Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.

tmabmf

*sme,f
pmwnf;tzGJ@trSm 1 jynfcspf0g'vrf;pOf 2 ppfat;vGefacwf uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@&J@ xdef;!dr_rsm; 4 v,fvkyfolv,fydkifa&;udk b,folawG zsufqD;cJh=uwmvJ 6 wkwfvuQ%m&SdwJh qdk&S,fvpfy%mrtqifhudk pl;prf;avhvmjcif; 8 (1989 - 2009) ESpf 20 twGif; EdkifiHwumhtajymif;tvJrsm; 12 e,fajrydkifeuftjiif;yGm;r_rsm;uae ppfjzpfEdkifw,f 15 uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,feJ@ Auy 17 pmtkyfwtkyfxJu odaumif;p&mrsm; 20 rmhpf0g'udk bufpHkpGrf;pGrf;wrH aumif;r_jyKcJhol tdef*,f 26 EdkifiHa&;rSm vnfolpm;wrf;vm; 33 rm&Dvifbwfcf - EdkifiHwumuAsm 35 EdkifiHa&;rSmtuJqwfwJh jynfolvlxkqif;&JrGJawr_jy\em 38 oabmw&m;eJ@vufawG@ 46 v,f,majrpepfeJ@v,form;ta&; 49 ESpfw&mjynfh &Sif;[dkifawmfvSefa&;udk txdrf;;trSwfjyKjcif; 60

trSwf ( 33) jo*kwf/ 2011 ckESpf?

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf

*sme,f
trSwf ( 33) jo*kwf/ 2011 ckESpf?

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf

pmwnf;tzGJ htrSm
trSwf (33) =o*kwf/ 2011 ckESpf

(1) t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ tusyftwnf;u us,fjyef@euf_dif;vmaeonf? urBmwckvHk;rSm vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; r+idrfoufr_rsm; ay:aeonf? Todk@aomtajctaewGif rmhufpf0g' wausmhjyefxwm rqef;yg? t&if;&SifrD'D,mrsm;u rmhufpfudk abm*aA'ynm&Sif}uD;tjzpf yHkazmfay;ae=uonf? 2011 a&mufaomtcg zufqpfvufopf 0g'uvnf; acgif;axmifxvmonf? vlrsdK;a&;tpGef;a&muf tawG;tac:rsm; jzef@jzL;ae=uonf? wcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif zufqpfvufopf rsm;. EdkifiHa&;=oZm wufvmonf[k od&onf? (2) Todk@aomtajctaewGif rdrdwdk@uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDyrS rmhufpf0g'Drsm;u rmhufpf0g'udk topfwzefavhvmzdk@ vdkonf? rmhufpf0g'. vlwef;pm;&yfwnfcsuf/ awmfvSefa&; tjrifESifh awmfvSefa&;0dnmOfwdk@udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fwdk;csJ@zdk@ vdkygonf? xdk@a=umifh - ,ckwywf jynfol@tm%mu oabmw&m; tawG;tac:a&;rsm;udk aZmif;ay;+yD; azmfjyvdkufygonf? - ta&;awmfyHk*sme,fwGifvnf; rmhufpf0g' avhvm&mrS &&Sdcsufrsm; udk tcef;wckzGifh+yD; azmfjyoGm;&ef pDpOfxm;ygonf? udk,fpDavhvm trsm;ESifh0dkif;+yD;aqG;aEG; - tajzrSef&Sm =uzdk@ jzpfygonf? pmwnf;tzGJ@ 1

_ynfcspf0g'vrf;pOf
Auy u 20 &mpktukef 21 &mpktul;wGif jynfcspf0g'vrf;pOfudk jynfolodk@ wifjycJhygonf? tJ'Dwkef;u tar&duefrm 911 tjzpftysuf rjzpfao;yg? ppfat;wduywif atmifjrifotjzpf 0if0gaecsef jzpfonf? urBmh S k f JG G l h d tpDtpOfopf NWO udk tar&duefO;D aqmif+yD; csrwEivrrnf? 21 &mpkonf tar&duef&mpkjzpfawmhrnf[k S f kd f d hf txifa&mufaecsef jzpfygonf? d Auy u (NWO) udk tar&duefpwf uufcsrwz@kd rjzpfEia=umif;/ tar&duefukd 0if;kd y+yD; vnfywf d S f kd f &onfh urBmpepf jzpfEirm r[kwa=umif;udk &Si;f vif;wifjycJonf? h kd f S f h t"duusonftcsursm;rSm h f - qdA,uf,e,H usq;kH jcif;onf k&m;jynfu (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syefw@kd k D l D S ppf;H_ ovd) _;H oGm;wmr[kw? k f - 1945 wke;f uvdk urBmuvor*~ UN urBmtpDtpOf rsKd ; csrwEirm h k h S f kd f S r[kwfa=umif;? - tar&duefe@J wkww@kd &@J ppfat;vGeacwf ysm;&nfqrf;umv ukeq;kH f f f oGm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;? - 0if;kd trsm;tjym;&SwhJ urBmtpDtpOfopf (NWO) twGuf urBmh d h tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHrsm;u v_yf&Sm;vm=urnfjzpfa=umif; ponfwdk@udk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhygonf? ,ck 21 &mpk. 'kw,q,fpEpo@kd a&mufaomtcg urBmtpDtpOfopf (NWO) twGuf tiftm;}uD; d k S f h EdkifiHrsm; yl;aygif;=uwm/ wdkufyGJqif=uwmudk awG@ae&yg+yD? EdkifiHa&;oabmxuf pD;yGm;a&;oabmu ydk+yD; ay:vGionf[k ,lqygonf? G 20 BRICS (b&mZD;vf/ k&m;/ tdE,/ wkw/f awmiftmz&du) pojzifh f S dN ay:aeyg+yD? pD;yGm;a&;oabmu uJygonf? EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&; tzGJ@tpnf;uawmh aewdk; (NATO) yJ &Sdonf? (NATO) udk ppfa&;t& zufyifaewmu tiftm;}uD;Ediirsm; r[kwyg? wmvDbefvkd a'oEW&tiftm;pkrsm;om kfH f jzpfonf? 'gayrJh tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;u +idrfaewm r[kwfyg? ppftiftm;jznfhwif;wm/ ppfa&;avhusifhwmudk vky=f uonf? k&m;uvnf; tar&duefe@J ppfa&;tiftm;cseci!m!z@kd START vdk pmcsKyfrsKd ;udk csKyfonf? S d fGf d qdkifbmppfyGJ (Cyber War) vdk@ emrnfay;xm;wJh acwfrDody`Henf;ynmcsif; yifqdkifae=u+yD? e,fy,ftuef@towfr&Sd tmumotxdwuf+yD; yifae=u+yD? 2

_ynfolhtm%m
bma=umifh jynfcsp0g'vrf;pOfv@kd emrnfay;ovJ? f urBmtiftm;yifyu ppfat;wduyJG (a[mif;) umvuvdk Oa&myudk A[dk y+yD;jzpfrmr[kw? tm&Sukd h JG k f S f A[dk ywJh tiftm;yifyJG jzpfvrrnf? Armjynfu a&Smifv@kd rvGw? =um;nyfvrrnf? =um;nyfrcH&zd@k Armjynf d hf f d hf Ediia&;tiftm;pk tm;vH;k u jynfcsp0g' jzifh a&Smif=u&rnf[k oabm&ojzifh jynfcsp0g'vrf;pOf vd@k emrnf kfH f f ay;vduwm jzpfonf? k f 'Dae&mrSm ordkif;a=umif;uav; jyefaumuf&rnf? 1989 rSm Auy . vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ yuG J wke;f u jzpfpOfukd jyefo;kH oyfv#if &Si;f vdrrnf? hf 1989 rSm wkwu ppftpd;k &udk ausmaxmufaemufcH yoltjzpf bufajymif;oGm;onf? txl;ojzifh f wkwArme,fpyfwif +idr;f csr;f wnf+idrapzd@k e0w ppftpd;k &udk jywfjywfom;om; ulnonf? f G f D tJ'umvrSmyJ tar&duefuvnf; rqv udk ausmaxmufaemufcvyae&mu e0w ppftpd;k &udk D H k f qef@usiotjzpf bufajymif;onf? txl;ojzifh ,d;k ',m;Arme,fpyfwif jzpfonf? aemufawmh e0w etz f l G ppftpd;k &udk jypf'%fcwf ydwq@kd wmtxd jzpfvmonf? f ppftm%m&Sitpd;k &udk wHcg;zGiay;ol ulnoe@J jypf'%fcwfywq@kd o[I xifxif&m;&Sm; uGom;onf? f hf D l d f l l S J G tar&duefu jypf'%fcwfav etz u wkw&@J &ifcixJ wd;k 0ifav jzpfaeonf? f Gf =umvmawmh tdrfeD;csif;awGjzpfwJh tmqD,HEdkifiHawGeJ@ tdENd,wdk@u tar&duefvkyfaygufeJ@qdkv#if Armjynfu wkw&ifcixu ke;f rxGuEijf zpfawmhrnfv@kd jrifvmvd@k jypf'%fcwfywq@kd wmudk rvkycsi=f uawmh? f Gf J f kd d f f tdE,u ta&S@ar#m+f yD; tmqD,u ArmjynfxJ wd;k 0ifonf? dN H Armjynfta&;a=umifawmh Edii}H uD;awG ppfwurmr[kw? h kf kd f S f wjcm;ta&;a=umifyJ ppfjzpfEionf? tm&Sta&S@ajrmufwif ppfjzpfv@kd uawmh [dwe;f uvdk udveb0 h kd f G k k k dk D r[kwv@kd ppfxJ w&Gwwuqoi;f wm cH&rnfr[kw? jynfcsp0g'eJ@ a&SmifEionf? a&Smif&vdrrnf? ud,wi;f jynf f f kd f JG G f f kd f hf k hf kd twGuf tusKd ;r&Swppfukd a&Smifwmyifv#if jynfcsp0g' jzpfonf? d hJ f 'ga=umifh jynfcsp0g'udk vrf;pOftqiftjzpf jriwif+yD; wifjyaewm jzpfonf? Armjynf&@J e,fajrjynfpkH f h hf h wnf+rJrukd xdyg;vm&ifvnf; b,foyxyg;xdyg; iH@k rcHbJ wdu&rSm jzpfonf? 'gvnf; jynfcsp0g'vrf;pOfygy? _ l J d k f f J

Armjynf&J@ e,fajrjynfhpHk wnf+rJr_udk xdyg;vm&ifvnf; b,folyJxdyg;xdyg; iHk@rcHbJ wdkuf&rSm jzpfonf

6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 6543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321

tckawmh olw@kd pGe@f pm;&usKd ;eyfw,f? urBmh pD;yGm;a&;eHygwf (2) jzpfae+yD? tar&duef&@J t}uD;qH;k jrD&if S jzpfae+yD? ygw&@J rdKifr}l uD; (4) &yfuvnf; xde;f odr;f xm;Ediw,f? (rl}uD; (4) &yfu qd&,vpfvrf;a=umif;&,f/ D kd kf k S f 4 uref;uwef;xde;f !&wJh ygwawGu tawmfukd uoDvifwjzpfwm awG@&w,f? Oyrm qdA,uf,e,H d D k D l D ygwD (CPSU)? wkwygwD (CPC) uawmh (1970) ESpawGuwnf;u jyifqifxm;vd@k wnf+idrw,f? uoDvifw f f f rjzpfru tusKd ;aus;Zl; cHpm;&w,f? urBmueo,a&;tzG@J csKyf (WTO) xJ ypf+yD;0ifvuw,f? pmrsuEmaygi;f kH h k f G f kd f f S (500) ausm&whJ tuef@towf txde;f tcsKyfawGukd vufc+H yD; 0ifvuv@kd (ypf0ifvuw,f) vd@k oH;k wmyg? f dS kd f kd f (1) avhvmrdor#uyJ aqG;aEG;ygr,f? vufvr;f rDoavmufyJ avhvmEdiv@kd odyjf ynfprm r[kwygb;l ? Auy &J@ kd S kf h kH S f xdef;!dr_udkvnf; wygwnf; wifjyygr,f? u|efawmfwdk@u udk,fh'kuQeJ@udk,fjzpfaevdk@ 21 &mpk ul;prSmusrSyJ xde;f !wm pvkyEiygw,f? nDtpfukd ygwrsm;&J@ tawG@tuHawGa&m/ oifcef;pmawGuyg avhvmEdiv@kd aemufus d f kd f D kd kf wmvnf; tusKd ;&Sovdvkd jzpfygw,f? d k ygwD0ifrsm;odk@ wifwhJ ppfwrf; udk b,ftqiftxd csjyapcsiw,fqwmudk awmif;qdcihf &Sw,f? h f kd kG d A[d&@J rwcsue@J w+JG yD; csjyoifroif/h b,ftqiftxd csjyrvJqwmudk (A[du) qH;k jzwfr,f? k S f f h h kd k (yd@k vmwJppfwrf;wdi;f udk ygw&@J xyq;kH tqifh A[dXmecsKyfxawmh rkcsvnzwfrmyJ?) h k D d f k J S hf S wcsKd @u &efoowif;ay;vky+f yD;rS ygwu xGupmwifw,f? olrxGuvnf; xkwrmyJ? l D f f f S ppfwrf;a&;vd@k tjypfray;bl;? &efo@l owif;ay;vkyv@kd yJ tjypfay;w,f? f ppfwrf;a&;zd@k [m ygw0ifawG&@J 0wW&m;yJ? D ppfwrf; a&;zd@k wduwe;f w,f? k f G

avhvma&;

f ppfat;vGeacwf/ uGejf rLepfygww@kd &@J xde;f !rrsm; D d_ (aqG;aEG;cef;)

A[dXmecsKyf k

_ynfolhtm%m
jynfo@l 'rua&pD tm%m&Sipepf&,f/ uGejf rLepfygw&@J acgi;f aqmifr&,fe@J rmhupveif0g' armftawG;tac:wd@k D kd f D _ f f D jzpfw,f?) wkwe*g;Ed;k xvmr_ukd t&if;&SiurBmu pd;k &drae=u&+yD? f f f (2) Auy u ppfat;vGeumvrSm txdemw,f? aoavmufwhJ '%f&m&w,f? 'ga=umifh acwfe@J tnD xde;f !r_ f d aemufusw,f? acwfuavhvmae&wma=umifvnf; aemufuswm jzpfw,f? 2000 ckEpusrS jynfcsp0g' vrf;pOf kd h Sf f eJ@ xde;f !vuw,f? 2001 rSm 911 tjzpf tysuay:awmh u|eawmfw@kd xde;f !wm tcserw,fv@kd ajymEdiw,f? d kd f f f d dfD kf jynfcsp0g'vrf;pOf bma=umifcsovJqwmudk &Si;f jycsiygw,f? Armjynf&@J yx0DEiia&;udk tav;xm; f h kd f kd f H wJh pOf;pm;r_yg? Armjynf[m awmiftm&Sxrm ygw,fqvnf;jzpf/ ta&S@awmiftm&SxJ ygw,fqvnf;&wJh wdi;f jynfyg? JS kd kd k 'ga=umifvnf; ASEAN xJ ygaew,f? b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf 0ef;usia'otzG@J tpnf; (BIMSTEC) xJvnf; h f ygaew,f? awmiftm&StzG@J tpnf; (SAARC) xJ ygcsi&ifvnf; uqd=k uvdrr,f? f hf u|eawmfw@kd u wdi;f jynf (Armjynf) taeeJ@yJ =unfwmyg? wdi;f jynfukd ud,pm;yaeolu ppftm%m&Sif f k h k k f awG jzpfaewmu ud,jhf ynfwi;f a&;udpy? ud,trxutr_uf ud,y&i;f &rSmyg? olrsm;awGukd vmt&Si;f cdi;f vd@k k G P J k hf d f J d k f J S k rjzpfygb;l ? jynfcsp0g'u wdi;f jynfukd Ediiwumhtv,frm tqifae&m&a&;/ xnfxnf0g0g wifwifw,fw,f f k kfH S h h h &Sa&;/ ud,=hf urRmud,f vGwvwvyfvyfzefw;D a&;/ ud,jhf ynfwi;f a&; jyifyu 0ifrpGua&;pwmawGukd csKyf+yD; d k k f G f k G f ajymwmyg? jynfytm;ud;k ykqe;kd vd@k ajymwmudk ruufovdk wkwtm;ud;k rat-d;k qdwmudvnf; oabm d f f k k rwlygb;l ? 'ga=umifyJ pdi&iv@kd ac:wJh '%fcwfywq@kd a&;udprm bmrS0ifrajymbJaewmyJ? h kf Sf d f P S (3) Auy &J@ jynfcsp0g'vrf;pOfu jynfwi;f u vlwef;pm;wduyvrf;pOfy? f G k f JG J ppfAsLdu&ufvuf0g;}uD;tky"e&Sipepfukd qef@usiwuzsur,f? k f f f kd f f ppfAsLdu&ufvuf0g;}uD;tkyEiiawmfajr&Sipepfukd qef@usiwuzsur,f? k f kd f H f f kd f f wdkif;jynf&J@ e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_ (TI) udk txdyg; rcHbl;? xdvm&if jyefcsrSmyJvdk@vnf; tusO;f csKyf+yD; ajymEdiygw,f? kf

43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 43212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321

k hf d f J d ud,trxutr_uf ud,y&i;f &rSmyg k f J S

olrsm;awGukd vmt&Si;f cdi;f vd@k rjzpfygb;l k

v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&; udk b,folawG zsufqD;chJ=uwmvJ

(1) v,fvyov,fyia&; vkyief;pOfukd vGwvyfa&; kf l kd f f f r&cifuwnf;u rdrdwdk@aqmifyk'f vkyfcJh=uw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&awmh tJ'Daqmifyk'fudk zqyv tpdk;& a&m/ Auy yg vufawG@taumiftxnf azmfchJ=u w,f? udk,fhenf;eJ@udk,f vkyfchJ=uwmyJ? 'Dae&mrSm b,fvdkvkyfcJh=uw,fqdkwmudk tus,fcsJ@ra&;csifbl;? v,fvyov,fyia&; aqmify'ukd rypfy,f=ubl; k f l kd f k f qdwmyJ a&;csiwm jzpfw,f? k f vkyief;udk t}uD;tus,f tjypfwifwmawG vkyw,f? f f Auy &J@ v,fvkyfolv,fykdifa&; ajr,mvrf;pOfu ajrrJ,mrJh qif;&Jom;v,form;awGukd apwemydom; h k G wm trSey? ajr&Siuom ypfrwxm; OD;wnfwuwm f J f kd S f kd f r[kwawmhbJ csr;f omwJv,form;/ tvwfwef;pm; f h v,form;txufvmawGuyg xdcuapwm jzpfom; $ kd kd f G w,f? 'guvnf; wESpyJ vkycwmyg? aemufusawmh f f hJ jyifvuwmyJ? kd f

v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&; aqmifyk'fudk (3) tJ'E;DS aESmyGawGrm zqyv &J@ ajr,mvrf;pOfukd D J S ,wdjywf ypfy,foawG[m ppftm%m&Sipepf ppftpd;k & a0zefwm r=um;&oavmufy? l f J tqufqufyJ qdwmudyJ jzpfpOfe@J wuG tus,wifjycsif k k f aemufqHk;usawmh ajrtm;vHk; ajray:ajr ygw,f? atmuf a&ay:a&atmuf o,HZmwtm;vH;k v,form; (2) ppf t m%m&S i f p epf u awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D vnf; rydib;l ? ajr&Sivnf; rydib;l ? b,forS rydib;l ? kf f kf l kf trnfcHwkef;u v,form;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJqdkwmawG Ediiawmf uyJ ydiw,fq+kd y;D v,fvyov,fyia&; kfH kf kf l kd f vkyw,f? tke;f awm rSm p+yD;vkyw,f? caygi;f rSm udk ppftm%m&Siu ,wdjywf y,fzsuvuw,f? f f f f kd f 'l;,m; rSm qufvyw,f? k f EdkifiHawmf uyJ uGyfuJ+yD; }uD;=uyfr,f? tJ'DESD;aESmzvS,fyGJawGudk Adkvfaomif;=unf/ EdkifiHawmf uyJ vkyfcGifhay;r,fqdk+yD; v,fvkyfol (aemuf) Advoef;pdee@J Advwifp;kd wd@k u tm%mydiawG v,fvyyici qdwm jzpfvmwmyJ? k f f k f kf k f kd f G hf k taeeJ@ OD;pD;=uw,f? Auy xGu Auy ysu awGukd f f tJ'uwnf;u tcktxd Ediiawmf emrnf D kfH aqG;aEG;cGiay;xm;w,f? tJ'aqG;aEG;olawGu Auy hf D cH+yD; ppftypu xifwi;f }uJaeawmhwmyg? k f k kd &J@ tukeor;f tukea0 wJh v,fvyov,fyia&; f d f k f l kd f 6

