in, ghp song song
Mch hi tip dng Rht ly Ve2 phn cc cho B1 ng thi ly tn hiu
ra i
c2
i
e2
qua Re2 to tn hiu dng i
ht
.
Dng in hi tip i
ht
phn nh thnh in p hi tip Vht qua in tr Rht
a n u vo
H s hi tip dng in:
Ki=(Re2+Rht)/Re2
U
r
Re2
Q2
Rc2
C3
Rb
2
Rb1
Vc
c
Vs
C2
C
1
Rc1
Q1
R
h
t

i
ht
Mch hi tip m dng, ghp song song
h
i
e

i
e2

Ur
Vcc
Vs
C2
C1
Rb
Rc
Q1
Hnh .Mch khng hi tip


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
16






















IV. nh hng ca hi tip n cc thng s ca mch.
nh hng ca hi tip c tm tt theo bng sau:

CC THNG S KY
THUT
HI TIP
M
DNG
IN NI
TIP
HI TIP
M IN
P NI
TIP
HI TIP
M IN
P SONG
SONG
HI TIP
M DNG
IN SONG
SONG
Tng tr ng vo:
Z
v

Zi.g Zi.g Zi /g Zi /g
Tng tr ng ra:
Z
r

Zo.g Zo /g Zi /g Zi.g
khuch i in
p: K
U

Ku/g Ku/g Ku/g Ku/g
rng bng
thng: B
B.g B.g B.g B.g
Trong g =1 K.K
ht

Cc mch khuch i hi tip m lm tng tng tr ng vo thng dng
cho tng tin khuch i, khng lm gim bin ca tn hiu hu ch, cc mch
hi tip m lm gim tng tr ng ra thng dng cho cc tng cui(cng sut),
tng kh nng cp dng cho ti.
Ngoi cc thng s thng k trn, mch hi tip cn c tc dng gim bin
nhiu, gim mo phi tuyn v mo tn s.

Ce2
Re2
Q2
Rc2
C3
Rb2
Rb1
Vcc
Vs
C2
C1
Rc1
Q1
Mch dng khng hi tip


DTT_PTH_VQS

17
Chng 3. Cc s c bn ca tng
khuch i tn hiu nh dng Transistor

- Vi tn hiu nh thng dng s tng ng phn tch, c th biu din cc
phn t tch cc bng s tng ng , huc s tng ng ca mng 4
cc
I. Khi nim
- Transisor l linh kin phi tuyn, nhng khi xt vi tn hiu trong phm vi
bin thin nh th mc phi tuyn nh hng khng ln, nn c th xem nh
mch tuyn tnh, T c v thnh cc mch tng ng gm R, ngun dng, c
th tnh ton v phn tch theo cc nguyn l ca L thuyt mch, c th biu din
bng s tng ng , huc s tng ng ca mng 4 cc
- Vic tnh ton, phn tch mt mch khuch i dng T bao gm cc phn
sau:
+ Tnh ton ch mt chiu
+ Tnh ton cc tham s ch xoay chiu(ch ng).
Phn tnh ton ch mt chiu ta xem xt phn Cu kin in t, v
vy ch nghin cu ch ng.
II. Phn tch mch khuch i bng s tng ng
1. Mch tng ng ca Transistor
iu kin mt T dn l phn cc thun vi tip gim BE v phn cc
ngc vi tip gim BC, mch tng ng ca T nh sau:









Trong :
+ Rb l in tr on t cc B v gia vng bn dn ca cc B.
+ Re l in tr thun trng thi xoay chiu ca mi ni BE:
Re=26mV/I
E
(mA)
+ Rc l in tr nghch ca mi ni BC.
Mch tng ng T dng thng s ca ma trn H:











E
Re
B
Rb
Rc
C
ie
ic
C
Ic=.ib
Re
Rb
Ib
B
Ie
E
Ube
Uce


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
18
trong :
+ ib: dng in tn hiu ng vo, gi tr ph thuc vo Rb, Re
+ ic : dng in tn hiu ng ra, ic=ib
Phng trnh c trng theo ma trn H:
Ube=h11.ib+h12.Uce
ic = h21.ib +h22.Uce
+ h11=Ube/Ib: in tr ng vo
+ h21=Ic/Ib: h s khuch i dng
+ h12=Ube/Uce: khuch i in p ngc
+ h22=Ic/Uce: dn np ng ra.
2. Mch tng ng kiu EC:














- Tng tr ng vo:
h11= hie=Ri=
ib
re ib rb ib
ib
re ie rb ib
Ib
Vi . . . . . +
=
+
=
- Tng tr ng ra:
ro=1/h22
- khuch i dng:
Ki=h21=
- khuch i in p:
Ku=
Rbe
Rc
h Ube
Uce
.
12
1
= =

3. Mch tng ng kiu BC:

- Tng tr ng vo:
h11= hie=Ri=

re re
ie
rb ib re ie +
=
+
=
. . .

- Tng tr ng ra:
ro=Vo/ic
- khuch i dng:
Ki=ic/ie=(/(+1))1
- khuch i in p:
Ku=
Rbe
Rc
Ri ie
Rc ic
.
.
.
=

Rc R0
C
Ic
Re
Rb
B


DTT_PTH_VQS

19












4. Mch tng ng kiu CC:

- Tng tr ng vo:
h11= hie=Ri= 1 . .
1 . . .
R re rb
ib
R ie re ie rb ib
+ + =
+ +
=
- Tng tr ng ra:
ro=re+1/(rs+rb)
- khuch i dng:
Ki=ie/ib=+1
- khuch i in p:
Ku= 1
1 . . .
1 .

+ +
=
R ie re ie rb ib
R
vb
ve














5. Phn tch mch khuch i bng mch tng ng
Minh ha:










Rc
C
Ic
Rb
Re
E
B
Rs
R1
Re
Vs
C
Ic
Rb
B
ie


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
20




































ta c Zi=hie//R1//R2
-Ki=
- Ku=
Zi
Zt
Vi
Vo
=
-H s khuch i ton mch Ktp=Ku.
Rs Zt
Zt
Vs
Vi
+
=


III. Tnh ton cc thng s ch ng
Minh ho qua v d:
Tnh ton ch ng cho mch c tham s nh hnh v:
Vcc
Zt
C2
Ce Re
Rc
Q1
R2
R1
C1
Rs
Vs
Zt Rc
Ic
hie R2 R1
Rs
Vs
E
B C
Zt Rc
Ic
Zi
Rs
Vs
E
B C
Vi


DTT_PTH_VQS

21


















Gii: S tng ng:










-Tng tr vo ca T: Ri=hie=2,5K
-Ki==100 ln
- Ku= 112
5 , 2
8 , 2
. 100
//
=
hie
Zt Rc
ln(h s K ca ring T)
- Zv chung c mch=Zi//hie= K
R R hie
R R hie
Zi hie
Zi hie
2 , 2
) 2 // 1 (
) 2 // 1 ( .

+
=
+

- khuch i p ton mch:
Ktp= 88
600 2 , 2
2 , 2
. 112 . . =
+
=
+
=
Rs Zv
Zv
Ku
Vs
Vi
Vi
Vo

Du - chng t tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo

IV. Transistor Trng- FET
Mch khuch i in hnh dng FET, nh hnh v sau, dng in cc ca
IG, c gi tr nh khng ng k, nn st p trn Rs l khng ng k, c th b
qua, , ta c:
+ V
GS
=-V
GG

+Vgs=Vs
in p tng gm c mt chiu v xoay chiu l : VGS=vgs+V
GS
,


Vcc
Zt
C2
Ce Re
Rc
Q1
R2
R1
C1
Rs
Vs
Rs=600 C2=10F
R1=100K Ce=50F
R2=27K Rc=3,3K
Re=1K C1=10
hie=2,5K =100
Zt=20K
Zt Rc
Ic
Zi
Rs
Vs
E
B C
Vi
rb+re


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
22
















in p ti cc tho l: V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
.i
D
= ) 1 ( .
PO
s
PO
GS
DSS D DD
V
v
V
V
I R V + +
- Cng sut tiu tn trn FET:
P
D
=V
DS
.I
D

- Cng sut ra trn ti:
P
T
=R
D
+I
2
D
+R
D
.Id
2

Id: dng trung bnh ca tn hiu lm vic
Sau y l cc mch khuch i thng dng:
- Mch SC(ngun chung):













khuch i p Ku tnh gn ng: Ku =
D
gs
R
v
id
Vgs
V
.
0
=
- Mch DC(tho chung):










Ur
+
-VGG
Vs
Rs
VDD
RD
Q1
C2
C1
RG
Cs
Rs
Ur
Vs
VDD
RD
Q1
Rs
C1
RG
Rs
Ur
Vs
VDD
Q1


DTT_PTH_VQS

23
khuch i p Ku tnh gn ng: Ku =
Rs g
Rs g
Vgs
V
m
m
+
=
1
. 0

Trong g
m
=i
d
/v
gs



V. Cc phng php Ghp tng gia cc b khuch i

Mt b khuch i thng gm nhiu tng khuch i mc lin tip v
thng thng mt tng khuch i khng m bo h s khuch i cn
thit. Trong trng hp ny tn hiu ra ca tng trc l tn hiu vo ca tng
sau v h s khuch i tng

=
=
n
i
Ki dB K
1
) ( vi Ki l h s khuch i tnh
theo dB ca tng khuch i th i trong tng s n tng khuch i.
Chn s tng v kiu tng
Vic la chn s tng khuch i, kiu tng v th t ca chng ch
yu da vo tr khng ngun, tr khng ti v h s khuch i yu cu. Hu
ht cc mch khuch i cn:
Tr khng vo cao so vi tr khng ngun.
Tr khng ra nh so vi tr khng ti.
V d: khi cn b khuch i c h s tng ch v tr khng vo cao th s s
dng BJT mc kiu CC lm tng 1 (tr khng vo cao) v BJT mc kiu CE
lm tng 2 (h s khuch i ln).
Kiu ghp gia cc tng
C 3 kiu ghp tng: ghp trc tip, ghp RC, ghp bin p.
Phn tip sau y s gii thiu cc cch ghp gia cc tng
1. Ghp RC
Trong mch khuch i nhiu tng, mch ghp RC s thc hin ghp
gia tng ny vi tng khc nh 1 t in. T C2 nh trong hnh di y
biu din kiu ghp ny gia 2 tng CE.


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
24

Ghp RC cho php tn hiu ac i qua nhng li ngn cn tn hiu dc.
Nh vy, thnh phn mt chiu khng nh hng ln nhau gia cc tng,
ng thi im lm vic tnh cng c cch ly.
2. Ghp bin p
Trong trng hp ny, vic lin kt gia 2 tng khuch i c thc
hin bi bin p. Di y l mch ghp in hnh gia 2 tng dng bin p.
Nh ta thy trong hnh trn, cun s cp ca bin p thay cho in tr
ti R
L
. V bin p hot ng ging nh mt cun cm (c tr khng bng 0
hay rt nh so vi dng dc), nn dng tnh I
CQ
qua tng th nht s khng b
suy hao. Cn vi thnh phn dng ac, ti ng (ti xoay chiu) s l ti th
cp khi nhn t cun s cp, tc l bng vi (n
2

. R) vi n: l h s truyn t
ca bin p. Vic s dng bin p s khin cc tng khuch i c cch ly
vi nhau. im lm vic tnh Q c th c xc nh tch bit vi tng tng.
u im ca ghp bin p l: khng c dng mt chiu trn ti v t c
hiu sut cao hn.
Nhc im ca ghp bin p l: kch c v trng lng ln ca bin p, gii
hn tn s ca bin p v s khng tuyn tnh ca ng cong p ng tn s.
V nhng nhc im nh vy, bin p s khng c s dng trong
cc mch tn s thp, tn hiu nh. N ch c dng nhiu trong cc mch
khuch i tn s cao iu chnh knh thu, trong bin p s dng to
mch cng hng.
Trong mch khuch i s dng bin p, thnh
phn tn hiu ac trong cun s cp s ph thuc vo
in khng ca cun dy. H s khuch i t l vi
in khng ca bin p v th tn hiu ra s ph thuc
vo tn s. khc phc vn ny, cn mc song
song mt mch RC vi cun s cp.(hnh bn).


DTT_PTH_VQS

25

3. Ghp trc tip.
Ghp trc tip l phng
php a trc tip tn hiu t
tng trc ti tng sau m
khng thng qua bt c mt
linh kin no. Hnh bn l mt
v d ca s mch ghp trc
tip dng 2 tng T : mt ti kp
(tng 1) v mt CC (tng 2).
p ng tn s ca s mch ghp trc tip c xc nh bi tng
tng cu thnh mch. Ghp trc tip c vit tt l d.c.
Nhc im ln nht ca kiu ghp trc tip l: in p mt chiu gia cc
tng khng c lp vi nhau. S dao ng ca im Q ti tng 1 s khin
im lm vic Q ca tng 2 thay i.
4. Cc kiu ghp transistor khc
a. Mch Darlington.
Hai Transistor c gi l kt ni Darlington (hoc to thnh cp
Darlington) khi dng emitter ca tng u tin chnh l dng base ca tng
th hai (hnh di y)
Cp Darlington c h s khuch
i dng cao v tr khng vo cao. N
thng c dng thay cho cc mch
lp E
Thng thng cc nh ch to
Transistor s t cp Darlington vo
trong 1 v n lm cho c 2 Transistor
c cng nhit lm vic.


Cc c im chnh ca mch lp E s dng kt ni Darlington so vi
mch lp E dng Transistor n l:
- Tr khng vo cao hn.
- H s khuch i p Av gn 1 hn.
- H s khuch i dng cao hn.
- Tr khng ra nh hn.


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
26
b. Mch Cascode.
Mch khuch i Cascode l mch khuch i nhiu tng ghp trc tip.
cu hnh ny gm mt mch Transistor kiu CE v 1 Transistor CB ni vi
nhau nh hnh di y.
Mch ny c cc c im chnh:
Tr khng ra rt cao ging nh
mch CB.
n nh v p ng tn s cao.
Cc c trng trn khin mch
Cascode c bit hu dng ti min tn s
cao.

5. Mch khuch i vi sai
* Cu to: dng cn bn ca mch khuch i vi sai nh hnh sau:



- C 2 phng php ly tn hiu ra: Ly ra c 2 cc C ca 2 T huc ly ra
t mt cc v im GND
- Phn bit 3 trng hp:
+ Khi hai tn hiu vo cng bin v cng pha v1=v2, do mch
Va= K.v1
Vb=K.v2
l i xng nn c Va=Vb=> ng ra vi sai=0
+ Khi tn hiu vo c dng vi sai v1=-v2(cng bin nhng ngc pha):
Khi Va-Vb=K
VS
(v1-v2) # 0, trong K
VS
l h s khuch i vi
sai, gi tr ny thng rt ln


DTT_PTH_VQS

27
Nh vy, mch khuch i vi sai ch khuch i i lng l sai s
ca 2 tn hiu vo m khng khuch i tng tn hiu thnh phn
+ Khi 2 tn hiu vo l bt k, th mch khuch i s khuch i c
thnh phn vi sai v khng vi sai ca 2 tn hiu .


* Mch phn cc:

Khi mch hon ton i xng:
I
E
= (V
EE
-V
BE
/)2R
E
=0


















* Tn ton thng s:

Ta tn cho tn hiu vi sai:



v1=-v2
va=-vb
Nh vy dng in lun ngc chiu trong 2 T, khng qua Re, nn
c th b Re trong khi tnh ton:



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
28

*. Cc nguyn nhn gy mt cn bng

Cc linh kin hnh thnh mch: T, R,... khng hon ton ging nhau v
ng nht.
Khi mch khuch i vi sai s b mt cn bng, thnh phn tn hiu ra
xut hin c tn hiu vi sai.
Bin php khc phc:
- La chn tht k linh kin, nn ch to theo dng mch tch hp.
- Gi dng in phn cc nh, sai s trn in tr to ra in p vi sai
nh.
- Thm mt in tr R
E
cn bng dng in phn cc





DTT_PTH_VQS

29

CHng 4 . Khuch i cng sut

I. nh ngha v phn loi
Cc mch khuch i ni trn ch lm vic vi tn hiu nh vi
cng sut thp. tn hiu ra ln p ng cho cc ph ti nh loa, cun
li tia cn dng n b khuch i cng sut ln. Khuch i cng sut l
tng khuch i cui cng ca b khuch i. N c nhim v cho ra ti mt
cng sut ln nht c th vi mo cho php v m bo hiu sut cao.
Tng khuch i cng sut c th lm vic cc ch A, B, AB v C,
D tu thuc vo ch cng tc ca transistor.
Ch A: l ch khuch i c chu k tn hiu vo. Ch ny c
hiu sut thp nhng mo phi tuyn nh nht nn ch c dng
trong cc tng khuch i n.
Ch B: l ch khuch i na chu k tn hiu vo, ch ny c
hiu sut cao nhgn mo xuyn tm ln, c th khc phc bng
cch kt hp vi ch AB v dng hi tip m.
Ch AB: c tnh cht chuyn tip gia ch A v B. N c dng tnh
nh tham gia vo vic gim mo lc tn hiu vo c bin
nh.
Ch C: khuch i tn hiu ra trong mt phn na chu k, n c hiu
sut rt cao nhng mo cng rt ln. Ch ny c ng dng
trong cc mch khuch i cao tn c ti l khung cng hng
chn lc tn s mong mun hoc cc mch khuch i y ko.
Ch D: ch ny transistor lm vic nh mt kho in t
Di y s xem xt chi tit cc ch A, B, AB v C l cc ch
hot ng ca transistor cc tng khuch i.

II. Mch khuch i ch A
Trong mch khuch i ch A, c
dng chy trong mch ra trong c chu k
tn hiu. Kiu mch khuch i ny i hi
hot ng trong min tuyn tnh. Khi tn
hiu vo thay i khin dng base thay i,
v nu s thay i ny nh gi im
lm vic trong min tuyn tnh th tn hiu
ra s c dng nh tn hiu vo.
Dng collector s chy trong c chu
k ca tn hiu v gi tr trung bnh ca n
bng vi gi tr tnh.
Hnh bn ch ra cc ng c tuyn
in hnh cho mch khuch i s dng Transistor ch A: ng cong c
tuyn ra, ng ti, dng i
c
;in p ra v
ce

Cng sut.
v
ce

Ic


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
30
tm cc gi tr cng sut tiu th trong ch A, gi thit mch
khuch i nh hnh di y c in p tnh V
CEQ
= Vcc/2 , tng ng vi
dng I
CQ
= Vcc*R
L
/2 .
Cng sut hu ch Pu :
vi tn hiu vo hnh sin, in p trn ti R
L
l:
V
RL
= Vs*sin(w.t)
Cng sut tiu hao trn ti R
L
bng vi gi tr trung
bnh ca cng sut tc thi v
s
(t)*i
s
(t) :

L L
RL
R
Vs
R
Vcc
P
* 2 * 4
2 2
= =
Ch xem xt thnh phn cng sut lin quan ti tn hiu , ta c:
Pu = Vs
2
/ 2*R
L
.
Cng sut Pcc cung cp bi ngun dc.
y l gi tr cng sut trung bnh (Vcc*i
S
) c cung cp bi ngun dc
v bng vi:
Pcc = Vcc
2

/2*R
L
.
Cng sut tiu hao trn T :
y l gi tr cng sut tiu hao trung bnh trn T [v
ce
(t)*i
s
(t)]:
P
D
= Vcc
2

/4*R
L
V
S
2

/2*R
L
.
Nh ta thy, P
D
s nh nht nu bin tn hiu l ln nht.

Hiu sut.
Hiu sut c nh ngha l cng sut hu ch trn ti (Pu) v cng
sut cung cp bi ngun (Pcc).

C
= Pu/Pcc = V
S
2
/ Vcc
2

.
T y, c th nhn thy l hiu sut s ln nht khi Vs t gi tr max.
Theo l thuyt, Vsmax = Vcc/2 ; v trong iu kin l tng hiu sut ln
nht t 25%. Thc t, hiu sut ca mch khuch i ch A ch t
khong 20%.
Mch khuch i ch A t hiu sut cao hn (max=50%) nu ti
c ghp bin p.

III. Mch khuch i ch B.
Hiu sut thp ca mch
khuch i ch A pht sinh
t thc t l ngay c khi
khng c tn hiu vo,
Transistor vn tiu th cng
sut. Gii php cho vn
ny l c nh im Q gn vi
min ngt. Trong trng hp ny, nu khng c tn hiu vo, dng collector


DTT_PTH_VQS

31
l rt thp. Tuy nhin, khi c tn hiu vo, ch c dng ra trong na chu k
dng ca tn hiu vo. Mi na chu k m ca tn hiu vo m thp hn gi
tr ngt cut-off , s ngn dng collector. Hnh trn l v d ca b khuch i
tn hiu ac ch B.
Vi tn hiu ac, dng collector ch chy trong na chu k tn hiu c
ngha 180
0

. Gc ny c gi l gc dn. c c tn hiu ra lp li dng
ca tn hiu vo, s cn n 2 linh kin tch cc cng hot ng trong ch
B. Mi mt linh kin s khuch i tn hiu trong 1/2 chu k. C 3 kiu mch
thc hin nguyn tc ny:
Mch y ko push-pull.
Mch kt cui n (single - ended).
Mch y ko - i xng b (complementary symmetry).
a. Mch khuch i y ko
Mch khuch i y ko gm 2 Transistor NPN m kt ni i xng vi
nhau v c im E chung nh hnh bn. Ti
u ra ca 2 tng, c 1 bin p vi im
gia u ngun. V 2 Transistor l cng
loi, mi dng collector ch chy trong mt
na cun dy ca bin p, chng s c
hng ngc nhau v s to 2 dng chy ngc chiu.
Trong ch tnh, v c 2 Transistor hot ng ch B nn chng s ngt.
Trong ch ng hay ch ac, gi thit mi T s thay phin dn trong mi na
chu k ca tn hiu. V 2 na sng trn cun th cp l ngc chiu nhau, dng
sng sin hon chnh s c to li trn ti.
Mch y ko s dng 2 Transistor dn lun phin. Mt bin p vo c im
gia ni t c nhim v a n base ca 2 Transistor hai tn hiu bng nhau
nhng ngc pha. Mt cch khc l dng mch o pha ging nh trng hp ca
mch khuch i ti kp. iu ny s ci thin p ng tn s hn vic s dng bin
p.
Cc cng thc tnh cng sut.
1. Cng sut hu ch Pu:
Gi thit in p trn ti c gi tr nh l V
M
, cng sut tiu th hu
ch trn ti l:
Pu = V
M
2
/ 2R
L
.
2. Cng sut cung cp bi ngun Pcc.
y l gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut cung cp bi ngun dc:
Pcc = 2*Vcc*V
M
/(*R
L
).


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
32
t , ta thy rng Pcc l max khi V
M
t max c ngha bng Vcc. Lc
ny:
Pcc = 2*Vcc
2
/ (R
L
).
3. Cng sut tiu hao trn T.
y l gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut tiu hao trn mi T:

L
M
L
M
D
R
V
R
V Vcc
P
* 4 *
*
2
=

P
D
s ln nht khi V
M
= 2*Vcc/ . Lc ny:
P
DMAX
= Vcc
2
/(
2
*R
L
).
v t xp x Pumax/5.
4. Hiu sut:
c nh ngha nh l t s gia cng sut hu ch trn ti Pu v
cng sut cung cp bi ngun dc Pcc.
= Pu/Pcc = *V
M
/(4*Vcc).
t cng thc ny, ta thy rng hiu sut l mt hm tuyn tnh ca V
M

t max khi V
M
= Vcc . Lc ny,
MAX
= /4 = 78,5%. Hiu sut thc
t ca mch khuch i ch B l khong 70%.

b. Mch khuch i y ko, i xng b (ngc).
S khi in hnh ca cc mch khuch i y ko, i xng b
c ch ra hnh bn










2 Transistor khc loi (1 loi NPN v 1 loi PNP) v c hai c mc
theo kiu lp E. Tr ti c iu khin bi T1 trong na chu k dng v
bi T2 trong na chu k mnem hnh di y)


DTT_PTH_VQS

33
Tn hiu vo v ra ca mch khuch i l cng pha; cng s c mo
qua im 0 ng k vi mch ny. Mo qua im 0 l do 2 transistor T1 v
T2 ch dn khi in p V
BE
ca chng t ti ngng dn (khong 0,7V).
Ngc li chng s ngt khi V
BE
ri xung thp hn 0,7V.
S dng ngun cung cp n.
Mch i xng ngc cng c th ch dng mt ngun cung cp bi vic
ni ti vi mt t in c tr s ln nh hnh bn.






c. Mch khuch i kt cui n vi 2 ngun cung cp.
Mt mch kt cui n c cho hnh bn
Trong ch tnh, 2 Transistor ngt v im chung A ca chng c
ni t. Khng c dng chy qua ti.
Trong ch ng, T1 s dn trong 1/2 chu k dng v c dng chy
t tri sang phi trn ti. Trong na chu k m, T2 dn v c dng chy trn


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
34
ti theo hng ngc li. Nh vy, to li trung thc mt tn hiu, cn thit
a vo base ca 2 Transistor hai tn hiu ngc pha nhau.
Khi xc nh linh kin, nh rng, in p ri trn Transistor ngt l gp
2 ln Vcc (in p st trn Transistor dn l bng 0V). Nh vy, s phi la
chn Transistor c V
CE0
> 2Vcc (vi V
CE0
l gi tr in p nh thng ca
Transistor).
Ch rng, v T1 hot ng nh mch
khuch i lp emitter trong khi T2 hot
ng nh mch CE, nn hai na sng trn
ti s khng c cng bin .
T1 hot ng nh mch CE, cn
cung cp tn hiu vo gia base v emitter .
iu ny thc hin c bi vic ghp bin
p nh hnh bn.


d. Mch khuch i kt cui n vi 1 ngun cung cp
s dng ch 1 ngun cung cp
nh hnh bn th ti s phi c ni ti
mt t in c gi tr cao (khong vi
trm F). Trong trng hp ny, in p
trn t s l hng s trong sut chu k
hot ng, ging nh mt ngun cung
cp th 2.
Nu 2 Transistor ging nhau, ti
im chung A c in p Vcc/2 v t s
duy tr in p ny.
Nh vy, hot ng ca mch s ging nh trng hp 2 ngun cung
cp. Khi T1 dn, in p cung cp cho mch s l hiu ca Vcc v in p
trn t, tc l bng Vcc/2. Cn khi T2 dn, ch c ngun cung cp bi t l
hot ng, tc cng bng Vcc/2.
IV. Mch khuch i ch C.


