200 nm

1 nm

0.1 nm

0.1 nm (3D)

Superlattice

For an e at room temperature,

E kT 0.026 eV

de Broglie wavelenth,

h h 8 nm. p 2mE

If the layer thickness is comparable with then quantum effects are important (quantum confinement).

Heterostructure
In some cases two different not only crystallize in the same manner but also have same lattice constants.

Both the materials grow together as a single crystal with two parts
The interface of these two materials in called a heterojuction A heterojunction is an interface in a crystal of two different materials with the same lattice constant When a heterojunction is repeated at regular intervals, we get the heterostructure.

Quantum structures and DOS

Applications are based on

1. Peculiar properties Eg. Gold nanoparticles used as inorganic dye into glass and as low temperature catalyst 2. Huge surface area Photoelectrochemical cells, sensors 3. Small size

Molecular Electronics and Nano electronics

Single molecules, Chem FET, ion selective FET (ISFET) Nanobots Nano medicine, nano robots Biology Nano biotech, DNA analysis Catalysis by Gold nanoparticles in oxidation

Bandgap engineered quantum devices

Quantum well devices, quantum dot devices Nanomechanics Eg. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Carbon nanotube emitters Generates monochromatic electron beams of 7mm in diameter

Sensors, scanning probe tips, Li batteries

Photoelectrochemical Cells High efficient conversion, large surface area

Photonic crystals and Plasmon waveguides

Waveguides and high-resolution spectral filters