_ynfolhtm%m
tckq&if ajrodr;f wJowif;awG c%c%=um;ae&w,f? vrf;azmuf/ wHwm;aqmufz@kd / pufwnfz@kd / kd h kH uyfyg;vkyief;&Si}f uD;rsm;udk qkcsz@kd q+kd yD; Ediiawmf ucsn;f odr;f aew,f? Ediiawmfucsn;f vkyyiciay;aew,f? f kfH kfH f kd f G hf EdkifiHawmf u v,f,mvkyfolawGqDu odrf;,lwm[m 'Dae@txd r&yfbl;? ydk+yD;rsm;vmaew,f? vkyyiciay;xm;olxrmvnf; wdi;f &if;om;r[kwwhJ wkw/f ukvm;/ ,d;k ',m;awG ygvmw,f? aemifrmqd&if f kd f G hf J S k f S k t&if;tES;D &Swol vlrsKd ;pHk ygvmawmhr,f? d hJ (4) 2008 tajccHOya'&J@ yk'r (37) udk =unfyg? &Si;f aeygw,f? a&eufqyurf; aqmufz@kd / tjrefvrf;r}uD;azmufz@kd / f h df pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf vkyfzdk@qdk+yD; EdkifiHawmfydkif vkyfwmawG rsm;vmvdrfhr,f? Oya'topfawG wd;k vmvdrr,f? hf (5) v,fvyov,fyia&; udk zsuor;f wJh jypfr}_ uD;udk usL;vGeow&m;cHawGxrm Auy ysu eJ@ Auy k f l kd f f d f l J S f xGu awGvnf; ygaeygvrr,f? f d hf

acwfaemufusqJ v,f,mvkyfief;cGif

f d wkwvuQ%m&SwhJ qd&,vpfy%mrtqifukd k S f h pl;prf;avhvmjcif;

k A[do@kd wifjyygw,f? (1) wkwfvuQ%mqdkwm bmvJ? qdk&S,fvpfy%mrtqifh qdwm bmvJ? 'D (2) ckukd pl;prf;avhvm&rSmvd@k ,lqygw,f? k rjynfpao;wJh yk*vutawG;p rsm;om jzpfygw,f? h kH ~ d (2) wkwvuQ%mqdwm bmvJ? f k wkw&@J jzpfay:ajymif;vJru b,foe@J rS rwlb;l ? ole@J f _ l &G,wl tdE,eJ@vnf; rwlb;l ? *syefe@J rwlb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd f dN f Armjynfvdk ol@0ef;usifu EdkifiHawGeJ@vnf; rwlbl;? wkwjf ynf&@J ESpf (2000) ordi;f avhvm=unf&if &Si;f k h w,f? 'ga=umifh wkwvuQ%m qdwmudk olw@kd f k txl;yaewmvd@k ,lqw,f? oD;jcm;vuQ%mqdkwm wdkif;jynfwck&J@ ta&;}uD; udpy? tar&duef[m ol@ tar&duefvuQ%m&SwhJ P J d 'Drua&pD udk csrwusio;kH cJwmyJ? jyifopf'rua&pD kd S f hf h D kd u wrsKd ;/ t*Fvy'rua&pDuwrsKd ; ud,vuQ%meJ@ d f D kd k hf ud,f &S=d uw,f? k qd&,vpfrmvnf; 'DvyJ jzpf&vdrr,f? [dwe;f uvdk k S f S kd hf k k qdA,ufq&,vpfypukd tm;vH;k u wyHpwnf; vkyaewmrsKd ; k D kd S f kH H k H f jzpfvkd@r&bl;?

pmwnf;tzGJ@trSm &JabmfwOD;&J@ pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_ jzpfw,f? wygwDvHk; pl;prf;avhvmapcsifvdk@ azmfjyw,f? rmhufpf0g'eJ@ ywfoufor#udk ygwD0ifwdkif;[m wm0efwcktjzpfeJ@ avhvmae=u&rSm jzpfw,f?

_ynfolhtm%m
k&Sm;eJ@wkwf qdkygawmh? olwdk@&J@ordkif; jzpfay:r_u wlwmr[kwfbl;? tawmf}uD;udk uGmjcm;w,f? wyHpwnf;vkyv@kd rjzpfEib;l ? 'gukd CPC acgi;f aqmifawG aemufyi;f usrS owdyrd=uyHay:ygw,f? k H f kd f kd k 'gayrJh uGejf rLepfygwawG tom;usaewmu wwd,tifwmae&Sie,fwe;f uvdk wckwnf;aomA[d/k D f k wckwnf;aom aoe*FAsL[m/ wckwnf;aom enf;y&d,m,f/ wckwnf;aomvky[efukd pGvrf;aew,f? f J ud,uom pGvrf;aewm? Ediiwumhtcif;tusi;f u wqpfcsKd ;ajymif;oGm;+yD? k f J kfH (1900) u (1945) txd Ediiwumhtcif;tusi;f rsKd ; r[kwawmhb;l ? tJ'gukd tav;*kryrd=ubl;? kfH f t&if;&Sie,fcs@J orm;csi;f ppfcif;wJtqifxd ydyuQr&Sawmhb;l ? tar&duefukd tm;vH;k u acgi;f aqmifwifxm;+yD? f h h d aewd;k (NATO) zG@J +yD;ae+yD? ppfat;wduyJG qifEae+yDpwmawGukd tav;xm; *kryrd=ubl;? k f J$ wjcm;udpawGvnf; &Sao;w,f? tJ'gawmh ra&;awmhygb;l ? ab;a&mufom;r,f? P d G qdk&S,fvpfy%mrtqifhqdkwm bmvJ? rmhupte*,fw@kd u uGejf rLepftqif&@J a&S@rm qd&,vpftqif&&r,favmufyJ ajymcJw,f? tck[mu f f d f h S k S f h dS h qd&,vpftqif&@J a&S@rm y%mrtqifwck&&r,fv@kd tqifopfwck xyfw;kd vduwmyJ? k S f h S h dS h k f rmufpw@kd ajymcJwhJ qd&,vpftqifukd k&m;/ wkwf vky=f unfawmh rvG,b;l qdwmudk vufawG@t& f h k S f h S h f k awG@vm&w,f? t&if;&Sipepfukd ausmjf zwfz@kd rajymeJ@/ trDvuz@kd awmif rvG,b;l qdwm odvmw,f? f kd f f k 'guvnf; pepfcsif; yif&wma=umifhoufouf r[kwfbl;? e,fcsJ@csif; ppfcif;wJhacwf r[kwfawmhbJ t&if;&SiawG wpnf;wvH;k wnf; jzpfaew,f? jzpfaewmrS ESpaygi;f (60) ausm+f yD? a&S@rmvnf; yxreJ@'w, f f S k d urBmppfawGvkd ppfrsKd ;jzpfz@kd rjrifrb;l ? ppfat;wduyypyJ jzpfaeOD;r,fv@kd wGuygw,f? 20 &mpk ppfat;wduyJG d k f J G kH H f k f (a[mif;) rsKd ;awmhjzpfr,f rxifb;l ? 21 &mpkypopfyJ jzpfr,f? kH H vDeifa&;cJhwJh e,fcsJ@pepf t&if;&Sifpepf&J@aemufqHk;tqifh qdkwmu vDeifa&;cJhovdk jzpfvmwm r[kwb;l ? vDeif rSm;wm r[kwb;l ? 'kw,urBmppf}uD;t+yD;rSm tajctaeajymif;oGm;wm jzpfw,f? t&if;&SiawG f f d f u tcserxe;f !vuwmyJ? tJ'vkd ajymif;oGm;wmudk tav;xm;&r,f? omrefr[kwb;l ? vDeif&@J e,fcs@J pepf d f D d d kd f D f usr;f rSmygwhJ ukr%}D uD;awG tck r&Sawmhb;l ? EdiijH zwfausmwhJ aumfya&;&Si;f }uD;awG ay:aew,f? *vdb,f ` d kf f kd k vduaZ;&Si;f acwf jzpfaew,f? ppfjzpf&if EsLuvD;,m;ppfjzpfr,f? jzpf&ifvnf; Edir,fol r&SbJ (2) bufpvH;k k f kf h d a=uyef;r,fqwhJ tajctaejzpfaew,f? 'gayrJh xm0pOf urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;acwf a&muf+yDv@kd vnf; rajymEdib;l ? kd kf tcktajctaeu b,fwe;f urS r&Sz;l wJtajctaeyJ? ppftyp}k uD;awG tyiftqdiz@JG xm;wm r&Sb;l ? k d h k f kf d aewd;k (NATO) yJ &Sw,f? yifbuf (WARSAW) 0gaqmppftyprsKd ; r&Sb;l ? urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&m;r_}uD;vnf; d k f k d f S r&Sb;l ? tpdr;f a&mifvy&m;r_ &Sw,f? ol@O;D wnfcsuuwrsKd ; jzpfw,f? =um;aetkypk (bufrvdutyp) qdwmuvnf; d _f S d f f k f kfk k v_yvy&m;&Sm; r&Sb;l ? zsuw,frajymbJ ysuaewmyJ? f _ f S d f f 9

_ynfolhtm%m
wkwfjynf[m wdkif;jynf rmhupte*,fw@kd u olw@kd ff df &J@ awmfvSefa&;vufawG@uae+yD; u us,f / vl O D ; a&ursm;/ pmay uGefjrLepfpepf&J@a&S@rSm qdk&S,fvpf rwwfolawGuvnf;rsm;? tJ'Dvdk tqifh &S&r,fv@kd }uHqcJ=h uw,f? tajctaerS m vl w d k i f ; vk y f E d k i f d oavmuf vkyfae=uovm;qdkwm tJ ' D q d k & S , f v pf t qif h u trSeftwdkif;odzdk@ rvG,fbl;? vkyf vkyfEdkifoavmufvkyf - vkyf oavmuf ,lae=uovm;/ tacsmif oavmuf,l - rvkyorpm;& vd@k yJ cdou rvkybJ pm;ae=uovm; f l k l f ajymcJhwmyJ? uGefjrLepftqifhusrS qd k w mvnf ; od z d k @ rvG , f b l ; ? vkyfEdkifoavmufvkyf vdk u|efawmfwdk@ygwDu wkwfjynfrSm oavmuf, zd@k v@kd qdw,f? 'gawG l k vkyfaewmawGudk teD;uyfavhvm u rmhupte*,fw@kd &@J }uHqcsuy? EdicwmyJ? tawmfav; odwmyJ? f f d f f J k f hJ olw@kd vky=f unfcihf r&=ubl;? hG rvkyfol rpm;& qdkwJh vky=f unfci&wmu olw@kd rl twdkif; jzpfaewm r[kwfbl; h G hf uG,ve+f yD;rS k&m;rSm &w,f? f G S qdkwmvnf; awG@ae&wmyJ? rvkyf aemuftawmf=umrS wkwfrSm olu rsm;rsm;pm;aewm awG@ae& &w,f? vky=f unf=h uw,f? atmifjrif wmyJ? oifhoavmuf atmifjrifw,f? 'g wkwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD ayrJh tcuftcJawGvnf; ay:w,f? k f JG k&m;a&m/ wkwyg acwfaemufuswhJ (CPC) uvnf; vlwef;pm;wduy S f wdkif;jynfawG? wdkif;jynfawGu }uD; awG tawmrowf qifae&w,f? f w,f? vlO;D a& rsm;w,f? zG@H z;r_csi;f rqifv@kd vnf; rjzpfb;l ? v$wxm;&if rwlwJh a'oawGuvnf; &Sdw,f? jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepf f vlrsKd ;uvnf; rsm;w,f? wkwrm ysur,f? f S qd&if xGuajy;oGm;wJh (autrfw) k f D wzuf u vnf ; ud k , f u u tar&dueftultnD&+yD; woD; wjynfvHk;&J@ tpdk;& jzpfaew,f? wjcm;wdkif;jynf wnfaew,f? +yD; tpd;k &u OD;pD;+y;D wdi;f oljynfom;awG k awmh t+rJaESmif,uaew,f? tJ'D h S f udk vlwef;pm;tkyfpkcGJ+yD; wzufeJ@ =um;xJrm qd&,vpfpepfukd vkyae S k S f f wzuf wdkufcdkif;ae&ovdk jzpfae &wmyg? ajrprf;c&rf;ysdK; vkyfae& awmh rwnf+idrfbl;? a&ma,mif+yD; wmyJ? k&m;rSmqd&ifawmh ydq;kd w,f? S k k awmfvSefa&;tvHxlum ygwDwGif; 0di;f 0ef;wducuwmawmif cHvu& k k f kd f kd f *d%;f tkypk tm%mvk wduyawG k f k f JG ao;w,f? ay:apovdk jzpfaew,f? vifajymif 10 tpk 4 OD;*d%;f pwmawG ay:ap k w,f? t}uD;qHk;jy\emuawmh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pk rzGH@z;bJ vkyf Edkifoavmufvkyf+yD; vkyfoavmuf ,l z d k @ qd k w mu ajymoavmuf rvG,wmyJ? ukexwqufqa&;udk f f k f H csn;f tav;xm;aeovdk jzpfaew,f? qkd&S,fvpfy%mrtqifh&J@wm0ef ukexwpr;f tm;pk bufpkH f k f G zG@H z;wd;k wufz@kd wm0efukd xrf;aqmif wmyJvdk@ ,lqw,f? zGH@z;wdk;wuf vmwmudvnf; awG@ae&+yDy? k J 'gayrJ h jy\emopf a wG vnf; wyHkwacgif;}uD;yJ? tcktxd awmh rl}uD; (4) csue@J xde;f xm;Edif f k w,f? (qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;udk vdkuf/ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sif pepfudk udkifpGJ/ uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ acgif ; aqmif r _ e J @ rmh u f p f v D e if 0 g' armfpDwkef;tawG;tac: vrf;!ef r_uc,qwhJ rl}uD; 4 csujf zpfw,f?) kd H l kd rl}u;D (4) csuukd ypfy,fr&if qdA,uf f d kD qdk&S,fvpfpepf usqHk;ovdk usqHk; r,fh tEW&m,f &Saew,f? d uk e f x k w f p G r f ; tm;pk a wG bufpz@HG z;wd;k wufvmwmrSm odom kH ygw,f? 'gayrJh ol@vO;D a&u odyrsm; l f w,f? wOD;csi;f &J@ ukexwpr;f tm; f k f G u zG@H z;wJh EdiiawG&@J pGr;f tm;eJ@ kfH Edi;f ,SO&if trsm;}uD; aemufusqy? _ f J J

_ynfolhtm%m

wkwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ESpf (90) jynfhtcrf;tem;

qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm[r_uvnf; ody}f uD;w,f? urBmp;D yGm;a&;eHygwf (2) jzpfwmudk ,pfr;l aevd@k rjzpfb;l ? h aemufvlrSm tm;omcsuf&Sdw,f? a&S@uvl&@J atmifjrifrukd twk,Eiovdk qH;k H;_ r_/ usq;kH r_uvnf; oifcef;pm,l a&SmifEiwm[m aemufvl _ l kd f kd kd f &J@ tm;omcsuy? f J qdA,uf qd&,vpf prf;oyfru ESpf (70) ausmuav; &Sw,f? CPC &J@ qd&,vpfy%mr prf;oyfr_ kD k S f _ f d k S f u ESpf (30) ausmuav;yJ &Sao;w,f? olw@kd u wa&G@a&G@prf;+yD; oGm;aew,f? prf;oyfratmifjrif+yDv@kd ajymzd@k f d _ odyapmygao;w,f? f u|eawmfw@kd u aemufvy? olw@kd atmifjrif&if twk,z@kd y? ArmjynfvuQ%m&SwhJ qd&,vpfy%mr f l J l J d k S f tqifvyz@kd vdrvdk 'Drua&pDawmfvea&; t+yD;tydiatmifjrif+yD;rSyJ qH;k jzwf&rSmyg? avmp&m rvdygb;l ? olw@kd &@J h kf k kd Sf kf k qd&,vpfy%mrtqifukd pl;prf;avhvmwmyJ vkyz@kd yg? A[du qH;k jzwfxm;wJtwdi;f CPC &J@ wkwvuQ%m&SwhJ k S f h f k h k f d qd&,vpfy%mrtqifh prf;oyfrukd pl;prf;avhvmwmyJ vkyaezd@k yg? k S f _ f pl;prf;avhvm&wmu tuef@towf &Srmyg? twGi;f usustcsutvuf tjynftpHoz@kd qwm cufrmyg? dS f h k d kd S odor#e@J yJ avhvmae&rSmyJ?

11

(1989 - 2009) ESpf 20 twGi;f Ediiwumhtajymif;tvJrsm; kfH

(1) bma&; pD;yGm;a&;tusytwnf;uae+yD; Ediia&;/ ppfa&; tusytwnf;rsm;qDo@kd ul;aew,f? f kfH f (1929 - 30) pD;yGm;a&;uyfquwe;f uvdawmh jzpfay:r_u rjrefb;l ? bma=umifvqawmh kd f k k h J kd [dwe;f u vufwqkypme,fcs@J Eii}H u;D awGu urBmudca0+y;D udvevyxm;wJacwf jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifyJ k k f kd f k JG k kd D k f h h jrefw,f? urBmppf}uD; jzpfcw,f? hJ tckuawmh urBmv$r;f cHwhJ (*vdb,fvuaZ;&Si;f ) acwf/ owif;enf;ynm IT acwf/ EsLuvD;,m;eJ@ k kd f wducsi;f ypf';kH ysacwf jzpfw,f? ppf}uD;jzpfz@kd ([dwe;f uvd) rjrefEib;l ? 'gayrJh ppf}uD;rjzpfEib;l vd@k vnf; rajymEdif k f H k k k kd f kd f k jyefb;l ? ppfvufeufawG wd;k cs@J =u/ ppftiftm;jyyGawGvy=f u/ e,fajrydieuftjiif;yGm;r_awG jzpf=uwmawGu rsm; J k kf vmw,f? pdyvmw,f? 'g[m ppfjzpfapwJh peufwawGy? f H J A[dcsuuvnf; ypdzwork'&m tm&Sbufjcrf;rSm jzpfaew,f? k f d f N (2) Armjynf&@J yx0Dtaetxm;t& 'DvEiiwumtajctaersKd ;rSm rdrw@kd u ody+f yD;tuif;yg;&r,f? jynfo@l kd kd f H d tm%m trSwf (32) wke;f u tar&duefe@J wkwf yg0gaysmvey ta=umif;a&;cJw,f? ed*;kH csKyfrm yg0gaysmveyJG h G f JG h S h G f [m awmfawmfe@J +yD;rSmr[kw? *syef/ tdE,/ tmqD,H ygvm&if yd+k yD;yGpnfvrr,f vd@k oH;k oyfcw,f? tck f dN J d hf hJ olw@kd wawG ygvm=u+yD? yGpnf wmuae yG=J urf; vmrSmudk pd;k &dr&ygw,f? J f (3) rsuarSmufEiiwumhtajctaeudk ESpf 20 twGi;f Ediiwumhtajymif;tvJrsm;eJ@ (rdrw@kd u) qufpyf+yD; f kd f H kfH d pOf;pm;ygw,f? bmawGajymif;vJcovJ? hJ 12

_ynfolhtm%m
h kd tar&duef (1989) rSm wOD;wnf;aom urBmAv}f uD; jzpfvmw,f? tar&dueforRw (3) OD; (taz) bk&/fS uvifwefe@J (om;) bk&w@kd [m tar&dueftvdus urBmtcif;tusi;f opf (tpDtpOfopf) (NWO) fS k h csrwEiawmhr,fv@kd xifc=hJ uw,f? S f kd f (taz) bk&u (NWO) vd@k pajymw,f? uvifwefu Oa&mytcif; tusi;f opfrm tar&duef fS S &J@ yg0ifywfoufr_ tcef;udk wdk;jrifhchJw,f? ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;rSm jywfjywf0if+yD; acgif;aqmifchJw,f? qdA,ufwjzpfvJ k&m;udk ab;cswxm;vduw,f? k&m;u atmifoufoufjzpfom;w,f? wd@k rmvnf; kD S d f k f S h G S tEkjrLAH;k awG/ 'H;k ysawG &SwmyJ avmufyajym+yD; abmfvuefuprm tar&dueftvdusjzpfwmudk vufcH H d J dPS k vdu&w,f? (tJ'umvrSmyJ wkwo;kH vnf; rawmfwu,f AH;k cswm cHvu&w,f?) k f D f H kd f (om;) bk&fS vufxufrmawmh tm&Staemufyi;f rSm tD&wfppfyJG zefw;D w,f? ukvor*~ (UN) S kd udk ab;cswvuw,f? +yD;awmh rduruuef;uef;vkyw,f? rwefr&mudk ajymw,f? aemufq;kH awmh d f kd f k f kd f f (NWO) rvkyEibJ tD&eftwGuf tD&wfppf 0ifwuay;&ovdyJ jzpfom;w,f? tar&duef jynfol f kd f kd f k G awG&@J onf;nnf;cHEir_ ukeq;kH oGm;w,f? 'Dve@J tdbm;rm; orRwjzpfvmw,f? olu tajctaeeJ@ kd f f kd k tnD xde;f !wmudk vkyw,f? urBmtcif;tusi;f opf (NWO) csucsi;f vkyv@kd r&ao;bl;? ukvor*~ d f h f f (UN) yjyifz@JG pnf;a&;uwqifh cswuf&r,fv@kd olu ,lqyHy? D k J 'ga=umifyJ wkwukd xde;f xm;zd@k tdE,udk ukvor*~ vHk cHa&;aumifpD UNSC rSm t+rJwrf; h f dN tzGJ@0if ae&may;r,f qdkwJh qG,fpum; ajymw,f? *syefudkvnf; odrf;oGif;w,f? tmqD,HEdkifiH wcsKd @uvnf; pnf;H;k w,f? (Armjynfay:vpDrm pdi&i '%fcwfywq@kd a&;eJ@ xdawG@qufqa&; 2 cG kd S kf Sf d f H ay:vpDvd@k ajymif;vJvmwm 'ga=umify?) h J

awmifudk;&D;,m;eJ@yl;wGJppfqifa&;rS tar&duefav,mOfwifoabFm 13

09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 09876543212109876543210987654321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321