DTT_PTH_VQS

35
Trong mch khuch i ch C, T s c phn cc trong min ngt. Vi tn hiu
vo hnh sin, tn hiu ra s l cc xung vi rng nh hn 1/2 chu k nh hnh
di y. Mo trong trng hp ny l rt ln. Hot ng ca mch khuch i ch
C khng tuyn tnh. Mch khuch i lp C thng s dng kt hp vi ti
cng hng v ch yu khuch i cng sut tn s cao.
Hot ng
Khi tn hiu sin v(t) = V
M
*sin (wt) , c a ti u vo mch khuch
i, dng i(t) qua ti R
L
s khc 0 trong khong thi gian dn T = t2 - t1
tng ng vi gc dn
= 2 - 1 vi = *T.
Trong mch khuch i ch A gc: <180
0
v ph thuc vo ch
phn p ca Transistor.
Mch khuch i ny khng tiu hao cng sut trong ch tnh (v
I
CQ
= 0) trong khi cng sut tiu hao ti ch ng ph thuc vo bin
ca tn hiu vo v(t) v gc dn. V l do , hiu sut ca mch ch C l
hm ca gc dn. Khi gim gc dn ny, hiu sut tng v c th t ti
100%. Thc t khng th gim gc dn nhiu v cng sut tng s gim theo.
Cc xung ca dng i(t) l mt hm tun hon, chu k ca hm bng vi
chu k tn hiu vo. S dng chui Furier, dng ti c th c biu din bi
tng ca cc sng sin:
i(t) = I
CQ
+i1*sin(wt) +i2*sin(2wt) +
Nu s dng ti l mt mch cng hng iu chnh c tn s th
mch khuch i ny c th ng dng lm b nhn tn. Tuy nhin, do bin


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
36
ca cc hi bc cao l nh nn ng dng khuch i ch yu ti tn s c bn
f=w/2.
Mt b khuch i ch C hot ng ti tn s cao, nhng ch dng
khuch i 1 tn s, n khng th dng cho cc ng dng khuch i i
hi tuyn tnh.




DTT_PTH_VQS

37
Chng 5. Khuch i thut ton

Khuch i thut ton (KTT) l mt thut ng c a ra ch mt
b khuch i c bit c th c nhiu cu hnh hot ng khc nhau bng
cch ghp ni thch hp cc thnh phn bn ngoi. Cc b KTT c ng
dng u tin trong cc my tnh tng t vi cc php tnh s hc n gin
nh cng, tr, nhn, chia, vi phn v tch phn. Kh nng ny l kt qu ca
s kt hp gia h s khuch i ln v hi tip m.
Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca k thut in t t cu to bng
nhng bng chn khng nng n, sau n cc BJT ri rc, ti nay cc b
KTT u dng tch hp. Vic ny lm cho cc b KTT tr nn gn nh,
tiu th t nng lng, lm vic n nh v c ng dng rt rng ri.
Chng ny s gii thiu c bn v KTT cng nh cc k thut phn
tch cc mch KTT thng dng nht.
I. c bn v b khuch i thut ton (Operational
Amplifier)
Mt b KTT s c hai u vo m thc cht chnh l 2 u vo ca
mt b khuch i vi sai, tng u ca b KTT. B KTT ch c mt u
ra duy nht, hai u vo cp ngun v cc chn b in p, b tn s
(thng thng b KTT l IC c 8 chn). Hnh di y l k hiu v s
n gin minh ho cu trc bn trong ca b KTT.
in p u ra Vr t l vi hiu s ca in th gia hai u vo, v
cho bi:
Vr = Kd.(Vb - Va).
u
u
vo
u ra



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
38
vi Kd l h s khuch i p, thng rt ln c 1 000 000 ln.
Nh vy b KTT khuch i hiu in p gia hai u vo.
Nu Vb = 0 th Vr = -Kd.Va nn Vr ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. V vy,
ngi ta gi a l u vo o v k hiu bi du (-) hay ch N (negative)
Nu Va = 0 th Vr = Kd.Vb nn Vr ng pha vi tn hiu vo. V vy,
ngi ta gi b l u vo khng o v k hiu bi du (+) hay ch P
(positive)
Mt KTT l tng c:
Tr khng vo l v cng, Zv
Tr khng ra bng khng, Zr = 0
H s khuch i Kd
p ng tn s l nh nhau mi tn s

Tuy nhin trn thc t cc tham s chnh ca mt KTT l:
in p lch khng l in p a ti u vo to in p 0 ti
u ra. iu ny c ngha, khi khng c in p ti u vo, u ra
vn c mt in p khc 0.
Tr khng vo rt ln c t hng trm K ti hng M
Tr khng ra rt nh c t hng ti vi chc
H s khuch i Kd t vi trm ti hng triu ln.
p ng tn s c gii hn
II. cc tham s c bn ca b ktt
1. H s khuch i hiu Kd
H s khuch i hiu Kd c nh ngha nh t s in p u ra v
in p u vo vi sai.
Kd = Vr/Vv
vi Vv = V
P
- V
N


Tuy nhin, Vr ch t l vi Vv trong mt di in p nht nh t
Vrmin ti Vrmax. Di in p ny gi l di bin i in p ra ca b
KTT, ngoi di ny in p ra khng i v khng ph thuc vo in o
vo, b KTT trng thi bo ho.
i vi in p tn s thp Kd khng ph thuc vo tn s nhng
khi tn s cng cao h s ny gim xung do nh hng ca cc tham s
in dung k sinh bn trong b KTT. Tn s gii hn c xc nh ti v
tr Kd tn s trung tm gim xung 2 ln v chnh l rng di tn
N
P
-
+
Vr


DTT_PTH_VQS

39
Vro
Vr
ca b KTT.

2. Dng vo tnh v in p lch khng
Dng vo tnh l gi tr trung bnh ca dng vo u vo o v u
vo khng o khi khng c tn hiu vo.
2
N P
t
I I
I
+
= vi V
P
= V
N
= 0
Dng vo lch khng l hiu dng vo
hai u vo
N P
I I I =
0

Thng thng Io = 0,1It. Hai thng s ny
cho thy tnh khng l tng ca b KTT thc,
chng ph thuc vo nhit .
Dng vo lch khng l nguyn nhn gy ra hiu in p lch khng.
Trong mt b KTT thc, khi V
P
= V
N
th Vr vn khc khng. l
v s khng hon ho ca linh kin trong mch khin mch khng hon ton
i xng. Lc ny in p ra do in p lch khng u vo gy nn. Ngi
ta gi in p Vr l in p lch khng cn t gia hai u vo in p ra
bng 0 Vrlt. Ni cch khc, in p lch khng l in p cn bng in
p rt nh tn ti u vo.
Mch nh hnh di y s dng o in p lch khng. Vro l
in p u ra khng mong mun gy ra bi in p Vr ti u vo.
Hai gi tr in p ny ph thuc vo cc gi tr tr khng Ri v Rf:
Rf Ri
Ri
V V
ro
+
=
0

V khng c tn hiu no c a ti b khuch i v gi thit
khng c nh hng ca dng lch cng nh dng phn cc th in p ra ch
c do in p lch khng. o c Vro cho php tnh gi tr ca in p lch
khng Vr. Khi nu ta a mt in p bng nhng o du so vi in p
lch khng vo u vo th in p u ra s bng 0.

3. T s nn tn hiu ng pha
T s nn tn hiu ng pha CMRR(common mode rejection ratio).
Nu t vo u vo o v u vo khng o cc in p bng nhau th
theo l thuyt Vr phi bng 0. Nhng trn thc t li khng nh vy, lc ny
s c:
Vr = Kc.Vcm










BomonKTDT-HGTVT
40


Vi Kc l h s khuch i ng pha (KTT l tng Kc = 0, tc l Vr
= 0 nh hnh bn)
Vcm = V
P
= V
N

nh gi kh nng lm vic ca b KTT thc so vi b KTT l
tng ngi ta a ra h s CMRR so snh gia h s khuch i hiu Kd
v h s khuch i ng pha Kc
CMRR = Kd / Kc (khong 10
3
10
5
)
Ch : T s nn tn hiu ng pha thng c tnh theo n v decibel
c
d
K
K
dB CMRR lg 20 ) ( = (khong 76dB 100dB)
III. Cc s c bn ca b KTT
1. B khuch i o
H s khuch i h mch ca mt b khuch i thut ton rt ln
(in hnh khong 100 000 ln hay 100dB). H s ny qu ln nn s gy mt
n nh cho mch, do khng c s dng trn thc t.










gim bt h s khuch i ca mch ngi ta s dng bin php hi
tip m. Ngha l ly mt phn tn hiu ra quay tr v u vo o ca b
KTT. Mch c bn ca cu hnh ny nh hnh bn.
Trong hnh ny, u vo o c cng in th so vi u vo khng o
tc bng 0V, do vy thng gi u vo o l im t o.
Dng chy qua R1 c cho bi:
I = Vv / R1
Ch : Tr khng vo c gi tr v cng nn dng in I ny s chy qua Rf
v in p Vr qua n s l:


DTT_PTH_VQS

41
Vr = - R2 . I
Du - xut pht t thc t rng, nu Vv > 0V dng chy t Vv ti Vr
bi th Vr c mc in p thp hn u vo o; tuy nhin u vo o li l
im t o (0V) nn Vr s phi m.
Thay th gi tr ca I vo ta c :
Vr = - Vv . R2 / R1
v h s khuch i c nh ngha nh t s gia p vo v p ra nn:
K = Vr / Vv = - R2 / R1
Ch : Vi b khuch i thc, tr khng vo v h s khuch i khng phi
l v cng nhng cng rt ln do cng thc trn c th chp nhn c.

2. Mch khuch i khng o
Mt mch khuch i khng o n gin c ch ra nh hnh di
y
n nh mch khuch i, mt phn tn hiu ra c ly quay tr v
u vo o (hi tip m).










Tng t, t tnh cht tr khng vo bng v cng, c th thy rng
dng chy qua R2 s bng dng chy qua R1. R1 v R2 s to thnh mch
phn p i vi in p ra Vr.
T , suy ra h s khuch i:
1
2
1
R
R
Vv
Vr
K + = =
Cc cng thc trn ng cho mch KTT thc t c h s khuch i
ln v tr khng vo cao.
Ch : T cng thc trn thy rng h s khuch i ca mch khng o
khng th nh hn 1, h s ny ch bng 1 khi R2=0 hoc R1 = .



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
42
3. Mch khuch i tng
Mch khuch i tng c 2 u vo v c th nhiu hn nu cn. Nh
thy trong hnh bn in p V1 v V2 u c a n u vo o ca b
KTT qua in tr R1 v R2.
Mi u vo s to tc ng trn
u ra c lp vi nhau. Bi th, in p
ra c xc nh bng tng kt qu tnh
vi mi u vo.

+ =
2
3
* 2
1
3
* 1
R
R
V
R
R
V V
r


Du - biu th u ra s ngc pha vi tn hiu vo.
T cng thc trn, nu yu cu u ra l tng ca cc u vo th t s
R3/R1= R3/R2 = 1. Lc ny:
Vr = - (V1 +V2).
Nu u ra bng trung bnh in p ca cc u vo th t s R3/R1
=R3/R2=0,5. Tc l:
Vr= -(V1+V2)/2.
Ch : C th c rt nhiu u vo, nhng ch rng s lng ny cng gii
hn khng khin cho b khuch i vt ra khi khong lm vic tuyn
tnh, ng thi tng dng phi nh hn dng max cho php do nh sn xut
quy nh.
Mch khuch i tng s lm vic vi c tn hiu dc ln tn hiu ac.

4. Mch khuch i hiu
Mch khuch i hiu s cho ta in p ra bng hiu ca 2 (hay nhiu)
in p vo. Mch in hnh s dng b KTT tnh hiu hai in p c
ch ra trong hnh di.
Ta c th tm cc cng thc tnh
ton i vi mch khuch i hiu, gi
thit rng b KTT l l tng. V tr
khng vo, trong trng hp ny song
song vi R4, theo l thuyt l v cng,
nn in p vo cc khng o s l:
Vr
Vr


DTT_PTH_VQS

43
4 3
4
. 2 ' 2
R R
R
V V
+
=
V mch KTT l tng c h s khuch i v cng nn in p
V1=V2. Do vy, dng I qua R1 l:
1
4 3
4 * 2
1
1
' 1 1
R
R R
R V
V
R
V V
I
+

=
Ton b dng in ny s chy qua R2 do tr khng u vo bng v
cng. Do vy, in p ra l:
Vr = V1 I*R2
Thay cc cng thc trn vo ta tnh c Vr nh sau:
2
4 3
4
)
1
2
1 ( 1
1
2
V
R R
R
R
R
V
R
R
Vr
+
+ + =
Nu t s R2/R1=R4/R3 th ta c:
Vr = (V2 - V1)*R2/R1.
v nu R2=R1 v R4=R3 th:
Vr = V2 - V1.

5. Mch tch phn
Mch tch phn n gin nht
c cho hnh bn.
Ta thy c t in C trong mch
hi tip.
u vo khng o ni t, do vy
u vo o coi nh c in p 0 V
(im t o). Bi th, dng chy qua in tr R s c tnh bi t s Vv
chia cho R. Ton b dng in ny s np cho t. Ni cch khc, ta c:
dt
dVr
C
R
Vv
. =
v Vr = -Vv, nn: dt Vv
RC
dVr . .
1
=
tch phn 2 v, ta c:

= dt Vv
RC
Vr .
1

vy in p ra s bng tch phn ca in p vo chia cho hng s thi
gian = RC
Vr
Vv


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
44
Bin c th c nh ngha nh l thi gian cn thit cho in p Vr
t ti bin bng vi in p vo, bt u t iu kin 0 v vi in p vo
l hng s.
Xt vi b KTT thc, ta c th tm c in p lch khng, xut hin
nh l in p dc ti u vo v khi c tch phn s xut hin ti u ra nh
l mt in p tng tuyn tnh. Tng t, mt phn ca dng thin p cng
c tch phn, to nn s thay i ca in p ra.
Hai nguyn nhn gy li trn thc
t s a b KTT n trng thi bo
ho. y chnh l mt hn ch ca
mch. Vn ny s c khc phc
bi vic ni thm 1 in tr gia u
vo khng o v t, b nh hng
ca dng thin p; ng thi thm in
tr mc song song vi t C trung
ho nh hng ca in p lch (hnh bn).

6. Mch vi phn
S mch vi phn c ch ra hnh
bn. in tr c dng trong mch hi tip,
trong khi t c ni vi in p vo.
Gi s b KTT l tng, u vo o s
c mc in p 0 (im t o), bi th, dng
chy qua R c cho bi:
i = Vr/R.
vi t in, ta c quan h sau:
i=C*dV/dt.
v tr khng vo bng v cng, nn dng qua t s bng vi dng qua
tr R, thay vo ta c:
dt
dVr
RC Vr =
Nu tn hiu vo l tn hiu dc, in p ra s bng 0V, v t ngn cn
dng dc. Ngha l h s khuch i s bng 0 vi thnh phn tn hiu dc. Khi
tn s tng, bin in p ra cng nh h s khuch i cng tng t cng
thc trn ta thy: Vr t l vi (da vo y ngi ta xy dng mch bin
i tn s-in p)
Theo l thuyt, nu tn s bng v
cng, t in s c dung khng bng 0, tc
l h s khuch i bng v cng vi mch
vi phn. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i cao
khin mch khng n nh. Ngoi ra, v h
Vr
Vv
Vr

Vr



DTT_PTH_VQS

45
s khuch i gia tng theo tn s, nn nhiu giao thoa ti tn s cao s c
khuch i gy bin dng tn hiu ban u. Do vy in tr R1 s c mc
ni tip vi t C nh hnh trn gii hn h s khuch i ca mch vi phn,
vi t s R/R1 ti tn s cao khi dung khng ca t l rt nh (ni cch khc
l m rng di tn hot ng ca mch)

7. Mch so snh
Mch so snh l mch m so snh tn hiu vo Vv v tn hiu chun
Vref. in p ra ca b so snh Vr c th nhn mt trong hai gi tr: Vmin
hay Vmax.
Trong ng dng ny, mch khuch i hot ng trong min khng
tuyn tnh.
Xt mch trong hnh bn, gi
thit KTT l l tng, khi Vv>Vref
th u ra ca b so snh s t ti mc
in p dng max (bo ho dng);
ngc li nu Vv<Vref th u ra t
mc gi tr m max (bo ho m).
Hot ng ca mch c c do h s khuch i rt cao, bi v mt
in p hiu rt nh cng a mch vo trng thi bo ho.
Ta c th thy rng mch in rt n gin khng cn c thm cc
linh kin ngoi. ng dng ch yu ca mch l b pht hin qua mc 0 v
mch to xung vung.
8. Mch khuch i logarit
Mch khuch i logarit c nhim v cung cp tn hiu ra c quan h
logarit vi tn hiu vo. S mch cho b khuch i ny c ch ra nh
hnh bn trong nhnh hi tip gm 1 Transistor.
B KTT c h s khuch i rt cao,
ch cn mt in p lch nh cng a
u ra ti trng thi bo ho. V base ca T
ni t v Emitter ni u ra nn in p ra
bng in p base-emitter nhng tri du.
Vr = -v
BE

Khi v
BE
tng, dng collector cng tng. Do tr khng vo rt cao (v th
dng i vo u vo o c th b qua), dng collector ca T s bng dng
qua R. iu ny khin in p lch gim v do in p ra cng gim.
Vv
Vref
Vr
Vr
Vv



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
46
trnh bo ho in p lch s nm trong di V (do h s khuch i khong
100000).
Trong ch hot ng thng thng, in p v
BE
ca T l khong 0,5
1V; c ngha in p lch s rt nh nn c th coi u vo o nh l im
t o. Dng ic a vo collector ca T l:
ic = Vv /R (1)
Ta c t s gia dng collector v dng base l:
ic = h
FE
*i
B
(2)
ng thi, ta c quan h gia in p base-emitter v dng base:
T
BE
V
v
B
e Io i * = (3)
trong : i
B
l dng base.
Io = dng r (ngc) bo ho ca chuyn tip PN.
v
BE
= in p base-emitter.
V
T
= K*T/ q l in th nhit
vi K: hng s Boltzmann ; T : nhit tuyt i ; q: in tch e.
T (2) v (3) , ta c:
v
BE
= V
T
*
Io h
ic
FE
*
ln
Thay gi tr ca ic trong (1) vo ta c:
Io h R
Vv
V v
FE
T BE
* *
ln * =
Io h R
vin
V v Vr
FE
T BE
* *
ln * = =
Nh vy in p u ra l mt hm logarit ca in p u vo

9. Mch exp:







Bn c chng minh tng t tm ra dng kt qu:
Ur
Q1
+
U1
R1
Uv


DTT_PTH_VQS

47
in p ra c dng Ur=exp(uv)

10. Mch nhn(chia) tng t:
Y=X1.X2
Mch nhn c thc hin trn c s mch log v Exp:







IV. Phn Bi tp
1. Bi ton thun phn tch mt mch KTT c thc hin nh sau:
Vit phng trnh KCL cho nt N tm V
N
theo cc ngun u vo
o
Vit phng trnh KCL cho nt P tm V
P
theo cc ngun u vo
thun
Cho V
P
= V
N
tm dng in p u ra theo cc in p u vo

Ch : Bc 1 v 2 c thc hin vi gi thit dng vo cc ca ca b
KTT bng khng.

V d:
Xc nh in p u ra theo in p u vo ca mch sau:
out
Vn
V2
V1
Va
Vb
Vm
Rn
R2
R1
Rm
Rb
Ra
Rf
U1
IDEAL

p dng KCL cho nt P ta c:
Ln
Ln
Tng(hiu) exp
Y=K.X1.X2 X1
X2 (Y=K.X1/X2)


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
48
) ...
2 1
)( // ... // 2 // 1 (
0 ...
2 1
2 1
2 1
Rn
V
R
V
R
V
Rn R R V
Rn
V V
R
V V
R
V V
n
P
n P P P
+ + + =
=

+ +

Tng t, p dng dng in nt cho nt N ta c:
) // // ... // 2 // 1 ( ) ... )( // ... // 2 // 1 (
0 ...
Rf Rn R R
Rf
V
Rm
V
Rb
V
Ra
V
Rn R R V
Rf
V V
Rm
V V
Rb
V V
Ra
V V
out m b a
N
out N m N b N a N
+ + + + =
=

+ +

Thay V
N
= V
P
ta c:
)
... (
// // ... // //
) // ... // 2 // 1 )( ..
2 1
(
2 1
Rm
V
Rb
V
Ra
V
Rf
Rf Rx Rb Ra
Rf
Rn R R
Rn
V
R
V
R
V
V
m b a
n
out
+ + +
+ + + =


Bi tp mu:
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm biu thc ca in p u ra theo cc
u vo
4k
6k V3
out
V1
V2
U4
IDEAL
4k
3k
12k

Vit phng trnh KCL ti im N vi gi thit tr khng vo ca b
khuch i rt ln nn coi nh khng c dng vo ca o.
8 8
2 . 3
2
0
12 4 3
2 1
Vout V V
V
V Vout V V V V
N
N N N
+ + =
=

Cng vi gi thit nh trn ta coi nh khng c dng vo ca thun. Khi
phng trnh KCL cho nt P s l:


DTT_PTH_VQS

49
5
. 2
6 4
4
0
4 6
3
3
3
V
V V
V V V
P
P P
=
+
=
= +

Theo tnh cht ca b khuch i thut ton in p ti ca o bng
in p ti ca thun nn ta c: V
N
= V
P

Do vy :
3 2 1
3 2 1
5
16
3 4
5
. 2
8 8
. 3
2
V V V Vout
V
V
Vout V V
V
P N
+ =
= = + + =


2. Bi ton ngc
Thit k mt mch KTT c phng trnh:
Vrut = X1.V1 + +XnVn Y1Va - - YmVm
Trong X1, X2, Xn l h s khuch i ca cc u vo khng o
Y1, Y2 Ym l h s khuch i ca cc u vo o
Gi s mch cn thit k c dng sau:
Rx
Ry
R1
R2
Rn
V1
V2
Vn
out
Va
Vb
Vm Rm
Rb
Ra
Rf
U1
IDEAL

T phn tch l thuyt ngi ta a ra cch lm nh sau:
+ Tnh:
X =

=
n
i
Xi
1
= X1 + X2 + +Xn
Y =

=
m
j
Yj
1
= Y1 + Y2 + +Ym
Z = X- Y 1
+ Da vo gi tr ca Z ta s chn 1 trong 3 trng hp sau tnh:


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
50

TH Z Ry Rx R1,2 Ra,b
1 > 0 Rf/Z
2 < 0
-
Rf/Z
3 = 0
Rf/Xi Rf/Yj

Ch : nn chn gi tr ca Rf c 100k - 200k

Bi tp mu:

Thit k mch cng s dng b khuch i thut ton c mi quan h
gia u vo v u ra nh sau:
Vrut = 10v
1
+ 6v
2
+ 4v
3
5v
a
2v
b


Gii:
X =

=
3
1 i
Xi = 10 + 6 +4 = 20
Y =

=
b
a j
Yj = 5 + 2 = 7
Z = X - Y 1 = 20 -7 1 = 12
Do Z > 0 nn ta s p dng cch tnh ca trng hp 1. Chn Rf =
120k.
Khi cc gi tr cn li c tnh nh sau:

=

= =
=

= =
=

= =
k
k
X
Rf
R
k
k
X
Rf
R
k
k
X
Rf
R
30
4
120
3
3
20
6
120
2
2
12
10
120
1
1

=

= =
=

= =
=

= =
k
k
Z
Rf
Ry
k
k
Yb
Rf
Rb
k
k
Ya
Rf
Ra
10
12
120
60
2
120
24
5
120


Kt qu l ta c mch nh sau:


DTT_PTH_VQS

51
120k
24k
60k
30k
20k
12k
10k
U2
IDEAL
Vb
Va
out
V3
V2
V1


3. Thit k mt mch KTT c phng trnh ca in p u ra cha c
biu thc tnh tng, hiu, vi phn v tch phn.

Ta thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Thit k mch dng b KTT 1 thc hin php tnh tng, hiu
Bc 2: Thit k mch dng b KTT 2 thc hin php tnh vi phn
Bc 3: Thit k mch dng b KTT 3 thc hin php tnh tch phn
Bc 4: Dng mt b tng vi cc h s bng 1 cng cc kt qu
trn

Bi tp mu:
Thit k mch s dng b KTT thc hin hm sau:

+ + = d c bdt
dt
da
y 3 2
2


Gii:
Da vo biu thc cho ta s thit k mch
3 2 1
2 3
.
2
1
2
3 1
y y y y
bdt y
dt
da
y
d c y
=
=
=
=

p dng tnh nh cc bi tp bit ta c kt qu nh sau:


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
52
30k
10k
IDEAL
d
y1
c 45k
15k

0.5u
1M
IDEAL
a
y2



Kt qu l ta c mch sau:






y2 10k
5k
10k y1
y
y3
IDEAL
10k
10k
15k
45k c
d
IDEAL
10k
30k
10k
10k
IDEAL
y
10k
5k
10k
0.5u
1M
IDEAL
a
1M
0.5u
b
IDEAL
1M
0.5u
y3
b
IDEAL


DTT_PTH_VQS

53
Chng 5 .Mch lc tch cc.

I. Khi nim v mch lc tn s

Mch lc tn s l mch chn lc ly tn hiu trong mt hay mt s khong
tn s no cn cc tn hiu tn s khc th b loi tr.
Nu phn chia theo di tn s th c cc loi mch lc sau:
Mch lc thng thp
Mch lc thng cao
Mch lc thng di
Mch lc chn di
Mch lc pha
Khi biu din mch lc tn s thng qua h s truyn t in p th c th
ni mch lc l tng l mt mng 4 cc c h s truyn t K = 1 trong di thng
v K = 0 ngoi di thng. Ngha l mch lc l tng s khng gy suy gim tn
hiu trong di thng v trit tiu hon ton tn hiu ngoi di thng, mch ny c
vng chuyn tip thng ng v khng gy di pha tn hiu.
Vi cc b lc l tng ta c cc dng c tuyn nh sau:

Mch lc thng thp
Mch lc thng thp cho qua cc tn s t 0
ti fc v chn tt c cc tn s t fc tr ln v fc
gi l tn s ct ca mch.

Mch lc thng cao
Mch lc thng cao chn tt c cc tn s t
0 ti fc v cho qua tt c cc tn s t tn s ct fc
tr i



Mch lc thng di
Mch lc thng di cho qua cc tn s nm
trong khong t f1 ti f2 v chn tt c cc tn
s nm ngoi di ny.
rng ca da thng c tnh bng B = f2
f1
0 fc f
1
K
Mch lc thng thp
0 fc f
1
K
Mch lc thng cao
0 fo f
1
K Mch lc thng di
f2 f1
B


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
54
Tn s trung tm 2 . 1 f f fo =

Mch lc chn di
Mch lc chn di cho qua cc tn s nm trong khong nh hn f1 v ln
hn f2, v chn tt c cc tn s nm trong khong f1 f2
rng ca da chn c tnh bng B = f2 f1
Tn s trung tm 2 . 1 f f fo =


Mch lc pha
Mch lc pha khng c da chn, n cho qua tt c cc tn s nhng gia u
v v u ra c s dch pha.










II. Mch lc th ng

Mch lc th ng l mch cha cc phn t th ng R, L, C m khng c
cc phn t tch cc nh BJT hay KTT.
Mch lc th ng l Mch lc c h s truyn t K()<1
Cc mch ny hu ht lm vic tn s cao ( >1MHz) v khu vc tn s
thp cc mch ny c kt cu nng n v h s phm cht gim.
Mt s mch lc th ng thng gp v c tuyn truyn t ca chng:
0 f
1
K Mch lc pha
0 f1 f
1
K
Mch lc chn di
f2


DTT_PTH_VQS

55



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
56

III. Mch lc tch cc
Mch lc tch cc l mch lc c h s truyn t K()1
Mch lc tch cc c c trng bi 3 tham s c bn: tn s gii hn f
g
,
bc ca b lc v loi b lc.
+Tn s gii hn f
g
: l tn s m ti hm truyn t gim 3 dB so vi hm
truyn t tn s trung tm.
+ Bc ca b lc: xc nh dc ca c tuyn bin - tn s tn s f >> f
g
.
+ Loi b lc: xc nh dng ca c tuyn bin tn s xung quanh tn s gii
hn v trong khu vc thng ca mch lc.
Ngi ta quan tm nhiu n 3 loi b lc: lc Bessel, lc Butterworth v
lc Tschebyscheff. c tuyn ca cc b lc c th hin trn hnh v 1.













Hnh v . c tuyn bin tn s ca mch lc thng thp bc 4:
1-Lc th ng; 2- Lc Bessel; 3- Lc Butterworth; 4- Lc Tschebyscheff.
Mch lc Butterworth (3) c c tuyn phng ko di v gp khc trc khi t
c tn s gii hn f
g
. Mch lc Tschebyscheff (4) c dc ln nht tn s f>
f
g
, ng thi, trong di thng, c tuyn khng phng hon ton m c gn sng
nht nh. Mch lc Bessel c c tuyn gim u t khu vc thng sang khu vc
chn v c p ng xung gn nh l tng (hnh di). Tu yu cu c th, c th
chn loi mch lc thch hp.

0,01 0,03 0,1 0,3 1 3 10 30
1
2
3
4
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
| K| (dB)
=f/f
g


DTT_PTH_VQS

57











Hnh v. p ng xung ca mch lc thng thp.
1-Lc th ng; 2- Lc Bessel; 3- Lc Butterworth; 4- Lc Tschebyscheff.
Hm truyn t tng qut ca mt mch lc thng thp:

+ +
=
i
i i
P b P a
Ko
P K
) . . 1 (
) (
2
(1)
trong , P = j. = j (/
g
) = j (f/f
g
) = p/
g
= p/ 2f
g
.
Hm truyn t tng qut ca mch lc thng cao:

+ +

=
i
i i
P
b
P
a
K
P K
) 1 (
) (
2
(2)
Ko: hm truyn t tn s trung tm (tn s thp f<<f
g
).
K: hm truyn t tn s trung tm (tn s cao f>>f
g
).
a
i
,b
i
: cc s thc dng.
Cc h s a
i
,b
i
c cho trong bng chun i vi cc loi lc Bessel, lc
Butterworth v lc Tschebyscheff nh sau:
Bc Lc Bessel
n a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
1 1,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
2 1,362 0,618 0,000 0,000
3 0,756 0,000 1,000 0,477
4 1,340 0,489 0,774 0,389

Bc Lc Butterworth
K
t
1
2
3
4


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
58
n a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
1 1,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
2 1,414 1,000 0,000 0,000
3 1,000 0,000 1,000 1,000
4 1,848 1,000 0,765 1,000

Bc Lc Tschebyscheff
n a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
1 1,352 0,000 0,000 0,000
2 0,978 1,663 0,000 0,000
3 3,480 0,000 0,369 1,283
4 2,140 5,323 0,192 1,154
Bng: Cc h s a
i
,b
i
ca cc loi mch lc.
Trong , n: bc ca b lc.
i: s th t mt lc.
1 Thc hin mch lc thng thp v thng cao bc 2.
C 3 loi mch lc tch cc thng dng: mch lc hi tip m mt vng, mch lc
hi tip m nhiu vng v mch lc hi tip dng mt vng. Cc mch lc c
th thc hin cho c 3 loi: lc Bessel, lc Butterworth v lc Tschebyscheff, chng
ch khc nhau h s a
i
,b
i

1. Lc thng thp bc 2:
S mch:
Ur
C1
C2
Uv
C2
R3 R2
R R

a./ b./
Ur
C1
Uv
C2
R2
R1 R3


DTT_PTH_VQS

59
C2
Ur
Uv
C1
R1 R2

c./
Hnh v 3. Mch lc thng thp bc 2.
a./ hi tip m mt vng; b./ hi tip m nhiu vng;
c./ hi tip dng mt vng.
Hm truyn t
Xt mch lc thng thp hi tip dng mt vng, vit phng trnh ti cc
nh ca mch, ta s c c hm truyn t sau:
[ ]
2 1 2 1
2 2
2 1 1 2
) 1 ( 1 1 1
) (
C C R R P C R k C R C R P
k
P K
g g
+ + + +
=
(3)
Xc nh cc phn t ca mch
n gin, ta xc nh cc phn t ca mch trong 2 trng hp sau:
a. Cho R
1
= R
2
= R v k = 1.
Khi , ta c Op-amp l mt mch lp in p. Biu thc hm truyn t tr thnh:
2 1
2 2
1
2 1
1
) (
C C P RC P
P K
g g
+ +
= (3a)
So snh biu thc 3a vi 1, ta thy:
Ko = 1
C
1
= a
1
/4f
g
R ; C2 = b
1
/f
g
Ra
1
.
Tu theo loi lc, m ta s xc nh c h s a
1
, b
1
.
b. Cho R
1
= R
2
= R
C
1
= C
2
= C
Biu thc hm truyn tr thnh:
2 2 2 2
) 3 ( 1
) (
C R P k RC P
k
P K
g g
+ +
= (3b)


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
60
So snh vi (1), ta c:
RC =
1
b / 2f
g
.
k = Ko = 3 a
1
/
1
b
Lc ny, loi b lc hon ton c xc nh bi k m khng phi bi cc linh kin
RC. Do , c th thay i tn s gii hn f
g
ca mch bng cch thay i RC m
khng nh hng n tnh cht ca b lc.
2. Lc thng cao bc 2:
S mch:
Xt mch hi tip dng mt vng.
C1 C2
Ur
Uv
R2
R1

Hnh v 3. Mch lc thng cao hi tip dng mt vng.
Hm truyn t:
2
2 1 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2
1 1 ) 1 ( ) ( 1
1
) (
g g
C C R R P C C R R
k C R C C R
P
k
P K

+
+ +
+
=
(4)
Xc nh cc phn t mch
a. Chn : C
1
= C
2
= C
k = 1
Biu thc (4) tr thnh:
2 2
2 1
2
1
1 1 2 1
1
1
) (
g g
C R R P C R P
P K

+ +
= (4a)
So snh (4a) vi (2), ta c:
K = 1.


DTT_PTH_VQS

61
a
1
=
g
C R
1
2

b
1
=
g g
C R
a
C R R
2
1
2 2
2 1
2
1 1
=
b. Chn R
1
= R
2
= R
C
1
= C
2
= C
Biu thc (4) c dng:
2 2 2 2
1 1 3 1
1
) (
g g
C R P RC
k
P
k
P K

+

+
= (4b)
Ta c:
K = 1.
a
1
=
g
RC
k

3

b
1
=
2 2 2
1
g
C R

2. Thc hin mch lc thng thp v thng cao bc cao, n>2.
Trong trng hp c tuyn bin - tn s ca b lc khng vung gc, phi
thc hin b lc bc cao hn hi. Mun vy, mc ni tip cc b lc thng thp bc
mt v bc hai bit. Lc , c tnh tn s ca mch l tch c tnh tn s ca
tng mch ring r.
3. Mch lc chn lc v mch lc thng di.
1. Mch lc thng di.
Nu mc ni tip mt mch lc thng thp c tn s gii hn f
g1
v mt
mch lc thng cao c tn s gii hn f
g2
ta s nhn c mch lc thng di vi
iu kin f
g1
>f
g2
. Lc , f
g1
c gi l tn s gii hn trn (f
gt
) v f
g2
c gi l
tn s gii hn di (f
gd
). c tnh tn s ca n l tch c tnh tn s ca hai khu
lc ring r.
2. Mch lc chn lc.
Lc chn l lc thng di c tn s gii hn trn bng tn s gii hn di: f
gt
= f
gd

= fo.
n gin, xt mt b lc chn lc c cu to t mt mch lc thng cao tch
cc bc mt v mch lc thng thp tch cc bc mt.


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
62
Hm truyn t phc ca b lc:
2
1
2
1 1
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) (
P a P a a
P KoK
P
a
K
P a
Ko
P K
+ + +

=
+

+
= (5)
t: Ko.K=A.
a
1
2
+ 1 = .
ch rng vi b lc bc mt: a
1
= 1 ta s vit li biu thc trn:
2
1
) (
P P
AP
P K
+ +
=

(6)
c trng c bn ca mch lc chn l: h s khuch i ca mch tn s trung
tm fo v h s phm cht Q.
Ti tn s trung tm fo, ta c:
=f/fo = 1
v P =j = j
Lc ny, h s khuch i tn s fo (tn s cng hng):

A
K
CH
= (6a)
rng di thng c xc nh khi h s khuch i gim 2 ln , nn ta c:

2 2
A K
K
CH
= = (6b)
Thay (6b) vo (6) v gii phng trnh theo , ta c 2 nghim:
2
2
2 , 1
4
2 2
2

+
+
= (7)
Theo nh ngha, phm cht ca mch:
2 1 1 2
1

=

= =
f f
fo
B
fo
Q (8)
Thay nghim t (7) vo (8), ta c:

1
= Q (9)
Thay (6a) v (9) vo (6), ta s nhn c h s khuch i ca mch lc chn:
2
). / 1 ( 1
). / (
P P Q
P Q K
K
CH
+ +
= (10)


DTT_PTH_VQS

63
S mch.







b./

a./
C
Ur
Uv
C
R
R

c./
Hnh v 5. Mch lc chn lc.
a./ hi tip m mt vng; b./ hi tip m nhiu vng; c./hi tip dng mt vng.
Hm truyn t
Xt mch phn hi m nhiu vng, hm truyn t c vit:
2
3 1
3 2 1 2 2
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 2
2 1
) (
C
R R
R R R
P C
R R
R R
P
C
R R
R R
P
P K
O O
O
+
+
+
+
+
=

(11)
So snh (11) vi (10), ta thy, biu thc (11) s c dng h s khuch i ca mch
lc chn nu h s P
2
bng 1, tc:
1 .
2
3 1
3 2 1 2
=
+
C
R R
R R R
O

Do , tn s cng hng:
C
C
Ur
Uv
R2
R3
R1
R/b
bC
aC
Uv
Ur
C
C
R R


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
64

3 2 1
3 1
1
R R R
R R
C
O
+
=
Khi :
K
CH
=
1
2
2R
R

Q = .R
2
Cf
O
.
B =
C R Q
f
O
2
1

=
4. Mch nn chn lc
nn mt tn s no , ngi ta dng mt b lc c h s truyn t
tn s cng hng bng khng, cn tn s thp v tn s cao th h s truyn t
tng n mt gi tr khng i no . Mt mch nn ch lc th ng kh ph
bin l mch T kp . Hm truyn t ca mch:
2
2
4 1
1
+

=
j
K
T
(12)
vi = RC.
hay:
2
2
4 1
1
P P
P
K
T
+ +
+
= (13)
Biu thc ny tng ng vi biu thc (6), trong :
A=1 ; = 4;
Khi f<<f
O
hay f>>f
O
tc P<<j hay P>>j th K
T
= K
TO
=A cn khi, f=f
O
tc P=j th
K
T
=0. Tng t vi mch lc chn lc, ta tnh c 2 nghim 1 v 2, do :
Q=f
O
/B = 1/ 1 - 2 = 1/. (14)
Thay (14) vo (6), ta c biu thc:
2
2
1
1
) 1 (
P P
Q
P K
K
TO
T
+ +
+
= (15)
So snh vi (13), rt ra:
Q=1/4.
T (15), tnh c modyn ca K
T
:
4
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
) 2
1
( 1
) 1 (
/ ) 1 (
) 1 (
+

=
+

=
Q
Q
K
Q
K
K
TO TO
T



DTT_PTH_VQS

65
Ta tnh c h s phm cht ca mch T kp Q=1/4 Ta c th tng Q bng cch
mc mch T kp vo mch hi tip ca b KTT to mch lc tch cc.









Hnh v 6. S mch nn chn lc dng mch lc T kp
Ti tn s cao v thp, tnh cht truyn t ca mch T kp khng c g thay i, do
, in p ra:

1
.u K u
r
=
Ti tn s cng hng
r
u = 0, lc ny coi nh mt u ca R/2 ni t, do tn s
cng hng f
O
vn xc nh theo bit thc :

RC
f
O
2
1
=
Hm truyn t phc ca mch in :
K =
2
2
) 2 ( 2 1
) 1 (
P P k
P k
+ +
+

Do , K
O
= k v:
Q =
) 2 ( 2
1
k

Khi k=1 th Q = 0,6;
Khi k=2 th Q = .
R/2
(k-1)R1
R1
R R
C C
Ur
Uv


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
66



Chng 6.Cc mch dao ng




I. KhI nim

Mch dao ng l mch in t, dng to ra cc tn hiu hnh sin, xung
hnh ch nht, xung tam gic, xung rng ca....
Mch in dao ng l thng qua cc phng thc t kch c th bin
in p mt chiu thnh ra mt in p bin i theo quy lut nht nh: sin, xung
hnh ch nht, xung tam gic, xung rng ca....

Mch dao ng c cc thng s c bn:
+ Tn s dao ng:
B dao ng siu thp tn: di 1Hz
B dao ng tn s thp: 1Hz-3Khz(cha m tn)
B dao ng cao tn 3Khz-3Mhz
B dao ng siu cao tn: trn 3Khz
+ Bin in p dao ng
+ n nh tn s
+ Cng sut ra
+ Hiu sut...
Nguyn l to dao ng:
+ To dao ng bng hi tip dng
+ To dao ng bng phng php tng hp mch


DTT_PTH_VQS

67
0 833u 1.67m 2.5m 3.33m 4.17m 5m
-16
-8
0
8
16
24
32
Xa: 5.000m Xb: 0.000
Yc: 32.00 Yd:-16.00
a-b: 5.000m
c-d: 48.00
freq: 200.0
Ref=Ground X=833u/Div Y=voltage
d
c
b a
A
0 1.67m 3.33m 5m 6.67m 8.33m 10m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Xa: 10.000mXb: 0.000
Yc: 12.00 Yd: 0.000
a-b: 10.000m
c-d: 12.00
freq: 100.0
Ref=Ground X=1.67m/Div Y=voltage
d
c
b a
A
0 833u 1.67m 2.5m 3.33m 4.17m 5m
-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
Xa: 5.000m Xb: 0.000
Yc: 20.00 Yd:-4.000
a-b: 5.000m
c-d: 24.00
freq: 200.0
Ref=Ground X=833u/Div Y=voltage
d
c
b a
A
Xa: 497.6u Xb: 0.000
Yc: 1.200 Yd:-1.200
a-b: 497.6u
c-d: 2.400
f
Ref=Ground X=time(S)
Y
=
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
c
b a
A
B



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
68
1.iu kin dao ng v c im ca mch to dao ng


Phn tch mch dao ng theo quan im mng 4 cc nh sau:














Trong :
- Khi K: l cc phn t khuch I(cung cp nng lng cho qu
trnh dao ng h s truyn t=>1).
- Khi Kht: l cc phn t to dao ng, thng l s t hp ca
cc phn t th ng(h s truyn t<=1).
Xt mt cch tng qut, ta c h s truyn t theo dng phc ca tng
khi:
+ Khi khuych I: K=[K].e
j
k
+ Khi hi tip: Kht=[Kht].e
j
ht
Trong [Kht], [K]: l cc module h s hi tip v khuch i

ht
,
k l cc gc di pha ca mch hi tip v mch khuch i

Xr= K.Xv (1)
Xht= Kht.Xr (2)
Xht= Kht.K.Xv ( 3)
mch l mch dao ng, th Xv=Xht, t (3)=> Kht.K=1 (4)
Dng tng qut ca (4): [K].[Kht].e
j(
ht
+
k
)
=1
=>+ [K].[Kht]=1 (5)
+ e
j(
ht
+
k
)
=1, tc l ht+k =2n (6), vi n=0, 1, 2, 3,...
Gi =ht+k gi l tng di pha ca hi tip v b khuch i, c
trng cho dch pha gia tn hiu vo ban u Xv v tn hiu ra mch hi
tip Xht.
2. Tnh ton mch dao ng
K
Khtt
Xr
Xht
Xv
K
Khtt
Xr
Xht
Xv
&
S khi mch dao ng


DTT_PTH_VQS

69



























- Phn b bin l mch khuch i thut ton mc theo kiu
khng o

*
*
1
2
1
1 ) 1 (
1 1 K
R
R K
R
R
k =

+ = + = (7)
- in p hi tip v u vo thun thng qua bin p:
uht=(M/L).u1=Kht.u1 (8)
M: h s h cm ca cc cun dy, L- in cm khung dao ng
- in p ra ca b khuch i u
r
= K.u
v
= K
*
.u
ht
- Theo nh lut K1 vi nt A:

0
1
1
1 1
dt u
L dt
du
C
R
u u
r
(9)
Thay (7) v (8) vo (9), ta c:
0
1
.
1
*
2
2
= +

+
r
r ht r
u
LC dt
du
RC
K K
dt
u d
(10)
t : =(1-K*K
ht
)/2RC

2
0
=1/LC
(10) c dng:
0 . . 2
2
0
2
2
= + +
r
r r
u
dt
du
dt
u d
(11)
Ur
Uht
M
C
U1
R1
K
R2
(K*-1)R1
Kht
Mch dao ng LC
L
- R1, (K*-1)R1 l
cc in tr ca
khu khuch i
khng o.
- R2 in tr phi
hp tr khng
- LC khung dao
ng
- Bin p: hi tip
tn hiu(h cm
cng chiu)


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
70
Phng trnh vi phn trn l dng c bn, c nghim dng:
t e u u
o
t
ro r
. cos .
2 2

=

(12)
+ Nu (=(1-K*K
ht
)/2RC)>0, tc l K*K
ht
<1, bin in p dao
ng b suy gim theo hm m, dao ng s tt dn.
+ Nu (=(1-K*K
ht
)/2RC) =0, tc l K*K
ht
=1, bin in p dao
ng khng i, dao ng c duy tr c tn s LC
o
/ 1 = .
+ Nu (=(1-K*K
ht
)/2RC)<0, tc l K*K
ht
>1, bin in p dao
ng tng theo hm m.
Nh vy: c c dao ng th khi mi ng mch(qu )
K*K
ht
>1 bin dao ng tng dn, cho n khi mach chuyn sang xc
lp, h s khuch i gim dn sao cho K*K
ht
=1
c im c bn ca mch dao ng:
+ Mch dao ng l mch khuch i t iu khin bng hi tip (+)
t u ra n u vo, nng lng dao ng t ngun in mt chiu.
+ Phi tho mn iu kin cn bng v bin v pha
+ Mch phi cha t nht mt phn t tch cc chuyn nng lng
mt chiu thnh xoay chiu.
+ Mch phi cha phn t phi tuyn, huc mt khu iu chnh
m bo cho bin dao ng khng i trng thi xc lp

3. Nguyn l xy dng cc mch dao ng ph bin:


Phn t tch cc Phn t dao ng
Linh kin Gc lch pha B linh kin Gc lch pha
IC_KTT- mc o

LC 0
IC_KTT- khng
o
0 RC
/4- mi khu
T-EC(SC)
(gia B v C)
3 im in cm

T-BC(GC) 0 3 im in cm

Cc loi linh
kin khc
?
B kt hp cc
linh kin kiu
khc
?
Ghp sao cho: + Tho mn iu kin v bin
+ Tho mn iu kin v pha

II. Cc loi mch dao ng
1. Mch dao ng L,C
a. Vn n nh bin trong dao ng LC
- Ch dao ng mm v dao ng cng, n nh bin trong cc b dao
ng trong loi ny, thng dng phng php di chuyn im lm vic ca phn t
tch cc.
+ Nu phn t tch cc lm vic vi gc ct tn hiu =180
0
c gi
l ch dao ng mm.


DTT_PTH_VQS

71
+ Nu phn t tch cc lm vic vi gc ct tn hiu <90
0
c gi
l ch dao ng cng.
- Nh vy c th dao ng c th ch lm vic ca cc phn t tch cc phi
chuyn i t ch dao ng mm(qu ) sang ch dao ng cng(xc lp).
iu ny c thc hin bng cc in tr nh thin(to im lm vic Q) ca T v
iu chnh ngun cp ca IC-KTT.
- Hin tng dao ng ngt qung:tn hiu dao ng khng lin tc, xem phn K
thut xung.
b. Mch dao ng dng khung dao ng L-C
Gi s dng phn t tch cc l T-BJT, s EC: nh vy gc lch pha gia C v B
l , m khung L-C c gc lch pha l 0, tho mn iu kin v pha th cn c
phn t c lch pha na->
+ Dng mt khu khuch i EC na: tn ngun
+ Dng bin p cun ngc chiu khu hi tip- gc lch pha l :






















- Xt iu kin cn bng bin :
+ K= -S.Z
C
(13)
Trong
t e td C
Z h
n
R Z
1 1 1
11
2
+ + = v
e
e
h
h
S
11
21
=
+ n
L
M
U
U
K
C
B
ht
= = = (14)
=> Xt bt phng trnh K.K
ht
1, ta c :
n
2
-h
21e
.n+ h
11e
/Z 0, trong Z=R
td
//Z
t
(15)
Ce
Re
R2
R1
Rc
Q1
Vcc
M
C
l
K, lch 180 Kht, lch 180
Mch dao ng L-C dng T
Hi tip
ur
X=time(S)
C=voltage


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
72
=>
Z
h h h
n
Z
h h h
e e e e e e 11 2 21 21 11 2 21 21
)
2
(
2
)
2
(
2
+ (16)
(16) chnh l iu kin v bin ca mch dao ng L-C, mch c dao ng hnh
sin ti 2 im mt(cc tr)
Tn s dao ng
LC
ch dd
f f

= =
2
1
(17)
Ch : vi mch dao ng loi ny, to dao ng tn s cao,
dng phn t tch cc mc theo kiu BC(cn c vo bng trn t thit
k)
c. Mch dao ng dng khung dao ng ba im
Phn trn xt mch loi L- C, dch pha l 0 , mt loi khc l
mch dao ng 3 im, c thit k bng cch to ra mt im trung
tnh, c c gc dch pha l 180
0

- Nguyn l thit lp mch 3 im: Mch dao ng 3 im c s
khi chung nh hnh v di y, thun tin cho vic tnh ton:
+ Coi phn t K l mt ngun p
+ Coi cc tr khng l thun khng Z
i
=j.X
i















,
1
t r
t
d
r
Z R
Z
K
u
u
K
+
= =
(18), trong Z
t
= Z
2
//(Z
1
nt Z
3
);K
1
h s K
khng ti, Rr in tr ra ca b K

3 1
1
Z Z
Z
u
u
u
u
K
r
B
C
B
ht
+
= = =
(19)
T cc cng thc trn, ta c:
) ( ) (
.
3 1 2 3 2 1
2 1
1
X X X X X X Rr
X X
K K K
ht
+ + + +
=
(20)
Ti tn s cng hng, tng tr bng khng: X
1
+ X
2
+X
3
=0,
tc X
1
+ X
3
= - X
2
(21), trong mch dao ng L-C, tn s dao ng tn s
cng hng, thay (21) vo (20) ta c:
Z3 Z1
Z2
C
E
B
ur
ud
S tng qut mch dao ng 3 im
K
Rr
K
1
u
d



DTT_PTH_VQS

73

2
1
1
.
X
X
K K K
ht
=
(22)
Mt khc theo iu kin cn bng v pha, tn hiu hi tip, v
tn hiu vo(ti B), phi cng du tc l K.K
ht
>0, tc l X
1
. X
2
>0(t 22),
theo (21) X
3
, tri du vi X
1
v X
2
. Tm li ta c 2 loi mch dao ng 3
im c bn:
Mch 3 im in cm: (L)X
1
, (L)X
2
>0; (C)X
3
<0









Mch 3 im in dung: (C)X
1
<0, (C)X
2
<0; (L)X
3
>0

- Mch 3 im in cm(mch Hartley)






















X
1
= X
BE
=L
2
> 0
X
2
= X
CE
=L
1
> 0
X
3
= X
CB
= -1/C < 0
Tn s dao ng ca mch c xc nh theo cng thc:
*
)
Ce
Re
R2
R1
Rc
Q1
Vcc
C
K, lch 180 Kht, lch 180
Hnh. Mch dao ng 3 im in cm
Hi tip
ur
L
2
L
1
C
B
E


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
74

f
d
= f
ch
=
C L L ) ( 2
1
2 1
+
(23)
C th mc thm cc t in ng ra v ng vo, tng thm
cht lng ca mch:















" Thit k mch khi dng T-BC, IC-KTT
- Mch 3 im in dung




















X
1
= X
BE
= -1/C
1
< 0
X
2
= X
CE
= -1/C
2
< 0
X
3
= X
CB
= L
2
> 0
Ce
Re
R2
R1
Rc
Q1
Vcc
C
Hi tip
ur
L
2
L
1

C
B
E
Ce
Re
R2
R1
Rc
Q1
Vcc
K, lch 180 Kht, lch 180
Mch dao ng 3 im in dung
Hi tip
ur
C
B
L
C1

E
L
C2


DTT_PTH_VQS

75

Tn s dao ng ca mch c xc nh theo cng thc:

f
d
= f
ch
=
)
.
( 2
1
2 1
2 1
C C
C C
L
+

(24)
C th mc thm cc t in ng ra v ng vo, tng thm
cht lng ca mch(t v hnh)
Dng khc ca mch 3 im in dung:
+Mch Clapp: nhnh in cm L, c mc gm L v C ni tip, nhng
vn m bo tnh cht ca mch 3 im, ngha l phi chn linh kin
sao cho c tnh in trn nhnh mang tnh cm khng: X=X
L
-X
C
>0












Hnh v v cng thc tnh tn s dao ng cng ging nh trng hp
trn(?), ch c tnh C
t
thm thnh phn C ni tip:


C C C
C
td
1 1 1
2 1
+ + =
(25)

" Thit k mch khi dng T-BC(cn gi l s Colpits), dng IC-
KTT












&
L
L
AB
C
A
B
C
1
C
2
C
1
C
2
C
Vcc
R2
C
2
C
3
L1
R
3
R1 Q
1
Hnh. Mch dao ng Colpits


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
76
2. Mch dao ng R,C

a. c im chung ca mch dao ng R-C
- Mch dao ng R-C: C kch thc nh gn, c th ch to thnh vi
mch.
- Thng dng trong phm vi tn s thp
-Cng mt gi tr ca in dung, c th thay i phm vi tn s ln
hn loi L-C, v gi tr tn s t l vi C, cn L-C l cn bc hai ca C.
- Khu hi tip trong R-C, ch gm cc in tr v t in, nn khng
gy ra hin tng cng hng ti tn s dao ng, v vy c cu K
c th dng ch A, khng gy mo tn hiu ra.
b. B dao ng dng mch di pha trong khu hi tip
- Xt mt khu R-C:
K()=Ur()/Uv()=
C j
R
R

1
+
(26)
CR
arctg
RC

1
=
(27)












V c tnh suy gim -20dB/Decade(xem thm phn b tn s ca
chng KTT), cho nn gc di pha ca c cu phi thc hin trong
khong 0
0
-90
0
.
Thc t thng dng 3 khu vi gc di pha ca mi khu l 60
0
v 4 khu, mi khu di pha 45
0
m bo tng di pha l 180
0
.
Cc phn t tch cc s dng phi c gc di pha l 180
0
.
Uv
C
R
Ur


DTT_PTH_VQS

77

- Xt khi dng 3 khu:











































+ Xy dng c tuyn truyn t ca hnh h.a, v t =1/RC, ta c
R
R
R
C
C C
U
v
U
r
Vout
Vcc
R
c

R1
C C
C
R
R
R
Q
R
e

Vcc
R
c
R1
R
2

Q
R
e
Mch dao ng dng 3 khu R-C
h.a
h.b


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
78
) 6 ( 5 1
1
2 2

= = =
j Uc
Ub
Uv
Ur
K
ht
(28)
=> Kht =
) 6 ( 5 1
1
2 2
j
;
2
2
5 1
) 6 (

= arctg
ht
(29)
Nh trn xt
ht
=180
0
, nn
2
=6 =>






-Ngoi ra cn c th dng cc kiu khc: 4khu R-C thng cao, khu hi
tip l cc khu thng thp (3, 4 khu):









Vi cc kt qu nh sau:
Loi f
d
K
ht
Hnh v
Thng cao 3 khu ?