_ynfolhtm%m

14 Armjynfu wkwe@J uvm;=um;omru xdi;f eJ@vnf; tdre;D csi;f ? tdE,ork'&murf;ajcrSmvnf;jzpfv@kd f k k f dN N wkwe*g;ESreif;a&; xJrm =um;nyfrmudk tvGeyp;kd &drrygw,f? f d f S S f J f d (4) 21 &mpk&J@ 'kwd,q,fpkumvrsm;odk@ tcka&mufaeyg+yD? wkwfe*g;}uD; Edk;xvmwmudk tm;vHk;u owdyrdvm=uw,f? eydkvD,Hpdk;&drfcJhwJh wkwfe*g; u ya'o&mZfe*g; yJ? tck tar&dueftygt0if tiftm;}uD;EdiiawG pd;k &draewmu y%mrqd&,vpftqifh e*g; jzpfw,f? kfH f k S f d reDD kd f h t*Fvy/f jyifopf/ *smrew@kd &@J tajymif;tvJuawmh csexm;cJr,f? olw@kd vnf; olw@kd enf;eJ@ tajymif;tvJ vky=f uwmyJ? f S f dS kd k&Sm;? olu *smr%D/ *syefw@kd vkd ppf;kH_ oGm;wm r[kwb;l ? ol@rmvnf; tpG,&w,fqwm jyaew,f? tar&duefu aoe*FAsL[m vufeuf}uD;rsm;uef@owfa&; (START) pmcsKyfopf csKyfvm&w,f? wkwf? qdkAD,ufudk tar&duefu tvJxdk;&mrSm ol@tcef; trsm;}uD;ygw,f? ppfat;vGefacwf ysm;&nfqrf;cse udk aumif;aumif;}uD; toH;k csw,f? d f tJ'DvdkeJ@ tar&duef&J@ t}uD;qHk;+rD&Sif jzpfvmw,f? pD;yGm;a&;rSm 'kwd,ae&m wuf,l vmw,f? (WTO) urBmueo,a&;tzG@J xukd (1990) rSm 0ifw,f? (qdA,ufwjzpfvJ k&m;u tckxd h k f G f J k D S 0ifcGifhr&bl;? av#mufxm;qJyJ?) (WTO) tzGJ@0ifjzpfwJh tcGifhta&;udk aumif;aumif;toHk;csw,f? tar&duefu ppfyGJ!GHxJepf/ ppftoHk;p&dwf rwefwqoHk;ae&csdefrSm olu jynfemrS aiG&Smvdk@ aumif;w,f xH;k ESv;kH rl+yD; aiG&mw,f? S

kf Sf pdi&i '%fcwfywq@kd a&;eJ@ xdawG@qufqa&; d f H Armjynfay:vpDrSm

2 cG ay:vpDvd@k ajymif;vJvmwm

'ga=umifhyJ

e,f a _ryd k i f e uf t _iif ; yG m ;r+ r sm;uae ppf_zpfEdkifw,f

e,fajrydkifeuftjiif;yGm;r_awG tm&SrSm rsm;w,f? 'Dvtjiif;yGm;r_awGu wjcm;a'oawGrmvnf; txdutavsmuf&ae=uwmygy? 'gayrJh tm&Srm ydrsm;w,f? kd S k f dS J S k k&m;eJ@*syef tjiif;yGm;aew,f? wkwe@J tE, tjiif;yGm;aew,f? wkwe@J tmqD,EiiwcsKd @ tjiif;yGm; S f d dN f H kd f H aew,f? xdi;f eJ@uarBm'D;,m; tjiif;yGm;aew,f? Armjynfe@J b*Fvm;a'h&fS tjiif;yGm;aew,f? wjcm; tjiif;yGm;r_ k awGawmh ra&;awmhygb;l ? jrm;OD;vSnfhay;wwfw,f? urBmrSm pD;yGm;a&;tusytwnf;u r+yD;ao;bl;? vlawG&@J aexdipm;aomufp&dwawGu wufaew,f? f kf f tvkyvufrhJ rsm;aew,f? qif;&Jwi;f usqif;ol rsm;aew,f? wdi;f jynfwi;f [m ud,tusytwnf;eJ@u,f f G k kd k hf f kd jzpfaew,f? ud,usKd ;pD;yGm; umuG,a&;0g'udk usio;kH ae=uw,f? k f f hf jynfolawGu pm;0wfaea&;'kuQawGa=umifh a'goxGufae=uw,f? tJ'Da'gou tkyfpdk;olawGtay: usa&mufaew,f? 'gukd vSnajymif;ay;zd@k a'gojrm;OD;udk wzufo@kd vSnay;zd@k umv&Sn=f um wnf&aewJh EdiiH hf hf dS kf &yfjcm;eJ@ tjiif;yGm;aewJh e,fajrydieufupukd tkyp;dk olawGu a&S@wef;wif yGxwavh&w,f? kf d P f J k f dS 8syefeJ@k&Sm;/ *syefeJ@wkwf e,fajrydkifeuftjiif;yGm;r_uawmh 'D*&DwufvdkufusvdkufyJ? +yD;jywfr,fh vuQ%m r&Sb;l ? wkwe@J tE,udpvnf; 'Dvy? wae@rm jynfo@l a'go ud,bufvnrvmatmif a'gojrm;OD;udk d f d dN P kd J S k hf S hf jynfybufvnay;wmawG jzpfvmEdiw,f? xdi;f eJ@uarBm'D;,m;uawmh ppfa&;xdawG@ruav;awG jzpfvuw,f? S hf kf k _ kd f us,jf yef@om;wmawmh r&Sb;l ? ukvor*~rm wifjy+yD;&Si;f r,fv@kd wzufuajymayr,fh wzufu vufrcHb;l ? G d S ArmeJ@b*Fvm;a'h&w@kd uawmh ukvor*~rmajz&Si;f zd@k oabmwlae=uyHy? fS S k J wckvHk;cH+yD; pOf;pm;=unfh e,fajrydieuf tjiif;yGm;r_awG[m tckrS &Saewm r[kwb;l ? wnf&aewm =umvS+y? aemufusrS ajz&Si;f zd@k kf d f dS D pdw&n&nxm;+yD; ajz&Si;f zd@k oabmwlae=uwmyJ? jy\em}uD;rvmatmifvnf; ESpzufpvH;k u xde;f =uwmyJ? f S f S f f tckrS bma=umifay:vGivmovJqwm pOf;pm;oifw,f? tkyp;kd olawGu vlx&@J a'gojrm;OD; jynfy h f kd h f k vSnom;zd@k vkywmtjyif tJ'vjkd zpfz@kd tar&duefuvnf; vdvm;aew,f? fh G f D k 15

_ynfolhtm%m
,uf)/ t*Fvyf (kpAJ/h pwmvif/ d csmcsD) wdk@yJ wdkifyifazmfwdkifyifzuf vkycwmyJ? wkwf (cseau&Sw) udk f hJ f d f ab;csd w f x m;cJ h w myJ ? t*F v d y f e J @ k&Sm;uvnf; udk,fh'kuQeJ@udk,frdk@ *smreD&efudkyJ tav;xm;&w,f? k&m;uqd&if *syefe@J awmif ppfrwduf S k k a=u;pmcsKyf csKyfxm;w,f? t*Fvyf d uvnf; *syefppfrsufESmbufudk vS n f h r =unf h E d k i f b l ; ? tar&d u ef uvnf; a&wyfe@J ypdzwork'&m d f N pd;k rd;k a&;yJ vkyae&wm jzpfw,f? f u|e;f wu|e;f +y;D wu|e;f odr;f aew,f? *smreD ppfH_;awmhrS *syef bufukd olw@kd vn=hf uwmyJ? *syefukd S OD;wnfwdkufr,fqdkawmhrS wkwf (csefau&Sdwf) udk }uD;w}uD;tjzpf xdkif;-uarBm'D;,m; ydkifqdkifr_tjiif;yGm;aewJh bk&m;ausmif; tar&duefu pifwifay;vmw,f? kd kd f f t=urf ; zuf + cd r f ; ajcmuf a &;0g'ud k udk,futacsmif =um;nyfrSm pdk;yg *syefuwu&if wkw&@J e,fajr/ wkwf &J@vtiftm;udk toH;k cs&rSmjzpfv@kd y? l J ppfa=unm+yD; wdkuf&if;u ppfyGJ w,f? 'Dve@J wkwu ppf+yD;awmh }uD; (5) kd f twGif; !GHepfaeawmh udk,fuppf xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m;ppfu }uD; xJ ygvmw,f? wdkuf olwdk@u pD;yGm;&Sm rjzpfcsif Armjynfukd 'kuray;Edib;l ? ol@jrm;OD; Q kf awmhb;l ? ud,vyJ olrsm;awGvnf; k hf kd u ta&S@bufvSnfhaewmyJ? Arm 'DudpPudk jyef+yD;ajym&wmu? pD;yGm;csnf;&SmraeEdkifbJ ppf!GHwGif; jynfe@J xdywuw;kd p&m r&Sb;l ? wd;k f kd f d tar&duefu tdENd,udk epfapcsifw,f? csi;f wd;k &if AD,uferfe@J yJ wd;k vdrr,f? ukvor*~vkH ca&;aumifpD (UNSC) hf H udk,fh'kuQrsdK; olrsm;vnf; tmqD,H tpnf;ajywmyJ &Sr,f? rS m t+rJ w rf ; wae&may;r,f v d k @ d awG@apcsiw,f? txl;ojzifh wkw/f f wkwfeJ@tdENd, ppfjzpfvdk@ ajym+y;D vmbfx;kd vmwmudk owdyrd tdE,/ k&m;udk !Gepfapcsiw,f? dN S H f =uapzdk@yg? uawmh racsmifb;l ? Armjynf&J@ tdrfeD;csif;awG wkwfeJ@tdENd, ppfrwdkuf 'kwd,urBmppfordkif;udk jyef=unfh? &efrjzpf/ ppfrwduapcsib;l ? olw@kd k f f wefygb;l ? olw@kd t&Sn=f unfr,fv@kd h csn;f wduaevd@k uawmh aeomayr,fh k f *smreD&efudk tav;xm; ar#mvifygw,f? f h wke;f u tar&duefu k&m; (qdAD S k 16
76543210987654321 76543210987654321 76543210987654321 76543210987654321 76543210987654321

uGe_f rLepf tifwmae&Sie,feh f J Auy

uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sie,fukd zsuor;f wmu (1943) f f d ZGevrSmqdawmh (Auy) u (4) ESpavmufyJ ole@J qufqH f k f Auy uawmh qufq&wm odyr=umbl;? (4) H f cJ&wmyg? h ESpf r&Sb;l ? 'guvnf; (ESp) eJ@cs+D yD; ajymvd@k yg? Oa&myrSm d f ppf}u;D jzpfae+yjD zpfv@kd qufq&wm ody+f y;D rvG,awmhb;l ? H f 1935 ckESpfuwnf;u uGefjrLepftifwmae &Sife,fu uGefjrLepfygwDawG&J@ twGif;a&;awGrSm 0if 'gayrJh (CI) eJ@ qufq&wm wckawmh aumif; H rpGuz@kd qH;k jzwfxm;+yD;om;yg? 'ga=umifh bmudrS wduf w,f? bma=umifaumif;ovJqwmudk tus,wifjy f k k h kd f du!e=f um;wm rvkycb;l ? k f f hJ ygr,f? wkwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD (CPC) uawmh 1921 ckEpuwnf;u ygwaxmifwmqdawmh uGejf rLepf S f D k tifwmae&Sie,f (CI) eJ@ qufq&wm =umw,f? wduf f H k duvnf; !e=f um;cH&w,f? uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sie,f k f f u 1919 rSm zG@J pnf;wmjzpfv@kd (CI) eJ@ qufqwm 22 H ESpf &Sw,f? d (CI) &J@aus;Zl;&Sdw,f?

tJ'we;f u (CI) &J@taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r;u D k 'Drxa&mhA yJ? ol@&@J zufqpfqef@usia&;wyfaygi;f pk D f f vrf;pOfa=umifh Auy vdrfhvdrfhvJvJ rjzpfwmyJ? 'gawmifrS Auy xJrSm tawG;tac:_yfaxG;olawG &Scao;w,f? *syefzufqpfe@J ywfouf+yD; oabmxm; d hJ (CPC) &J@ (CI) eJ@ywfoufwtuJjzwfcsu? hJ f awG uGcao;wmyJ? 'gayrJh *syefzufqpfta=umif; aygi;f rS J hJ od+yD; 'DrDxa&mhAf (CI) &J@ tpD&ifcHpmaus;Zl;a=umifh (CI) &J@oufwrf; 24 ESpukd (3) ydi;f (8) ESppD f k f jyefvnfppnf;rdvmwmyJ? k tnDtr#c+JG yD; olw@kd u oH;k oyfw,f? armfpwe;f u (CI) &J@ yxr (8) ESp/f 1919 rS D k 1927 umvudk qufqH&wmaumif;w,fvdk@ oHk;oyf w,f? 'kw, (8) ESprm odyraumif;bl;/ wwd, (8) d f S f ESprm aumif;w,fv@kd oH;k oyfw,f? 'gu olw@kd tawG@ f S tuHt& ajymwmyJ? *syeft0if t*Fvdyftajy;rSm Auy acgif; aqmifawGxrm tawG;tac:_yaxG;aewmudk &Si;f ay; J S f wm (CI) 'Drxa&mhA&@J vrf;!ecsua=umify? 'ga=umifyJ D f f f hJ h jyef v nf p k p nf ; rd v mwmyg? wOD ; wa,muf a umif ; a=umifh vH;k 0r[kwb;l ? f 17

_ynfolhtm%m
um; 0if+yD;q&mvkyv@kd cH&wmrsm;w,f? epfemcJwmawG f h odyrsm;w,f? 'gayrJh vlo&i=f um;jzpfatmif rvkyb;l ? f d S f (CPC) eJ@ rwlbl;? armfpwe;f / csLaw;/ csKd tifvi;f wd@k ukd ta&;,lwm cH&wm D k kd d (CPC) u (CI) u 0if+yD; (tajctaerodb) awG &Sw,f? J !e=f um;r_trSm;ay;wmawG c%c%cHc&w,f? hJ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;vkyf=uqdk+yD; r@}uD; (CI) eJ@ywfouf&if (Auy) tawG@tuHu wckukd erlemtjzpf a&;ygr,f? wkwfjynfrSm usef;a&$vsHeJ@ ,ef[lcsif;qdkwJh AdvcsKyf}uD; (2) a,mufu cseau&Swuzrf;wJh &S;D tef; k f f d f kd ta&;tcif; qdwm (1936) rSm jzpfw,f? k awGrm ykeuefrawG vkyci;f vd@k tustqH;k vnf; rsm;cJ+h y? S f _ f kd D 'gayrJh }udwrwcw,f? ynmwwfawGu ygwukd acgi;f f dS f H D aqmifaevd@k c%c% ygwwi;f *d%;f *%wduyJG jzpfwm D G k k f yJ? 'ga=umifh tvkyorm;ADZ&SoawGukd acgi;f aqmifwif f d l =u&r,f !e=f um;vd@k vkyc&wmvnf; &Sw,f? tvkyf f hJ d orm;ADZ&Sdwdkif; acgif;aqmifwufvkyfvdk@rS rjzpfwmyJ? rmhup0g'oabmw&m;ydiEiz@kd / wkwjf ynf&@J xl;jcm;wJh ff k f kd f vuQ%mudk ESH@pyfzdk@/ acgif;aqmifr_tawG@tuH&Sdzdk@/ awmfvea&;&J@prf;oyfcxm;&zd@k / awmfvea&;pdw"mwf S f H S f f &ifusuz@kd pwmawGukd xnfwu&rSmyg? h f h G f

zrf;wJhAdkvfcsKyf}uD;xJrSm rm&S,fuav; vdk@ tac:cH&wJh usef;a&$vsH &J@tazu *syefeJ@aygif;wJh refcsL;&D;,m;u ppfbk&if}uD; usef;pdk;vif? 'ga=umifh (CI) u usef;a&$vsHudk *syef@aemufvdkufacG; vdk@ owfrww,f? cseau&Swuzrf;wm[m *syef@tvdus S f f d f kd k vkywmvd@k qdw,f? cseau&Swu qdA,uf&@J r[m f k f d f k D ADZaumif;oludk acgif;aqmifwifawmh olu rdw jzpfaevd@k olw@kd (CI) u tJ'vkd oabmxm;wmyJ? tzrf;cH&He@J tukeazmfajymvd@k A[dwckv;kH tzrf;cH& f D k f k w,f? tukev;kH towfc=H u&w,f? &Se[rm ajratmuf f f JS (CPC) u (CI) !e=f um;vmwmudk ypfy,f qufaevdk@ r&vdk@ vufeufudkifa'oajy;&w,f? tJ'D vduw,f? tajctaeudk rodbJ &rf;+yD;!e=f um;wmvd@k k f tcgusrS (CI) u olwdk@ rSm;ygw,f ajymwmvnf; oabmxm;w,f? (CPC) cHc&wmyJ? hJ use;f a&$vsw@kd uyJ *syefqef@usia&;wyfaygi;f H kd f rS e f & if iguG v d k @ vuf r raxmif e J @ ? rS m ;&if v nf ; pkxJ odr;f oGi;f w,f? cseau&Swukd wqH;k wprvkybJ f d f f ol@a=umifhvdk@ vuf!dK;rxdk;eJ@? *syefqef@usia&;twGuyJ pnf;H;k zd@k em;csw,f? atmif f f jrifygw,f? arraowkwfrusdK; ajcvSrf;vSrf;vdkufvdk@ (CI) r&Sdayr,fh uGefjrLepfygwDawG[m tcg jynfwi;f ppf c%awmh&yfom;+y;D *syefbufukd wkwawG tm;avsmpm awG@qaqG;aEG;=uw,f? (2) ygwcsi;f vnf; G G f fG kH D tm;vH;k OD;vSnvmEdicw,f? hf k f hJ aqG;aEG;=uw,f? tckvnf; tJ'vkd vkyaewmyJ? (IT) D f acwfjzpfv@kd tJ'vawG@qaqG;aEG;wm/ tjrif!Ei;f wm D kd kH d d_ &S;D tef;ta&;tcif; rSm (CPC) u tajrmf awGu ydawmifrsm;ao;w,f? k tjrif&cv@kd t}uD;tus,*%oumwufcwmyJ? (CI) dS hJ f k f d Q hJ !e=f um;ovdom vkyr&if zGwr& "m;rqH;k jzpfrmyJ? k f d f S awG@=u&if tjrifzvS,fr,f? tjyeftvSef a0zef t}uay;p&m&Sd ay;r,f? olpw0ifpm;&m ud,pwf H d f k fd 'gu erlemwckuyJ jywmyg? tJ'vuprsKd ;awG kd D kd d P 0ifpm;&mawGukd ajym=ur,f? uGejf rLepfcsi;f awG@wm[m (CPC) u trsm;}uD;cH&zl;w,f? (CI) u wwfa,mif 18

_ynfolhtm%m
rdwqxrif;pm;yG/J vufzuf&nfyrS r[kwb? Ediia&; f kH JG f J kfH pum;ajym=uwmyg? olrsm;ay;wJht}uHudk udk,fu,loHk;&if tJ'g ud,qENt& oH;k wmyJ? rSe&ifpH rSm;&ifcz@kd y? olrsm;v$cs k hf f H J J vd@k rjzpfb;l ? v$cs&if rd;k om;wmru ,kwrmwmyJ? t}uH J f ay;ole@J vnf; woufv;kH rdwysurmyJ? f f S uHwkef;ajymcsifwm? uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sie,f (CI) zsuor;f wm f f d ESpaygi;f (60) eD;yg;&S+d yD? (CI) r&SbJ uGejf rLepfygwcsi;f f d D qufqHa&;awG vkyfcJh=uwmyJ? =um+yD? tawG@tuH &ifusuyg+yD? h f ygwDawG trsm;}uD;qHkpnf;aqG;aEG;cJhwm awGvnf; rsm;vS+yD? tckacwfrm ydrsm;vmovdy? zdwf S k k J wdi;f vnf; roGm;Edib;l ? wcsKd @vnf; o0%fvmeJ@yJ quf k kf $ qH&wmyJ? ud,u AS vkycwhJ ygwy? tck UG ygwD k f f hJ D J uvnf; AS udk a&G;vrf;tjzpf xm;aewJhygwDjzpfvdk@ ae&mwumrSm 0ifygaevd@k raumif;bl;? qifjcifw,f? tckacwf uGejf rLepfygwawGuvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ; D tzHkzHkyJ? tm%m&ygwD/ tm%mwydkif;wp&wJh ygwD/ ajray:ygw/D ajratmufygw/D vufeufuiwuyJG AS kd f kd f vkyaewJygw/D twkutcHygw/D pHaewmyJ? tusKd ;pD;yGm; f h d f k csi;f uvnf; rwl=ubl;? wdi;f jynfwckwnf;rSmawmif Auy eJ@ qufqH k wJygwu wcsKd @ae&mrSm 2 ygwru &Sw,f? olw@kd csi;f h D D d u &efjzpfaewm? vrf;!eoabmw&m;uvnf; ol@ygwu,hf f D kd ygwD wnDwnf; r&S=d ubl;?
&Jabmf'DrDxa&mhAf

'DvdktajctaersdK;rSm-

vdk EdiiwumtzG@J csKyf rvdtyf kfH k bl;vd@k jywfjywfom;om; ,H=k unf,qw,f? l

CI

wd k i f ; jynf w d k i f ; eJ @ jynf o l w d k i f ; rS m udk,fpDtusdK;pD;yGm; &Sd=uw,f? tusdK; pD;yGm;csif; wxyfwnf; r&SdEdkifbl;vdk@ jywfjywfom;om; ,k=H unf,qw,f? l wjcm;ygwu awmif;qdvm&ifawmh D k Armjynf & J @ tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;eJ @ Armjynf jynfo&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;u bmawGvJ qdk l wmudk rdwquf jyr,f? Auy bmvkyf f aew,fqwmudk ajymjyr,f? kd 2 ygwqufqa&;rSm oabmwlxm; D H wm &Sc&if tJ'gukd opPmapmifor,f? 2 d hJ h d ygwD c sif ; t}uH a y;wm a0zef w mud k b,fawmhrS vlod&Sif=um;atmf}uD;[pf us,f rvkyb;l ? f

'gawGukd Auy u qH;k jzwfxm;+yDy? J 19

pmtkyfwtkyfxJu odaumif;p7mrsm;
(1) pmtkywtkyqwmu vkyief;cGiu 'kursm; (Occupational Hazards) yg? odaumif;p&mawGqwmu f f kd f f Q kd odr;f yduc+H yD;p tD&wfrm tar&duefawG bmvkycovJ qdwmudk odz@kd y? a&;wJol pwl;0yf Rory Stewart u k f S f hJ k J h tD&wfu jynfe,fwckrm jynfe,ftycsKyfa&; !Ei;f a&;r;eJ@ wGzuf+yD; 'kw,!Ei;f a&;r; vkycojl zpfv@kd wpHw&m S k f d _d J d d _d f hJ k cdirmw,f? ol@vufawG@awGcsn;f a&;xm;wmyJ? vlajymolajym r[kwb;l ? kf f +yD;awmh odaumif;p&m taumif;qH;k u tar&duef&@J uveD (opf) vkyyukd avhvmEdiv@kd yg? udveD kd kd f kH kf k kd (a[mif;) eJ@ bmawGumjcm;ovJqwmudk Edi;f ,SO=f unfEiv@kd yg? G kd _ h kd f Edi;f ,SO=f unfawmh wlwmawG trsm;}uD;awG@w,f? rwlwmawGvnf; awG@&w,f? Edi;f ,SOp&muvnf; _ h _ f a0;a0;&Smp&mrvdb;l ? (1885 - 86) ArmjynfvufawG@e@J Edi;f ,SO=f unfy? k _ h kH J Ediia&;pepfrm wlwmawGu kfH S wnf&aewJh EdiiawmftycsKyfa&; (a[mif;) udk csucsi;f zsuypfw,f? wnf&aewJh Ediiawmf dS kfH k f f f dS kfH ppfwyf (a[mif;) udk csucsi;f zsuypfw,f? f f ol@u|ercHvoawG&@J ykeuefrukd tjyif;txefacsre;f ypfw,f? jynfoawGukd w&m;Oya' f kd l f _ _ l pd;k rd;k a&; qd+k yD; +idr0yfyjd ym;atmif &uf&ufpufpuf vkyw,f? f f wdi;f jynf&@J Oao#mifukd zrf;qD;ta&;,lw,f? k vufa0cHv@l tv$mw&yfukd arG;jrLw,f? rwlwmawGu jynfor;f wyfAvcsKyfu (Armjynfrmvd) ppftycsKyfa&; tm%mydirvkyb;l ? d kd f S k k f kf f tkycsKyfa&;r;csKyfq+kd yD; t&yfom;wa,mufuyJ 0g&iwefu cef@w,f? f kd Sf tifyg,mxJrm oGwoi;f vdu+f yDv@kd ra=unmbl;? tD&wfawGcsn;f ygwhJ S f G k tkycsKyfa&; aumifp qdwmudk zG@J w,f? +yD;awmh tajccHOya'jyifqifraumfrwD f D k _

20

_ynfolhtm%m
qdwmudk zG@J ay;w,f? tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;apw,f? aemuf jynfo@l qENc,y k H l JG qdwmvkyz@kd / taxGaxGa&G;aumufy vkyz@kd y? k f JG f J 2003 {+yD rSm b*~'ufr@awmfukd odr;f w,f? 2004 ZGe rSm tD&wf,m,Dtpd;k & f udk tcsKyftjcmtm%m jyef+yD;v$ay;w,fv@kd vkyw,f? (udverxm;wJh e,fcs@J pepf J f k kd D (opf) qdwmudk yHazmfwm jzpfw,f?) k k

pD;yGm;a&;pepfrm wlwmawGu S wdi;f jynf&@J pD;yGm;a&;toufaoG;a=umrSeor#ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyxe;f csKyfwmrSm wlw,f? k f f d wdkif;jynf&J@ o,HZmwawGudk csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fxkwf,l a&mif;cswmudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; vkywmrSm wlw,f? f rwlwmu t*Fvye,fcs@J pepf (a[mif;) u ajAmifor;f w,f? tar&duefe,fcs@J pepf (opf) u wif'gac:wm/ df d uefxduay;wm pwmawG vkyw,f? xl;awmh rxl;ygb;l ? tar&duefur%awGyJ &=uwmyg? k f f k` D tar&duefu a&eHwi;f awG jyefvnfywfz@kd v#yppfr;D yHre&zd@k ukd tav;ay;w,f? 'guvnf; G f k S f o,HZmw rwl=uvd@k y? J emrnftrsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ Ediiwumh NGO awG tD&wfrm odyrsm;w,f? uefxduqwmawGuvnf; kfH S f k f kd rsm;w,f? (udveD (a[mif;) rSm 'grsKd ; r&SEib;l ? omoemyvkyief;yJ &Sw,f?) k kd d kd f f d tar&duefu a':vmawG bDvse@J cs+D yD; tD&wfxJ oGi;f vmw,f? a':vm&mwefawGukd uspae H f atmif tkycwcJvkd jzpfaeatmifvy+f y;D a':vmwoef; tkwc awG bDvse@J cs+D y;D oGi;f vmw,f? fJ k fJ H xkway;&ifvnf; a':vmwoef;zd;k tkwc udk xkway;wmvd@k qdw,f? (pmtkya&;ol pwl;0yf f fJ f k f udk wvtwGi;f ukeatmif oH;k zd@k q+kd yD; a':vm (10) oef; xkway;owJ? olu ya&m*su f f h f awG vky+f yD;oH;k wm ukeatmifroH;k Ediv@kd (woef;cG) jyeftyf&owJ?) f kf J h t*Fvye,fcs@J orm; (a[mif;) uawmh ppfavsma=u;qd+k y;D awmif;w,f? tzd;k wef&wemawGukd df f ajAmif,wm wrsKd ;/ cd;k ,lwmwrsKd ;vky+f yD; t*Fvefukd yd@k w,f? l tar&duefuawmh a':vmwoef;weftwc awG bDvse@J cs+D y;D tD&wfukd oGi;f vmw,f? k fJ H uefxduawG/ NGO awG/ tkycsKyfa&;r;awGu ya&m*su trsKd ;rsKd ;wDxi+f yD; tJ'a':vmawG k f f f G D udk jyef,om;=uwmyJ vkyw,f? tar&duef tcGexrf;awG&@J a':vm awG tD&wf 0ifvm+yD; l G f f 21

_ynfolhtm%m
tar&duefvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifawGu tar&duefudk jyef,loGm;w,fqdkwJhoabmyJ? (pm&if;r&Sd tif;r&Sd aysmufom;wJh a':vmawGvnf; bDvse@J cs+D yD; &Sw,fv@kd tar&duefr',m G H d D D awGrm toHxuvmwm awG@&w,f?) S G f pwl;0yfa&;wJhtxJrSm &,fp&mvdkvdk[mawGvnf; awG@&w,f? twnfaygufeJ@ [moaESm+yD; tar&duefuveD (opf) vky[efukd oa&mfwmvd@k xif&w,f? kd kd f tDwvDvrsKd ; tif*sie,m touf (60) tzd;k }uD;u olw@kd xrm vkyouft&ifq;kH l f D J S f h yJwJh? 'gayrJh ol@tvkyfubmvJqdkwm b,folrS rod=ubl;wJh? oludkifxm;wJh uwfjym; rSmawmh txl;ya&m*sursm; vd@k yJ a&;xm;owJ? tJ'D tif*sie,m u ol@a&csKd ;cef;xJrm f h f D S a&yef;eJ@ qyfjymcGuwifwhJ tydi;f &J@=um;rSm xl;xl;qef;qef; cvkwwck a&mufaew,fajymvd@k f k f oGm;=unfh =uawmh rayguuao;wJh armfwmAH;k wvH;k jzpfaeowJ? armfwmAH;k udawmif rodwhJ f JG h k tif*sie,m u a&csKd ;cef;u cvkwwckxifaeyHukd oa&mfwmyg? fD f k (3) pwl;0yfu t*Fvefjynfom;yJ? t*Fvyu tD&wfukd udvetjzpf tkyp;kd zl;wJh t&Siocifa[mif;yJ? +idr0yfyjd ym; d f k kd D f f f atmif b,fvtycsKyf&r,fqwmudk odw,f? &S,mrlqvifqGeerqvifumh'awG uGjJ ym;aeHru vlrsKd ;tkypk kd k f kd DS fDl f k f awG trsm;}uD;/ bmoma&;q&m}uD;awG trsm;}uD;uvnf; =oZm}uD;=uw,f? uGae=uw,f? olwcsi;f vnf; J kd

22

_ynfolhtm%m
&efvyae=uw,f? udveypH (a[mif;) twdi;f vkyrS &r,fv@kd k f k kd D kH k f vnf; ruG,r0Sua&;xm;wmawG trsm;}uD;awG@&w,f? f f tar&duefwyfawGe@J twlwygvmwJh t*Fvywyf/ JG d f tDwvDwyfawGuqd&if jrefjreftrjf yefcsi=f uw,f? tD&wf&@J k d vHkcHa&;udpPu tar&duef&J@ wm0efyJvdk@ajym+yD; olwdk@u a&Smifae=uw,f? tar&duef&@J udveopfypu tvkyrjzpfb;l k kd D kH H f qdwmvnf; odae=uvd@k wrifa&Smifae=uwmyJ? k 'Drua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGita&;/ vl@pr;f tm;jrihf kd hf G wifa&; pwJhpwJh tar&duefawG&J@ vufoHk;pum;awGeJ@ tvkyrjzpfb;l vd@k odae=uw,f? f quf'rf[peukd &r,f&m+y;D zwfcsxm;wJh tar&duef ldf S pma&;ol pwl;0yf twGufuvnf; quf'rf[lpdefvdkyJ t=urf;ywrf; tkyfpdk;vdk@ rjzpfb;l ? 'ga=umifh toHaumif;[pfaewmyg? udvevywmudk k kd D k f zH;k uG,z@kd 'Drua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGita&;/ vl@pr;f tm; jriwifa&; pwmawG ajymaewmyJ? 'gukd pwl;0yf odw,f? f kd hf G hf twGi;f ususow,f? tD&wf&@J jynfxa&;0ef}uD; vkyz@kd (ykvyawG&@J t}uD;tuJvyz@kd ) e,l;a,mufu &Jrif;}uD; d J f df kf (a[mif;) udac:+yD; cef@xm;wm/ tD&wfawGtcsi;f csi;f udk &efwuay;aewmudk odw,f? k kd f tar&duef/ tD&wftycsKyfa&;r; b&ifrm (Bremer) uvnf; ol@jynfe,ftycsKyfa&;/ !Ei;f a&;r;awGukd kf kf d _d cyf&i;f &Si;f yJ ajymxm;wmyJ? pwl;0yfw@kd qy@kd whJ tD;ar;vf wapmifrmqd&if tD&wfrm a&G;aumufyvyz@kd rjzpfEif S D S k S JG k f kd ao;bl;? aumifpawG tkycsKyfa&;r;awGukd usKyfw@kd u cef@xm;&rSmyJ? 'Dve@J olw@kd &@J tcGitm%mudk uef@owfxm;Edif D f kd hf k w,f? olw@kd &@J twGi;f a&;udk 0if+y;D pGuEiw,f? a&G;aumufyJG vkyay;+y;D &ifawmh tJ'vkd csKyfuiEiawmhrm r[kwb;l f kd f f D kd f kd f S f vd@k yGiyivif;vif;a&;cJw,f? hf G hf h 2004 rwfvrSmawmh tar&duefr[mrdwwyfawG c%c%twduc&w,f? avmifpmqDavmf&um;awG f k fH D twdkufcH&w,f? vljyefay;qGJwmawG rsm;vmw,f? tD&wfykvdyfawGu olwdk@wyfzGJ@udk (4) qwdk;+yD; zGJ@ay;zdk@/ ppfaq;a&;pcef;awG trsm;}uD;zGiay;zd@k / avmifcsmaoewfawG wyfqifay;zd@k / axmufvr;f a&;wyfz@JG wd;k cs@J ay;zd@k hf S awmif;qdvmw,f? k pwl;0yfe@J ol@txufu tar&duefw@kd uvnf; tJ'vvy&if quf'rf[pee@J bmxl;awmhrmvJq+kd yD; D kd k f l d f S y,fcsw,f? aemufawmh jynfe,fwckv;kH u ykvyt}uD;tuJawGtm;vH;k ygwhJ tpnf;ta0; vkyw,f? tpnf;ta0; df f udk w,fvaA;&Si;f jyzd@k kyouw,f? D f H kd f

23

_ynfolhtm%m
tJ'tpnf;ta0;rSm ykvyt&m&S}d uD;eJ@ tD&wfjynfe,ftycsKyfa&;r; (ol@ukd pwl;0yfw@kd u !Ei;f a&;r; D d f k f d _d emrnfc+H yD; u;udixm;wmyJ?) wd@k tcstcspum;rsm;=uw,f? tJ'awmh pwl;0yfu0if+yD; q'g (Sadr) *d%;f om; kf D D k 6 a,mufu wr@v;kH ud0if+yD; aomif;use;f oGm;wmudk rif;wd@k yvytzG@J rwm;qD;Ediygvm;/ r@aumifpukd zwfcs k k d f kf D wmudk rwm;Ediygvm;qd+k yD; 0ifajymawmh tJ'yvy}f uD;u tJ'g rif;wd@k a=umify? wd@k ukd aumif;aumif;avhusihf kf D k d h J ray;bl;? vufeufaumif;awG wyfqifray;bl; qd+k yD; pwl;0yfbufukd a'gojrm;OD;vSnvmw,f? hf tJ'awmh kyouaewJ[mudk tm;vH;k ydwypfz@kd ajym+yD; pwl;0yfu D f H kd f h f u|eawmfta&;}uD;wm ajymr,f? cifAsm;ajymwm rSew,f? u|eawmfw@kd trSm;/ f f f !Ge@f aygi;f wyfawG&@J trSm;awGy? cifAsm;wd@k ukd vufeufwyfqifray;cJb;l ? avhusiray;cJb;l ? J h hf h cifAsm;wd@k ukd wyfqifay;r,fv@kd tmrcHxm;wmawGvnf; ray;cJb;l ? vHk ca&;udvnf;aumif;atmif h H k rvkycb;l ? cifAsm;wd@k ajymwmawG rSeygw,f? f hJ f 'gayrJh jy\emu cifAsm;wdk@ bmvkyf=urvJqdkwmyJ? usKyfwdk@ (t*FvdyfawGudk qdvwm) u &ufyi;f twGi;f tdrjf yef=uawmhrm? ZGevaemufyi;f us&if cifAsm;wd@k b,fvv@l k kd kd S f kd kd tzG@J tpnf; vky=f urvJqwmyJ? usKyfu abmfvuefrm 'grsKd ;uHcz;l +yD? 'DvxJrmyJ cifAsm;wd@k qD kd S hJ S rSmvnf; a&G;aumufcHaumifpD0ifawG twdkufcHae&+yD? olwdk@Hk;cef;xJrSmyJ !Of;qJcHae&+yD? vljyefay;qGwmawG rsm;+yD? avmifcsmeJ@ ypfc&wmawG rsm;+yD? a&S;a[mif;ypPn;f awG vk,ufcae J H H &+yD? tkycsKyfa&;H;k armfwmeJ@ txkc&+yD? ykvyawG twduc&+yD? tusO;f axmifxu &mZ0wf f H d f k fH J tusO;f om;awG v$way;ae=u+yD? f 'Dyptwdi;f qd&if aemuf (6) vqd&if jynfwi;f ppf}u;D awG@&wmxuf Ediia&;ygwawG/ kH H k k k G kfH D jynfo@l ppftzG@J awG/ bmoma&;*d%;f awG/ tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSeowfaewmawG awG@&awmh k f rSmyJ? A[dtpd;k &qdwmvnf; &Srmr[kwb;l ? k k d S f 'gukd umuG,Eiwm cifAsm;wd@k yJ &Sw,f? cifAsm;wd@k &@J tm%mydirukd t&,l=uyg? f kd f d kf _ b,folawG rSm;ovJ/ bma=umifhrSm;ovJqdkwm ajymrae=ueJ@? usKyfu 'Duae tdrjf yefawmhrmyJ? cifAsm;wd@k csi;f twlwJG vky=f uyg? S 'Dvajymawmh ol@toHawG wkeaeowJ? a=uuGaeowJ? kd f h J h [kwrmyg? tar&duefwyfe@J tar&dueftyp;kd olawGyJ tD&wfrm use&pfrmudk olow,f? tcsi;f csi;f f S k f S f S d aoG;cG&efwuf ay;wJh tar&duefay:vpDukd olow,f? udveD (opf) qdwm tJ'vy? tar&duefukd ⪼kd OD;wif J kd d k kd k D kd J d xGuroGm;yge@J ? cifAsm;wd@k &rS jzpfrmyg? tar&duefwyfawG csxm;zd@k pmcsKyfcsKyfxm;ygr,f vd@k ajymae&atmif f dS S h vkywenf;yJ? f hJ

24

_ynfolhtm%m
r=umcif u =um;&wJh owif;wck t&qd k & if tD & wf tpdk;&u tar&duef wyfawG qufxm;zdk@ pmcsKyf csKyfr,fqdk&if quf+y;D ae&rSmaygqwhJ h kd avoH =um;&w,f? taocH AH;k cGJ wmawGuvnf; jywf w,f r&S d b l ; ? qG e f e D awGu cGJvdkuf/ &SD,m awGu cGvdkuf/ tpdrf; J a&mif vHkcHa&;e,fajr xJ AH;k cGcae&w,f? tD&wftpd;k &tzG@J uvnf; tm%mcGa0r_ tom;usaewm r[kwb;l ? qGeee@J &,m rlqvif JH J f f D DS csi;f ta0rwJwmyJ? a&G;aumufyuvnf; tajzr[kwwm &Si;f aew,f? kyjf yorRwudawmh umh'f vlrsKd ;pkukd h JG f k ay;xm;w,f? umh'vrsKd ;pkxrmuvnf; jy\emawGe@J y? f l J S J (3) pmtkyupuawmh 'Davmufygy? tD&wfppfu tar&duefueqmaA;wpf (vufopf) awG pcJwmyg? tck f d P J G f h vpfb&,forRwuvnf; tar&duefypH udveD (opf) udk quf+yD;vkyaewmyg? kH k kd f r=umrDrSm tar&dueforRwa&G;yGJ vkyfjyefawmhr,f? uGefqmaA;wpf (vufopf) eJ@ vpfb&,f (vufopf) wd@k &@J pum;ppfx;kd yGrm tD&wfupP jyefazmf=urvm;qdwm apmif=h unf=h u&rSmyg? udveD (vufopf) J S d k k kd ta=umif; quf+yD;avhvmEdir,f xifygw,f? kf avhvmcsiwmu ynm&Smzd@k r[kwygb;l ? Armjynfrmvnf; udveD (vufopf) udk tmHusaewJowcsKd @ f f S k kd k h l &Saevd@k yg? d 2003 rSm tD&wfukd bk&tpd;k &u 0ifwuawmh Armjynfuvnf; 'Drua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGita&;/ vGwvyf fS kd f kd kd hf f r_w@kd twGuf 0ifwuay;yg vd@k a&;olwcsKd @ &Sw,f? tJ'gukd uufrEdif usr;D d@_ ci;f wJenf;yJv@kd Auy u ajymawmh kd f d k D kd h (uG,veo) a=u;rHO;D aomif;u Auy v'vm;/ a'gi;f vm; a&;zl;w,f? f G f l k 'DtawG;tac:rsKd ;u a=u;rHO;D aomif; wa,mufwnf;&Swm r[kwb;l ? k d f udveD (a[mif;) qdwm 19 &mpkypy? 21 &mpkrmvkyv@kd r&ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh udveD (opf) yHpH vkyae k kd k kH H J S f k kd k f =uwmyg? opfopf a[mif;a[mif; udvevy=f uwmygy? k kd D k J