? T v
Thng cao 4 khu
RC 7 / 10 2
1

-1/18,4 T v
Thng thp 3 khu
RC 2
6

-1/29 T v
Thng thp 4 khu
RC 2
7 / 10

-/18,4 T v

c. B dao ng dng mch lc T

+ Xy dng c tuyn truyn t , v t =1/RC, ta c


3 1
2 1
2
2
j
j
Uv
Ur
K
ht


= =
(30)
=> Kht =
2 2 2
2 2 2
9 ) 1 (
4 ) 1 (


+
+
;
2 2 2
2
6 ) 1 (
) 1 (

+

= arctg
ht
(31)
+ K
ht
= -1/29

+ f
d
=
RC 6 2
1

C
R


DTT_PTH_VQS

79
















Thc t khu T thng xc nh tn s dao ng ca mch l
f
d
=
RC 2
1
, kt hp vi iu kin t u mc, ta c: =1,
t xc nh c
ht
=0
0
v K
ht
=2/3(l gi tr nh nht)
Nh vy, phn t tch cc ghp vi khu T phi di pha cng l 0
0

th
mi m bo iu kin cn bng v pha, thc t mch T c mc vo
nhnh hi tip (u N) ca b khuch i, v lm nhim v chn lc
tn s, v mch c th dao ng c cn 1 nhnh hi tip +(m bo
v pha) khng ph thuc vo tn s dao ng, nh hnh v di dy:



R
C C
R
Vin Vout
Mch lc hnh T
R
C
C
R
Vout
R1
R2
Mch dao ng khu T


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
80
e. B dao ng dng mch lc T-Kp

+ Xy dng c tuyn truyn t , v t =1/RC, chn h s k=1/2 ta
c


4 1
1
2
2
j U
Uout
K
N
ht
+

= =
(32)
=> Kht =
2 2 2
2 2
16 ) 1 (
) 1 (


+

;
2
1
4

= arctg
ht
(33)

























Khi =1, ta c



+ Nh vy h s truyn t bin khng tho mn, thc t
thng chn k l ln cn trn ca 1/2, khi K
ht
>0, nhng vn c gi tr
nh, b c thnh phn bin v pha ny cng ging nh mch T,
khu T- Kp cng c ni vo nhnh hi tip nhm chn lc tn s,
nh hnh v trn.
f. B dao ng dng mch cu Vin trong mch hi tip
R/k
R
R
k.C
C C
Vout
R1
R2
Mch dao ng khu T- kp
+ K
ht
= 0

+
ht
=0


DTT_PTH_VQS

81
- Mch cu Vin chnh l mch lc thng di, c ghp ni tip
thng thp v thng cao.
+ Xy dng c tuyn truyn t ta c
)
1 2
1
2 1 (
1
2
2
1
1
1
C R
C R j
C
C
R
R
Uv
Ur
K
ht

+ + +
= =
(34)
=> Kht =
2 2
)
1 2
1
2 1 ( )
1
2
2
1
1 (
1
C R
C R
C
C
R
R

+ + +
;

1
2
2
1
1
1 2
1
2 1
C
C
R
R
C R
C R
arctg
ht
+ +

(35)
Thng chn C
1
= C
2
= C v R
1
= R
2
= R, khi :

=> Kht =
2
)
1
( 9
1
RC
RC

+
;
3
1
RC
RC
arctg
ht

= (36)
Ti tn s dao ng f
d
=
RC 2
1
, th



Ti tn s dao ng, mch c h s truyn t (h s hi tip) ln nht v gc di
pha bng khng, do c th dng mch ny kt hp vi khuych i thun
(
k
=360
0
) to hi tip dng lm nhim v to dao ng.
Hnh v di y l mch to dao ng nh vy. Nhnh R
1
, R
2
to thnh mt
mch hi tip m. Mch hi tip m R
1
, R
2
cng vi mch lc thng di to thnh mch
cu Vin m nhnh cho th nht l U
d
v nhnh cho th hai l U
r
. Mch dao ng
ng vi
d
khi K
ht(+)
= K
ht(+)max
= 1/3. Nhnh hi tip m khng ph thuc tn s.
V K
ht(+)
= 1/3 nn m bo iu kin cn bng bin , h s khuych i ca
b khuych i c hi tip m phi bng 3; ngha l :
3
1
1
1
1
'
) (
) (
0
) ( 0
0
=
+
=
+
=

ht
ht
ht
K
K
K
K K
K
K
hay
2 1
1
) (
3
1
R R
R
K
ht
+
= =

. T suy ra :
R
1
= 2R
2

Nhng y cng chnh l iu kin cn bng ca cu, in tr hi tip v U
d
= 0,
do mch khng th dao ng c. V vy, ngi ta iu chnh cho cu lch cn
bng cht t, ngha l:
R
1
> 2R
2
mt lng nh
+ K
ht
=Kmax= 1/3

+
ht
=0



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
82



































Trong s trn, hai iot mc song song ngc chiu vi R
1
c tc
dng hn bin dao ng. Khi bin dao ng tng th in tr tng
ng ca nhnh R
1
gim lm cho hi tip m tng v do h s
khuych i ca mch gim v n nh ng vi K K
ht(+)
= 1. Ngi ta
chng minh c vi mch in ny, h s khuych i ca phn t
khuych i cng ln th n nh tn s t c cng cao, v vy
dng khuych i thut ton rt c li v n nh tn s.
3. Mch dao ng dng thch anh.
a. Cu to v tnh cht ca thch anh:

R
C
R2 C2
R1
C1
C
R
Thng thp
@
C R
C
R
R2
D1
D2
R1
Ur
B dao ng dng mch cu Vin trong mch hi tip


DTT_PTH_VQS

83
-Tinh th thch anh:
XTAL1
1.000MHZ

Thnh phn ho hc ca thch anh l SiO
2
, c ct theo nhng lp nht
nh i vi tinh th thch anh thnh nhng lp mng, gi l lt tinh th, c hnh
dng Vung, trn, ch nht.
Dao ng ca thch anh da trn hiu ng p in: nu gia 2
bn cc ca tinh th thch anh t vo mt in trng s lm cho tinh
th sinh ra s bin hnh v mt c kh; ngc li nu gia hai bn cc
t vo mt lc c kh s sinh ra mt in trng trn mt chiu tng
ng, hiu ng ny gi l hiu ng p in: nu gia 2 bn cc t vo l
in p bin thin th s sinh ra dao ng c, ng thi dao ng c s
sinh ra in trng giao bin, bin dao ng nh v n nh, nu t
vo mt in p giao bin bn ngoi c tn s bng vi tn s c hu ca
lt tinh th, th s cng hng lm bin dao ng c tng ln ng k,
tc l c s kt hp c-in, lm cho dao ng c duy tr v c n
nh cao.
- Mch tng ng v in ca thch anh:
























Cc tnh cht in c bn ca thch anh :
+ H s phm cht cao Q=10
4
10
5
+ T s Lq/Cq l rt ln.
Rq
Cq Lq
Cp
A
B
- Cp: in dung song song
- Cq, Lq, Rq: in dung, in cm, in tr
ni tip, cc thng s ny ph thuc vo
kch thc, v cch ct khi thch anh.
- Thng s ca nh sn xut thng l Tn
s cng hng, in tr ni tip, in dung
song song, h s phm cht


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
84
+ Cp>>Cq
+ C n nh tn s rt cao: (f/f)=10
-6
10
-10
Gi tr ca Rq nh(vi chc-vi trm ), nn c th b qua khi tnh ton,
xc nh c tn s ct(cng trng vi tn s dao ng), ta xc nh tng
tr Z:

) (
1
// ) (
2
2
LqCqCp Cp Cq
LqCq
j cp CqntLq Z


+

= (37)

+ Z=0, khi =
LqCq
1
=
q
, y c gi l tn s cng hng ni tip
ca thch anh,
+ Z->, khi =
LqCtd LqCqCp
Cq Cp 1
=
+
=
p;
trong C
t
= C
p
nt C
q

gi l tn s cng hng song song ca thch anh. Nh tnh cht trn ca
thch anh Cp>>Cq=> CtCq, tc l tn s cng hng song song gn bng tn
s cng hng ni tip.
Tr khng Z c quan h vi tn s c biu din nh hnh v sau:












- thay i tn s cng hng ca thch anh trong phm vi hp, mc ni tip
thch anh vi mt t in Cs nh hnh v di y; khi tn s cng hng s
l;
Cs Cp
Cq
f f
q
q
+
+ = 1
1
(38)
- Vi thch anh Cp c tnh n nh khng cao so vi Cq, khc phc nhc
im ny c th mc mt t in Co(>>Cp) song song vi Cp tng tnh n
nh:
Co Cp
Cq
f f
q
p
+
+ = 1
1
, khi Co>> Cq th f
p
f
q
b. Mt s mch dao ng dng thch anh
- Mch in b dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song
song:



0
fp
fq
) (
1
2
2
LqCqCp Cp Cq
LqCq
X


+

=
f
Cs
XTAL1
Co
XTAL1


DTT_PTH_VQS

85



















- tho mn iu kin dao ng 3 im, nhnh mc thch anh phi c
tnh cm khng, tc l X
thch-anh
-X
cs
>0. Khi tn s dao ng ca mch
gn bng tn s cng hng song song ca thch anh(hiu thch anh l
mt b lc, cho tn s dao ng bng tn s cng hng song song i qua-
cho nn ti u ra ta ly c tn hiu dao ng c tn s dao ng bng
vi tn s cng hng song song ca thch anh):
f
d
=f
p
=
LqCtd 2
1
(39)
- Mch in b dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip:
















- Lc ny thch anh ng vai tr nh mt mch lc, khng tham gia vo
C1
C2
XTAL1
Cs
Ce
Re
R2
R1
Q
Rc
Vcc
Mch dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song
L
C1
C2

Ce
Re
R2
R1
Q
Rc
Vcc
Mch dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip
L
L
Vai tr nh mt mch lc


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
86
iu kin hnh thnh dao ng
f
d
=f
q
=
LqCq 2
1
(40)

" T hai v d s dng thch anh trn, c th thy rng, thch anh
ng vai tr nh l mt mch lc, c h s phm cht cao, bn thn n
khng hnh thnh nn dao ng m ch nng cao c cht lng ca tn
hiu dao ng.
" Thch anh c dng nhiu trong cc mch yu cu n nh tn s
cao, thc t thng gp cc mch nh: mch to xung nhp cho Vi x l,
mch iu ch, vng kho pha PLL....


DTT_PTH_VQS

87

Chng7. iu ch bin

I. nh ngha
-iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo mt dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt
thng s no : bin , tn s, pha, rng xung... ca dao ng cao tn theo tin
tc.
- Tin tc thng thng l tn hiu c tn s thp(v d tn hiu m tn 16hz-
20000hz) cho nn khng th truyn ti i xa c, thng qua qu trnh iu ch tin
tc min tn s thp c chuyn sang min tn s cao truyn i xa.
-Tin tc gi l tn hiu iu ch, dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin, dao
ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch.
-i vi tn hiu iu ho, phn bit hai loi iu ch: iu bin v iu ch
gc, trong iu ch gc bao gm iu tn v iu pha.

II.iu bin(AM)
iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tin bin i theo tin tc
1 Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
Gi s tn hiu tin tc v tn hiu ti tin l cc dao ng iu ho, tn hiu ti
tin c tn s bin thin t f
min
- f
max
; tn hiu ti tin c tn s f
t
>> f
max

u
s
(t) = U
s
.cos(
s
.t) (II.1)
u
t
(t)= U
t
.cos(
t
t) (II.2)
Tn hiu sin u
s
(t) c gi l tn hiu iu bin, tn hiu u
t
(t)c gi l tn
hiu sng mang.
Tn hiu iu bin bin c xc nh theo cng thc :
u
B
(t)= [U
t
+ U
s
. cos(
s
.t)]. cos
t
t (II.3)
= U
t
[1 +m cos(
s
.t)]. cos
t
t (II.4)
Vi m l hng s t l, m= U
s
/ U
t
, h s m phi tho mn iu kin khng
ln hn 1. tn hiu iu ch khng b mo.
p dng cng thc lng gic i vi II.4 ta c:
u
B
(t)= U
t
.cos(
t
t)+ m/2. U
t
.cos(
t
+
s
)t+ m/2. U
t
.cos(
t
-
s
)t (II.5)
T ta c th thy tn hiu c iu bin bin gm 3 thnh phn sau:
+ U
t
.cos(
t
t)
Sng mang

+ m/2. U
t
.cos(
t
-
s
)t
Di bng thp

+ m/2. U
t
.cos(
t
+
s
)t
Di bng cao

Hnh di y a ra cc thnh phn khc nhau cu tn hiu AM


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
88

Carrier signal: tn hiu sng mang
Modulating signal: tn hiu tin tc
Modulated signal: tn hiu iu ch

Dng sng ca tn hiu iu bin

2 Quan h nng lng trong iu ch bin

Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc , cn ti tin khng
mang tin tc . Cn xem xt nng lng c phn b nh th no i vi cc thnh
phn ph tn hiu iu bin.
Cng sut ti tin l cng sut bnh qun trong mt chu k ti tin:
P
~t
=1/2U
t
2
(II.6)
Cng sut bin tn:
P
~bt
=1/2(mU
t
/2)
2
(II.7)
Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut bnh qun trong mt chu k
ca tn hiu iu ch:
P
~b
= P
~t
+ 2P
~bt
= P
~t
(1+(1/2m)
2
) (II.8)
Ta thy rng, cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin ph thuc vo h s iu
ch m. H s iu ch m cng ln th cng sut tn hiu iu bin cng ln. Khi
m=1 th ta c quan h gia cng sut hai bin tn v ti tn nh sau:
2P
~bt
= P
~t
/2 (II.9)
gim mo, h s iu ch m thng chn nh hn 1, do cng sut
cc bin tn thc t ch bng khong mt phn ba cng sut ti tn. Ngha l
phn ln cng sut pht x c phn b cho thnh phn ph khng mang tin tc,
cn thnh phn ph cha tin tc(cc bin tn) ch chim phn nh cng sut iu
bin.
Ngoi ra, cn cn quan tm n cng sut ch cc i ng vi bin
in p iu bin cc i, chn c phn t tch cc hp l.
T II.3 suy ra:
U
bmax
= U
t
(1+m) (II.10)
Do P
~max
= 1/2(1+m
2
)U
t
2
(II.11)


DTT_PTH_VQS

89

modulator: tn hiu tin tc
Carrier: tn hiu sng mang
lower side band: bng tn thp
upper side band: bng tn cao
modulating signal: tn hiu iu ch
a, tn hiu iu ch n tn

b tn hiu iu ch bin thin f1-f2
Dng tn hiu v ph tng ng ca tn hiu iu bin

3. Cc ch tiu c bn ca dao ng iu bin
- H s mo phi tuyn


s t
s t
s t
w w
w w
w w
I
I I
k

+ +
=
...
2
3
2
2
(II.12)
Trong I
wt

nws
n2 l bin cc thnh phn dng in ng vi hI bc cao
ca tn hiu iu ch
I
wt

ws
Bin thnh phn iu tn
c trng cho mo phi tuyn trong mch iu bin, ngi ta dng c
tuyn iu ch tnh, c tuyn ny cho bit quan h gia bin tn hiu ra v gi
tr tc thi ca tn hiu iu ch u vo.
Dng tng qut ca c tuyn iu ch tnh c biu din trn hnh:


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
90













ng c tuyn iu ch tnh l tng l ng thng C->A. c tuyn iu ch
tnh khng thng s lm cho lng bin i ca bin i ca bin dao ng cao
tn u ra so vi gi tr ban u(im B) khng t l ng thng vi tr tc thi ca
in p iu ch. Do trn u ra thit b iu bin, ngoI cc bin tn, cn c cc
thnh phn bc cao khng mong mun khc. Trong lng ch nht l thnh
phn I
wt

2ws
c th lt vo cc bin tn m khng th lc c.
gim mo phi tuyn, cn hn ch. Lc buc phI gim su iu
ch.
- H s mo tn s
nh gi mo tn s, ngi ta cn c vo c tuyn bin - tn:
m=f(F
s
)|
Us=hng s
H s mo tn s c xc nh theo biu thc:

m
m
M
0
= huc M
dB
=20 lgM (II.13)
m
0
: h s iu ch ln nht
m : h s iu ch ti tn s ang xt














Mo tn s xut hin ch yu trong cc tng khuch i m tn(tn hiu iu
ch), nhng cng c th xut hin trong cc tng iu ch v sau iu ch, khi mch
lc u ra ca tng ny khng m bo di thng cho ph ca tn hiu iu bin
(2f
smax
).
I
t
U
s
A
B

C
c tuyn iu ch tnh

I
t
U
s
m
o
m

c tuyn bin - tn s



DTT_PTH_VQS

91

4. Phng php tnh ton mch iu bin
Cc mch iu bin c xy dng da vo hai nguyn tc sau y:
- Dng cc phn t phi tuyn: cng ti tin v tn hiu iu ch trn c tuyn
ca phn t phi tuyn .
- Dng phn t tuyn tnh c tham s iu khin c: nhn ti tin v tn
hiu iu ch nh phn t tuyn tnh .
a. iu bin dng phn t phi tuyn
Cc phn t phi tuyn dng iu bin c th l n in t, n bn dn,
in tr c tr s bin i theo in p t vo.
Tu thuc vo im lm vic c chn trn c tuyn phi tuyn, hm s
dc trng cho phn t phi tuyn c th biu din gn ng theo chui Taylor khi ch
lm vic ca mch l ch A(=180
0
) huc phn tch theo chui Furier khi
mch lm vic ch gc ct <180
0
(AB,B,C).
*. Trng hp 1: =180
0

Gi thit mch iu bin dng diode, mch lm vic ch A, phi
tho mn iu kin: |U
t
| +|U
s
| <|E
o
|
Hm s c trng cho phn t phi tuyn xung quanh im lm vic c
biu din theo chui Taylor:
i
D
=a1. u
D
+ a2. u
D
2
+ a3. u
D
3
+... (II.14)
Vi u
D
=E
D
+U
t
cos
t
t+ U
s
cos
s
t (II.15)
Thay II.15 vo II.14 ta c:
i
D
=a1.(E
D
+U
t
cos
t
t+U
s
cos
s
t) + a2.(E
D
+U
t
cos
t
t+U
s
cos
s
t)
2
+ a3. (E
D
+U
t
cos
t
t+
U
s
cos
s
t)
3
+... (II.16)

























Rt
ws
wt
L1
1uH
+
E0
C
B
D1
S iu ch bin dng diode-v dng tn hiu ra
i
D
u
D


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
92
Khai trin II.16 v b cc s hng bc ln hn 4, ta s biu din c dng ph tn
hiu nh sau:











Ph tn hiu ra trong trng hp ny gm thnh phn ph mong mun

t

s
v cc thnh phn ph khng mong mun. Cc thnh phn ph bng khng
khi a3=a4=....=0
Ngha l nu ng c tnh ca phn t phi tuyn l mt ng cong bc 2
th tn hiu iu bin khng co mo phi tuyn. Phn t phi tuyn c c tnh gn
vi dng l tng.
Lm vic ch A bin ca ti tin v tin tc phi c bin b, v vy
t dng ch ny.
*. Trng hp <180
0

Khi <180
0
, nu bin in p t vo ln th c th coi c tuyn ca n l
ng gp khc. Phng trnh biu din c tuyn ca diode trong trng hp ny
nh sau:
i
D
= S.u
D
(s: h dn ca diode)khi U
D
>0, v =0 cho cc trng hp khc.
(II.17)

t
-

s
s

t
+

s
s

t
+
2

s
s

t
+
3

s
s

t
-
3

s
s

t
-
2

s
s

s
s

2

s
s

3

s
s

2

t

2

t
-

s
s

2

t
+

s
s

2

t
+
2

s
s

2

t
-
2

s
s

. Ph tn hiu iu bin lm vic ch A
Rt
ws
wt
L1
1uH
+
E0
C
B
D
i
D
u
D
S iu ch ch C v dng tn hiu ra


DTT_PTH_VQS

93
Chn im lm vic ban u trong khu tt ca diode, ng vi ch C. V dng qua
diode l mt dy xung hnh sin nh hnh7, nn c th biu din i
D
theo chui furier
nh sau:
i
D
= I
0
+ I
1
cos
t
t+ I
2
cos2
t
t+ I
3
cos3
t
t+.....+ I
n
cosn
t
t (II.18)

Trong :
t td i
i
I
t t D i

=
0
cos
, i=1-n (II.19)
T II.15 v II.17 ta c:
i
D
= S.U
t
(cos
t
t - cos) (II.21)
v: cos = - (E
o
+ U
s
cos
s
t)/ U
t
(II.22)

Cng t II.21 v II.22 bin ca cc thnh phn hi theo II.19 c xc nh.
b.iu bin dng phn t tuyn tnh c tham s thay i
Thc cht qu trnh iu bin ny l qu trnh nhn tn hiu, mt v d v
mch loi ny l iu bin dng b nhn tng t nh hnh di y:










Trong mch in ny quan h gia in p ra u
b
v in p vo u
t
l quan h tuyn
tnh. Tuy nhin khi u
s
bin thin th im lm vic chuyn t c tuyn ny sang
c tuyn khc lm bin tn hiu ra thay i c tn hiu iu bin.
Cn c vo tnh cht ca mch nhn ta c biu thc:
u
b
= (E
o
+ U
s
cos
s
t) U
t
cos
t
t
= E
o
U
t
cos
t
t+(1/2) U
s
U
t
cos(
t
+
s
)t + (1/2) U
s
U
t
cos(
t
-
s
)t (II.23)










5. Mch iu bin c th
thc hin iu bin theo phng php th nht, c th dng mi phn t
phi tuyn, nhng nu dng n bn dn th khng nhng c th iu bin tn hiu
m cn c th khuch i tn hiu, v mch in phn lm cc loi: iu ch n
bin, iu bin cn bng, iu bin vng.
Mch iu bin n l mch ch dng mt phn t tch cc iu ch, cc
mch theo s hnh 5 v hnh 7 l cc mch iu ch theo kiu ny, nh xt,

K
u
b

u
s E
o

u
t

s iu ch bin dng mch nhn

t
-

t


-

s


Ph tn hiu iu bin dng mch nhn


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
94
dng in ra ti ngoi cc thnh phn hu ch l cc bin tn cn c cc thnh phn hi
v ti tn khng mong mun khc, y cng l c im ca cc mch iu ch n bin.
Trong trng hp dng n bn dn hay n in t, phn bit cc loi: iu bin
baz, iu bin colector, iu bin ca, iu bin mng, iu bin anot, iu bin
li...chng c tn gi tng ng vi cc m in p iu ch c t vo.
gim mo phi tuyn, dng mch iu bin cn bng theo s sau:



















Theo s hnh 10 ta c, in p t ln D1 v D2 l
u
1
= U
t
cos
t
t + U
s
cos
s
t (II.24)
u
2
= U
t
cos
t
t - U
s
cos
s
t (II.25)
Dng qua diode c biu din theo chui Taylor:
i
1
=a0 + a1. u
1
+ a2. u
1
2
+ a3. u
1
3
+... (II.26)
i
2
=a0 + a1. u
2
+ a2. u
2
2
+ a3. u
2
3
+... (II.27)
Dng in ra ti i = i1 - i2 (II.28)
Kt hp II.24-II.28, v ch ly 4 v u ta c
i= Acos
s
t + Bcos3
s
t + C[cos(
t
+
s
)t + cos(
t
-
s
)t]+ D[cos(2
t
+
s
)t +
cos(2
t
-
s
)t] (II.29)
Trong A= U
s
[2a1 + 3a3U
t
2
+ (a3/2) U
s
2
]
B= (a3/2) U
s
3

C= 2 a2U
s
U
t
D= 3/2 a3U
s
U
t













D2
D1
C2
C1
U
S

U
t

U
B

S iu ch cn bng dng Diode

t
+

s
s

t
+

s
s

t
+
2

s
s

t
+
3

s
s

t
-
3

s
s

t
-
2

s
s
s
s
2

s
s
3

s
s
2

t

2

t
-
-

s
s
2

t
+

s
s
2

t
+
2

s
s
2

t
-
2

s
s
Ph tn hiu iu bin cn bng
So vi ph hnh 6 ta thy c nhiu thnh phn c trit tiu


DTT_PTH_VQS

95
*. Mt dng khc ca iu ch cn bng l iu bin vng, vi loi iu ch
ny ti tn v cc tn hiu hi s b trit b.




















Tng t nh cch tnh ton trn, gi dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn
bng gm D
1
, D
2
l i
I
v D
3
, D
4
l i
II
. i
I
xc nh theo II.29
i
II
= i
D3
- i
D4
(II.30)
Trong :
i
D3
=a0 + a1. u
3
+ a2. u
3
2
+ a3. u
3
3
+... (II.31)
i
D4
=a0 + a1. u
4
+ a2. u
4
2
+ a3. u
4
3
+... (II.32)
u
3
= -U
t
cos
t
t - U
s
cos
s
t (II.33)
u
4
= -U
t
cos
t
t + U
s
cos
s
t (II.34)
T (II.30 -II34) ta c:
i
II
= -Acos
s
t - Bcos3
s
t + C[cos(
t
+
s
)t + cos(
t
-
s
)t] - D[cos(2
t
+
s
)t +
cos(2
t
-
s
)t] (II.35)
Trong A= U
s
[2a1 + 3a3U
t
2
+ (a3/2) U
s
2
]
B= (a3/2) U
s
3

C= 2 a2U
s
U
t
D= 3/2 a3U
s
U
t
T (II.29) v (II.35) ta c
i
B
= i
I
+i
II
= 2C[cos(
t
+
s
)t + cos(
t
-
s
)t] (II.36)

t
-

s
s

t
+

s
s


. Ph tn hiu iu bin vng
So vi ph cc hnh trn ta thy ch cn li thnh phn mang tin tc
D2
D1
C2
C1
U
S
U
t

U
B

S iu bin vng
D3
D4


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
96
Nh vy khi dng mch iu ch vng cn c th kh c cc hi bc l
ca
s
v cc bin tn ca
t
.
III. iu ch n bin

1. Khi nim
Nh bit nhng phn trn, ph ca dao ng iu bin gm ti tn
v hai di bin tnm trong ch c cc bin tn la mang tin tc. V hai bin tn
mang tin tc l nh nhau(v bin v tn s), nn ch cn truyn i mt bin tn l
thng tin v tin tc. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng, do c th nn ton b
huc mt phn ti tn trc khi truyn i. Qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt di
bin tn gi l iu ch n bin.
iu ch n bin(vi mt phn d ca ti tn) mang ngha thc t. iu
ch tuy phc tp hn nhng li c u im nh:
- rng di tn gim mt na
- Cng sut pht x yu cu thp hn vi cng mt c ly truyn dn.
- Tp m u thu gim do di tn ca tn hiu hp hn.
T biu thc(II.5) ta c : u
B
= m/2U
t
(cos(
t
+
s
)t (III.1)
m gi l h s nn ti tin m=U
s
/U
t
2. Cc phng php iu ch n bin

C 3 phng php iu ch n bin: phng php lc, phng php quay
pha, v phng php lc v quay pha kt hp.
a, iu ch n bin theo phng php lc
T vic phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin, mun c tn hiu n bin cn
lc bt mt bin tn, thc t rt kh lm c nh vy. Khi ti tn cao tn th vn
lc tch ra mt di tn gp kh khn. Gi s tn s fsmin=300hz, lc khong
cch 2 bin tn l f=2fsmin=600hz. Nu ti tn l ft= 60Mhz, th h s ca b lc
l X=(f/ft)=10
-5
, kh nh rt kh lc. Bi vy phi dng mt b bin i trung
gian c th h thp yu cu i vi b lc, theo s sau:

CCB1

Lc 1

CCB2

Lc 2

To dao
ng 1

To dao
ng 2
U
s
(t)
ft1fs
ft1
ft1+fs
ft2(ft1+fs) ft2+ ft1+fs
ft1
U
B
S khi mch iu ch n bin dng phng php lc


DTT_PTH_VQS

97

Trong s trn tin tc ban u c iu ch vi tn s ft1, tn s ny kh
thp so vi tn s yu cu, sao cho h s lc tng ln, c th lc b mt bin tn
d dng. Trn u ra b 1 li c iu ch vi tn s ft2, ft2 yu cu sao cho ft=
ft1+ ft2.
Dng ph theo phng php ny nh sau:





























b, iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha

S hnh 15 l s khi phng php iu ch n bin bng phng
php quay pha.
Tin tc v ti tin thng qua mch quay pha, v c a n 2 b iu ch
cn bng lch pha 90
0
do cc bin tn trn ca 2 b iu ch cn bng lch pha
180
0
. Cn cc bin tn

di ng pha, n u ly hiu ca cc in p ra trn 2 b
iu ch ta nhn c bin tn trn. Ngc li nu ly tng cc in p ra s nhn
c bin tn di.
uCB1= UCB cos
s
t cos
t
t =UCB/2[cos(
t
+
s
)t + cos(
t
-
s
)t] (III.2)
uCB2= UCB sin
s
t sin
t
t =UCB/2[-cos(
t
+
s
)t + cos(
t
-
s
)t] (III.3)
f
fmin fma
S(f
f
S(f
fsmi
ft1
f
S(f
fsmi
ft1
f
S(f
fsmi
ft2
ft1
ft1 + ft2


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
98
uB=UCB1 - UCB2 = UCB cos(
t
+
s
)t (III.4)


















S iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha
0
0
90
0
0
0
90
0

mch
tng
huc
mch
hiu

us
ut
uB

t
+

s

Ph tn hiu iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha


DTT_PTH_VQS

99


c, iu ch n bin theo phng php lc v quay pha kt hp
Phng php ny c s khi nh sau






















Tn hiu ra ca b iu ch cn bng 1(CCB1):
u`CB1= UCB cos
s
t cos
t
t =UCB/2[cos(
t
+
s
)t + cos(
t
-
s
)t] (III.2)
u`CB2= UCB cos
s
t sin
t
t =UCB/2[sin(
t
+
s
)t + sin(
t
-
s
)t] (III.3
Sau b lc 1, cn li bin tn trn ca 2 b iu ch cn bng 1 lch pha 90,
c th coi y l tn hiu iu ch quay pha, tn hiu ny cng vi ti tin ut2
c a n 2 b iu ch cn bng 2 lch nhau 90. in p ra hai b iu ch cn
bng 2:
u``CB1= Ut2 UCB/2cos(
t2
+
s
)tcos
t2
t (III.4)
u``CB2= Ut2 UCB/2sin(
t2
+
s
)tsin
t2
t (III.5)
uB=u``CB1 - u``CB2 = Ut2 UCB/2cos(
t2
+
t1
+
s
)t (III.6)
Ph ca tn hiu theo phng php ny nh hnh 18
iu ch theo phng php ny khng dng mch quay pha i vi tn hiu
iu ch nn d thc hin hn so vi phng php quay pha.
S khi mch iu ch n bin dng phng php lc v quay pha kt hp

CCB1

Lc

CCB2
U
t1
(t)

90
0
90
0

mch
hiu

uB

CCB1

Lc

CCB2

Lc di
US(t)
U
t2
(t)
f
ft2
fsmin
ft1 + ft2
Ph tn hiu ra ca cc khi trn hnh 17
ft1


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
100
IV.iu tn(fm) v iu pha(PM)

1. Cc cng thc c bn v mi quan h ca hai phng php
iu tn v iu pha l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo ti tin, lm cho tn s huc
pha tc thi ca ti tin bin thin theo dng tn hiu iu ch.
Tn s v gc pha c mi quan h :


dt
d
=
(IV.1)
Gi s ti tin l tn hiu iu ho:
ut(t) = Utcos(t) = Utcos(tt + 0) (IV.2)
T (IV.1) rt ra

+ =
t
t dt t t
0
) ( ) ( ) (
(IV.3)
Thay IV.3 vo IV.2 ta c:
ut(t) = Utcos ) ) ( ) ( (
0

+
t
t dt t (IV.4)
Gi s tin tc l tn hiu n m(1 tn s):
us(t) =Uscosst (IV.5)
Khi iu ch tn s huc iu pha th tn s huc gc pha ca dao ng cao
tn bin thin t l vi tn hiu iu ch v chng c xc nh ln lt theo cc
biu thc sau:
(t)= t + Kt. Uscosst =t + m. Uscosst (IV.6)
(t)= 0 + Kp.Uscosst=0 + m. Uscosst (IV.7)
Trong m, m c gi l lng di tn v di pha cc i


Khi iu tn th gc pha ban u khng i, do (t)= 0, thay IV.6 v
IV.7 vo IV.4, ta nhn c biu thc cu tnh hiu iu tn v iu pha:
ut(t) = Utcos(tt +m/s.sinst +0) (IV.8)
up(t) = Utcos(tt +m.sinst +0) (IV.9)
Vy lng di pha t c khi iu pha:
= m.cosst (IV.10)
Lng di tn tng ng: = m .s. sinst (IV.11)
Lng di tn max t c khi iu pha:
m = s. m = s.kf.Us (IV.12)
Lng di tn max t c khi iu tn:
m = kf.Us (IV.13)
So snh IV.12 v IV.13 ta thy s khc nhau c bn gia iu tn v iu
pha l lng di tn khi iu pha t l vi bin in p iu ch v tn s iu ch
cn lng di tn khi iu tn t l vi bin in p iu ch. V vy t mt mch
iu ch pha c th ly ra tn hiu iu ch tn s, nu trc khi a vo iu
ch c a qua mch tch phn. V ngc li c th ly tn hiu iu pha t
mt mch iu tn, nu tn hiu iu ch c a qua mch vi phn trc khi
a vo b iu ch.



DTT_PTH_VQS

101
2, Ph ca dao ng iu tn v iu pha
Trong biu thc IV.8, cho 0=0, v gi M
f
= m/s l h s iu tn ta
c: ut(t) = Utcos(tt + M
f
sinst) (IV.14)
Nu tn hiu iu ch chim c di tn th M
f
= m/smax
H s iu tn M
f
khng nhng ph thuc vo bin in p iu ch m cn ph
thuc vo tn s iu ch.
Tng t ta c biu thc ca tn hiu iu pha:
ut(t) = Utcos(tt + M

cosst) (IV.15)
Nu khng xt n pha th ph ca tn hiu iu tn v iu pha l ging
nhau, gm thnh phn ti tn t , v

v s cc bin tn t ns.
Cc tnh ton ch ra , rng di tn ca tn hiu iu ch tn s khng
ph thuc vo tin tc, c tnh gn ng:
D = 2m (IV.16)
nhng iu ch pha, bng tn li ph thuc tn s tn hiu tin tc:
D = 2. s .m (IV.17)
nhng ph thuc vo bin in p iu ch m cn ph thuc
3, Mch iu tn v iu pha

Nh phn tch trn iu tn v iu pha c th c chuyn i ln
nhau, thng phn bit mch iu tn(iu pha) trc tip, v gin tip.
a, Mch iu tn trc tip
Khi iu tn trc tip, tn s dao ng ring ca mch to dao ng c
iu khin theo tn hiu iu ch(tin tc).
Mch iu tn trc tip thng c thc hin bi cc mch to dao ng
m tn s dao ng ring ca n c iu khin bi dng huc p (CCO- b dao
ng c iu khin bi dng in, VCO- b dao ng c iu khin bi in
p)
Huc bi cc mch bin i in p - tn s. Cc mch to dao ng c tn
s bin i theo in p t vo c th l cc mch to dao ng xung, cc mch to
dao ng iu ho LC.
Nguyn tc thc hin iu tn trong cc b dao ng l lm bin i tr s
in khng ca b to dao ng theo in p t vo, phng php ph bin nht l
dng diode bin dung v trazitor in khng, sau y l cc th d:
iu tn trc tip dng diode bin dung:
Diode bin dung c in dung mt ghp bin i theo in p t vo. C s
tng ng nh hnh 19
Tr s R
D
v C
D
ph thuc vo in p t ln diode, nu diode c phn
cc ngc, R
D
rt ln, cn C
D
c xc nh theo biu thc:

) (
K D
D
u
K
C
+
= (IV.18)

Trong : k: h s t l

K
: in p tip xc ca mt ghp P-N
: H s ph thuc vt liu


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
102










Mc diode song song vi tn hiu ra ca b to dao ng, ng thi t in
p iu ch ln Diode, lm C
D
thay i theo in p iu ch, do tn s cng
hng ring ca b to dao ng cng thay i theo, nh hnh 20.



















Tn s dao ng ca mch gn bng tn s cng hng ring ca h dao
ng v c xc nh:


) ( 2
1
D
dd
C C L
f
+
=
(IV.19)
Theo s 20, in p t ln Diode:
u
D
= u
t
- u
s
- E
0
= Utcos
t
t - Uscosst - E
0
(IV.20)
Diode lun phn cc ngc v khng vt qa tr s cho php cn c iu kin:
u
D
= u
Dmin
=| -Ut - Us - E
0
| u
ngcphp

Khi dng Diode iu tn cn ch :
- Ch cn phn cc ngc cho diode trnh nh hng ca R
D
phm
cht ca h dao ng ngha l n n nh tn s ca mch.
- Phi hn ch khu vc lm vic trong on tuyn tnh ca c tuyn C
D
(u
D
)
ca diode bin dung gim mo phi tuyn. Lng di tn c bin i khi iu
tn dng diode l khong 1%.
- V dng diode iu tn, nn thit b iu tn c kch thc nh. C th
RD
CD
s tng ng diode bin
d
Ucc
+
Cb4
E0
us
Cb1
R3
R2
R1
Lc
C
Cb3
D
*
L
Cb2
*
R4
Mch iu tn dng diode bin dung


DTT_PTH_VQS

103
dng diode bn dn iu tn tn s siu cao, khong vi tram MHz, tuy nhin
tp tn ca tham s bn dn ln, nn km n nh
iu tn trc tip dng Trazitor in khng:
Phn t in khng(dung tnh huc cm tnh), c tr s bin thin theo in
p iu ch t vo, phn t in khng mc song song vi h dao ng ca b to
dao ng lm cho tn s dao ng thay i theo tn hiu iu ch. Phn t in
khng c thc hin nh mt mch di pha mc trong mch hi tip ca Trazitor.
C 4 cch mc phn t in khng nh hnh 21, sau y xt trng hp a,
cc trng hp khc tng t:

C j S
C j R
Z R
Z
U S
U
U S
U
I
U
Z
C
C
BE

/ 1 .
/ 1
. .
.
+
=
+
= = =
(IV.21)
Nu chn R>>Z
C
, th tr khng Z c th xc nh theo biu thc:
Z jC/S = jX
L
= jL
t
, trong L
t
= CR/S (IV.22)
Bng cch tnh tng t ta c:
S b:
Z -j R/LS = jX
C
= jC
t
, trong C
t
= LS/R (IV.23)
S c:
Z -j 1/ RSC = jX
C
= jC
t
, trong C
t
= RSC (IV.24)
S d:
Z jL/RS = jX
L
= jL
t
, trong L
t
= L/SR (IV.25)




L
R
C
1
L
Q2
NPN
R
C
R
I
I
I
I
U
U U
U
a b
c d
Cc phng php mc phn t in khng


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
104
R dng khi in p iu ch t vo Baz ca phn t in khng thay i
th S thay i v o cc tham s L
t
, C
t
thay i lm cho tn s dao ng thay
i theo.
iu tn dng phn t in khng c th t c lng di tn tng
i(f/f
t
) khong 2%.



























Hnh trn l s b dao ng LC, phn t in khng RC lc ny tng
ng nh mt cun cm, c ghp vo cun L1 ca mch dao ng .
+ T1, R, C ng vai tr l tranzitor in khng.
+T2, Lgh, L1,Ck l cc phn t dao ng
+ Cb1-Cb4 t ngn mch tn s cao tn (Us)
+ Lc: Cun chn, cch ly tn hiu cao tn v ngun.
Gi tr L
t
ca tranzitor in khng s thay i khi tn hiu iu ch (Us)u
vo thay i, dn n thnh phn in cm ca b dao ng LC thay i, tc l tn
s tn hiu dao ng thay i theo, ly tn hiu u ra b dao ng ta c tn
hiu iu tn.

dng phn t in khng c th t c lng di tn tng i(f/f
t
) khong
iu tn trong cc b to xung:
Hnh 23 l mch dao ng a hi m dy xung ra ca n c tn s lp thay
i theo in p iu ch Us. Tn s lp c xc nh bng qu trnh phng ca t
in qua in tr Rb, khi c mt st p trn in tr collector. Khi Rb c u
trc tip vi ngun V, qu trnh phng xy ra gia cc mc bo ho ca 2 trazitor.
U
S

R1
Cb2
Lc
C
Cb1
+V
Cb4
C
k
Cb3
L1
L
gh
R3
R2
Q2
Q1
R
iu tn dng phn t in khng RC


DTT_PTH_VQS

105
























Tn s lp ca dy xung c xc nh nh sau:

f = 1/2RCLn2 (IV.26)

iu ch tn s lp ca dy xung, a in p iu ch Us vo B ca 2
tranzitor cng vi in p ngun
ca t in qua in tr Rb, khi c mt st p trn in tr collector. Khi ny tn s
lp ca dy xung bin thin theo in p iu ch v c xc nh bng biu thc:

]
/
[ 2
1
Bbh
Bbh B C
I
I R U
RCLn
f
+

(IV.27)
Trong : U
Bbh
= (U
cc
+ Us + U
BEo
+I
BM
R
B
)/R
B

Uc=Uc - ICM.Rc-UCEbh

Phng php ny c th t c lng di tn tng i khong vi %
Nhn xt: Nhc im ca iu tn trc tip l n nh tn s trung tm thp, v
khng th dng thch anh thay cho mch cng hng trong b to dao ng n
nh trc tip c. Do t c n nh tn s trung tm cao, trong mch
iu tn trc tip phi s dng thm khu t ng iu chnh tn s(FGC). Nhng
vi loi mch ny lng di tn t c li ln.
b, Mch iu pha
iu pha theo Armstrong:
Ti tin t b to dao ng thch anh c a n b iu bin 1 v lch
pha nhau 90
0

Tn hiu iu ch a vo 2 b iu ch ngc pha nhau .
+V
Us
iu tn trong b dao ng a hi
Rb
Rb


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
106
in p ra trn 2 b iu bin:



















uB1=Ut1(1+mcos
s
t)cos
t
t=Ut1 cos
t
t + mUt1/2[cos(
t
+
s
)t+cos(
t
-
s
)t]
(IV.28)
uB2=Ut2(1- mcos
s
t)sin
t
t=Ut2 sin
t
t - mUt/2[sin(
t
+
s
)t+sin(
t
-
s
)t]
(IV.29)




















T th ta thy: tng cc dao ng iu bin u=u
B1
+ u
B2
l mt dao ng c
iu ch v pha v bin . iu bin y l iu bin k sinh.
iu pha dng mch lc
Trong mch in ny, tr s in dung ca diode bin ph thuc vo in p
iu ch Us . Khi Us thay i th tn s cng hng ca mch lc lch
iu bin 1
iu bin 2
Mch tng
b to tn hiu
dao ng
Mch di pha
90
0
Us
Up
S khi mch iu pha theo Armstrong
Ut1
Ut2
UB1
UB2


th vc t tn hiu iu pha theo Armstrong



DTT_PTH_VQS

107
khi tn s tn hiu vo ft mt lng f sao cho i vi tn hiu vo, mch cng
hng l mt tr khng phc c xc nh nh sau :

t
t
jQ
R
Z

+
=

2
1
(IV.30)
R
t
=L/CR; Q=1/CR;
t
=( 1/LC)
-1/2

= -
t
v
t
+=2
t

Gc pha c xc nh:



)
2
(
t
Q
arctg

=
(IV.31)





















R rng khi u
s
thay i, do gc pha bin i mt lng tng ng. Qu
trnh iu pha ny c km theo iu bin k sinh, vi modyn | Z | cng bin thin
theo . Cng tng t nh mch iu ch pha theo Armstrong, nu gi cho mc
iu bin k sinh nh hn 1% th gc di pha cc i =0,35 . Nu dng nhiu mt
lc nh trn hnh 27, th nh chn cc khu ghp hp l, c th lm cho c tuyn
= f( u
s
) tuyn tnh hn, do t c lng di pha tng i ln = . Trong
thc t cc mch iu ch pha thng c dng kt hp vi mch tch phn
thc hin iu tn gin tip so vi mch iu tn trc tip th lng di tn nh hn,
v nh. Nhng mch iu tn gin tip c n nh tn s trung tm cao, v th
c th dng thch anh trong tng dao ng n nh tn s. khc phc nhc
im v lng di tn nh, sau tng iu tn c th mc thm mt s tng iu tng
nhn tn m bo lng di tn yu cu nh s khi trn hnh sau:
Us
1uH
Ucc
Ut
S nguyn l mch iu ch pha dng mch lc



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
108





















4.Mt s bin php nng cao cht lng tn hiu iu
tn.
Tn hiu iu tn c h s iu ch M
f
=
m
/
s
. Khi tn s iu ch tng
th M
f
gm ( gi thit U
s
= const ) lm cho t s tn hiu trn tp m ( S/N ) gim. V
vy trc khi iu ch, tn hiu iu ch u
s
c a qua mt mch lc thng cao.
Cc thnh phn tn s cao ca u
s
khi qua mch c u tin v mt bin .
u thu, sau khi tch sng li phi dng mt mch lc thng thp c hng s thi
gian bng hng s thi gian ca mch lc thng cao nhn li s phn b bin
theo tn s ng nh tn hiu thc ban u .
Trong pht thanh UKW , theo tiu chun chu u , ngi ta quy nh hng s thi
gian = 50s . Khi truyn tn hiu iu ch tn s ca tn hiu mu (tn hiu hiu )
trong h SECAM, chn = 2s . Ngoi ra gim nh hng ca iu bin k sinh
i vi tn hiu iu tn c th a tn hiu iu tn qua mch hn bin trc khi
a vo b tch sng tn s.

1 2 3 4 5 6
7
f
t
f
t
f nf
t
nf f
t
nf
nf
t
n
2
f
f
t
n
2
f
1-B to dao ng 5-Mch nhn tn bc n
2-Mch iu tn gin tip 6-Mch trn tn
3-Mch nhn tn bc n 7-Mch nhn tn bc(n-1)
4-Mch trn tn
S khi phng php nng cao lng di tn trong mch iu tn gin tip



DTT_PTH_VQS

109

Chng 8. Gii iu ch(tch sng)

I. Khi nim:
Tch sng l qu trnh tm li tn hiu iu ch, tn hiu sau khi tch sng
gi l tn hiu hi phc(recontruction signal).
Yu cu tn hiu sau tch sng phi ging tn hiu ban u, nhng thc t
ch ging mt mc no , ni chung l vn khc nhau, c trng cho s khc
nhau ny, gi l mo phi tuyn.
Cng c hai loi tch sng ng vi hai loi iu ch: l tch sng bin
v tch sng tn s.
II. Tch sng bin :
1. Cc tham s c bn ca tch sng bin :
- H s tch sng










+ Tn hiu vo b tch song l tn hiu iu bin gi l
u
VTS
= U
VTS
.cos
t
t= U
t
.cos
t
t (1)
Trong U
VTS
bin thin theo quy lut tin tc, bao gm thnh phn mt
chiu v thnh phn bin i chm theo thi gian: U
VTS
=U
,
0
+u
,
Tng t tn hiu ra b tch sng k hiu: U
RTS
=U
``
0
+u
s
``
=> H s tch sng K
TS
=
VTS
RTS
U
U
(2)
Vi qu trnh tch sng, th tn hiu bin thin chm mi c ngha, do vy
K
TS
, thng c tnh vi thnh phn bin i:
K
TS
=
,
, ,
s
s
u
u
(3)

H s tch sng cng ln th hiu qu tch sng cng cao, khi K
TS
=h/s, lc
mch tch sng gi l tch sng tuyn tnh.
- Tr khng vo:
Z
VTS
=
t
t
VTS
VTS
I
U
I
U

= =a
VTS
+ jb
VTS
(4)
Tham s ny c trng cho mc nh hng ca b tch sng n ngun tn hiu
vo.
- Mo phi tuyn:
c trng cho s sai lch ca tn hiu hi phc v tn hiu ban u, c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Tn hiu vo tch sng:
VTS
Tn hiu ra
tch sng: RTS

Tch
sng




BomonKTDT-HGTVT
110
s
s s s
I
I I I
k

...
2
4
2
3
2
2
+ + +
= (5)
s
I

s
I
2
s
I
3
... l cch hi bc 1, 2,3...
2. Mch tch sng bin :

a. Mch tch sng bin dng mch chnh lu:
C hai s tch sng dng mch chnh lu, l s ni tip (diode tch
sng ni tip vi ti)v song song(diode tch sng song song vi ti).
Ta lm quen vi diode tch sng trong chng trnh Cu kin in t,
m thng cho diode dng trc tip tn hiu lm vic, ma khng dng ngun mt
chiu.