25

ff rmhup0g'ukd bufpkH pGr;f pGr;f wrH hJ aumif;r_jyKcol

td e f * ,f
+yD;cJhwJh 2010 ckESpf[m tdef*,f&J@ 190 jynfhESpfjzpfw,f? ol@&J@ woufwm[m uGefjrLepf0g' oabmw&m; xlaxmifwJh woufwm/ uGefjrLepf0g' ta&;awmfyHkukd vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf+yD; uGefjrLepf0g'tay: opPm&SdwJh woufwm jzpfw,f? rmhufpf0g'ukd pwifxlaxmifolwOD;jzpfovkd/ acwfopfqkd&S,fvpf0g'&J@ txl;c|eq;kH vly*Kd~ vfrsm;teuf wOD; jzpfw,f? ol[m rmhup0g' xlaxmifo/l rmhup0g'ukd oufaoom"ursm; f k f f f f jzifh &Sif;vif;zGifhqkdjycJh+yD;/ rmhufpf0g' ueOD; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;jzpfpOf wckvHk;rSm yg0ifcJhol/ rmhufpf0g'ukd bufpHk xl;xl;uJuJ tusdK;jyKcJhol jzpfw,f? 1? rmhufpf0g'ukd rmhufpfe@J tdef*,fwkd@ twlwuG yl;aygif;xlaxmifchjJ cif; wlnwhJ &nfre;f csutwGuf vkytm;xkwvyjf cif;jzifh rdru,rrd rGejf rwfojl zpfatmif ajymif;vJEioudk D S f f f k d dk f d dk f l }u;D jrwfwhJ vly*Kd~ vftjzpf orki;f u todtrSwjf yKvdrr,fvd@k rmhupu ajymcJz;l w,f? tde*,f[m tJ'vdk }u;D jrwf k d hf ff h f D wJh vly*Kd~ vfjzpfw,f? k - tEkydavmr kyf0g'ukd twlwuG xlaxmifchjJ cif; rmhupe@J tde*,fw@dk [m 1842 rS 1844 ckEptwGi;f pdw0g'rS ky0g'ok@d / 'Drua&pD0g'rS uGejf rLepf0g'ok@d ul;ajymif;r_ ff f Sf f f dk 2 &yfudk rwlwhJ enf;emrsm;jzifh vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ uw,f? pmtkyawG twlwuG a&;om;=u/ oabm f w&m;opfawGudk twlwuG wDxizefw;D =u xlaxmifc=hJ uw,f? 19 &mpk 40 ckEprsm; tv,fyi;f umvavmufrm Gf Sf dk S olw@dk [m rGejf rwfwhJ rdom;pk}uD; eJ@ *smrefawG;ac:,lqr_qkwhJ pmtkyf 2 tkyudk yl;aygi;f a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh d f tbd"rRmqki&m t&if;cH jyKjyifajymif;vJrudk taumiftxnfazmfvu=f uw,f? [D*,f&@J tbd"rRmxJu rSeuef df _ dk f ukunwhJ tESpom&awGudk pky,+l yD; tEkydavmrenf;emukd zefw;D cJwmyg? [D*,f&@J tbd"rRmxJrS pdw0g'ukd d f D f f h f jzL;0g;bwf&@J ky0g'jzifh tpm;xk;d vdujf cif;tm;jzifh [D*,f wifjycJwhJ orki;f a&;wm0efudk +yD;ajrmufapcJ+h yD; tEkyd f k h d avmrky0g'ukd zefw;D xlaxmifc=hJ uwmyg? f 26

_ynfolhtm%m
- vlom;orkdif;qkdif&m zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ wkd@u vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;&J@ ar#mfvifhcsufawGukd tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;tay: yHtyfxm;=uw,f? tde*,f[m k f w&m;awGudk twlwuG awG@&cjhJ cif; dS 1844 rSm EdkifiHa&;abm*aA' a0zefcsuft!ef;eJ@ rmhupe@J tde*,fw@dk [m 1845 rS 1846 txd 6 vausmf 1845 ckrm +Adwetvkyorm; vlwef;pm;tajctae ff f S df f tcseumvukd toH;k jyK+yD; *smrefawG;ac:,lqr_ qkwhJ qdwhJ usr;f rsm;rSm odyenf;us qd&,vpf0g' a,bk,srl df d k H` k S f usrf;ukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhw,f? olwkd@[m tEkydavmr wcs@d udk a&;om;azmfjyvkuw,f? 1867 rSm rmhupf a&; d f f kyf0g'ukd toHk;cs+yD; vlom;orkdif;ukd pl;prf;avhvmcJh om;+yD;pD;cJhwJh t&if;usrf; yxrwGJtwGif; tcpm; w,f? rsuarSmufacwf t&if;&Sipepf vl@tzG@J tpnf;&J@ tvkye@J ywfoufv@dk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmum tpGe;f xGuwefz;kd f f f f vufiif;tajctaersm;ukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJh&mrS vlom; oabmw&m;ukd xlaxmifvuygw,f? 'g[m }uD;jrwf dk f orki;f qki&m zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufrw&m;rsm;ukd awG@&cw,f? wJh 'kw,awG@&r_ jzpfw,f? olw@dk [m qk&,vpfpepf&@J d df _ dS h J d dS d S f tJ'guawmh orki;f ky0g'tjrif jzpfygw,f? 1859 rSm vlra&;t& uk,pm;jyKoltjzpf tvkyorm;vlwef;pm; d f _ d f f rmhupf a&;cJwhJ Ekiia&;abm*aA' a0zefa&;pmtkyf ukd awG@&vuygw,f? rsuarSmuf"e&Sivwef;pm;eJ@ qef@ f h dfH dS dk f f f l ed'ge;f rSm olw@kd awG@&cwhJ vlom;orki;f zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&; usibufvwef;pm;rsm;twGi;f ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;om dS h J d f l h l w&m;awGudk *E0ifusr;f tjzpf yxrqH;k azmfxwa&; v#if wu,fppfrewhJ awmfvewhJ vlwef;pm;jzpfw,f? k f S f S f om;cJw,f? vlawG[m rdrw@dk touf&iaexkia&; usefwJhvlwef;pm;awG[m pufr_vkyfief;}uD;awG zGH@+zdK; h d Sf df jzpfwhJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukexwvyrtwGi;f rdrw@dk pdwf wkd;wufvmwmeJ@tr# wae@wjcm; qkwf,kwfysufpD; f k f k f _ d qENe@J rqkibJ vlrqufqa&; tajymif;tvJawG rv$J csKyf+idr;f oGm;vdrr,fv@dk olw@dk u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; !ejf y df _ H hf om ra&Smifom wpHw&m jzpfay:apcJw,f? qkvwmu vkuw,f? ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;[m pufrvyief; zG@H +zdK;wk;d k h d dk d f h l _ kf olw@dk &@J ky0wKukexwpr;f tm;pk[m rdre@J tjyeftvSef wufr&@J txGuypPn;f jzpfw,f? t&if;&Sipepf urBm f f k fG d _ f f ukdufnDwJh ukefxkwfqufqHr_ukd jzpfay:apcJhw,f a[mif;ukd wGe;f vSeypf+yD; qk&,vpfpepf urBmopfudk f d S f qkdwmygyJ? olwkd@&J@ 'DawG@&Sdcsuf[m vlom;orkdif;&J@ xlaxmifa&; }uD;jrwfwhJ orki;f ay;wm0efudk wm0efcol d H v#Kd @0ucsuudk zGicsvuwm jzpfw,f? vlom;vl@tzG@J jzpfw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g'ukd pdwful;,OfrS ody`H S f f hf dk f tpnf; zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufrrm rdr&@J yuwdbm0w&m;awG enf;ustjzpfo@dk jzpfxe;f wd;k wufapcJw,f? 1875 rSm _ S d G h &Saew,f? tJ'gawG[m vlom;vltzG@J tpnf; tajccH rmhupu *komvkyief;pOf a0zefcsuusr;f eJ@ 1875 d f f d f f ydyuQawG&@J v_y&m;r_w&m;Oya'awGtwki;f vkuem rSm tde*,fu 'l;&if;qef@usia&; usr;f wk@d udk a&;om; f S d d f f f aqmif&uwmjzpfw,fv@dk azmfxwjf ycJw,f? G f k h vkujf cif;tm;jzifh uGejf rLepf0g' oabmw&m; xlaxmif d a&;ukd twlwuG +yD;jynfpom;apcJw,f? h kH G h -ody`Henf;us uGefjrLepf0g'oabmw&m;ukd od twlwuG xlaxmifcjhJ cif; - ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm; Ek d i f i H a &;ygwD u k d twlwuG xlaxmifcjhJ cif; 19 7mpk 40 ckEprsm;rSm Oa&my[m ya'o&mZfpepfrS S f t&if;&Sifpepf ul;ajymif;a&;umvukd a&muf&Sdaeyg+yD? y&yf&m;rSm aexkipOfu tde*,fe@J rmhupw@dk S df f f f pdwu;l ,Of qk&,vpf0g' awG;qcsursm;vnf; ay:xGuf [m *smrefuejf rLepfrsm;&J@ tzG@J csKyfudk xlaxmif=uw,f? f d S f f G aeygw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_w&m;awGeJ@ 1847 rSm uGefjrLepfrsm;&J@ r[mrdwftzGJ@rSm yg0if=u obm0w&m;awG[m rwl=uygb;l ? obm0w&m;awG jyefw,f? tzGJ@tpnf; jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf [m tvktavsmufjzpfay: taumifxnfay:vmwm nDvmcH 2 }udrf usi;f yjcif;eJ@ uGejf rLepfrsm;&J@ r[mrdwf d yg? vl@tzG@J tpnf; w&m;awGuawmh taumiftxnf tzG@J pnf;rsO;f Oya'ukd twnfjyKjcif;tm;jzifh urBmay: ay:vmzd@k q&if wpHwckaom vlra&;tiftm;pkrsm; &Sz@dk rSm yxrqH;k ypPn;f rJvwef;pm; Ekiia&;ygwD arG;zGm;vm dk k _ d h l dfH vkdtyfygw,f? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;[m qif;&J'kuQ apcJw,f? 1848 azazmf0g&rm uGejf rLepfygwD a=unm h D S teufi;f qH;k cH&wJoawGjzpfv@kd pdwu;l ,Ofq&,vpf pmwrf;ukd twdtvif; xkwa0cJw,f? 'g[m rmhupf d_ h l f dk S f f h f 0g'awGe@J =unfjh rifycsi;f rwl=uygb;l ? rmhupe@J tde*,f 0g' wenf;tm;jzifh odyenf;us qd&,vpf0g' ay:ayguf D kH f f f H` k S f 27

_ynfolhtm%m
vmjcif;&J@ rSwwijf zpfw,f? uGejf rLepfrsm;&J@ r[mrdwf f dk tzG@J [m rdr&@J orki;f ay;wm0efudk tajccHtm;jzifh +yD; d d ajrmuf+yD;aemuf 1852 rSm rdrbmom zsuor;f a=umif; d f d a=unmcJw,f? 19 &mpk 60 ckEpyi;f rsm;rSm av;eufwhJ h S f dk orki;f t"dym,faqmifwhJ Ekiia&;jzpf&yf 2 ck jzpfay:cJh d ` dfH zl;w,f? (1) 1861 rSm tar&duef jynfwi;f ppf jzpfw,f? G (2) ykvefjynfoawGu Zmbk&if k&m;ukd ykeuefw,f? d l S f 1863 rSm ykveftvkyorm;rsm;&J@ vufeufuif ykeuefr_ d f dk f ay:ayguvmw,f? 1864 pufwifbm 28 rSm +Adwe/f f d jyifopf/ *smreD/ tDwvD/ ykvef/ qGpZmvefw@dk &@J vef'ef d f ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;[m vef'ef - rmwifrSm pkpnf;+yD; ykveftvkyorm; ykeuefrudk axmufca=umif; a=unm d f f _ H +yD; EkdifiHwum tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyfxlaxmifa&;ukd qHk;jzwf=uw,f? rmhufpf[m *smreftvkyform; ukd,fpm;vS,f A[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpf ta&G;cH&w,f? 1870 rSm tde*,f[m vef'efo@dk a&$@ajymif;aexki&ef f df qHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? EkdifiHwum taxGaxGaumifpD0if jzpfc&mrS A[kaumfrwD0if jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'tcseu hJ d D d f pvk@d rmhupe@J tde*,fw@dk [m Ekiiwum tvkyorm; f f f dfH f v_y&m;r_&@J }uD;jrwfwhJ a&S@aqmifq&m}uD;awG jzpfvm+yD; f S odyenf;us uGejf rLepf0g' v_y&m;r_udk pwifxaxmifchJ H` f S l olrsm;tjzpf urBmol urBmom;rsm;u todtrSwjf yK vm=uygw,f? 2? rmhupf wtdraxmifv;kH &J@ aexkirb0ukd f f df _ pD;yGm;a&;t& tpGr;f ukef ulnaxmufyay;+yD; rmhup&@J D hH f f ^m%fynm xufjrufr_t& wDxGifzefwD;a&;om;r_ pGrf;tm;rsm;ukd tjynfht0 jzpfxGef;apcJhjcif; 1848 awmfvea&; H;_ edrom;+yD;aemuf rdr&@J S f hf G d oabmw&m;opfrsm;ukd ykrcirmwJh odyenf;us tcsuf d dk dk f H` tvufrsm;jzifh oufaoxljya&;twGuf rmhufpf[m tcsdeftrsm;pkeJ@ ukd,ftm;^m%ftm;awGukd EdkifiHa&; abm*aA' pl;prf;avhvma&;bufrm ajcpHypf jrKyfExm; S k HS awmhw,f? pl;prf;avhvma&;rSm vkdtyfwJh tcsdefeJ@ bma&;tiftm; zlvHka&;vkyfief;awG[m tdef*,f&@J yckH;ay: usa&mufvmygw,f? tdef*,fvnf; ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;vkyief;bufudk 0ifa&mufvyui&awmh f k f dk f w,f? 'Dxl;jcm;wJh vkyfief;cGifu olwkd@&J@ bHkvkyfief; twGuf xl;jcm;wJh aumif;r_awG jyKEkicw,f? 'Duae d f hJ rmhupe@J wjcm;awmfvea&;orm;awGudk pD;yGm;a&; f f S f taxmuftyHhawG ay;EkdifcJhw,f? 'DumvtwGif; 28 rmhupe@J o[m vlawGu wae&mpD a&mufae=uayr,fh ff l pd w f c sif ; u wl n D w J h ,H k = unf c suf t ay:rS m qufE,aew,f? tcseawG ae&mawG jcm;xm;ayr,fh G f d f olw@dk 2 a,muf&@J tawG;tac:t& ul;vl;qufqrudk H _ wm;rxm;Ekiygb;l ? tckwif &Saeao;wJh ay;pm 1386 df dk d apmif&@J trsm;yki;f [m tJ'umvwke;f u pma&;tquf d D toG,fjyKxm;wm jzpfw,f? rdrd rdom;pktygt0if rmhuprom;pke@J pD;yGm;a&;t& }uHKawG@ae&wJh ygw0if f f d D awG&@J tcuftcJawGudk ausmeif;Ekia&;twGuf aexkir_ f df df b0&J@ a&aomufjrpfjzpfwJh 'D}uD;av;wJhwm0efukd tde*,f[m }uHci&0pm xrf;aqmifcw,f? 1851 rS f h dk f J hH G hJ 1869 txd rmhupvufc&&ScwhJ tde*,fay;yk@d vmwJh f f H d hJ f aiGppaygi;f rSm 3121 aygif jzpfygw,f? tJ'umvrsm; k k D twGi;f rmhupo;kH pGaiG pkpaygi;f rSm 12000 aygif eD;eD; f f J k &Sw,f? rdrbmom pkaqmif; &&SaiG 8250 aygif &Syg d d d d w,f? tdef*,fu New York Daily Tribune owif;pmtwGuf pmwrf; 120 ukd rmhufpfukd,fpm; wm0efcH a&;om;cJw,f? 'Dvenf;eJ@ pmrlc&wJh aiGa=u; h dk ukd rmhupxH yk@d ay;Ekicv@dk rmhuprom;pktwGuf wnf f f d f hJ f f d +idrwhJ 0ifaiG &&Sapygw,f? aexkirb0ukd wifawmifh f d df _ h wifhw,f&Sdatmif jrifhwifay;Ekdifygw,f? rmhufpf[m rlvu t&if;usrf; yHkESdyfxkwfa0+yD;&if aexkdifr_ b0twGuf aiGa=u;taxmuftyHh &Ekdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ wGufqxm;cJhwmyg? vufawG@rSm pmrlc&wJh aiGu odyenf;aewmrk@d tde*,fuyJ woufywfv;kH aiGa=u; f f t& ESppOfaxmufyc&w,f? 19 &mpk 60 ckEprsm;rSm f hH h J S f tde*,f[m aowrf;pmwapmif a&;om;xm;cJz;l w,f? f h aowrf;pmrSm olom t&ifaooGm;cJ&if rmhuptm; h f f ol&@J ypPn;f OpPm"etm;vH;k tarGqufcotjzpf a&;om; H l azmfjyxm;cJhygw,f? rmhufpfukd ol@&J@ arG;&myg ^m%f ynmxufjrufrt& a&;om;jyKpkEipr;f awG tjynft0 _ kd f G h jzpfxe;f apa&;twGuf rmhupudk pD;yGm;a&;t& tpGr;f G f f ukef taxmufuay;cJw,f? l h tdef*,f[m tJ'DumvtwGif; rmhufpfukd t&if;usrf; jyKpka&;jzpfpOfeJ@ EkdifiHwum tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;&J@ uGejf rLepf0g'v_y&m;r_rm yg0ifEia&; f S S dk f twGuf awmufav#muf*kpkdufay;cJhw,f? 1892 tde*,f&@J jyefvnfowd&rdjcif; pmtkyxrm rmhupf f f J S f [m +AdwdefjywkdufrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm okawoejyKr_ &v'frsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'a0zefcsuf-yxrwGJ

_ynfolhtm%m
(1859 -bmvif yHEy) tjzpf 1859 rSm yHEyxwa0 k dS f k dS f k f w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'twGJ yHEy+f yD;+yD;csi;f vH;k 0&Si;f vif;oGm; D k dS atmif rvkyfEkdifbJ aemifpmtkyfcGJawGtwGuf tajccH tawG;tac:jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_twGif;rS tao;pdwf tcsufawGukd awG@&Sdvkdufwma=umifh vkyfief;wm0ef awGukd csufcsif; topfwzef pwifvkdufw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ awmufav#mufvyaqmifc&m 1867 rSm t&if;usr;f k f hJ yxrwGJ (t&if;&Sipepf ukexwvya&;jzpfpOf) ukd yHEyf f f k f kf k dS ygw,fvk@d a&;xm;w,f? t&if;usr;f a&;om;jyKpkwhJ jzpfpOftwGif; tdef*,fvnf; yg0ifchw,f? y%mrpmrl J a&;wJh jzpfpOftwGif; tdef*,fu tcsuftvufawG taxmuftuljyK ay;cJovkd pepfxaxmifa&;eJ@ ta&; h l }uD;jy\emawG pl;prf;avhvma&;rSmvnf; yg0ifcw,f? hJ 1867 =o*kwf 16/ nOfheuf oef;acgifrSm t&if;usrf; yxrwG&@J aemufq;kH w&Guf ppfaq;vd@k +yD;oGm;wJaemuf J h cifAsm;&J@ tepfemcH uk,usKd ;pGe@f vwrawG r&Sc&if 'D d f $ f _ d hJ t&if;usrf; 3 wGJukd a&;om;jyKpkwJh {&mrvkyfief; wm0ef}uD;ukd vHk;0+yD;ajrmufEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;vkd@ rmhufpf[m tdef*,fxHukd tdef*,f&J@ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aqmif&ucwhJ {&mraumif;r_jyKcsuawGtay: tlvuf G f hJ f d_ onf;v_uf aus;Zl;wifyga=umif; csucsi;f a&;om; azmfjy d f cJw,f? vDeifuvnf; tde*,f&@J tepfemcH uk,usKd ; h f d f pGe@f vw+f yD; aiGa=u;tqufrjywf axmufyrawG r&Sc&if $ hH _ d hJ rmhup[m t&if;usr;f ukd b,fenf;eJ@rS tqH;k owfEirm ff dk f S r[kwovkd qif;&JrjJG ymusv@dk rkcsaoqH;k &ygvrr,fvk@d f d hf qdygw,f? k 3? t&efZmwfaumifuae t"duZmwfaumif tjzpf ajymif;+yD; *E0if rmhufpf0g'ukd aemufqHk; +yD;jynfh pHkapcJhol jzpfvmjcif; 1883 rmhupu,veom;+yD;aemuf tde*,f f f G f G f G f [m *E0if rmhup0g'ukd wDxizefw;D cJol wa,muf f f Gf h taeeJ@ rmhup0g'&J@ 'kw,vltjzpfuae rmhup0g'&J@ ff d ff t"duZmwfaumif jzpfvmygw,f? ol[m acwfumv&J@ jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_twkdif; ody`Henf;us uGefjrLepf0g' oabmw&m; v_yf&Sm;r_ukd a&S@okd@qufvufwGef;aqmf ay;cJw,f? rmhupe@J ol pwifxaxmifcwhJ vrf;a=umif; h f f l hJ twki;f Ekiiwum tvkyorm;v_y&m;r_ a&S@o@dk cswuf d dfH f f S D a&; orki;f ay;wm0efudk wOD;wnf;!e=f um; a&S@aqmif d xrf;&Gucw,f? f hJ OD;pGmtm;jzifh ole@J rmhupw@dk r+yD;qH;k ao;wJh f f vkyfief;awGukd tqHk;owfa&; vkyf&w,f? yxrqHk; wm0efuawmh t&if;usr;f ukd tqH;k owfa&;ygy? J

29

_ynfolhtm%m
4? rmh u f p f 0 g'uk d acwf e J @ tnD jzpf x G e f ; wkd;wufa&;eJ@ umuG,fa&; tdef*,f[m rmhufpf0g'ukd umuG,f&mrSm ^m%fynmjynfpwhJ umuG,apmif=h uyfoyyD bmuleif&@J h kH f lD rif;rJ0g'ukd a0zefa&;twGuf tm%moabmw&m; h pmwrf;ukd a&;cJw,f? 'Dpmwrf;u b,fvdk tm%mrsL; h d vkdtyfovJqkdwJh jy\emukd ajz=um;cJhw,f? 'l;&if; avvH;k xGm;aewJh ol&@J uGejf rLepf0g'topfukd a0zef a&;eJ@ rmhup&@J odyenf;us uGejf rLepf0g'ukd umuG,a&; ff H` f twG u f 1877 upwif + yD ; td e f * ,f [ m rmh u f p f & J @ *kpure@J ulnratmufrm tcsef 2 ESpavmuf,+l yD; dk f _ D _ S d f a0zefa&;pmwrf; trsm;tjym; a&;cJw,f? aemufq;kH rSm h tJ'gawGudk pkpnf;+yD; 'l;&if;qef@usifa&;usrf;tjzpf yHEyxwa0cJw,f? rmhup0g'ukd qef@usiwhJ 'l;&if;&J@ k dS f k f h f f f tjrifawG[m e,fy,fpHk+yD; tvGefus,fjyef@w,f? 'ga=umifh tde*,f[m odyynmqki&m todynmawGudk f H` df us,us,jf yef@jyef@ ar$aESmuf toH;k csc&w,f? tde*,fu f hJ f 'ga=umifh tqkd;bufu a0zefr_[m tjyKoabm aqmifwhJ a0zefrj_ zpfvmw,f? oabmw&m;a&;wkuyJG d f [m rmhupe@J u|eawmfw@dk qkyuixm;wJh tEkydavmr ff f f dk f eJ@ uGejf rLepf0g' urBmtjrifudk ykrjkd ynfpwhJ &Si;f vif;zGiqdk h d h kH hf csuawGtjzpf ajymif;oGm;cJw,fvk@d qkygw,f? f h d tdef*,fu uGefjrLepf0g'[m jrifhjrifhrm;rm; zGH@+zdK;+yD;jzpfwhJ ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pk tajccHay:rSm wnf aqmuf&rSmvk@d ,lqcJw,f? u|eawmfw@dk [m tquf h f rjywf zG H @ +zd K ;wk d ; wuf a &; oabmw&m;a&;0g'D a wG jzpfw,f? qk&,vpf0g'[m wjcm;vlrpepfawGvyJ d S f _ dk t+rJwrf; ajymif;vJae+yD; jyKjyifajymif;vJaewJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf =unfjh rif&r,f? rmhup0g'[m vlom; f f awG&@J orki;f zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&; w&m;awGe@J oufqiwhJ d dk f oabmw&m;pepf jzpfw,f? qkdvdkwmu ukefxkwf quf q H a &;[m uk e f x k w f p G r f ; tm;pk tajctaeeJ @ vkdufavsmnDaxG &Sd&r,fqkdwJh w&m;/ tay:xyf taqmuf t tH k [ m pD ; yG m ;a&; tajccH t k w f j rpf e J @ qDavsmr&&r,fqwhJ w&m;/ ukexwvyrudk vkytm; f _ dS dk f k f kf_ f tcsKd ;twki;f / tcseo;kH pGr_ tcsKd ;twki;f qDavsmpm cGa0 d d f J d f G J &r,fqwhJ w&m;awG jzpfw,f? rmhup0g' uk,wi[m dk ff d f dk f zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufaewJh oabmw&m;jzpfw,f? (1) rmhup/f f tde*,f&@J oabmw&m;[m a&S;uvlawG pkaqmif;xm; f cJwhJ tjyKoabmaqmifwhJ tusKd ;&v'fawG&@J jzpfxe;f h G

t&if;usrf; 'kwd,wGJeJ@wwd,wGJ yHkESdyfa&;wm0efukd tde*,f[m t}uHue^m%fuexw+f yD; tqH;k owfa&; f k f k f k }udK;pm;cJh w,f? t&if;usr;f 'kw,wGJ jyKpka&;ukd 1884 d rS 1885 txd 2 ESpe;D yg; jyKpk+yD; 1885 Zlvirm w&m;0if f dk f S yHEyf cJw,f? wwd,wGuawmh 10 ESpe;D yg jyKpkc&w,f? k dS h J f hJ 1894 'DZifbmeJ@ 1895 rwfvrSm 2 yki;f cGJ ykEycw,f? d H dS f h J 'geJ@ wcsdefwnf;rSm tdrfaxmifpk yk*~vduykdifpepfeJ@ Ekiiawmf &J@ rlvtpqkwhJ usr;f ukd 1884 rSm jyefvnf dfH d xkwa0cJw,f? 'Dpmtky[m orki;f OD;bHtzG@J ay:xGe;f f h f d k vmr_/ jzpfxe;f wk;d wufvmr_e@J ,k,i;f ysujf ym; oGm;&r_udk G d G oH;k oyf a0zefwifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? yk*vuykipepf ~ d df tajccHay:rSm vlwef;pm;twkutcHjzpfre@J vlwef;pm; d f _ pk;d rk;d r_&@J ud&,mjzpfwhJ Ekiiawmf&@J rlvtpeJ@ tESpom& d dfH f wk@d uvnf; xkwazmfwifjyvkuw,f? yk*vuykipepf/ dk f d f ~ d df vlwef;pm;eJ@ EkdifiHawmfuG,faysmuf+yD; qkd&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHr,fh rkcsoabmaqmifwJhvuQ%mawGukd azmf!e;f axmufjyxm;w,f? "e&Sivwef;pm; ynm&Sif f l awG/ vmqm0g'/ rif;rJh0g'eJ@ ywfoufwJh EkdifiHawmf jy\emqkdif&m ,kwWdrJhajymvHk;awG ukd a0zefcJhw,f? 1886 rSm xkwa0cJwhJ vl;0pfzsL;0g;bwfe@J *smref*E0if f h tbd"rRm&J@ed*Hk; qkdwhusrf;[m tdef*,f&@J aemufykdif; J b0rSm rmhup0g'ukd bufpu ed*;kH csKyfcsuf jyKvkycjhJ cif; f f kH f jzpf+yD; rmhufpf0g'ukd tbd"rRmt& ed*Hk;csKyfwJhwm0ef tajccHtm;jzifh +yD;qH;k oGm;r_jzpfw,f? 'Dpmtkyf 2 tkyf [m t&if;usrf;eJ@ 'l;&if;qef@usifa&; yHkESdyfxkwfa0+yD; aemuf qk&,vpf0g'&J@ ta&;}u;D qH;k usr;f awG jzpfw,f? d S f 'gawG[m rmhufpfeJ@tdef*,fwdk@ orkdif;OD;bHkacwfukd okawoejyKr_twGi;f u xif&m;wJ&v'fawG jzpfw,f? S h orkdif;kyf0g'tjrif xlaxmifa&;eJ@ ckdifrma&;twGuf ta&;}uD;wJh t"dym,faqmifw,f? ` 30

_ynfolhtm%m
wk;d wufvmr_ jzpfw,f? (2) 19 &mpk 40 ckEprsm;rSm S f oabmw&m;tjzpf xlaxmifcwmawGudk b0wouf hJ wmrSm +yD;jynfpcwm jzpfw,f? (3) olw@dk [m rdrw@dk &@J h kH h J d oabmw&m; wpHkvHk;ukd wqifhwuf pl;prf;avhvm a&;u tpcs+D yD; tJ'vdk pl;prf;avhvmr_awGudk toH;k cswhJ D enf;emrsm;ukd tawmuftuljyKa&;tjzpf _jrifc=hJ uw,f? rmhup0g' *E0ifusr;f jyKq&mawG[m t&if; f f &SipepfrS qk&,vpfpepfo@dk ul;ajymif;a&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ f d S f xGe;f ajymifwhJ tuJjzwfcsuf wpDwwef;}uD; wifjycJwm/ h qd&,vpfpepfe@J ywfoufawmhvnf; zG@J pnf;yHk pdwu;l k S f f pHawG wifjycJwm &Sygw,f? 'gayrJh ar#mvifprxm;csue@J h d f hDH f tuJjzwfcsuf wifjyr_awG[m taemufwkdif;zGH@+zdK;+yD; t&if;&Sipepf&@J vufawG@tajctaeawG jzpfwma=umifh f t"du rSDjirf;ukd;um;p&m tuJjzwfcsufawGtjzpfom &&Scygw,f? tde*,fw@dk aexkicwacwf[m wu,f d hJ f d f hJ hJ awmh obm0odyrm {&mratmifjrifrawGe@J enf;ynm H` S _ awG wkd;wufa&; wGef;aqmfr_awG &&SdcJhvkd@ ukefxkwf pGr;f tm;pk jzpfxe;f wk;d wufa&;ukd wGe;f aqmfay;wJacwf G h jzpfw,f? ody`Hynm awmfvSefa&;eJ@ pufr_vkyfief; awmfvea&;}uD;awG ajcvSr;f ususe@J +ydKifwjl zpfay:cJvdk S f J J h vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;&J@ kyfoGiftajymif;tvJawGukd jzpfay:cJygw,f? h rmhupe@J tde*,fw@dk &@J t}u;D rm;qH;k pGr;f aqmif ff f atmifjrifcsufukd azmfjyygqkd&if orkdif;kyf0g'tjrif jzpfw,f? orkdif;kyf0g'tjrifu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m obm0t& rkcs{uefjzpfr_/ ckdif+rJvSwJh w&m;awGt& jzpfxGef;wkd;wufvmr_jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqw,f? vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;twGi;f tusKd ;oufa&mufr&whJ v_y&m;r_awGu _ dS f S wDxioawGtwGuf opfviwhJ enf;ynmopf toD; Gf l Gf tyGiawG tiftm;&Spm/ tqufrjywf &&Sapjcif;a=umifh hf d G d ukefonfrsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;eJ@ aps;upm; tjrwfxwa&; pDraqmif&ucsuf pwmawGudk twif; k f H G f t"rRaqmif&uapw,f? tde*,f[m 19 &mpk aESmif;yki;f G f f d urBmhpD;yGm;a&;/ 'kwd,t}udrf enf;ynmawmfvSefa&; a=umifh t&if;&SiurBmrSm jzpfym;cJwhJ ajymif;vJr_ topf f G h awG/ tuJjzwfcsuftopfawGukd }uHKawG@&ifqkdifcJh&+yD; rmhup0g' u,f0a&;eJ@ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufa&;twGuf ta&; f f }uD;wJh aumif;r_topfawG aqmif&ucw,f? G f hJ 19 &mpkaemufyi;f tESpf 30 twGi;f rSm t&if; dk &Sifpepf[m vGwfvyfpGm ,SOf+ydKifr_rS vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tqifhokd@ pwifjzpfxGef;cJhw,f? t&if;&SifpepfEkdifiH a[mif;}u;D awGjzpfwhJ +Awe/f jyifopfw@dk rm zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufr_ d d S aES;auG;oGm;+yD; +Adwdefu urBm}uD;ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf xm;r_ tqifae&m pwifq;kH _;H vufvwvmae&w,f? h $ f xGe;f opfp t&if;&SiEiirsm;tjzpf tar&duef/ *smreDe@J f dk f H k&m;wk@d rm pufrawmfvea&;rsm; atmifjrif+yD;oGm;+yD; S S _ S f ukexwvya&;rSm enf;ynmopfawGe@J a&S@wef;a&muf f k f kf vm+y;D pD;yGm;a&;zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufr[m tvGe@f tvGef jrefqef _ vmw,f? tde*,fu ESpaygi;f 30 eD;yg; wurBmvH;k rSm f f azmfjyaewmuawmh ,ckxufwkdif v,f,mvkyfief; oufouf EkdifiHawGtwGif;okd@ acwfrDpufr_ vkyfief;&J@ {&mr}uD;rm;vSwhJ ukexwpr;f tm;pkawG[m wkawmif; f k fG d vSwJh tcsdefwkdtwGif; ul;qufoGm;Hkru ckdifckdifrmrm tjrpfw,cw,f? tJ'aemuf 'Dtjcif;t&mawG ae&m G f hJ D wki;f rSm jyif;xefpm ay:xGuvmw,fv@dk qkygw,f? d G f d tJ'Duae tdef*,f[m t&if;&Sifpepf vGwfvyfpGm ,SOf+ydKifwJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfrS vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif pepfo@dk jzpfxe;f wk;d wufom;wJh xl;jcm;csutopfrsm; G G f t& acwfaemufuswEiiawGrm qk&,vpfawmfvef h J dk f H S d S f S a&; a&$@ajymif;oGm;+yDqkdwJh aumufcsufopfukd wifjy vkuw,f? d f

ol@&@J woufwm[m uGejf rLepf0g'oabmw&m; xlaxmifwhJ woufwm/ uGejf rLepf0g' ta&;awmfyudk kH vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf+yD; uGejf rLepf0g'tay: opPm&SwhJ woufwm jzpfw,f d
31

_ynfolhtm%m

rmhup0g' yifu,[m tqufrjywf zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufaewJh oabmw&m;jzpf+yD; rmhup0g'ukd pwifwxif f f dk f f f D G zefw;D cJol wa,muftaeeJ@ tde*,f[mvnf; tqufrjywf wk;d wufaeol jzpfw,f? vlom;orki;f zG@H +zdK;wk;d wuf h f d &mrSm vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;[m a&S@o@dk w;dk wufom;+yD; vlom;awGu,wivnf; tqufrjywf ajymif;vJopfvif G dk f dk f G vm&ovkd acwfawGvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;&wm jzpfw,f? vlom;orkdif; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ w&m;Oya'awGukd uk,pm;jyKoljzpfwhJ rmhup0g'[m acwfe@J tnD zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufom;ap&r,f? d f f f G tdef*,f&J@ woufwm[m uGefjrLepf0g' oabmw&m; zefwD;wnfaxmifwJh woufwmjzpfovkd uGejf rLepf0g' vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmfwhJ vkyief;eJ@ opPmapmifowhJ uGejf rLepfwa,muftjzpf vkyaqmifcwhJ f h d f hJ woufwmjzpfw,f? t&ifwkef;uawmh tdef*,f[m rmhufpfeJ@twlwuG yl;aygif;+yD; tEkydavmr kyf0g'ukd xlaxmifcw,f? vlom;orki;f zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr_ w&m;awGudk twlwuG awG@&c=hJ uw,f? odyenf;us uGejf rLepf hJ d dS H` 0g'oabmw&m;ukd twlwuG xlaxmifc=hJ uw,f? uGejf rLepf0g' Ekiia&;ygwudk twlwuG pwifxaxmifc=hJ u dfH D l w,f? uGejf repfygwa=unmpmwrf;ukd twlwuG a&;om;cJ=h uw,f? Ekiiwum tvkyorm;vlwef;pm;&J@ uGejf rLepf l D dfH f 0g' v_y&m;r_udk twlwuG a&S@aqmif!ejf ycJ=h uw,f? rmhupf uG,veom;+yD;aemuf tde*,f[m uGejf rLepf0g' f S f f G f G f v_y&m;r_&@J t"duZmwfaumif jzpfvmw,f? yxrOD;qH;k rmhupf vufpowfroGm;ao;wJh tvkyawGudk tqH;k owf f S f f &w,f? wcsewnf;rSm tajctaeopf&@J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufre@J tnD tEkydavmrky0g'/ orki;f ky0g'eJ@ uGejf rLepf d f _ f d f 0g'wk@d udk acwfe@J tnD wk;d wufapcJw,f? ol[m t&if;&Sipepf&@J vGwvyfpm,SO+f ydKifrrS vuf0g;}uD;tkyrtqifo@dk h f f G _ f_ h ajymif;vJvmwJh xl;jcm;csutopft& qk&,vpfawmfvea&;[m acwfaemufuswhJ Ekiirsm;ok@d a&$@ajymif;oGm;r_ f d S f S f dfH qkwhJ tuJjzwfcsutopfudk a&;om;xkwazmfcw,f? d f f hJ csKyfvu&if tde*,f&@J woufwm[m *E0ifrmhup0g' xlaxmifr/_ taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh oufao dk f f f f xljyr_e@J zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOf wckv;kH rSm yg0ifc+hJ yD; bufpuae xl;uJwhJ {&mraumif;r_}uD;awGudk jyKcJojl zpfw,f? kH h ukd;um;-rsufarSmufurBmeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g' *sme,f (2010 trSwf 5)

32

k f H Ediia&;rSm l vnfopm;pwrf;vm;

EdkifiHa&;qdkwmvnfwJhvlpm;pwrf;yJqdkwJhtajymudk avmu&J@ toHk;tE_ef;wcktaeeJ@yJ pOf;pm;ygr,f? 'D wavmu yDyjD yifjyifajymwm jyef=um;vm&ygw,f? pmeJ@ ae&mrSm wcsKd @vuawmh ud,yihcsiwhJ vlukd xuf l k f f f ayeJ@ a&;wmudk awG@&wmvd@k q&if ydreygr,f? kd k S f w,fv@kd oH;k wwfygw,f? rSeygw,f? xuf w,f qdk f wm vnf w,fqwmxuf em;axmifv@kd aumif; kd 'Dpum;udkajymaea&;ae=uwm[m =umvS ygw,f? 'gayrJh vnf wmvm;/ xuf wmvm; yg+yD? u|efawmfEdkifiHa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;uwnf;uvdk@yJ qdwmuawmh aocsmjyefapma=umzd@k vdygw,f? Arm k k qdkygpdk@? ajymwJholawGeJ@ ajymwJhtcsdefawG rwlovdk pum;rSmu "m;xufw,f qdwmvnf; Sao;w,f k d t"dym,fawGvnf; uGw,fv@kd xifygw,f? wcsKd @uawmh r[kwygvm;? ` J f udk,fwdkifEdkifiHa&;vkyfol r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG vkywmudk rauseyfv@kd rSwcsucswmyg? 'grsKd ;udk cGivwf f f f fh $ wu,fusawmh pD;yGm;a&;yJjzpfap/ EdkifiHa&;yJ em;vnfEiygw,f? wcsKd @uawmh ud,u,wiEiia&;eJ@ jzpfap wu,fwrf;vlvnfvyEiwm[m aiGt&if;tES;D kd f k f kd f kd f kd f H k f kd f ruif;oljzpf+yD; tJ'Dvdk auG;a=umfvkyfaeolawG jzpfyg t}u;D }u;D SoawGe@J tm%myg0goawGomvkyEiw,f d l dS l f kd f w,f? 'Dvajymwmusawmh pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? qdkwm awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? udk,hfrSm bmrSrSdbJ vlvnf kd vkyfvdk@ b,favmufrS vrf;rayguf/ rxda&mufygbl;? tm;vH;k odwhJ twdi;f yJ Armpum;rSm tzdESdyfcHjynfolwa,muf[m tm%m&tpdk;&tay: k vnfw,f qdkwma&m vlvnf qdkwmrSmyg vlvnfusv@kd &ovm;? axmufvr;f a&;&J@ ppfaq;a&; S t"dy`m,fESpfrsdK; Sdygw,f? wrsdK;u csD;usL;wmjzpf+yD; pcef ; rS m tzrf ; cH a e&wJ h o l [ m axmuf v S r f ; a&;ud k aemufwrsKd ;u tjypfwifwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh vlvnf rajymbJ aew,fqwm[m vnfv@kd r[kwygb;l ? t"du kd f usw,fqdkwmuawmh raumif;wJh t"dy`m,fwrsdK;yJ [m EdkifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsufa=umihf tepfemcHwm jzpfyg xG u f y gw,f ? aemuf + yD ; vnf w J h v l pm;w,f q d k w J h w,f? pum;xJu pm;w,fqdkwJht"dy`m,fua&m? b,fvdk t"dy`m,f a&mufygovJ? pm;w,f/ avsmfw,fqdkwm rSeygw,f? Ediia&;qdwmtuGujf rif&ygw,f? f kfH k avmif;upm;e,fy,fu toHk;pum;yg? yeHpm;w,f/ tuif;yg;&ygw,f? wdrfawmifozG,frif;a&;us,fwJh rD;pm;w,f (rD;armif;atmufrm =unhaumif;w,f) qdwhJ Ediia&;[m uG,0uaewmawGuvnf;rsm;/ tajymif; S f k kfH f S f aumif;wJt"dym,fawG tenf;tusO;f Sygw,f? 'gayrJh tvJawGuvnf; rsm;vS/ jrefvSwmrdk@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfwJh h ` d 'D vnfwvl pm;w,f qdwhJ toH;k tE_e;f u vmbfpm; vlawG[m tifrwefEdkifiHa&; tuif;yg;zdk@ vdkygw,f? hJ k w,f/ aiGpm;w,f/ csLpm;w,f pwJh raumif;wJh t"dym,f 'gayrJh tckajymae=uwJh EdkifiHa&;rSm vnf w,f ` awGe@J yde;D ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm pm;w,fqwmudk Ediia&; qdkwmu t"dutm;jzifh udk,fae&m&zdk@/ wOD;OD;udk k kd kfH 33