R D
C D
C
R
Hnh. Tch sng bin ni tip Hnh. Tch sng bin ni tip
U
D
I
D
u
b
i
D
Tn hiu trn
ti


DTT_PTH_VQS

111
Coi in p u vo ca tn hiu cn tch sng c bin ln(cc mch trc
khuch i: K cao tn, K trung tn), sao cho c tuyn V-A ca D c th coi
nh ng thng:




V d tnh ton cho s ni tip:
+ i
D
= S.u
D
=S(u
b
-u
c
), trong u
b
=U
b
cos
s
t =U
T
(1+mcos
s
t) cos
t
t
=> i
D
= S.u
D
=S(U
b
cos
s
t -u
c
) (6)
Ti
s
t=(gc ct tn hiu), th i
D
=0, thay vo (6), ta c
0 = S(U
b
cos-u
c
) (7)
=> cos=
dB
C
U
u
(8)
Ly (6)-(7), ta ci
D
= S.u
D
=S(U
b
cos
s
t - cos) (9)
+ Mt khc, dng qua D l cc tn hiu bin i, cho nn tng qut
ta c th khai trin theo chui Furier a v dng COS, nh sau:
i
D
= I
0
+ I
1
cos
t
t + I
2
cos2
t
t+ I
3
cos3
t
t+...+ I
4
cos4
t
t+.... (10)
I
0
=

0
1
t d i
t D

I
1
=

0
2 2 cos
2
t td i
t t D
(11)
.
.
.
I
n
=

+

0
cos
1
t td n i
n
t t D

Thay cng thc (9) vo h (11), v tnh ton ta c:

) cos (sin
0

=
db
SU
I (12)
) cos sin (
1

=
db
SU
I (13)

T thnh phn mt chiu I
0
, c th tnh c in p ra trn ti:
) cos (sin
0

= =
db
C
SU
R RI u (14)
V cng xc nh c gc ct bng cch thay (14) vo(8):

) cos (sin cos

=
S
R
RS
tg

= (15)
i = S.u
D
khi u
D
0
0 khi u
D
<0


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
112
T (15), ta thy gc ct tn hiu ch ph thuc vo thng s h dn S ca
diode v in tr ti R, m khng ph thuc vo tn hiu vo, nh vy tch sng tn
hiu ln th tn hiu khng b mo.
Tnh cho =90
0
, th I
0
=

db
SU

I
1
=
2
db
SU

...
V i
D
= SU
b
( t n
n
t
t
n
n
t

+
1
2
2 cos
1 4
) 1 ( 2
cos
2
1 1
) (16)
i
D
= S U
T
(1+mcos
s
t)( t n
n
t
t
n
n
t

+
1
2
2 cos
1 4
) 1 ( 2
cos
2
1 1
)(17)
T (17) suy ra : Ph ca tn hiu i
D
gm cc thnh phn: mt chiu, thnh
phn c bn
t
,
s
; thnh phn kt hp:
t

s
; n
t

s
. Thng thng
t
>>
s

cho nn c th lc ly thnh phn hu ch
s
: i
s
= cos

t
mSU

s
t, y chnh l tn hiu
hi phc.
Trong cc s trn phi chn hng s thi gian =RC ln sao cho dng
in p trn ti(tn hiu hi phc), ging vi tn hiu tin tc ban u. Tng qut R,
C chn theo biu thc sau:



Thc t thng chn
max
1 10
s t
RC

< < (18), mun d dng tho mn
iu kin ny th phi chn tn s iu ch tn hiu
t
100
smax
S tch sng song song c u im l c th loi c thnh phn mt
chiu DC, khng cho i ra ti(do khng qua c t in); nhng li c nhc im
l thnh phn cao tn d dng i ra ti, cn phi lc.

b. Tch sng bin dng phn t tuyn tnh










Xt mch nhn nh hnh trn:
+ u
b
=Ut(1+mcos
s
t) cos
t
t : tn hiu u vo b tch sng
+ u
t
=U
t
cos(
t
t +): tn hiu dao ng ni
+ Trn u ra ca mch nhn ta c:
u
r
=K.u
t
.u
b
=K [ U
t
(1+mcos
s
t) cos
t
t][ U
t
cos(
t
t +)]
s t
RC

1 1
<< <<
K
U
b
U
t

U
r

Lc thng thp

t) mcos (1
2
`
2
s
t
r
KU
u + =



DTT_PTH_VQS

113
=K.Ut(1+mcos
s
t) [cos
t
t][ U
t
cos(
t
t +)]
=> ( )] 2 cos t)[cos mcos (1
2
2
+ + + = t
KU
u
t s
t
r
(19)
Sau khi qua mch lc thng thp, ta c c thnh phn hu ch
t)cos mcos (1
2
`
2
s
t
r
KU
u + = (20)
Nhn xt: + Mun tch sng c, in p u
t
ti u vo th 2 ca mch
nhn phi c tn s bng tn s ca ti tin iu ch, iu ny lm phng php
ny tr nn phc tp v vn ng b, ngay pha ca tn hiu dao ng ni cng
cn phi c c ng b vi pha tn hiu vo:
Khi =90, th cos=0 tc l khng c tn hiu ra iu ch
Khi =0, th cos=1 bin tn hiu ra cc i
Khi =180, th cos=-1 bin tn hiu ra cc tiu
V vy loi ny cn gi l tch sng ng b.
+ Thc t mch nhn khng i xng hon ton(vn c gi tr
lch khng), cho nn thnh phn tn hiu ra vn c ti tn vi bin nh, cho nn
vn cn thm nhng mch lc loi b thnh phn ny. Tuy nhin so vi phng
php dng D th n cha t thnh phn hi hn.

c. Hin tng phch v chn p trong tch sng bin

Trong h thng v tuyn, ti u vo ca my thu, bn cnh tn hiu cao tn ca
knh cn thu, cn c tn hiu nhiu t cc knh khc huc ngun nhiu no .
Chng kt hp vi nhau sinh ra hin tng phch v chn p trong b tch sng
bin .
1. Hin tng phch.
- Gi thit cc in p t vo b tch sng bin :
u
1
= U
1
cos
1
t
u
2
= U
2
cos
2
t
Do in p tng :
u =
1
u
(t) +
2
u
(t) = U(t)cost = U(t)cos[
1
t + (t)] (21)
V u
1
v u
2
c tn s khng c nh, nn bin ca vc t tng khng
c nh. Ti mt thi im bt k ta c vc t tng u nh trn hnh:
=
2
-
1


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
114











p dng h thc lng trong tam gic thng ta tm c:
U(t) = t U U U U t U U U U + + = + cos 2 ) 180 cos( 2
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
1
(22)
(t) = arctg
t U U
t U

+

cos
sin
2 1
2
(23)
V b tch sng bin khng c phn ng i vi pha ca in p
t vo, nn xem xt kt qu ra trn b tch sng khng cn
quan tm n (t).
Nu gi thit b tch sng bin khng c qun tnh i vi tn s
hiu ngha l
C .
1

>>R th in p ra trn ti b tch sng
theo nh ngha:
U
RTS
= K
TS
U
VTS
= K
TS
U(t)


= K
TS
U
1
) . cos( 2 1
1
2
2
1
2
2
t
U
U
U
U
+ + (24)
Nh vy, in p ra bin thin theo tn s hiu , ta gi hin tng
ny l hin tng phch.
Hin tng phch c ng dng trong in bo ng bin. Tn hiu bo ng bin
sau khi tch sng l in p mt chiu, do n khng c tc dng i vi tai nghe. V
vy tch sng tn hiu in bo ng bin c tn s
1
, cn a thm tn hiu ngoi
sai c tn s
2
vo b tch sng sao cho =
2
-
1
nm trong phm vi m tn tai
ta c th nhn bit c.
2. Hin tng chn p.
Trng hp hai dao ng tc ng ln b tch sng c bin chnh lch nhau
nhiu th hin tng phch tr thnh hin tng chn p.
Trong biu thc (24), t
x =
2
1
2
2
U
U
+ 2 t
U
U
. cos
1
2
. (25)
Nu gi thit U
2
<< U
1
th x << 1.
p dng biu thc gn ng(
x + 1
(1+x)
1/2
khi x<<1), ta c th vit li biu thc
(25)nh sau:

2
u
2
u
1
u

DTT_PTH_VQS

115
U(t) = K
TS
U
1 x + 1 ) cos
2
1 (
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
t
U
U
U
U
U K
TS
+ +

= K
TS
(U
1
+ t U
U
U
+ cos
2
2
1
2
2
)
= K
TS

+ + t U
U
U
U cos
2
2
1
2
2
1

(26)
T (26) suy ra tn hiu ra i vi tng tn hiu vo u
1
v u
2

U
RTS!
= K
TS
U
1
=> K
TS!
= K
TS
(27)
U
RTS2
= K
TS
1
2
2
2U
U
=> K
TS2
=K
TS
1
2
2
2U
U

(28)
Khi U
1
>> U
2
=> K
TS1
>> K
TS2
, tc l khi tch sng bin c hai dao ng cao tn
c bin khc nhau nhiu, th trong qu trnh tch sng xut hin chn p: tn
hiu bin ln s chn p tn hiu c bin ln.
C. Tch sng tn hiu n bin
Tch sng tn hiu n bin c thc hin nh mch iu ch vng .
Tn hiu n bin vi tn s
t
+
s
v tn hiu ti tin ph vi tn s
t
ly t b dao ng ni, c a vo 2 u vo ca mch iu ch vng(xem
mch iu ch vng phn iu ch n bin). Ti u ra s c 2 tn hiu :
tn s thp
s
v tn hiu tn s cao 2
t
+
s






Mch lc thng thp s loi b thnh phn tn s cao, con li l hu ch
s

Cng nh phng php tch sng ng b, vn l phi to ra c s ng
b v tn s gia tn hiu ti tin v tn hiu dao ng ni. gii quyt vn ny,
tin hnh lc ly ti tin b nn(thng cn c vo tn hiu pilot), ri khuch i
c c tn hiu dao ng ni cn thit

III. Tch sng tn hiu iu tn

- Tch sng tn hiu iu tn l qu trnh bin i lch tn s tc thi ca tn
hiu iu tn so vi tn s trung bnh thnh bin thin in p u ra.
- c tuyn truyn t b tch sng iu tn l mi quan h gia iu p bin
i u ra v bin thin tn s vo:
Mch iu
ch vng
2
t
+
s

t
+
s

s

Lc thng
thp

s



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
116















hn ch mo phi tuyn, phi chn on c tuyn gn tuyn tnh AB.
- Tch sng tn s v tch sng pha, thng thc hin theo 3 cch sau:
+ Bin tn hiu iu tn v tn hiu iu pha thnh tn hiu iu
bin, ri thc hin tch sng bin .
+ Bin tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu ch rng xung, ri thc hin tch
sng tn hiu iu ch rng xung nh mch tch phn.
+ Dng b vng kho pha PLL, tn hiu dao ng ni ca PLL bm theo tn
hiu iu tn, sai s chnh l tn hiu cn tch.
Sau y l mt s mch in dng cc phng php trn
a. Mch tch sng bin tch sng tn s:
Mch tch sng pha cn bng dng diode:
Mch c dng nh hnh v di y:



















Tn hiu cn tch sng l tn hiu iu pha u
f
, n c so snh v pha vi tn hiu
chun u
ch
.
Gi thit: u
f
= U
1
cos(
01
t +(t)+
01
)= U
1
cos
1
(t)
U
ch
= U
2
cos(
02
t +
02
)= U
2
cos
2
(t)


f
u
s
B
A
D2
D1
R
R
C
C
u
S

u
ch

u
f

u
ch

u
f


u
f

. Mch bin tch sng pha dng D


DTT_PTH_VQS

117





































in p trn cc D: bin p ti ca u
f
to 2 tn hiu u
f
o pha; hai
t in dung ngn tn hiu xoay chiu u
ch
, u
f
(hnh trn)
D1: u
D1
= u
f
+ u
ch

D2: u
D2
= -u
f
+ u
ch


Tn hiu gii iu ch c gii thch theo kiu vector nh sau:
















U1
U2
U
D1
U
D2
-U2
(t)

1
(t)

2
(t)
D2
C
u
ch
u
f


u
D2
u
f


D1 C
u
ch
u
f

u
D



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
118
p dng cng thc hm s cosin cho cc tam gic, ta tnh c:
u
D1
= ) ( cos 2 )) ( 180 cos( 2
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
1
t U U U U t U U U U + + = +
(29)
u
D2
= ) ( cos 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
t U U U U +
(30)
u
s
=K
TS
) ( cos 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
t U U U U + +
(31)
u
s
=K
TS
) ( cos 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
t U U U U +
(32)
in p ra b tch sng:
u
s
= u
s1
- u
s2
= K
TS
[ ) ( cos 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
t U U U U + + -
) ( cos 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
t U U U U + ] (33)
tc l u
s
=f((t)), ta ni in p ra ph thuc vo lch tn s v pha tn hiu vo.
Trong cng thc (33): (t)= (
01
-
02
)t +(t)+
01
-
02
(34)
V: K
TS
l h s tch sng, cc tnh ton ch ra
K
TS
=u
s
/mU
t

+ Nu
01
=
02
v
01
=
02
, th in p ch (t)= (t), tc l in p ra ch
ph thuc vo pha ca tn hiu vo- Ta c mch tch sng pha
+ Tng t

(t)=0, ta c mch tch sng tn s.
+ Thc t tn hiu iu ch thng l kt hp c pha v tn cho nn tng
qut c th dng phng php ny gii iu ch tn hiu.

Mch tch sng tn s dng mch lch cng hng

Hnh di y l b tch sng tn s dng mch lch cng hng, u
vo hai b tch sng bin D1 v D2, chng chnh l hai mch cng
hng c iu chnh cng hng ti cc tn s
1
,
2

Gi tn s trung tm ca tnh hiu vo l
0
=
t
, ta c:

1
=
0
+
0


2
=
0
-
0














C1
C1
D2
D1
R
R
C
C
u
f

u
s1

u
s2

u
1

u
2



DTT_PTH_VQS

119
S iu chun mch cng hng lch khi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo lm
bin in p vo ca hai b tch sng bin U1, U2 thay i ph thuc vo tn s
in p tn hiu vo.
U
1
=m U
dt
Z
1
(36)
U
2
=m U
dt
Z
2
(37)
Trong m=M/L gi l h s ghp ca bin p, Z
1
,

Z
2
l tr khng ca hai
mch cng hng 1 v 2, c tnh nh sau:


2
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
] [ 1
] 2 [ 1

+
=

+
=
td td
R
Q
R
Z (38)

2
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
] [ 1
] 2 [ 1

+ +
=

+
=
td td
R
Q
R
Z (39)
R
td1
, R
td2
l tr khng cng hng ca 2 mch
Q
1
, Q
2 :
h s phm cht ca cc mch
Chn hai mach cng hng nh nhau, ta c R
td1
= R
td2
=R

Q1 = Q2 = Q
Ta c c kt qu:
0
2 , 1 0
0
2

=
Q
v
0
2 , 1
1
2

=
Q

0,
: L lch tn s tng i gia tn s cng hng ring ca mch dao ng
v tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo

1,
: L lch tn s tng i gia tn s tn hiu vo v tn s trung bnh ca
tn hiu vo.
u
s1
=K
TS
U
1
= K
TS
m U
dt
Z
1
= K
TS
m U
dt
2
0
1
] [ 1 +
td
R

u
s2
=K
TS
U
2
= K
TS
m U
dt
Z
2
= K
TS
m U
dt
2
0
2
] [ 1 + +
td
R

in p ra(hnh v):
u
s
= u
s1
- u
s2
= K
TS
m U
dt
[
2
0
1
] [ 1 +
td
R
-
2
0
2
] [ 1 + +
td
R
] (40)
(40) l biu thc ni ln quan h gia in p ra tch sng v tn s tn hiu vo tch
sng.
Phng php ny c nhc im l kh chn c 2 mch cng hng ging
nhau(v tham s), cho nn t dng.

Mch tch sng tn s dng cng hng ghp:

Mch loi ny lm vic theo nguyn tc: bin tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu
pha, sau dng b tch sng bin tch sng pha.



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
120




















Tn hiu iu tn c ghp theo 2 hng(hnh vung nt t):
+ Qua bin p (L1, L2) a n mch dao ng th cp: L2, C2
+ Qua t C
gh
a vo b tch sng bin .
Cch l lun mch nh phng php: Mch bin tch sng pha, ta c:
U
D1
=U
1
+ U
2

U
D2
=U
1
- U
2
C 3 kh nng:
+ Khi tn s tn hiu vo f=f
0
(tn s cng hng ca mch s cp v th cp),
dng in qua L
1
chm pha hn U
1
90
0
, c xc nh:
1
1
1
L j
U
I
L

= , I
1L
gy ra trn
L
2
sc in ng: E
M
=jMI
1L
, gi s bin p cun cng chiu, tc M>0, nn E
M

sm pha hn I
1L
90
0

Bn thn E
M
li sinh ra dng I
2
trong mch cng hng th cp, v v f=f
0
, nn
I
2
ng pha vi E
M
:
r
E
I
M
=
2
, vi r l in tr tn hao ca mch th cp, hai in
p (u2) ti u ra cun th cp ngc pha nhau v lch pha so vi dng in I
2
l
+90
0
vi in p u2, v -90
0
vi in p u`2. Tc l 2 in p trn 2D l nh nhau
Mt khc:
u
s1
= K
TS
.U
D1
u
s2
= K
TS
.U
D2
=> u
s
= u
s1
-u
s2
= K
TS
(U
D1
- U
D2
)= K
TS
.0=0
+ Khi f > f
0
: Mch cng hng th cp mang tnh cht in cm, nn I
2
chm
pha hn E
M
, gc<90
0
, u
2
,

u`
2
ngc pha v vung gc vi I
2
, u1 v u2 lch pha mt
gc
1
v u1 lch pha u`2 gc ( -
1
). Tn s tn hiu f cng ln hn f
0
, th bin
U
D1
cng ln hn U
D2
, tc l u
s
= K
TS
(U
D1
- U
D2
), cng ln.
+ Khi f < f
0
: Mch cng hng th cp mang tnh cht in dung, nn I
2
sm
pha hn E
M
, gc<90
0
. U
D1
< U
D2
, tc l u
s
= K
TS
(U
D1
- U
D2
), cng nh.
Tm li: khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i(nh hn, ln hn, hay bng vi f
0
),
dn n thay i ln ca U
D1
, U
D2
, lm cho in p ra thay i. Tr s in p ra
D2
D1 D1
U
dt u
s
C1

Cgh

C2

C

C

R

R

Lc

L1
L2

u1

u2

B tch sng tn s dng mch cng hng ghp
u`2



DTT_PTH_VQS

121
c trng cho lch tn s ca tn hiu vo so vi tn s trung tm.
Tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp t mo v d iu chnh, v c 2 mch
cng cng hng vi tn s f
0
. Tuy nhin c nhc im l in p ra u
s
ph thuc
c vo tn s v bin (U
1
) nn n sinh ra hin tng nhiu bin , khc phc
thng U
1
c hn bin trc khi thc hin tch sng.

Tch sng t s
Mch tch sng t s c s di y, n va lm nhim v tch sng va
hn bin:












Dng in qua D np in cho C1, vi hng s thi gian =RC1, chn thng s
sao cho = (0,1-0,2)s, y l gi tr kh ln, nn C1 bin thin chm lm cho nhiu
bin gim:
p dng inh lut KII cho vng nt t u
s1
+ u
s
u
R
=0
=> u
s
= u
R
-u
s1

Vi u
R
=
2 2
2 1 0 s s
u u U +
= =>
2 2 2
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 s s s s s
s
u u u u u
u =
+
=
C th vit u
s
theo dng khc nh sau:

1 2
1 2 0
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
.
2
.
2
.
2 2 2 2
s s
s s
s s
s s s s
s s
s s s s s s s s
s
u u
u u U
u u
u u u u
u u
u u u u u u u u
u
+

=
+
+
=
+
+
=

= =
1 /
1 /
.
2
1 2
1 2 0
+

=
s s
s s
s
u u
u u U
u (41)
T (41), nu c nh U
0
, th tn hiu ra tch sng u
s
ch ph thuc vo t s
bin p vo u
s2
/ u
s1
, v bn thn u
s1
, u
s2
li ph thuc bin thin tn s u
vo, tc l b tch sng loi ny khng c phn ng vi bin thin bin in
p u vo(v l t l nn cc gi tr s chia cho nhau), nn c th trnh c
nhiu.
Mch tch sng Koinridenz





Lgh
D2
R
R
R1
C1
C
C
D1
Ctc
L2
L1
Csc
U
s2
U
s1
u1
U2
U
s
S b tch sng t s
U
0



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
122
































u vo b tch sng l tn hiu iu tn c hn bin
Gi s tn hiu l dy xung hnh ch nht, c tn s trung tm
tg
, v c
biu din theo dng gn ng:
t t x do Trong
x x x U u
s
s
m
tg
tg tg

sin : _
...) ... 5 cos
5
1
3 cos
3
1
(cos
4
1

+ =
+ + =
(41)
Tn hiu vo ng thi c a n b chuyn mch v b di pha: trong
b di pha l mt khu RC, trong R l tr tng ng, tnh cho thi im
cng hng ca mch LC.
Khi tn s tn hiu vo =
tg
, th b di pha thc hin mt gc di pha =90
0
,
khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i th =90
0
-, ph thuc vo lch tn s .
Do vy tn hiu ra mch di pha:
...)] ... ) ( 5 sin
5
1
) ( 3 sin
3
1
) [sin(
1 2
+ + + = x x x kU u
tg tg
(42)
k: h s t l, ph thuc vo tham s ca mch di pha. U
tg2
dng iu
khin tng chuyn mch.
Tng chuyn mch c hm truyn t l dy xung hnh ch nht, c biu
thc tnh:
...)] ... ) ( 5 sin
5
1
) ( 3 sin
3
1
) [sin(
4
) (
2
+ + + + =

x x x
A
t U
(43)
C2
L
C1
Tng
chuyn
mch
Lc
thng
thp
Dch pha
Nguyn l mch tch sng Koinzidenz
Mch
Hn bin
U
tg1
U
tg2
U
tg u
s
U



DTT_PTH_VQS

123
in p ra ca tng chuyn mch: u=u
tg2
.S
2
(t), sau khi tnh ton v b thnh
phn tn s cao(nh mch lc thng thp), ta c c c:
...)] ... 5 sin
25
1
3 sin
9
1
[sin
8
1
2
+ + + =

tg s
AU u
(44)
Khi =(-/2 -/2)Biu thc (44) chnh l chui Furier ca dy xung tam
gic, in p ra t l vi gc pha , do vy cng t l vi bin in p iu ch.
Loi iu gii iu ch ny thng dng tch sng tn hiu trong pht
thanh v truyn hnh.

IV. Vng kha pha PLL(Phase Locked Loop)

1. Cu to
Vng kha pha PLL(Phase Locked Loop) c cu to nh sau:





















a. B tch sng pha:
to ra tn hiu ph thuc vo hiu pha ca 2 tn hiu vo, tn hiu vo thng
l hnh sin huc xung vung, cho nn c 2 loi chnh l tch sng pha tuyn tnh(tn
hiu vo l sin), tch sng pha s(tn hiu vo l xung vung).
- B tch sng pha tuyn tnh: l mch nhn tng t(xem mch nhn tng
t cc chng trc), tn hiu ra t l vi bin tn hiu vo.
- B tch sng pha s: thc hin bi cc mch s, thuc loi mch t hp.
b. B lc thng thp:
Thc hin cc chc nng:
- Cho qua tn hiu tn s thp
v
- `
r
, nn tn s cao
v
+ `
r
- m bo cho vong kho pha PLL bt nhanh v bm c tn
hiu vo khi tn s thay i, ngha l n phi c tc p ng tho
mn.
- Di thng ca b lc phi ln m bo di bt cn thit.
Thng thng trong PLL dng b lc thng thp bc nht, v c tnh n nh
cao hn b lc bc cao, v dng lc tch cc tng khuch i cho h thng.
Lc thng thp
& Khuch i
Mch dao ng
VCO
Mch chia tn
u
r

r
u
r
-tch sng pha

v
- `
r
u
d
u
d
=K
d
u
v
u`
r
u`
r

`
r
=
r
/N
u
v

v
`
r
S khi PLL

v
tch sng pha


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
124
c. B dao ng c tn s iu khin c(xem thm giao trnh K thut
Xung):
Yu cu chung l quan h gia in p iu khin v tn s dy
xung phi tuyn tnh, ngoi ra cn phi c n nh cao, di bin i
ca tn s ln, d iu chnh, v d ch to thnh vi mch.
V nguyn tc c th dng mi mch to dao ng, m tn s dao ng ca
n bin thin c trong phm vi: (10% 50%), xung quanh gi tr dao ng t
do
0
.
Trong phm vi tn s : 1Mhz 100 Mhz, thng dng cc b dao ng to
xung ch nht; trong phm vi tn s : 1Mhz 50 Mhz, thng dng cc b dao
ng a hi (tch thot, mch a hi ghp Emitter...).
Cc b dao ng c iu khin bi dng in(CCO), u vit hn cc b
dao ng bi in p (VCO), v c phm vi tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t rng
hn
2. Nguyn tc hot ng:

PLL hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin, i lng vo v ra l cc
tn s, chng c so snh vi nhau v pha. Vng iu khin pha c nhim v pht
hin v iu chnh nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra: lm
cho tn s `
r
ca tn hiu so snh bm theo tn s
v
ca tn hiu vo, tn s tn
hiu so snh bng tn s tn hiu ra(`
r
=
r
), huc t l vi tn s tn hiu
ra(`
r
=
r
/N).
Xt trng hp tn hiu vo l sin, mch tch sng pha l mch nhn tng
t.
+Khi khng c tn hiu vo, th tn hiu iu chnh u
d
=K. u
v
u`
r
= 0, mch
VCO dao ng vi tn s bng tn s dao ng ring
0
(tn s dao ng t do- ch
ch)
+ Khi c tn hiu vo, b tch sng pha s so pha v tn s ca tn hiu vo
v tn hiu so snh, u ra b tch sng pha c u
d
=K. u
v
u`
r
(# 0), cha thnh phn
tng v hiu cc tn s:
v
`
r
, thnh phn tng
v
+ `
r
b loi b nh mch lc
thng thp, ch cn thnh phn hiu:
v
- `
r
, sau khi khuch i c dng lm tn
hiu iu khin b dao ng VCO, tn s VCO thay i sao cho: to c tn s
hi tip `
r
c gi tr lm cho (
v
- `
r
) --> 0.
Nu tn s
v
v `
r
lch nhau qu ln lm cho tn s tng v hiu nm
ngoi di thng ca mch lc, th s khng c tn hiu iu khin VCO, VCO dao
ng vi tn s
0
, khi `
r
tin dn n
v
sao cho thnh phn hiu ri vo di
thng ca b lc, VCO bt u nhn tn hiu iu khin, khi ta gi PLL lm vic
trong di bt tn hiu, vy di bt l di PLL thit lp ch ng b.
Di gi l di PLL c th gi c ch ng b khi thay i tn s tn
hiu vo(ph thuc bin in p iu khin u
d
v kh nng bin i tn s ca
VCO).
Trong di gi PLL l mt mch iu khin tuyn tnh, theo cc gi thit trn
v chn h s chia tn N=1, ta c
) sin( sin
' '
r r v r v r v d
t t U KU u Ku u + = =

(1)

=
) ) cos(( ) ) [cos((
2
' '
r r v r r v
r v
t t
U KU
+ +

(2)

Nh b lc thng thp, tn hiu a n VCO cn:


DTT_PTH_VQS

125
) ( cos )) ( (
2
.
) ) cos(( )) ( (
2
.
'
' '
t j G
U U
K K
t j G
U U
K K u
r v
r v
d
r r v r v
r v
d d


=
=
(3)
Trong o K
d
;

Gl h s v module truyn t ca mch lc thng thp
Ti xung quanh im lm vic tnh, tn s VCO t l vi gi tr trung bnh
ca u
d
, do vy c th vit

B
=
r
-
0
=K
0
u
d
=
) ( cos )) ( (
2
.
'
0
t j G
U U
K K K
r v
r v
d


=>
Bmax
=
)) ( (
2
.
'
0 r v
r v
d
j G
U U
K K K

v di bt chnh l 2
Bmax

Khi
v
l hng s th PLL chuyn sang qu trnh gi, hiu pha gia 2
tnh hiu u
r
v u
v
khng i (
v
= `
r
), t phng trnh trn =>
r
r v
d d
U U
K K u cos
2
. =
l gi tr mt chiu.
Do vy tn s thay i mt lng:
G
=
r
-
0
=
v
-
0
=K
0
u
d

G
=
r
r v
d
U U
K K K cos
2
.
0
=>
Gmax
=
2
.
0
r v
d
U U
K K K


2
Gmax
chnh l di gi ca PLL.
3. ng dng ca PLL

PLL ng vai tr trong k thut truyn s liu, k thut v tuyn in, k
thut o lng in t....n c dng nhm bin i tn s, sau y l cc ng
dng c th:
a. Tch sng tn hiu iu tn: Khi chn tn s dao ng t do
o
=
t
(tn
s ti tn), th u
d
chnh l tn hiu cn tch sng.















b. iu ch tn hiu s theo kiu kho dch tn(FSK): dng MODEM
truyn tn hiu s trn ng in thoi(tng t), c th dng phng php kho
dich tn FSK, hai bt 1, v 0 c kho theo 2 tn s khc nhau, v d 950hz=0;
Lc thng thp
& Khuch i
Mch dao ng
VCO
Mch chia tn

r
Tn hiu gii iu ch FM

v
- `
r
u
d
u
d
=K
d
u
v
u`
r
u`
r

`
r
=
r
/N
u
v

v
`
r
Mch di iu ch FM dng PLL

v
tch sng pha


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
126
1050hz=1, PLL c cu to sao cho tn s dao ng t do
o
nm gia 2 tn s
iu ch,
o
bm theo mt trong 2 tn s, in p ra t l vi tn s vo, v d vi
bt 1(1050hz), in p u
d
ln, bt 0(950hz), tn hiu u
d
nh 0. Nh vy u
d
biu din
tn hiu nh phn, hay PLL iu ch tn hiu nh phn, tn hiu ny c th truyn
trn ng tng t.
c. Tng hp tn s:
- Nhn tn: f
0
=N.f
c
; f
c
: tn s chun



















- Mch tng hp tn s: cu to v nguyn tc ging mch nhn tn ch khc
tn s chun trc khi a vo b tch sng pha c chia tn vi h s chia
M, khi f
c
=f
v
/M,
Nh vy tn s ra c xc nh : f
r
=Nf
c
=
c
f
M
N
khi chng trnh ho s
thay i cc tham s N v M c th nhn c chui tn s c gi tr khc
nhau t tn s ban u f
v















- ng b tn s: dng ng b tn s ra vi mt tn s vo:


Lc thng thp
& Khuch i
Mch dao ng
VCO
Mch chia tn
N:1
f
r
=Nf
c f
c
Mch nhn tn dng PLL
tch sng pha
Lc thng thp
& Khuch i

Mch dao ng
VCO
Mch chia tn
N:1
f
r
=Nfv/M

Mch chia tn
M:1
f
c
Mch tng hp tn s dng PLL

tch sng pha
f
v

Lc thng thp
& Khuch i

Mch dao ng
VCO
f
r
=f
c

f
c
Mch ng b tn s dng PLL
tch sng pha


DTT_PTH_VQS

127
Chng 9. Trn tn

I. Khi nim
1. nh ngha:
Trn tn l qu trnh tc ng ln 2 tn hiu sao cho trn u ra b trn tn
ta nhn c cc thnh phn tn s tng v hiu ca 2 tn hiu .
Thng thng mt trong hai tn hiu l tn hiu 1 vch ph, gi l tn hiu
ngoi sai: . Tn hiu cn li l tn hiu hu ch c tn s c nh huc bin thin
trong phm vi no , k hiu f
th
.
C nhiu tn hiu ca qu trnh trn tn, nhng thng ch ly thnh phn
mong mun, k hiu l f
tg

Cng c thc hin: thng qua cc phn t tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
2. Nguyn l trn tn:










Gi s phn t phi tuyn, c biu din theo chui Taylor:
i = a
0
+a
1
u+ a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+...+ a
n
u
n
+... (1)
u: in p t ln phn t phi tuynu=u
ns
+u
th

u=u
ns
+ u
th
=U
ns
cos
ns
t+ U
th
cos
th
t (2)
=>i=a
0
+a
1
(U
ns
cos
ns
t+U
th
cos
th
t)+ a
2
(U
ns
cos
ns
t+U
th
cos
th
t)
2
+
+ a
3
(U
ns
cos
ns
t + U
th
cos
th
t)
3
+...+ a
n
(U
ns
cos
ns
t + U
th
cos
th
t)
n
+... (3)
Sau khi khai trin ta c:
i=a
0
+a
1
(U
ns
cos
ns
t+U
th
cos
th
t)+a
2
/2(U
2
ns
+U
2
th
)+a
2
/2(U
2
ns
cos2
ns
t+U
2
th
cos2
th
t) +
a
2
U
ns
U
th
[cos(
ns
+
th
)t + cos(
ns
-
th
)t +... (4)
cc tn hiu ra gm cc thnh phn:
+ Thnh phn c bn:
ns
,
th

+ Thnh phn tng hiu:
ns

th
=>
+ Thnh phn bc 2: 2
ns
,

2
th


Cn c vo tham s chn m c cc loi trn tn khc nhau:
+ Trn tn n gin,n=m=1, =
ns

th

+ Trn tn t hp: n,m >1.
Thng dng trn tn n gin
3. Phn loi
- Theo phn t tch cc dng trn tn: Tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
- Theo s trn tn: s dng diode, dng transistor.
4. ng dng:
Dng trong my thu i tn to ra tn s trung tn, trong cc h thng thng tin
nh hng....