_ynfolhtm%m
wduypfz@kd vkywmawG jzpfaeygw,f? k f f Ediia&;vkywmudk ud,usKd ;eJ@cxm;wJ/h ud,,=kH unfwta&;awmftwGuf b0wckv;kH udk yHxm;wJvawG kfH f k f JG k f hJ k h l twGuawmh vnfw,fqwtvkyrsKd ;udk pOf;awmifrpOf;pm;ygb;l ? vkyazmfuizufcsi;f / ud,uvvm;olawG/ f kd hJ f f kd f k fh kd kd ud,av;pm;wJjh ynfoawGtay: opPmS&ygw,f? olw@kd tay:vl vnfusz@kd vH;k 0rawG;&ygb;l ? k f l d Ediia&;ordi;f rSm jynfoawGav;pm;=unf!whJ Ediia&;orm;awG Sygw,f? q&m}uD;ocifu,awmfri;f / kfH k l kd k f H d kd f _d AdvcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f polawG? olw@kd &@J Eiia&;ordi;f rSm vnfv@kd pm;cJw,fqwm rScovdk olw@kd ukd k f kd f H k h kd d hJ Ediia&;t& tuif;ryg;ol/ EHtolv@kd vnf; tajymrcHc&ygb;l ? olw@kd vyJ Ediia&;udk d;k d;k om;om;/ av;av;eufeuf/ kfH k hJ kd k f H wnfwnf=unf =unfvkyfcJhvdk@ uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;wJhaemufrSm vlawGutodtrSwfywmcH&wJh wjcm;EdkifiHa&; acgi;f aqmifawGe@J Ediia&;orm;awG trsm;}uD;Sygw,f? kfH d olw@kd e@J ajymif;jyef ArmjynfEiia&;rSm tifrwefvnfw,f/ vlvnfusw,fv@kd emrnf&cJowcsKd @ Sygw,f? kd f H h l d zqyv rd;k aumif;aewke;f u Ediia&;t& vnfw,fqwvawG[m tm%mtSeo;kH +yD; twdutcHawGukd zrf;qD; kfH kd hJ l df k f cJwm/ ESrcwm/ owfjzwfcwm vkycygw,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd tm%meJ@ uif;uGmoGm;wJtcgrmusawmh rvnfawmh h d f hJ hJ f hJ h S ygbl;? wu,fwrf; udk,fuatmufbufudk a&mufwJhtcgusawmh EdkifiHa&;udkawmif pGef@v$wfoGm;=uygw,f? usm;}uD;awG a=umifuav;jzpfom;wm awG@cz;l +yD r[kwygvm;? G hJ f wjcm;rajymeJ@ Armjynf&@J 'Dbufacwf Ediia&;rSm vnfvw,fv@kd emrnf}u;D vSwhJ Advae0if;udyJ =unhyg? kfH S k f k f tm%mudvnf; &xm;/ ppfwyfuvnf; udixm;avawmh vnfcsiwi;f vnfvd@k &cJw,f r[kwygvm;? k kd kf f kd h f 1958 ckEprm OD;Ekukd zG@J pnf;yHtajccH Oya'eJ@tnD tm%mv$ay;cdi;f cJwm/ twkta,mif+idr;f csr;f a&;aphpyfyawG S f S k J k h JG t}udr}f udrac:cJwm/ ol@vufatmufu vlawGukd cGjJ cm;tkycsKyfxm;wm/ &efuef wuo taqmuftOD; zdcwhJ f h f k JG wm0efukd olrsm;tay:yHcswm/ eHygww;l - qufcotjzpf b,fo@l urS rxm;wm/ 'Dae&mudk vSr;f vm+yDxif&if k f H l kd zwfypfwm/ ajymrukeEiatmifygy? ol[m ol@u,ol vnfw,fv@kd vnf; ,lqw,f/ ol@vufatmufu vlawG f kd f J kd f uvnf; todtrSwf yygw,f? 'gayrJh oltm%mvufvwom;wJh tcgrmusawmh bmrS vnf vd@k r&awmhb;l G f G S r[kwvm;? f tJ'xuf ydq;kd wmu 'D vnf wJh vlawG[m olw@dk u,veom;wJaemufrm olw@kd vnf cJwmawG D k G f Gf G h S h tyg olw@kd vyf &yfawGe@J wuG olw@kd ukd _wcsae=uwmudk cHae&ygw,f? vlvnftjzpfe@J ud,ordi;f udk ed*;kH csKyf k f k hf k apvd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vnf wJh tJ'vawG[m olrsm;awGukd ydy&&av; 'kuay;vduwm/ nufnufuav;ajymvduwm/ D l d d d Q k f k f ynmom;ygyge@J ud,&nf,csuayguajrmufatmif vkyvuwmawGtwGuf tom;,lavh Sygw,f? 'gayrJh k fh G f f f f kd f d tJ'DvlawG[m (olwdk@tusdK;twGuf) vdktyfvm&if vlawGudk &uf&ufpufpufowfavhSdygw,f? vufonf ray:atmif tm%meJ@ npfywfz;kH uG,wwfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'gawG[m olw@kd uaowJtxd jyefajcmufve@f wwfw,f f kd h S qdwm rarhoihygb;l ? yrnw awGukd owfwm/ 7 &ufZvirm owfwmwd@k rm vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfwhJ k f l kd f S S w&m;cHukd razmfxwEiao;ayr,fh 'gawG[m zqyv awG vkycwm/ Advae0if;eJ@ awmfvea&;aumifp u k f fkd f f hJ k f S f D vkycw,fqwmuawmh ordi;f rSm rSwwrf;0ifom;yg+yD? f hJ kd k f G wu,fawmh Ediia&;vkyoawG&@J t&nftaoG;awGxrm t&if;cHtusq;kH [m ud,usKd ;uif;zd@k / d;k om; kfH f l J S k f wnf=unfz@kd jzpfygw,f? vnf w,fqoawG[m ud,usKd ;twGuf vnf=uwmyg? vnfwmvm;/ wu,fxuf kd l k f wmvm; qdwm[mvnf; ud,usKd ;uif;ruif;qdwmudk A[dk ypOf;pm;&rSm jzpfygw,f? k k f k 34

EdkifiHwumuAsm

rm&Dvifbwfcf
EdkifiHwumuAsm
e,fcsJ@pepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJrsm;rSm xdyfwef;uyg0ifcJhwJh uAsmq&mrtjzpf tm;vHk;u av;pm;=uwJh rm&Dvifbwfcf Marylyn Buck wa,muf 2010 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 3 &ufae@rSmqHk;awmh ol[m uifqma&m*ga=umihf vGwf+idrf; csr;f omcGie@J axmifjyifrm aecGi&wm &ufaygi;f ESpq,fyJ Syg ao;w,f? uG,vecserm touf 62 ESpf S+d yDjzpfwhJ olr[m fh S fh f d f G f d f S tar&duefEii&@J twif;usyq;kH tusO;f axmifawGukd ESpaygi;f 25 ESpf wdiatmif wck+yD;wck vSn+fh yD;aecJ&ygw,f? olr[m kd f H f f kf h +y;D cJwhJ &mpk&@J 60 pkEprsm;uwnf;up+y;D AD,uferfppfyqef@usia&;wduy/JG ygvufpwdi;f jynforsm;&J@ v_ym;r_ukd axmufcy/JG h Sf JG f k f k l fS H tD&efjynfolrsm;&J@ Sm;bk&ifqef@usifa&;/ ruUqDudkvlrsdK;rsm;&J@ wdkufyGJawGudk axmufcHyGJpwmawGrSm wufwufuGuG yg0ifcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh ol[m ausmif;om; 'Drdku&ufwpftpnf;tHk; (Students for a Democratic Society) rSm tzGJ@0if jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif ol[m usm;opfeufygwD (Black Panther Party)/ aemifrSm vlrnf;vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf (Black Liberation Army)wd@k rm yg0if+yD; ajratmufrm v_ym;aecJygw,f? 'Dve@J o[m emrnfq;eJ@ ausm=f um;wJh S S fS h kd l kd tar&duef tufzbti&@J wefjyefaxmufvr;f a&;pDrue;f (COINTELPRO)&J@ ypfrwjf zpfvmcJygw,f? 'gayrJh rm&Dvif[m f D kd f S H d S h vljzLwa,mufyg? &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vlrnf;awG cHpm;ae&wJh tom;a&mifcGJjcm;r_'%fudk oabmaygufwJh trsdK;orD; wa,mufyg? olaxmifxrm uifqma&m*gjzpfawmh tcseruocGir&wmeJ@ uifqmuvmyfpnf;awG tvsitjref jyef@ym;+y;D JS d f D k fh f G uG,vec&ygw,f? f G f hJ olr[m axmifxJrSmae&ae&/ axmifjyifrSmae&ae& rw&m;r_ trsdK;rsdK;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhHkru t+rJyJ ZGJrav#mhwrf; ud;pm;aeolvnf; jzpfygw,f? ol[m axmifxJrSmyJ wuUodkvfawGu pdwfynm bDatbGJ@eJ@ uAsm trfatbGJ@awG &cJhygw,f? ol[m axmifjyifrSm ol@toH rjywfxGufaeatmif uAsmawG rjywfa&;cJh&mrSm tar&duef axmifwGif;pmay tpDtpOf(PEN American Center Prison Writing Program)&J@ qkoHk;qkudk &SdcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif ol[m axmifxJuae pmtkyfawG pD'DtacGawGvnf; xkwfcJhygw,f? ol[m pydefbmomudk aumif;aumif; wwfu|rf;+yD; Oka*G; uAsmq&m c&pPwDem y,f&Da&mhpD&J@ rd@jyrD;a&mifrsm;qdkwJh uAsmpmtkyfudk bmomjyefcJhygw,f? ol@rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;awGu ol@ta=umif;0ufbfqdkuf (http://www.marilynbuck.com/) wck wifcygw,f? hJ

35

aq;rifa=umif
tusOf;om;wOD;&J@tjrif- wkefv_yfr_ESihftHh=ojcif;udk usr zwfrdw,f? cifAsm;wdk@EdkifiH[m tD&wf&@J v#yfppfrD;awG/ zkef;awG/ kyfjrifoH=um;awG/ a&awmifrusefatmif zwfypfw,f? usrwdk@EdkifiHrSm vlwa,muf&@J t0wftpm;awGudk rodrf;bl;/ vlwa,mufudk rdkifaygif;axmifcsDa0;wJhqD ydk@rypfbl;? 'DrSmawmh tusOf;om;awGu wkefv_yfr_e@J tHh=ojcif;udk od=uw,f? 'DrSm olwdk@u usrudk vHk;wD;c|wfypfw,f/ tukefvHk; odrf;oGm;=uw,f? usr&J@uav;awGyHkygwhJ avmhuufoD;av;udkodrf;oGm;=uw,f? usr tqufjywfoGm;&w,f? uHaumif;wmu olwdk@usr&J@aq;rifa=umifawGudk jzwfrxkwfchbl;? J olwdk@u usrudk usrtwWqDuae ,lxkwfoGm;=uw,f? usr&J@emrnfudk ,lxkwfoGm;+yD;aemuf eHygwfwckay;cJhw,f? &mrdk@pfqdkwmyJ usefchJw,f/ &mrdk@pf 72283-212 usr[m eHygwfr[kwfbl;? usr[m qm&mrm&D,m&mrdk@pf-ay:wDvdk jzpfw,f? eHygwf r[kwfbl;? usrrSm aq;rifa=umifxdk;xm;wm Sdw,f? usrnwdkif; usra,mufsm;&J@ emrnfudk vufe@J prf;=unhfw,f? tdef*s,fvl0pPwhJ/ usr&J@ESvHk;om;ay:rSm ewforD;ewfom;tawmifyHav;awGe@J ? aemufyef;awGe@J wcku ESif;qDyef;kyfawGe@J usrvufaumuf 0wfay:rSm/ usr&J@uav;awGjzpfwhJ vl0pPe@J wDemwdk@&@J emrnf twdkaumufav;awGe@J ? 'gawGudk olwdk@usrqDu ,lroGm;Edkifbl;? usrb,foljzpfw,f/ usrb,fuvmw,fqdkwmudk usrrSwfrdaew,f? usr&J@b0Zmwfvrf;/ usr&J@ta&jym;ay:uaq;rifa=umif/ usr&J@ oDcsif;udk usrtqHk;H_;rcHbl;? wkefv_yfr_ESifhtHh=ojcif; ppfoHk;a0g[m&vdkajym&&if tjrefpdk;rdk;odrf;ydkufjcif; qdkwhJt"dy`m,f &ygw,f? trsm;}uD;omvGefwhJtiftm;/ qufoG,fr_/ enf;ynm pwmawGe@J wzufom;&J@ jrifEdkifpGrf;udk zsufqD;ypf+yD; wdkufcsifpdwfudkyg zsufqD; ypfw,fqdkwhJ ppfw&m;jzpfygw,f? 'Dw&m;udk a&;olawGu [mvefauOD;vfref; (Harlan K. Ullman) eJ@ *sdrf;yD0d'f (James P. Wade) qdkolwdk@ jzpfygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;wuUodkvfuae 1966 ckESpf wkef;u xkwfchwm J jzpfygw,f?

36

Tattoos

A prisoners observation: I read about shock & awe, your country stripped Iraq: lights, phones, TVs even the water in my country, they dont take your clothes they dont send you thousands of miles away here prisoners know shock and awe here they stripped me bare, took everything my locket with my childrens pictures, Im cut off lucky they didnt cut off my tattoos They tried to steal me from myself took my name, added a number Only Ramos remains: Ramos 72283-212. I am not a number I am Sara Maria Ramos-Portillo, not a number. I have my tattoos every night I touch my husbands name, Angel Lus, with angels wings over my heart, and one with flowers, tiny red roses woven around my wrist with Tina and Lus my childrens initials, they cant take them away from me I remember who I am and where Im from. I will not lose my story My skin tattoos my song.

37

d f H Ekiia&;t& tuJqwfwhJ l l jynfovxk JG qif;&Jrawr+jy\em

tuJqwfwJh EkdifiHa&;jy\emw&yf jynfovx&@J qif;&Jrawr_ jy\em? 'Djy\em[m Ekiia&;t& tuJqwfwhJ jy\emw&yfyg? l l k JG df wki;f jynfwi;f rSm qif;&JrawwJh jynfoawG &Sae=uygw,f? b,fwi;f jynfrm rqkyg? t&if;&Sif wki;f jynf d dk JG l d dk S d d awGrmaum? qk&,f vpfwi;f jynfawGrmaum? qif;&Jrawol ta&twGue@J vuQ%mawmh wl=ur,frxifyg? S d S dk S JG f tpk;d &aumif;awG &Sr,f? pepfaumif;awG &Sr,f? tJ'rm&SwhJ qif;&JrawwJh jynfoqwm jynfoaumif;pm;a&;c&D; d d DS d JG l dk l twGi;f rv$omwJh tcuftcJtjzpf rausmvm;Ekiao;wJh jy\emyg? tJ'tpk;d &awGu jynfotusK;d jyKpdw"mwfe@J J f $ df D l f 'Dtcufudk }uKd;pm;ausmeif;wJh jzpfpOfyg? raumif;wJpepf/ raumif;wJtpk;d &? tJ'wi;f jynfrmawmh pepfa=umifh f h h D dk S tpk;d &a=umifh qif;&Jraw jynfoawGqwm qufvuf}uD;xGm;aewJh qkw,wr_ jzpfpOfxu wckyg? olw@dk uawmh JG l dk f k f J vl=um;aumif;kH vljrifaumif;kH eH@omjc,f wk@d ywfuwhJ tvkyyJ vkyae=uwmyg? t&if;ukd rzor# r+yKdEiwhJ dk f f f dk f jy\emyg? b,ftpkd;&jzpfjzpf qif;&JrGawwJh jynfolawG v_dif;wufovkd w&dyf&dyfwufvmaewmawmh r}uKduf J =uygb;l ? rsuEm ysu&ygw,f? t&Su&ygw,f? *kuyygw,f? 'ga=umifh wurBmvk;H wki;f jynfawGu qif;&Jrawr_ f S f f d f hJ d JG av#mcsa&;qk+d yD; vkyae=uwm =umvSyg+yD? Armtpk;d &opfuawmh t&yf0wfajymif;0wfcseusrS tdy&mu vef@E;dk +yD; h f df f ua,mifuwrf; xatmfovkd qif;&Jrawr_ b,favmuf av#mcsEiyg+yDqk+d yD; atmfvmwmyg? olrsm;wki;f jynfe@J JG h dk f d r,SOomwJh rjzpfpavmuf pl;prf;avhvmr_uav; vkyxm;ke@J iguvk@d x+yD; vufcarmif;cwfvuwmygy? f f H G dk f J t&if;&Siwi;f jynfawGuvnf; qif;&Jrawr_}uD;xGm;vmwmukd arG;&myga&m*gr@dk axG;ykuxm;&ayr,fh f dk JG d f &Ga=umuf}uD;yg? qif;&Jrawr_txky}f uD;eJ@wygwnf; &mZ0wfrawG xlajym/ rauseyfrawG wk;d yGm;? tpk;d &qef@usir_ H JG _ _ f awG jzpf? qENjyr_awG ay:? tukirwwf&if ykeuefrawG awmfvea&;awGtxd jzpfvmEkiygw,f? wki;f jynfwi;f rSm df f _ Sf df d G qif;&Jrawr_ }u;D xGm;vm&mu udptao;av;uae rD;xawmufwtxd jzpfvmwwfygw,f? rD',mawG Ekiia&; JG P hJ D dfH tiftm;awGuvnf; 'Djy\emukd aumufui+f y;D wkuwwfygw,f? olrsm;wki;f jynfuvnf; qif;&Jrawr_ }u;D xGm; dk d f d JG vmwmukd vufnKd;xkd; tjypfwifwwfygw,f? 'DtcsufawGa=umifh jynfolawG&J@ qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emukd Ekiia&;t& tuJqwfwhJ jy\emvk@d qk&wmyg? tpk;d &uvnf; 'Djy\emrSm tuJqwfygw,f? qif;&Jrawr_ dfH d JG 38