= n
ns
m
th

f
ns

f
th

f
tg

Phn t
phi tuyn



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
128
II. H phng trnh c trng:
Dng in i vo v ra b trn tn ph thuc vo tt c cc in p t ln n, tc
l:
i
r
=f(u
ns
u
th
u
tg
), tng qut: + u
ns
=U
ns
cos
ns
t
+ u
th
=U
th
cos
th
t
+ u
tg
=U
tg
cos
tg
t
Thng U
th
, U
tg
<<U
ns
, nn c th biu din gn ng dng in ra theo chui Taylor,
vi kt qu b qua cc s bc cao:
I
r
=f(u
ns
) +
tg ns th ns ns tg
tg
ns
th
ns
ns
u u g u u s i u
fu
u f
u
fu
u f
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
+ + =

(5)
V u
ns
l hm tun hon theo thi gian. Nn i
ns
, s(u
ns
), g(u
ns
) cng tun hon theo
thi gian, cc gi tr ny bao gm nhiu thnh phn.
i
ns
(u
ns
)=I
0
+I
1
cos
ns
t+ I
2
cos2
ns
t + I
3
cos3
ns
t+....
s(u
ns
)=S
0
+S
1
cos
ns
t+ S
2
cos2
ns
t + S
3
cos3
ns
t+....
g(u
ns
)=G
0
+G
1
cos
ns
t+ G
2
cos2
ns
t + G
3
cos3
ns
t+....
Thay cc gi tr ny vo (5), ta c:


+ + + + =
0 0
] ) cos( ) [cos(
2
1
cos t n t n S U t n I i
th ns th ns n th ns n r

] ) cos( ) [cos(
2
1
0
t n t n G U
tg ns tg ns n tg
+ + +

(6)
t (6)=> tn hiu ra c cc thnh phn: n
ns

th
;
ns

th
; n
ns
; nu ly cc s
hng cao ca chui Taylor th cn co cc thnh phn n
ns
m
tg
; n
ns
m
th
;
n
th
; m
tg
.
t
tg
= n
ns

th
, t (6) c t G U t S U i
tg n tg tg n th r
cos cos
2
1
+ = (7)
=>
n tg n th tg
G U S U I + =
2
1
(8)
(8) gi l phng trnh bin i thun ca b trn tn, trong :
+ S
n
l bin hi bc n ca hm s=
th
us
u
u f

) (

+ G
n
l thnh phn mt chiu ca hm s=
tg
us
u
u f

) (
, c trng cho s thay i in
dn trong ca b trn tn vi thnh phn tn s trung gian..
Ging nh dng ra, dng vo i
v
cng ph thuc cc tn hiu:
i
v
=f(u
ns
u
th
u
tg
) vi U
th,
U
tg
< U
ns
Cng ging nh cch phn trn
m th m tg th
G U S U I + =
2
1
(9)
+ S
m
l bin thnh phn bc m(=n trn) ca h dn bin i ngc
s
ng
=
tg
us
u
u f

) (

+ G
m
l thnh phn mt chiu ca in dn vo g
m
=
th
us
u
u f

) (

T (8) v (9) c th suy ra cc tham s ca b trn tn :


DTT_PTH_VQS

129
+ H dn trn tn:
n U
th
tg
tt
S
U
I
S
tg
2
1
0
= =
=

+ in dn trn tn:
n Uth
tg
tg
tt
G
U
I
G = =
=0

+ H s khuch i tnh:
th
tg
tt
U
U
=
+ H dn trn tn ngc:
m U
tg
th
ttng
S
U
I
S
tg
2
1
0
= =
=

+ in dn (trong khi c hin tng trn tn ngc):
m Utg
th
th
ng
G
U
I
G = =
=0

+ H s khuch i tnh (khi i tn ngc):
tg
th
ng
U
U
=
=> c th vit cc biu thc (8) v(9) theo quan im mng 4 cc:

tg tt th tt tg
U G U S I + =
th m tg ttng th
U G U S I + = (10)

III. NHiu trong mch trn tn

Nh phn tch, khi t ln u vo mch trn tn in p tn hiu vi tn
s f=fth, nh tnh chn lc ca ti, trn u ra c thnh phn in p vi tn s
ftg=nfns mfth (11)
Tuy nhin cng c nhng thnh phn tn s khc f
th
tho mn iu kin(11),
nn n c a n u ra b trn tn v gy ra nhiu trong b trn tn .
Gi thit chn m =n=1 => f
tg
=f
ns
- f
th
, biu thc tng qut ca tn hiu trung
gian:
f
tg
=nf
ns
mf
v
(12)
Tt c cc tn hiu c tn s f
v
tho mn iu kin (12) u c th n c
u ra b trn tn, khai trin (12) ta nhn c:
f
tg
= nf
ns
mf
v
; f
tg
= -nf
ns
- mf
v

f
tg
= nf
ns
- mf
v
; f
tg
= -nf
ns
+ mf
v
(13)
+ f
tg
= nf
ns
mf
v
, nu f
tg
> f
ns
n khng tho mn iu kin tn s trung gian chn
+ f
tg
= -nf
ns
- mf
v
, nu f
tg
< 0, khng c ngha.
+ Vy ch c 2 phng trnh f
tg
= nf
ns
- mf
v
; f
tg
= -nf
ns
+ mf
v
, l tho mn=>
tg ns v
f
m
f
m
n
f
1
= (14)
m, n l nhng s nguyn dng, ch quan tm n nhng tn s m, n nh v nhng
tn s m, n ln bin khng ng k. C th ta c cc trng hp sau:
- n=0; m=1, tc l f
tg
=f
v
, ta c nhiu lt thng.
- n=1; m=1, f
v
= f
ns
f
tg
: + f
v
= f
ns
- f
tg
, y chnh l tn s tn hiu vo: f
th

nn khng coi l nhiu.
+ f
v
= f
ns
+ f
tg
, gi l nhiu nh
- m=1; n=2, tc l f
v
= 2f
ns
f
tg



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
130
Trong cc loi nhiu ny, nhiu lt thng c th lc c nh cc mch lc u vo,
nhiu f
v
= 2f
ns
f
tg
c th loi b khi chn phn t tch cc lm vic ch A; ch
c nhiu tn s nh l kh lc, nht l khi f
tg
<<f
th


IV. Mch trn tn

1. Mch trn tn dng Diode
- Mch trn tn n: mch tn hiu v mch ngoi sai c mt ni tip,
mch ghp tn hiu ra cng c dng ging vi hai mch vo, cho nn c th i vai
tr ca chng(khi gi l trn tn ngc). Vi loi s ny, im lm vic
thng chn im cng tc tnh gn gc to ca c tuyn V-A, c h
dn S ln nht, khi phng trnh biu din c tuyn V-A c tnh gn ng l:
) 1 (
4
1
=
au
e i , trong a: l hng s c xc nh bng thc nghim, vi nhiu
loi D





















=.> h dn
au
au
e a
du
e d
du
di
S .
4
1
)) 1 (
4
1
(
=

= =
Thc t chn D trn tn loi Silic U
ns
<1V, v ;loi Gecmani U
ns
< (23)V ;
m bo in p ngc khng gy hng D.
V in p ngoi sai l hm tun hon theo thi gian, nn h dn S l mt
dy xung vung vi rng xung(xem hnh v) ph thuc gc ct tn hiu . Vi
im tnh chn ti gc to , =
2

.



C
C
D
C
U
th
U
ns
U
tg
Mch trn tn n


DTT_PTH_VQS

131
















Theo chui Furier ta tnh c bin hi bc n ca S:
S
n
t td n S
n
S
ns ns n
.
sin 2
) ( cos
2
0

= =


Thay
2

= , gi thit n = 1 v da vo biu thc tnh c hn dn trn tn:

S
S S
n tt
= =
2
1

Tng t nh vy, in dn trn tn c xc nh nh sau:

S
t d G G G
ns i io itt
= = =

0
) (
1

vi
2

= th
2
S
G
itt
=
chng tp m ngoi sai, dng s trn tn cn bng nh sau:


















s
s
0
/2

ns
t
u
ns
u
D
i
D

ns
t

D2
D1
C
L
L
C
U
ns
U
th

C
L
U
tg
Mch trn tn cn bng


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
132
Trong b trn tn cn bng in p tn hiu t ln hai iot ngc pha, cn
in p ngoi sai t ln hai iot cng pha; ngha l

t U u
th th th
D
cos
1
=

) cos(
2
+ = t U u
th th th
D

v
ns ns ns
u u u
D D
= =
2 1

Do dng in tn s trung gian qua cc iot (do u
th
to ra):
t I i
th ns tg tg
) cos(
1 1
=
t I t I i
th ns tg th ns tg tg
) cos( ] ) cos[(
2 2 2
= + =
Trn mch cng hng ra, ta nhn c:
t I i i i
tg tg tg th tg
cos 2
2 1
= + =
Bn cnh , dng tp m tn s trung gian do ngun ngoi sai mang n t ln
hai iot ng pha v ngc pha trn mch cng hng ra, do ta c biu thc nh
sau:
t I i
tg ta ta
cos
1 1
=
t I i
tg ta ta
cos
2 2
=
Do . 0
2 1
= =
ta ta ta
i i i
Vy mch trn tn cn bng lm tng dng in trung gian u ra v c
kh nng kh tp m tn s trung gian do ngun ngoi sai mang n.
Ngoi ra, cng ging nh trong mch iu ch cn bng trn, u ra mch trn tn
cn bng khng c cc thnh phn t hp ng vi hi bc chn ca tn hiu (
ns

2
th
;
ns
4
th
, ...)
Cng ging nh mch iu ch tn hiu, dng mch trn tn vng gm hai
mch trn tn cn bng mc ni tip, s b c thnh phn khng mong mun:





















L2
C2
D4
D3
D2
D1
C3
L3
L1
C1
u
th
u
ns
u
tg
Hnh. Mch trn tn vng


DTT_PTH_VQS

133
Vi cch tnh ton ging nh mch iu ch, ta thu c u ra s
ny ch c cc thnh phn tn s
ns

th
, cc thnh phn khc b kh , do d
tch c thnh phn c tn s trung gian mong mun, bng cc mch lc


2. Mch trn tn dng phn t khuych i.

a.Mch trn tn dng tranzistor .

Mch trn tn dng tranzistor c th mc theo s bozo chung hoc emito
chung. S bazo chung thng c dng trong phm vi tn s cao v siu cao, v
tn gii hn ca n cao. Tuy nhin, s bazo chung cho h s truyn t ca b
trn tn thp hn s emito chung. Cc tham s ca s trn tn ph thuc vo
im lm vic, vo ln ca in p ngoi sai v vo tham s ca tranzistor. V
nguyn tc, c th phn thnh s trn tn dng tranzistor n, y ko v y
ko kp. Hnh v di y l mt s cch mc s nguyn l b trn tn dng
tranzistor n. Cc s khc nhau bi cch t in p ngoi sai vo tranzistor.






























E2 E1
L C
Q
u
ns
U
th

S EC- u
ns
a vo Emitter
E2 E1
L C
Q
u
ns

U
th
S EC- u
ns
a vo Baz


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
134
































Trn c s cc s nguyn l , ngi ta thit k nhiu loi
s thc tkhc nhau:
+ Hinh di y biu din s trn tn dng tranzistor n, mc
theo kiu bazo chung vi in p ngoi sai t vo bazo. in p ngoi
sai c ghp lng vi bazo ca tranzistor trn tn trnh nh hng
tng h gia mch tn hiu v mch ngoi sai.
E2
E1
L C
Q
u
ns

U
th
S BC- u
ns
a vo Emitter
E2 E1
L C
Q
u
ns
U
th

. S BC- u
ns
a vo Baz


DTT_PTH_VQS

135


















+ Cn hnh sau l s trn tn mc theo kiu emito chung. in p ngoi sai
c t vo bazo qua mt in tr nh, c tr s khong 10 n 50. in tr ny
c tc dng hn ch hin tng iu ch giao thoa
(1)
.



























u
tg C
R4
-Vcc
R3
R2
R1
Q
C
C
L
C
C
U
th
U
ns
Mch trn tn, s BC- tn hiu ngoi sai mc vo Baz
Ce
Re
R1
R2
Rc
Q
Vcc
u
t
g
C
Mch trn tn, s EC- tn hiu ngoi sai mc vo Baz
C
C
U
th
C
L
C
U
ns


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
136
Bng cch mc thm in tr vo bazo, c th nng cao c in tr mt
ghp r
bb
ca tranzistor, do nng cao tuyn tnh ca c tuyn tranzistor.




+ C th dng kiu khc l tn hiu ngoi sai ly trc tip t mch dao
ng ni:
































Tranzistor va lm nhim v trn tn va to dao ng ngoi sai. in p ngoi sai
c to nn nh qu trnh hi tip dng v emito qua cun L
2
v L
3
. in p tn
hiu c t vo bazo qua bin p vo BA1. C
1
v L
1
to thnh mch cng hng
ni tip i vi tn s trung gian, lm u
tg
s i xung t ca mch m khng qua
bin p, do mch loi tr c hin tng trn tn ngc. trnh nh hng
tng h gia in p tn hiu v in p ngoi sai, ngi ta kt cu mch di dng
mt s cu, trong R
e
v C
e
l cc phn t k sinh mch vo tranzistor. Khi cu
cn bng th khng cn tn ti s lin h gia mch tn hiu v mch ngoi sai na.
+ Loi tip theo l mch trn tn theo s y ko
Loi ny c nhiu u im so vi s n:
Ce
Re
C2
R2
L3
L
2
B
E
u
th

Vcc
u
tg
*
L2
L3
L1
C1
BA1
R
C2
E
B
S trn tn t dao ng


DTT_PTH_VQS

137
- Mo phi tuyn nh (hi bc chn b trit tiu);
- Ph tn hiu ra hp;
- Lin h gia mch tn hiu b mch ngoi sai t;
- Kh nng xut hin iu ch giao thoa thp.
V nhng u im , nn loi mch ny hay c dng trong b trn tn c
my pht tn hiu.






















Do cch mc mch, nn in p t vo tranzistor Q
1
v Q
2
ln lt l

th ns
u u u + =
1
v
th ns
u u u =
2

Do mch ra c mc y ko, nn dng in ra
.
2 1 c c c
i i i =
vi
... ) ( ) (
... ) ( ) (
2
2 1 0 2
2
2 1 0 1
+ + + =
+ + + + + =
th ns th ns c
th ns th ns c
u u a u u a a i
u u a u u a a i

Ta c ... 6 2 4 2
3
3
3
3 2 1
+ + + + =
th ns th th ns th c
u u a u a u u a u a i
Thay
t U u
t U u
th th th
ns ns ns

cos
cos
=
=

V bin i ta thy trong dng in ra c cc thnh phn tn s:
th
, 3
th
, 3
ns

th
v 2
ns

th.
Sau y l mt s trn tn y ko thc t. Trong s ny khng cn ni
t im gia mch vo v mch ra, nn kt cu gin n hn. c im ca s
l emito v colecto ca hai tranzistor ni vi nhau. Khi tr khng tng ng ca
mch ra i vi tn s ngoi sai (
ns
) nh hn tr khng tng ng i vi tn s
trung gian (
tg
) nhiu th c th coi tranzistor T
2
l mch colecto chung i vi
thnh phn tn s trung gian. Do h p trn R
E
: U
RE
= u
ns
. Gi thit thi im
no u
ns
tng, nn i
c2
tng v U
RE
cng tng lm cho in p bazo - emito ca T
1

Vcc
C1
Q2
Q1
u
th

U
ns

u
tg
S nguyn l trn tn kiu y ko
i
c1
i
c2


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
138
gim v i
c1
gim theo. Vy i
c1
v i
c2
ngc pha.























Phn tch tng t nh vy i vi u
th
ta thy u
th
cng to ra cc dng in
ngc pha u ra, do trong dng in ra cha tn s
ns

th
. Mch ra lc ly
thnh phn mong mun
tg
=
ns
-
th
.
b.Mch trn tn dng vi mch.
Dng vi mch c th to ra cc mch trn tn c c tnh trn tt hn cc
mch quan sat trn y, s nguyn l c dng nh hnh v di y. y l
s b trn tn y ko kp. Tranzistor T
1
,T
2
,T
3
,T
4
to thnh mt mch vng,
trong emito ca T
1
v T
2
hoc T
3
v T
4
c iu khin bi T
5
v T
6
. Khi khng
c tn hiu vo, dng qua T
5
v T
6
bng nhau, do dong qua T
1
T
2
v T
3
T
4
cng
bng nhau, sao cho dng in qua cc chn ra 12 v 13 nh nhau v bng na dng
in tng. Khi c in p ngoi sai t vo chn 6 v 14 v vi tr s no ca n
T
6
ngt, ch cn dng chy qua T
5
v dng chy qua T
1 v
T
2
cng bng mt na dng
tng, do cng nh trng hp trn (trng hp khng c in p u
ns
), dng qua
cc chn 12 v 13 bng nhau, tng t i vi nhng thi m khc nhau ca in
p ngoi sai hoc in p tn hiu, ta u c kt qu nh vy. Dng in cc u
ra ch bin i khi in p ngoi sai v in p tn hiu ng thi tc ng ln cc
u vo.
Vy y l s trn tn lm vic theo nguyn tc nhn tn hiu nh phn
t tuyn tnh, gi s coi phn t tch cc c hm truyn t dng:

i = a
0
+a
1
u, trong u= u
ns
.u
th
i = a
0
+ (a
1
U
ns
U
th
)/2[cos(
ns
+
th
)t + cos(
ns
-
th
)t]
Nh vy i cha thnh phn trung gian
tg
=
ns
-
th

u im so vi s n: + H dn trn tn ln.
Vcc
R3
Q2
Q1
u
th u
ns
u
tg
Hnh .Mch trn tn kiu y ko thc t


DTT_PTH_VQS

139
+ Khng c hi bc chn v hi tn s trung
gian.
+ Chu c in p cao.


































c. Mch trn tn dng FET.
FET c quan h dng i
D
v u
GS
l quan h bc 2, nn khi trn tn bng FET
c th gim c cc thnh phn bc cao tn hiu ra v hn ch c hin tng
iu ch giao thoa, bn cnh dng FET cng tng c di ng ca tn hiu(c
th vi di UHF) vo v gim nhiu.
S dng FET c c cch mc(tng ng l cch l lun) ging nh BJT
xem xt trn(SC, GC, y ko...), v d s SC:
i
s
Q3
Q2
Q5
Q6
Q4
Q1
S nguyn l mch trn tn kiu y ko, di dng vi mch
12 13
7
9
6
14


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
140

Vcc
Uth
Uns
Q
Utg
Mch trn tn dng JFET


DTT_PTH_VQS

141

chng 10. Chuyn i tng t s
v chuyn i s tng t

I. C s l thuyt

1. Khi nim chung:

Hin nay trong cc h thng thng tin, truyn thng, in t dn dng ...s
dng ch yu l phng php s, nhng thc t cc tn hiu hu ch: ting ni, tn
hiu chuyn i o lng... li hu ht l tn hiu tng t, cho nn cn phi chuyn
i sang tn hiu s, sau x l t c yu cu ra, v sau cng l phi
chuyn i ngc li t tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t, c th khi qut h thng
bng s khi nh sau:














Trong khun kh ca mn K thut Mch in t, ch xem xt phn ADC v
DAC, cn cc phn khc ta s nghin cu trong cc mn hc: x l tn hiu s, l
thuyt tn hiu, k thut s, h thng truyn dn...
Mt cch tng qut, mi tn hiu tng t S(t), u c th biu din di
dng cc tn hiu nh phn(tn hiu s) theo hm:
S(t)=b
n-1
.2
n-1
+ b
n-2
.2
n-2
+...+ b
1
.2
1
+ b
0
.2
0

Trong S(t) l tn hiu trng t; b
i
l tn hiu s b
i
nhn 2 gi tr 1 huc 0.
V d mt tn hiu thi im t c bin l 13V, c th biu din n gin bng
s nh phn l: 13 =1.2
3
+1.2
2
+0.2
1
+1.2
0

cng thc trn b
n-1
c gi l bt c ngha ln nht, k hiu l
MSB(Most Significant Bit), v b
0
c gi l bt c ngha nh nht, k hiu l
LSB(Least Significant Bit).
Huc c th m t bng c tuyn nh hnh v 1 trang sau; Vi mt b bin
i N bit nh phn, th
Q=U
LSB
=
1 2
max

N
A
U
(1)
U
Amax
: tr cc i cho php ca in p tng t u vo
Q: gi l mc lng t.
Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri rc, nn trong qu trnh chuyn i AD xut
hin sai s gi l sai s lng t ho, c xc nh:

ADC
Cc php
x l tn hiu s

DAC
Tn
hiu
tng
t

ADC: Anolog Digital Converter: chuyn i tng t
s
DAC: Digital Anolog Converter: chuyn i s tng
t



BomonKTDT-HGTVT
142
Q U
Q
2
1
=
(2)

























Chuyn i AD cn ly mu tn hiu tng t, nn khi phc li tn hiu
t cht lng th phi tun theo nh l ly mu, tc l tn s tn hiu ly mu f
m

phi tho mn iu kin ln hn huc bng 2 ln tn s ln nht ca tn hiu
Analoge vo: f
m
2f
thmax
=2B(B: bng tn tn hiu tng t).
Theo thuyt lng t ho, qu trnh lng t ho sinh ra tp m, tp m ny
phn nh khi thc hin php bin i ngc DA, c th coi qu trnh lng t ho l
qu trnh cng tn hiu X
A
v tn hiu tp m X
ta
, ngi ta chng minh c tp m
lng t ho c th coi l tp m trng, khi Q/2 X
A
Q/2. V mt ph cng
sut ca tp m c xc nh:
S
ta
() = ta U
Q
2
2
12
= ; (3)
Trong ta U
2
: gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca in p tp m
Nu ni vi mt in tr ti, c th xc nh c cng sut tp m phn
nh ti l:
R
Q
P
R
. 12
2
= (4)
T s tn hiu/ tp m S/N c xc inh bi cng thc:
) 1 2 ( 6 lg 20
. 2
lg 20 ) (
max
= =
N
ta
A
U
U
dB
N
S
(5)


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0000
0010
0001
0100
0011
0110
0101
1000
0111
1010
1001
1100
1011
Q
U
Q

c tuyn truyn t ca b bin i ADC
U
D
U
A


DTT_PTH_VQS

143
2. Cc tham s c bn

- Di bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo: l khong in p m
b chuyn i AD m b chuyn i c th chuyn i c, gi tr ny c th m,
dng, huc di t m sang dng, thc t ta cn kt hp vi cc mch nh hn bin,
nn, nn... trc khi a n IC chuyn i AD.
- chnh xc: thng c trng bi s bit, s lng bt lng t
ho cng nhiu th chnh xc cng cao, thng ta c cc IC chuyn i
AD 8bit, 10 bit, 12bt, 16 bt, 20bt, 32bt...Ngoi ra cn c cc thng s
khc nh hng n chnh xc nh: Sai s lch khng, sai s khuch
i....
- Tc chuyn i: cho bit s kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy, tc l
tn s chuyn i f
c
, thng s ny phn nh kh nng lm vic thi gian thc ca h
thng, trong h thng vin thng n l thng s tch lu tr ca tn hiu, thng s
ny(f
c
) phi cng ln cng tt.

3.Nguyn tc lm vic ca b ADC:












T hnh v suy ra qu trnh chuyn i tng t-> s:
- u tin: ri rc ho tn hiu, ly mu tn hiu tng t ti nhng im
khc nhau v cch u nhau
Ly mu Lng t ho M ho
Tn hiu
analoge
Tn hiu
Digital
U
A
U
D


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
144







































- Tip theo: gi cho bin in p ti cc thi im ly mu khng i
trong qu trnh lng t ho v m ho, tn hiu ri rc c lm trn vi chnh
xc l Q/2, theo cng thc sau:
Z
Di
=int
Q
X
Q
X
Q
X
Ai Ai Ai

= ; (6)
Trong : X
Ai
- tn hiu tng t thi im i
Z
Di
- tn hiu s thi im i
X
Ai
- S d trong php lng t ho
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S(t)
Ri rc ho tn hiu
t

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S(t)
Tn hiu ri rc
t

1 2 3 4


DTT_PTH_VQS

145






















- Sau mch lng t ho l mch m ho, thng lng t ho ra m nh phn, qu
trnh m ho c th nguyn m ny hay bin thnh cc m khc nh BCD, Gray,
D 3, Gray d 3...Qu trnh ny c th thc hin sau lng t ho huc thc hin
ng thi.

II. Cc phng php c th:

1. Chuyn i tng t s:

a. Chuyn i tng t- s theo phng php song song:

- in p U
A
c a ng thi n u vo 1 ca cc b so snh: SS1, SS2,...,
SSm, in p chun U
ch
c a n u vo th 2 qua thang in tr R, do vy
cc in p chun t vo cc b so snh ln cn khc nhau mt lng khng i v
gim dn t SS1--> SSm.
- Ti cc u ra b so snh: nu in p vo > in p chun: cho mc logic
l 1, v nu in p vo < in p chun: cho mc logic l 0.
- Tt c cc tn hiu ra so snh ni vi mch V(And). Ch khi c xung
nhp(Ck) a n mch And, th u ra mch And mi c tn hiu a n cc Flip-
Flop(FF). Nh vy c sau khong thi gian xung nhp li c mt tn hiu bin i v
a n u ra, m bo qu trnh so snh kt thc mi a tn hiu s vo b nh.
- B m ho bin i tn hiu vo di dng m m thnh m nh phn.
Mch bin i loi ny l mch song song, c tc chuyn i nhanh,
nhng phc tp hn mch ni tip, vi b chuyn i N bit, cn (2
N
1) b so snh,
And, FF.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0000
0010
0001
0100
0011
0110
0101
1000
0111
1010
1001
1100
1011
Lng t ho tn hiu ri rc
U
D
U
A


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
146

































b. Chuyn i tng t - s theo phng php phn on tng bit.
- Mch chuyn i c chia thnh cc tng, s tng tng ng vi s bit.
- Gi s tn hiu vo bin thin trong khong: 0-U
Amax
, chia lm 2 phn bng
nhau, khi ranh gii gia 2 phn l U
Amax
/2, ly chnh in p ny lm in p
chun. Tn hiu cn bin i, c so snh vi mc in p ny: khi U
A(1)
< U
Amax
/2,
th B
1
=0; v khi U
A(1)
U
Amax
/2, th B
1
=1;
- Tn hiu s ng vi bt th nht B
1
, mt mt c lu, mt mt c a
n b bin i ngc DA, trn u ra ca mch DA: mt bit l tn hiu tng t
ng vi bit c ngha ln nht MSB(khi B
1
=1, U
A(1)
=U
Amax
/2; B
1
=0, U
A(1)
=0).
- Mch hiu cho ra s d tn hiu tng t sau khi xc nh c bit th
nht(U
A
-U
A(1)
). S d ny c a n tng th 2, tip tc xc nh bit B
2
theo
phng php trn... Nh vy tn hiu chun ca bit N s l U
chN
= U
Amax
/2
N
.
- Tuy nhin: thay cho vic gim dn tr s ca cc in p chun(nh vy
R
R
R
R
Ck
UA
Uch
FF
FF
FF
FF


M

Ho
U
D
Chuyn i AD kiu song song
SS1
SS2
SS3
SSm


DTT_PTH_VQS

147
gi tr s rt nh, kh thc hin so snh), tin hnh nhn i in p d sau mi
tng, nh vy in p chun cho tt c cc tng vn l U
Amax
/2.
So vi phng php chuyn i song song, xc nh N bt cn thc hin N bc
so snh, nhng it phc tp hn. Phng php ny thng c lm c s phn
tch
















c. Chuyn i AD ni tip dng vng hi tip
- in p tng t U
A
c so snh vi mt gi tr c lng cho trc U
M
,
gi U
d
l gi tr sai s ca U
A
v U
M
: nu U
A
> U
M
=> U
d
>0; v U
A
< U
M
=> U
d
< 0.
- U
d
c khuch i v a n b so snh s SS: nu U
d
>0 => u ra b
SS c +A=1; v nu U
d
< 0 => u ra b SS c -A=1.


















- Kt qu so snh c a ng thi vi tn hiu xung nhp Ck v b logic s,
mach logic s iu khin b m theo nguyn tc: ng vi +A th b m thun, v
-A th b m ngc, trn u ra b chuyn i AD s c chui tn hiu s ng vi
m m ca b m, tn hiu i c mt vng ng vi chu k xung nhp.
- Tn hiu s xc nh trong bc so snh nh nht c bin i ngc DA,
to mt gi tr c lng mi so snh vi U
A
trong bc tip theo.
So snh
U
A
U
Amax
/2

AD
mt bit
DA
mt bit
Mch
hiu
B
1
So snh
U
Amax
/2

U
A(1)
U
A(1)
Tng th nht
Tng th hai
S khi b chuyn i AD theo phng php phn on tng bit
So
snh
U
A
So
snh
Logic
S
Mch
m
Ck
S khi b chuyn i AD theo phng php vng hi tip
K
DA
+A
-A
U
M
U
D
U
d


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
148
- Qu trnh ny lp i lp li cho n khi U
h
<Q/2, lc +A= -A=0, do
vy mch m gi nguyn trng thi v u ra nhn c kt qa chuyn i thnh
tn hiu s ca U
A
.
- Nu U
M
cng tin gn n U
A
, th chuyn i cng chnh xc. Nu tn hiu
U
A
bin i cng chm th cng chnh xc.
So vi cc phng php trn, phng php ny n gin v c cc linh kin
c ti s dng, tc chuyn i khng cao, nhng c chnh xc cao

d. Chuyn i AD theo phng php m n gin






















- B so snh1 SS1 so snh in p chun rng ca v in p U
A
, khi U
A
> U
C

th U
ss1
=1, khi khi U
A
< U
C
th U
ss1
=0.
- B so snh SS2 so snh in p rng ca vi mc t ca mch(0V), vi
tnh cht cng nh mch SS1.
- U
ss1
v U
ss2
c a n mch And, xung ra U
G
c rng t l vi ln
ca in p vo U
A
.
- Mach And th 2 ch cho ra cc xung nhp trong khong thi gian 0 > U
C
<
U
A
. Mch m u ra s m s xung , s xung ny t l vi ln ca U
A
.
Gin di y m t r hn phng php ny
in p
rng ca
Mch
m
Ck
U
A
SS1

SS2

U
SS1
U
SS2
U
G
U
D
S khi ca chuyn i AD theo phng php m n gin

U
U
A

U
C


DTT_PTH_VQS

149
e. Chuyn i AD theo phng php tch phn 2 sn dc
- Mach logic iu khin kho K 1 th U
A
np cho t C qua R, trn
u ra mch tch phn xc nh c:
t U
RC
dt U
RC
U
A A C
1 1
'

= = ; nh vy sau khong t
1
, ta c:
1 1
1
' t U
RC
U
A C
=

















U
C1
t l vi U
A
, tu theo U
A
ln hay nh m U
C
(t) c dc khc nhau



















- Trong khong t
1
b m Z
0
cng c kch m, ht thi gian t
1

kho K c mch logic iu khin sang v tr 2, ng thi tn hiu t mch
logic cng c a n mch And, lm cho mch ny tch cc, thng xung
nhp, v b m bt u m, ng thi b m Z
0
c kch ngng m.
- Khi K v tr 2, in p chun U
ch
bt u np in cho t C theo
chiu ngc li theo phng trnh np:
U
C
U
C1
U
C2
t
1
t
2
t
2
t

th thi gian trn mch tch phn
C
R
U
A

Mch
m U
ch

K
2
1
A1
A2
SS
Mch
logic
Mch
m Z
0
U
D
S nguyn l chuyn i AD theo phng php tch phn 2 sn dc


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
150
t U
RC
U
ch C
1
' ' = sau khong t
2
ta c
2 2
1
' ' t U
RC
U
ch Ct
=

Gi s sau khong t
2
ta c U
c
= U
c
(in p trn t bng 0)
<=>
1 2
1 1
t U
RC
t U
RC
A ch
= =>
1 2
t
U
U
t
ch
A
= (7)
Mt khc s xung a n mch m Z
0
trong khong t
1
:
Z
0
= t
1
.f
n
(8);

trong f
n
tn s dy xung nhp
T (7) v (8)=>
n ch
A
f
Z
U
U
t
0
2
. = (9)
Trong s xung nhp m c nh mch m u ra trong khong t
2
:

A
ch ch
A
n
U
U
Z
Z
U
U
f t Z
0
0 2
= = = (10)
Sau khong t
2
mch m ra b ngt, v U
c
=0
Qo trnh trn c lp i lp li trong chu k chuyn i tip theo. T (10) ta thy
s xung m u ra t l vi U
A
, kt qu m c lp vi R,C, f
n
, nhng phng
php ny cn tn s xung nhp c n nh cao(sao cho tr s l nh nhau trong 2
khong thi gian t
1
, v t
2
).
f. Chuyn i AD theo phng php song song- ni tip
y l phng php kt hp ca 2 phng php song song v phn on
trnh by trn.
h. Chuyn i AD phi tuyn:
Quay li cng
thc
Q U
Q
2
1
=
, ta
thy sai s tuyt i
ca chuyn i AD
khng i cn sai s
tng i tng khi
bin tn hiu gim,
mun thng s ny
khng i , th ng
c tnh phi c dng
loga, sao cho t s tn
hiu trn tp m S/N
khng i trn ton
di tng t vo.







Hm c trng ca chuyn i AD :
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2
0
0,2
0,1
0,4
0,3
0,6
0,5
0,8
0,7
1,0
0,9
1,2
1,1
ng c tnh loga vi =100
y

x

y=x
) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(

+
+
=
x
y


DTT_PTH_VQS

151

) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(

+
+
=
x
y (12)
Trong x =U
A
/ U
Amax
;
y =U
D
/ U
Dmax


chuyn i t tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t th ng
c tnh DA phi c dng ngc vi ng AD. Phng php chuyn i
ny c dng trong mng in thoi, vi tn gi iu ch xung m
PCM(xem thm mn PDH), t s S/N u trn ton di s lm cho cht
lng m thoi tng, vi cc tham s chn khc nhau ng vi 2
chun ln l Chu u v Bc M
2. Chuyn i s tng t (DA)
DAC l qu trnh chuyn i tm li tn hiu tng t t N s hng(N
bit) bit ca tn hiu s vi chnh xc l mt mc lng t (1LSB).
Chuyn i s tng t khng phi l php nghch o ca chuyn
i tng t- s, v khng thc hin c php nghch o trong qu trnh
lng t ho.
Chuyn i loi ny n gin hn DA rt nhiu, c s khi nh
sau:















a, Chuyn i DA bng phng php thang in tr
- Trn u vo b khuch i thut ton l mt mng in tr c gi tr thay
i theo c s nh phn, cc in tr ln cn nhau c tr s hn km nhau 2 ln.
- Tn hiu iu khin chnh l tn hiu s cn chuyn i, bit c
ngha nh nht LSB c a n iu khin kho ni vi in tr ln
nht(R), bt c ngha tip theo vi R/2....v MSB vi R/2
N
-1
- Nu mt bit c gi tr 0 th kho tng ng ni t ca mch, nu l
1 th ni vi ngun p chun: U
ch
, nhm to nn dng in t l nghch vi
tr s in tr ca nhnh , tc l I
0
c tr s nh nht, tip n l I
1
v ln
nht l I
N-1
.
- Dng in sinh ra trong cc nhnh in tr c a n u vo
KTT, in p ra u ra :

=
=
1
0
N
n
n N M
I R U (13)
DA Lc thng thp
U
D
U
A
Tn hiu ri
rc

S khi chuyn i DA

5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 2 3 4


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
152
























Ta thy in p tng t U
M
c chnh xc ph thuc rt ln vo
ngun p v cc in tr chun, cho nn c chnh xc cao, yu cu v
cc in tr v ngun phi chnh xc.

b, Chuyn i DA bng phng php mng in tr

- Cc ngun dng c gi tr bng nhau =I
0
- Tn hiu s c a n kho K, khi mt tn hiu iu khin tng
ng ca bt no l 0, th ngun I
0
c ngn mch xung t ca mch,
tn hiu iu khin l 1, khi mng in tr lm nhim v phn dng.
- in tr nhnh dc c gi tr gp i nhnh ngang, nn dng i
qua mi khu in tr gim i mt na. Dng in ng vi bt LSB i qua
(N-1) khu, dng c gi tr k tip i qua (N-2) khu..., dng ng vi bt
MSB khng qua khu no(I
0
a trc tip vo KTT). Nh vy cc dng
in ca vo KTT c tr s tng ng vi bit m n i in, gim dn
theo m nh phn t MSB--> LSB.
S ny c nhc im l s in tr dng nhiu: chuyn i DA
N bit cn 2(N-1) in tr(Phng php thang in tr ch cn dng N in
tr)



U
ch
R
N
R/2
N-1 R/2 R
K
(tn hiu s)
2
0
2
1
2
N-1
U
M
S nguyn l chuyn i DA theo phng php thang in tr


DTT_PTH_VQS

153























c, Chuyn i DA bng phng php m ho Shannon-Rack














- Thc hin qu trnh chuyn i ni tip tng bit, tn hiu iu khin s c a
vo tun t : LSB--> MSB n kho iu khin K
1

- Nu thi gian chuyn i 1 bit l T th trong na thi gian u T/2 K
2
m,
K
1
ng(tn hiu l 1) huc K
1
m(tn hiu l 0). Khi K
1
ng(bit 1) t in c
np in. Sang na thi gian th2 T/2, K
1
m v K
2
ng, t C phng in qua R v
U
C
gim dn.
Qu trnh lp i lp li khi ln lt a n cc bt iu khin K
1
, nh vy thi
gian chuyn i N bit l NT. Sau khong thi gian NT ny in p cn li trn t
chnh l in p tng t cn chuyn i. Vi thi gian T theo iu kin:
T =1,4RC (14)


+
Ur
R2
R1
R
C
I
ch
K
2
I
0

R
N

2R
R
R
2R 2R
2R
I
0

I
0 I
0
2 2
1
2
N-2
2
N-1
i
0 i
1
i
n-2 i
n-1
K
(tn hiu s)
U
M


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
154

Phn bi tp:

I. Bi tp Transistor ch ng
Bi 1 . Cho mch nh hnh 1. Bit R1 = 20K; R2 = 2K; Rc = 10K; R
E
= 1K; R
L
=
10K. Bit
dc
= 100; Rs = 1K. Vit biu thc in p ra trn tr ti R
L
. Vcc=12V.









Bi 2. Cho mch CC nh hnh 2. Vi R1 = 30K; R2 = 3K; R
E
= 12K; R
L
= 2K.
Rs=1K. Tm biu thc tnh gi tr in p ra.
C1
Rs
C2
0.01
Vcc
1kHz
V1
-10m/10mV
Q1
2N2222
RL
RE
R2
R1

Bi 3. Cho mch CB nh hnh H3. Bit Rs=50; R
E
= 20K; R1=20K; R2=2K; Rc=
10K; R
E
= 1K. Tm biu thc tnh gi tr in p ra trn R
L
. vi R
L
= 5,1K.

C
Vcc
R1
R2
RL
C2
Rc
Q1
NPN
RE
C1
1uF
Rs
1kHz
V1
-10m/10mV

Rs
C2
0.01
C1
0.01
Vcc
1kHz
V1
-10m/10mV
C3
1uF
Q1
2N2222
RL
RE
RC
R2
R1
H 1
C
E
H 2
H 3


DTT_PTH_VQS

155

II.Bi tp KTT - Phn Khuch i cng sut

1. Cho mch khuch i ch A











Cho R1, R2, Re, R
L
, cc tham s: U
BE
, , cu hi:
a. Vit phng trnh v v ng ti tnh, ng.
b. Tnh cng sut ra, cng sut cung cp mt chiu, hiu sut.

2. B khuch i ghp bin p:












Cho R1, R2, Re, R
L
, cc tham s: U
BE
, , cu hi:
a. Vit phung trnh v v ng ti tnh v ng.
b. Tnh cng sut ra, cng sut cung cp mt chiu, hiu sut.






III. Phn Khch i thut ton.
n:1
+
-
Vin
Vcc
C1
CE
Q1
NPN
RL
RE
R1
R2
+
-
Vin
Vcc
L
C1
C2
CE
Q1
NPN
RL
RE
R1
R2


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
156
Bi 1 - bi 10: Tm in p ra trn c s in p vo i vi cc mch sau:
60








































V1
Vout
IDEAL
10k
R5
5k
R3
5k
10k
10k
Vout
V2
V1
U1
IDEAL
5k
10k
10k
5k
Hnh 3
V1
V2 Vout
IDEAL
1k
1k
5k
10k
Hnh 2
V1
V2
Vout
IDEAL
5k
2k
10k
1k
Hnh 4
V3
V1
V2
Vout
IDEAL
10k
5k
50k
25k
4k
Hnh 5
V2
V1
V3
Vout
IDEAL
1k
10k
5k
1k
2k
Hnh 6

V1
V2
V3
V4
Vout
IDEAL
8k
6k
5k
10k
10k
Hnh 1
Hnh 7
V3
V4
Vout
IDEAL
R2
5k
3k
20k
10k
30k
Hnh 8


DTT_PTH_VQS

157



















Trong cc bi sau (t 11-15) hy thit k mch KTT c c mi quan h sau:
Bi 11 v
0
= 3v
1
+ 11v
2
- v
3
- 10v
4

Bi 12 v
0
= 8v
1
+ 81v
2
- 24v
3
- 39v
4
Bi 13 v
0
= 60v
1
+ 18v
2
- 3v
3
- 11v
4

Bi 14 v
0
= 3v
1
+ 4v
2
+63 v
3
-14v
4
55v
5

Bi 15 Thit k mch (s dng b KTT) thc hin hm:
y = 2.a + 21
dt
db
+ 31 c dt .
Bi 16. Thit k mch (s dng b KTT) thc hin hm:
y = 32. a 2
dt
db
52 c dt .
Bi 17. Thit k mch thc hin hm:
Y=37lnx+23expx
Bi 18. Thit k mch thc hin hm:
Y=37lnx1+2x1.x2
Bi 19. Thit k mch thc hin hm:
Y=31lnx1+9x1/x2
Bi 20. Thit k mch thc hin hm:
Y=7expx1-2x1.x2+x1/x2
(vi a, b, c, x1, x2 l in p vo; y, Y l cc gi tr in p ra).


IDEAL
Vout1
V1
V1
IDEAL
100k
100k
50k
50k
50k
Hnh 9
10k
10k
10k
Vout
IDEAL
10k
V2
10k
IDEAL
10k
V1
10k
IDEAL
10k
Hnh 10


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
158



Ti liu tham kho:

1. Electronics circuits, Ghausi, ISBN Editor , 1982
2. K thut Mch in t, Phm Minh H, NXB KHKT 1999.
3. in t Cng sut, Nguyn Bnh, NXB KHKT 2000.
4. Industrial Electronics and control, SK BHATTACHARYA, ISBN Editor, 1995


DTT_PTH_VQS

159
Mc lc:
Chng I. Nhng khi nim chung v c s phn tch mch in t .............. 4
I. Mch in t: ............................................................................................4
II. Cc kin thc c bn v transistor...........................................4
III. Mch cp ngun v n nh ch lm vic........................5
2. Vi BJT. ......................................................................................................... 5
3. vi FET .......................................................................................................... 7
Chng 2. Hi tip........................................................................................... 9
I. Khi nim:....................................................................................................9
1. nh ngha: .................................................................................................... 9
3. Cc phng trnh c bn: ............................................................................. 11
III. Phng php phn tch mch c hi tip: ............................12
a, Hi tip m dng in, ghp ni tip .......................................................... 12
b, Hi tip m in p, ghp ni tip .............................................................. 13
c, Hi tip m in p, ghp song song .......................................................... 14
d, Hi tip m dng in, ghp song song...................................................... 15
IV. nh hng ca hi tip n cc thng s ca mch. ....16
Chng 3. Cc s c bn ca tng khuch i tn hiu nh dng Transistor ... 17
I. Khi nim...................................................................................................17
II. Phn tch mch khuch i bng s tng ng....17
1. Mch tng ng ca Transistor ............................................................... 17
2. Mch tng ng kiu EC: ........................................................................ 18
3. Mch tng ng kiu BC: ........................................................................ 18
4. Mch tng ng kiu CC: ........................................................................ 19
5. Phn tch mch khuch i bng mch tng ng................................... 19
III. Tnh ton cc thng s ch ng..................................20
IV. Transistor Trng- FET..................................................................21
V. Cc phng php Ghp tng gia cc b khuch i ......23
1. Ghp RC....................................................................................................... 23
2. Ghp bin p ................................................................................................ 24
3. Ghp trc tip............................................................................................... 25
4. Cc kiu ghp transistor khc ...................................................................... 25
5. Mch khuch i vi sai ................................................................................ 26
Chng 4 . Khuch i cng sut .................................................................. 29
I. nh ngha v phn loi ...................................................................29
II. Mch khuch i ch A..............................................................29
III. Mch khuch i ch B. ...........................................................30
a. Mch khuch i y ko............................................................................. 31
b. Mch khuch i y ko, i xng b (ngc)......................................... 32
c. Mch khuch i kt cui n vi 2 ngun cung cp. ................................. 33
d. Mch khuch i kt cui n vi 1 ngun cung cp.................................. 34
IV. Mch khuch i ch C. ...........................................................34
Chng 5. Khuch i thut ton .................................................................. 37
I. c bn v b khuch i thut ton (Operational
Amplifier).....................................................................................................37
II. cc tham s c bn ca b ktt..................................................38


BomonKTDT-HGTVT
160
1. H s khuch i hiu Kd............................................................................ 38
2. Dng vo tnh v in p lch khng........................................................... 39
3. T s nn tn hiu ng pha........................................................................ 39
III. Cc s c bn ca b KTT......................................................40
1. B khuch i o........................................................................................ 40
2. Mch khuch i khng o........................................................................ 41
3. Mch khuch i tng.................................................................................. 42
4. Mch khuch i hiu.................................................................................. 42
5. Mch tch phn............................................................................................. 43
6. Mch vi phn................................................................................................ 44
7. Mch so snh ............................................................................................... 45
8. Mch khuch i logarit .............................................................................. 45
9. Mch exp: .................................................................................................... 46
10. Mch nhn(chia) tng t:......................................................................... 47
IV. Phn Bi tp..........................................................................................47
1. Bi ton thun .............................................................................................. 47
2. Bi ton ngc ............................................................................................. 49
Chng 5 .Mch lc tch cc. ........................................................................ 53
I. Khi nim v mch lc tn s........................................................53
II. Mch lc th ng............................................................................54
III. Mch lc tch cc.............................................................................56
1 Thc hin mch lc thng thp v thng cao bc 2. ..................................... 58
2. Thc hin mch lc thng thp v thng cao bc cao, n>2. ........................ 61
3. Mch lc chn lc v mch lc thng di.................................................... 61
4. Mch nn chn lc....................................................................................... 64
Chng 6.Cc mch dao ng ....................................................................... 66
I. KhI nim...................................................................................................66
1.iu kin dao ng v c im ca mch to dao ng............................. 68
2. Tnh ton mch dao ng............................................................................. 68
II. Cc loi mch dao ng..................................................................70
1. Mch dao ng L,C...................................................................................... 70
2. Mch dao ng R,C..................................................................................... 76
3. Mch dao ng dng thch anh. .................................................................. 82
Chng7. iu ch bin ............................................................................ 87
I. nh ngha................................................................................................87
II.iu bin(AM)...........................................................................................87
1 Ph ca tn hiu iu bin............................................................................. 87
2 Quan h nng lng trong iu ch bin ................................................. 88
3. Cc ch tiu c bn ca dao ng iu bin............................................ 89
4. Phng php tnh ton mch iu bin........................................................ 91
5. Mch iu bin c th.................................................................................. 93
III. iu ch n bin..............................................................................96
1. Khi nim..................................................................................................... 96
2. Cc phng php iu ch n bin ............................................................ 96
IV.iu tn(fm) v iu pha(PM) .......................................................100
1. Cc cng thc c bn v mi quan h ca hai phng php...................... 100
2, Ph ca dao ng iu tn v iu pha ................................................. 101
3, Mch iu tn v iu pha ................................................................................. 101


DTT_PTH_VQS

161
4.Mt s bin php nng cao cht lng tn hiu iu tn........................ 108
Chng 8. Gii iu ch(tch sng) ............................................................ 109
I. Khi nim:................................................................................................109
1. Cc tham s c bn ca tch sng bin : ............................................... 109
2. Mch tch sng bin : ............................................................................ 110
III. Tch sng tn hiu iu tn......................................................115
Mch c dng nh hnh v di y: ............................................................. 116
IV. Vng kha pha PLL(Phase Locked Loop) ...............................123
1. Cu to ....................................................................................................... 123
2. Nguyn tc hot ng: ............................................................................... 124
3. ng dng ca PLL..................................................................................... 125
Chng 9. Trn tn ...................................................................................... 127
I. Khi nim.................................................................................................127
1. nh ngha: ................................................................................................ 127
2. Nguyn l trn tn: .................................................................................... 127
II. H phng trnh c trng: .......................................................128
III. NHiu trong mch trn tn......................................................129
IV. Mch trn tn...................................................................................130
1. Mch trn tn dng Diode ......................................................................... 130
2. Mch trn tn dng phn t khuych i................................................... 133
Chng 10. Chuyn i tng t s ......................................................... 141
v chuyn i s tng t......................................................................... 141
I. C s l thuyt....................................................................................141
1. Khi nim chung:....................................................................................... 141
2. Cc tham s c bn.................................................................................... 143
3.Nguyn tc lm vic ca b ADC:.............................................................. 143
II. Cc phng php c th:...............................................................145
1. Chuyn i tng t s: .......................................................................... 145
2. Chuyn i s tng t (DA).................................................................. 151
Phn bi tp:................................................................................................. 154
I. Bi tp Transistor ch ng..............................................154
II.Bi tp KTT - Phn Khuch i cng sut............................155
1. Cho mch khuch i ch A................................................................. 155
2. B khuch i ghp bin p: ...................................................................... 155
III. Phn Khch i thut ton. ......................................................155
Ti liu tham kho: ...................................................................................... 158