_ynfolhtm%m
}uD;xGm;aewmukd zk;H zdxm;zk@d aiGawGueae&wJtxJ 'ge@J xvkyvu&w,f? qif;&Jrawr_ jy\em[m tpk;d & kf h f dk f JG ywfoufv@dk ol@udk tjypfwif&if ol@t_utxk;d cH&ovkd aumif;jzpfa&;eJ@vnf; qufpyfaeygw,f? OD;ode;f pdeu d f f jzpfom;vk@d yg? G wu,fyJ tpk;d &aumif;jzpfa&; oEMmefe@J vkyrmvm;? d f S ppftypwckv;Hk ukd ajymif;ypfEiovm;? OD;ode;f pdeu ppf kfk dk f f usm;+rD;qGol b,fovJ J l tkypk ajymif;vJ+zKdcsa&; vky0ovm;? &ifqi&ovm;? f f hH dk f J Armjynf ppftpkd;&[m olrsm;wkdif;jynfrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf rysufoa&G@ tpkd;&aumif;vnf; tus,tjyef@vyaewJh qif;&Jrawr_av#mcsa&; ukd rwufEkdifbl; r[kwfvm;? wu,fvkyfr,fqkd&ifawmh f k f JG h olvnf; rv$ra&Smifom (olrsm; tultnDe@J ) tenf; OD;ode;f pdef usm;+r;D qGvuwm jzpfrmyg? 'DupP aumif;aumif; J J dk f S d tyg; vkyfxm;wmav;awmh &Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh vwf qufrvkyEi&ifvnf; t&yfom;[efjy ppftpk;d & Zmwd f dk f wavm jy\empvkuwmuawmh orRwopf OD;ode;f pdef kyf bGm;bGm;}uD; ikwwway:awmhrmyg? d f f k f S &J@ rwfv 30 &uf/ 31 &ufe@J {+yv 6 &ufae@ rde@f ce;f awGyg? D G Armjynfqif;&JrGJawr_ yaysmufa&;-pmwrf; yGivif; xifomjrifom&Sr/_ wm0ef,r/_ tpk;d &aumif; hf d l dk f h jzpfajrmufa&;/ w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&;/ tav;xm;ukpm; wifvuwhJ ynm&Sif (OD;jrif) uvnf; tpk;d &u wu,fyJ f hf G hf vkyaqmif&ef vktyfcsuawGtjzpf - vmbfay;vmbf vkyay;r,fxif+yD; apwemeJ@ ol@tjrifudk yGiyivif;vif; f d f ,lr/l_ bufvure@J t*wdvupm;r_/ qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm wifvkdufykH ay:ygw,f? xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; wifjy[ef dk f _ dk f d P hf [r_ us,jf yef@vmaejcif;awG yg&ygw,f? 'Dawmh tvkyHk &Sayr,fh wcsK@d upwcsK@d jy\emawGudk yGihf yGivif;vif; dS f d f d f d h aqG;aEG;yGawG qufwuvyvm&ygw,f? orRwu 'Dvdk xkwajymvku&wm &Sygw,f? olu onft&if Armjynf J dk f k f f f zGiay;vkuw,fv@dk ,lq&wJh rde@f ce;f ukd ajymvkuawmh pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ pmtkywtkyf xkwxm;wmvnf; hf d f G d f wki;f jynftwGuf jrifomjrif ajymcGiromwJh ynm&SiawG &Sdw,fqkdawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;twGuf olwwfEkdifwJh d hf f d Hk S uvnf; 'DrSmwif wkdif;jynftusKd;twGufqkd+yD; olwkd@ bufu tusK;d jyKvky&ygw,f? tckpmwrf;xJrmawmh J d dk f d pl;prf;avhvmcsufawGeJ@ tjrifawGukd wifjyvm=uyg rv$ra&Smifom [k0ifw;dk rd/ 'D0ifwurwhJ ta=umif;t&m J w,f? tJ'txJrm Armjynfu qif;&Jrawr_ av#mcsa&; av;awG ygygw,f? 'ghtjyif olwifwhta=umif;t&m D S JG h d f d_ f d f H - pmwrf;ukwifvuwhJ ynm&Si(OD;jrif)vnf; wOD;tyg uk,Euu Ekiia&;t& tuJqwfwjhJ y\em jzpfaeav d dk f f h awmh 'Dynm&Sif usm;+rD;qGvkdufovkd jzpfoGm;+yDvm;? J t0ifyg? r=umao;rDu trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@cskKyf&J@ pmwrf; ar;cGe;f awG ar;p&m &Svmygw,f? vGw+f ir;f csr;f zwfywckrm olu 'Djrefrmjynf qif;&Jrawr_jy\emeJ@ d d JG S JG omcGifhawmif aumif;rGefyDjyifatmif vkyfray;EkdifwJh ywfouf+yD; pmwrf;zwfr,fppOfawmh tpk;d &u wm;jrpf D orRwu qif;&Jrawr_yaysmufa&;ukd wu,fvyay;Ekif ydwyifvuwmeJ@ tJ'yJG ysuom;cJ&ygw,f? JG kf d f dk f D f G h wJh tcGitm%m tjynft0 &Syg&@J vm;? wu,fvyf hf h d k J J vkwhJ pdwapwemaum &S&@J vm;? ppftypk wckv;Hk uaum qif;&JrGawr_ }uD;xGm;aewmukd 0efrcH&bl;vm; d f d kf 'Dvvyz@dk oabmwlovm;? [efjyvkywmyJ udpr&Syg dk k f f P d 'Dynm&Sif&J@ pmwrf;awGxJrSm qif;&JrGJawr_ bl ; vk d @ oabmxm;=urS m vm;? [ef j yvk y f w ,f q k d yaysmufa&;eJ@ ywfoufv@dk vkyoifvyxuwhJ vkyief; f h k f dk f f OD;awmif jy\emawGu yGxvmaeygw,f? 'Dawmh awGukd EkdifiHwumh tawG@t}uKHawGeJ@ tus,ftjyef@ t&ifvkyfxm;wJh pl;prf;avhvmr_uav;ukd ukdif+yD; wifjyxm;wmawG yg&ygw,f? qif;&Jrawr_av#mcsa&; dS JG h qif;&JrGJawr_ b,favmufavsmh usoGm;ygw,fqkd+yD; r[mAsL[m/ vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfr_ vkyief; f 39

_ynfolhtm%m
wJ h ? 'D v k d v k y f e nf ; awG e J @ yJ ppftpkd;&u wav#mufvkH; wkdif;jynf b,favmufwkd; wufaew,fq+dk yD; nmvmcJh wm r[kwvm;? wuGuav; f f ajymvkuwmjzpfayr,fh wck d f vk;H oa&mfvuovkygy? dk f d J orR w utp wm0ef&otm;vk;H wki;f jynf dS l d tusKd;twGuf jyif;jywJhqEN aZm/ jyif;jywJh oEMmefe@J vkyf d =uzkd@ olu wkdufwGef;aeay r,fh 'DvvyEipr;f ppfAvf vlxuawGe@J ppfAvawGrm dk k f dk f G dk G f dk f S pOf/ jrefrmhzGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; yifr&if;jrpf tzGJ@tpnf; &Sdyghrvm;? w&yfwnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;a&;qkdwmuae pD;yGm;a&; ynm&SiawG yg0ifwhJ toif;eJ@ qufo,xm;wJh tpki,f f G f tajzu &Si;f ygw,f? jynfowi;f avhvm l G av;wck orRwkH;eJ@ csdwfqufxm;&r,fqkdwJhtxd ppfwrf;aumuf,csut& qif;&JrEe;f b,favmufus l f __ ygw,f? oGm;yg+yD qk+d yD; owif;pmuae(ZGev 6 &uf jrefrmh f tpkd;&opfrwufrDuwnf;u tdrfaxmifpk tajctaeawG pl;prf;avhrw&yf jyKxm;wmukd 'Dynm _ &Siu odxm;ygw,f? 'Dp;l prf;avhvmr_[m tajccHt& f a&S@qufvy&r,fh qif;&Jrawr_av#mcsa&; r[mAsL[m k f JG h twGuf taxmuftul jzpfapygw,fvkd@om olu rSwfcsufjyKxm;w,f? ol@twGuf tm;&auseyfzG,f jzpf[ef rwlygb;l ? 'ga=umifh olu qif;&Jrawr_wi;f wm JG dk a&;pHcsdefpH!ef;awGutp EkdifiHwumu erlemawGeJ@ tao;pdwfwifjyaewmyg? t&ifuvkyfwJh pkdufysKd;a&; pl;prf;avhvmcsuawGtay: olu oG,0uysu&,fjyKykH f f dk f f uav;uvnf; xdr&rd &Sygw,f? tJ'p;l prf;avhvmenf; d S d D awGu atmufupyg;cif;ukd tkef;yifay:uae=unfh+yD; pku{u b,favmuf/ atmif{u b,favmuf/ w{upD d f &J@ txGuu b,favmuf/ ajr=oZmvktyfru b,f f d _ avmufqwJh wGucsuyrsK;d ygw? tck em*pfa=umifh tke;f dk f f Hk hJ yifawGvnf; aoukeyg+y/D tke;f yifay:u qif;cJ=h uygawmh f 40 tvif;) xkwjf yefum;0gjyvkuwmygy? (2004-2005 d f J rSm qif;&Jrawr_Ee;f 32 &mckiEe;f &Sc&mrS 2009 -2010 JG _ d f _ d hJ rSm 26 &mckiEe;f ok@d av#mcsvuEiw,fv@dk a=unm df _ h kd f dk f vkuwmyg) olw@dk avhvmpl;prf;wJh tdraxmifu 18660 d f f yJ &Sdygw,f? AD,uferfrSm +rKd@ay:tdrfaxmifpk avhvm pl;prf;wmawmif 114636 (wodef;ausmf) xd pl;prf; wmyg? pl;prf;avhvmwJh wki;f xGmcsuawGrm pHcsep!e;f d f S d f H topf xyfrjH yifqif+yD; xyfrp;l prf;avhvmae=uwmyg? H qif;&JrGJawr_ wkdif;wma&;pHcsdefpH!ef;qkdwm uvnf; uk,vcsiovkd trsK;d rsK;d vkw;dk ykav#mh vkyv@dk d f dk f d d f &wmrsKd;yg? (pHcsdefpH!ef; owfrSwfr_trsKd;rsKd;ta=umif; 'Dynm&Siu tao;pdwwifjyxm;ygw,f? Oyrmqk&if f f d wkwjf ynfrm wESpf 0ifaiG 1169 ,Grxuf edroawGudk S f hf l qif;&JrGJawolvkd@owfrSwfwm pHcsdefedrfhaew,fqkd+yD; 2011 ckEprm 1500 ,Gratmuf edroawGudk qif;&J S f S f hf l rGJawolvkd@ owfrSwfr,fqkd+yD; jyefajymif;vkduf&w,f?

_ynfolhtm%m
'Dawmh t&ifu qif;&Jrawol 26 oef;ausm&c&mu JG f dS h J tck oef;w&m eD;yg; jzpfvmw,f? 'gawmif ynm&SiawG f u pHEe;f ukd 2400 txd xm;+yD; owfrwoifw,fv@dk _ S f h a0zefae=uao;w,f? wkwtpk;d &u qif;&Jrawol f JG awGukd aiGa=u;axmufyHhulnDvmcJhwm 1980 ckuae 2007 txd wkwaiGe@J wu&if bDv,H 160 - tar&duef f G f D a':vmeJ@wu&if 24 bDv,e;D yg; &Scyg+yD? 'Dawmh a'o G f D H d hJ tm%mykiwcsK@d e@J vlxxu wcsK@d u axmufyunaiG df k J hH l D wkd;&atmif qif;&JrGJawr_pHE_ef; jrifhvmwmukdawmif }uKduae=uygao;w,f?) pHcsep!e;f enf;enf;wk;d wmeJ@ f d f H qif;&Jrawr_Ee;f trsm;}u;D uGmoGm;w,fqwmukd t"du JG _ dk ajymcsifwmyg? jrefrmtpkd;&u jrefrmjynfolawG&J@ qif;&JrGJawr_tajctaeukd b,fpHcsdefpH!ef;awGokH;+yD; b,favmuf eufeufi;f _i;f avhvmxm;vk@d v? d_ d J jrefrmjynf qif;&Jrawr_ av#mcsa&;pmwrf; JG h rSmvnf; (tpk;d &u taumiftxnf azmfray;Ekionfh df wkdif) wkdif;jynftwGuf apwemxm; tusKd;jyKEkdifwJh tcsuawG ygaewmukd }uKdq&ygr,f? urBmeJ@r,SObJ f dk f ta&S@awmiftm&Srm E_i;f ,SO&ifawmif qif;&Jerus+yD; S d f d hf Armjynf trsKd;om;*k%foduQm nKd;EGrf;aewJhumvrSm qif;&JrGJawwJh wkdif;oljynfom;awGtay: apwem xm;+yD; qif;&JrGJawr_ av#mhcsa&;ukd tav;teuf wifjyvmwm todtrSwjf yK&rSmyg? jynfol@tusKd; vkyfay;oifhwmawG trsm;}uD;

jynfojl ynfoom;awG&@J qif;&Jrawr_jy\em l JG ukd ukivuw,fq&if ysm;wltudk wkwe@J x;dk vkuovkd d f dk f dk Hk f d f jzpfom;wwfygw,f? wEG,iif wpifygqovkd wjcm; G f dk ta&;}uD;wJhjy\emawGyg ukdifwG,fzkd@ vkdvmygw,f? jrefrmtpk;d &uawmh qif;&Jrawr_Ee;f wk;d ae JG _ pmwrf;wifwJh ynm&Sifu atmufygtcsufawGukd wmukd vufrcHcsifygbl;? jynfolawG csrf;omapcsifwhJ axmufjyxm;ygw,f? pdwa=umifh r[kwwm vnf; aocsmygw,f? tjzpfreudk f f Sf - qif;&Jrawr_ av#mcsz@dk tpk;d &aumif;jzpfz@dk JG h 0efrcHcsifwmoufoufyg? wkdif;jynf EGHxJ epfoxuf d epfaewJh umvwav#mufvkH; wkdif;jynfzGH@+zKd;wkd;wuf vkw,f? aeygw,fv@dk oHue[pf+yD; atmfaecJwhJ ol@0oDtwki;f k f h d - wki;f jynf&@J pD;yGm;a&; zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufatmif d qufvyvuwmyg? k f dk f vkyfrS &r,f? pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awG f 'gayrJh jynfwi;f ppfr;D wausmjh yef awmufavmif vky&r,f? G +yD; wki;f &if;om;jynfoawG 'kuExJ epfoxuf ykepfvm d l Q HG d aewJh 'Dae@ Armjynf&@J kyb0tajctaeawGu tpk;d & f opf&@J okyreudk qufvufzivpjf yooGm;rSm aocsm f S f G hf S ygw,f? wkdif;jynftay: apwemxm;wJh ynm&SifawGukd }uKdqkd&r,f vly*K~ vtay: owfrwtuJjzwfa&;ajymwm k d f S f r[kwyg? ynm&SiawG wki;f jynftay: wu,fapwem f f d xm;+yD; tusKd;jyKvm=uwm&Sd&if olwkd@ tusKd;jyKEkdif oavmuf todtrSwjf yK }uKdqa&;ukd ajymwmyg? dk

JG dk qif;&Jrawr_wi;f wma&; d f dk f uk,vcsiovkd d d trsK;d rsK;d vkw;dk ykav#mh

d f H d pHcsep!e;f qkwmuvnf;

41

_ynfolhtm%m
- wki;f jynf&@J t&if;tjrpfawGudk rSereuefuef d fSf tokH;jyK+yD;(rSefrSefuefuef tokH;rjyKvkd@ ajymaewmyg) wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfolvlxk&J@ ae@pOfaexkdifr_b0 tqifh twef;ukd jrihf wifay;&r,f? txufwef;/ wuUovynmoifa&; pwmawGe@J rlv dk f wef;ynm roifrae& owfrwa&;udpawG xnfajym S f P h roGm;ao;bl;?) pkprf;+yD;&if ajz&Si;f wm vky&r,f? Oyrm H f - 3 ESptwGi;f ausmif;aeoifvsue@J ausmif;raeEkiwhJ f h f df uav;ta&twGuf xuf0ufav#mcsa&; pwmrsK;d ? h

- qif;&JrGJawaewJholawG b,folawGvJ? olw@dk &@J rsuarSmuftajctae b,fvv? olw@dk qEN/ f dk J usef;rma&; taxmuftuljyKr_ vkHavmuf vktyfcsu/f cHpm;csuawGudk oGm;em;axmif&r,f? d f ovm;? aq;ay;cef;/ q&m0ef/ olemjyK/ om;zGm;q&mr/ aq;kH pwmawG vkavmufovm;? (tcrJaq;ukocGihf H h - pl;prf;avhvm+yD;&if olw@dk oufomacsmifcsd txd wufajymrxm;ao;bl;) uav;awG uk,tav; d f atmif vkyay;&r,f? f csef rjynfwmawG/ tm[m&csK@d wv@dk jzpfwhJ a&m*gawG/ d h hJ arG;uif;p uav;aoE_e;f / HIV AIDS a&m*g jyef@ym;r_ G tajctae?

v,form;awG H + v,f,majrqk;H;r+awGudk y;&r,f tumtuG,fay;&r,f

- ykraumif;rGewhJ tvkytukiawG zefw;D ay; d dk f f df a&;/ pD;yGm;&SmazGr_ tcGitvrf;awG zefw;D ay;a&; vky& hf f r,f? - aiGazmif;yGr_ av#mcs&r,f/ h

- vlwkdif; tpm;tpmu wae@ tenf;qkH; u,fv&D 2100 &rS vkavmufw,fv@dk owfrww,f? dk H S f - qif;&JrGJawr_av#mhcsa&;eJ@ wkdif;jynf&J@ vkavmuf&@J vm;? oef@&i;f vkavmufwhJ tk;d tdrjf y\em/ H S H pD;yGm;a&; vlra&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awGvyz@dk tm%m _ k f t0wftpm;jy\em pojzif h ykdifawG wm0ef&SdolawGu pwif+yD; wufwufuueJ@ pwif&r,f? OD;aqmif&r,f? Oyrm 0ef}uD;Xmeu aus; axmufjyxm;wJh csKd@,Gif;csufrsm; vufv,form;tzG@J tpnf;awG xlaxmifay;+y;D aus;vuf ol @ pmwrf ; xJ r S m tk y f c sKyf o l tpk d ; &yk d i f ; eJ @ zG@H +zKd;a&; acs;aiGawG trawmfa=u;awG ay;wmrsK;d awG tm%mykiawG&@J csK@d ,i;f csuawGudk axmufjyxm;wm df G f vky&r,f? f awGvnf; yg0ifw,f? 'gawGu wkdif;jynfwkd;wufaeyg - jynfovxb0 pkprf;avhvmp&mawG rsm; w,fvkd@ um;0gvmcJhwJh ppftpkd;&ukd zGifhcsazmfxkwf l l k H w,f? tvm;wl 'gawGukd jyKjyifajz&Sif;p&mawGvnf; vkuwhJ tcsutvufawGvnf; jzpfaew,f? d f f rsm;w,f? Oyrm- jynfolvlxk qif;&JrGJawr_ jy\emukd aus;vufrm ausmif;aeoifvsue@J raeEkiwhJ *krpkubJ ypfxm;cJwm umvwck &Sc+hJ yD? S h f df d f h d uav;OD;a& b,favmuf&SdovJ? ausmif; &Sdovm;? - jy\emawG jzpfaewJhae&mawGrSm pepf ausmif;q&m &ovm;? vkavmufovm;? ('gawmif olu H _ dk h h k f ausmif;p&dw}f uD;jrifrawG/ ynma&;pepf/ tv,fwef; wus ajymif;vJrqwm[m nHzsi;f wJtycsKyfa&;uae h _ 42

_ynfolhtm%m
qif;&Jom;awGukd wm0efcHr_&SdwJh tpkd;&jzpfatmif ajymif;vJz@dk vktyfw,f? d - v,ftok;H jyKol&@J tcGita&;yJ &Sw,f? hf d

- v,ftok;H jyKcGihf &w,fqwm acs;aiGawG dk - pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tm%musio;Hk r_ rnDr#rtay: &w,fqwmeJ@ 'GewaewmyJv@dk wcsK@d vawG ajymae=u hf _ dk f JG l qif;&Jom;awG&J@ a&mifjyef[yfr_ukd ydwfyifxm;oa&G@ w,f? (oabmu v,fo;Hk cGi&wmeJ@ tau;vnfyif; hf qif;&Jr_tqifhtwef;ukd jrifhwifay;a&;qkdwm cufyg epfawmhwmyJv@dk qkvwmyg?) d dk w,f? - 'Dae@ Armjynf v,f,majrtajctae[m - Armjynfrm tdraxmifwck&@J pm;aomuf t*Fvefpufrawmfvea&; jzpfcge;D bkajrawGudk 0ki;f }uD; S f _ S f H d ukef 0,f,wp&dw[m wckv;Hk tok;H p&dw&@J 72 &mckif ydwf +cHcwfywq@dk whJ v_y&m;r_xu wcsK@d tajctaersK;d eJ@ l hJ f f d d f f S J E_e;f &Saew,f? csi;f jynfe,frmqk&if 76 &mckiEe;f txd oGm;wlaew,f? qkdvkdwmu opfawm/ qnf/ uef/ d S d df _ jzpfw,f? 'g bma=umifv? jynfojl ynfom;awG&@J 0ifaiG acsmif;ajrmif;/ tif; tkdifpwJh aus;vuf bkHykdifqkdifcGifh h J edrfhusaevkd@yJ? zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiHawGukd xnfhajymraeeJ@? awGudk a'otm%mykiawGu olw@dk tusK;d twGuf &,l df tmqD,EiiawGrmawmif 'Davmuf &mckiEe;f rsm;wm xm;w,f? (Oyrm - ig;zrf;cGi) 'gu aus;vufz@HG +zKd;wk;d H dk f H S df _ hf r&Sb;l ? xki;f rSm 32 ? rav;&Sm; 37? vmtkd 61? d d wufa&;ukd xdcuapw,f? dk f xdrdwhJ ar;cGef;av;awG - v,f,majrjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyf&

r,f? ol@pmwrf;xJrm xdrwhJ ar;cGe;f 0gusav;awG S d yg&wmvnf; awG@&ygw,f? t"du aus;vufjynfoawG dS l - v,form;awG v,f,majr qk;H _;H r_awGudk twGuf ajymvkuwmyg? d f tumtuG,f ay;&r,f? (pmwrf;&Sifu 'DavmufyJ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Djy\em[m tus,}f uD;yg? 'Dae@ - wmwrH qnfajrmif;awG azmufvkdufvkd@ ArmjynfrSm ppfwyf/ tm%mykdifeJ@ tpkd;&vufa0cH v,form;awG b,favmufrsm; tusK;d aus;Zl; cHpm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&SiawG ukr%awGu v,form;awG&@J f f ` D =u&ygovJ? v,f,majrawG vk,aewJh ta&;tcif; tus,tjyef@ l f G hf - v#yfppf"mwftm;xkwfzkd@ wmwrHaqmuf jzpfym;aewmyg? ol@taeeJ@ a&;cGiom[ef rwlygb;l ) wmawG v#yfppf"mwftm;pufkHawG wnfaqmufwm - aus;vuftvkytukiopfawG &SmazGay;zk@d f df [m 'Dv#yppf"mwftm;&J@ tusK;d aus;Zl;ukd jynfoawG f l vktyfvmw,f? d b,favmufcpm;&ygovJ? H - ukdvkdeDacwfuawmif v,f,majrtcGef v,form;eJ@ v,f,majr jy\em awmfukd v,form;awG tajctaeeJ@ ukdufnDatmif f 'Dpmwrf;xJrSm jynfhjynfhpkHpkH azmfjyrxm;Ekdif w{u usytenf;i,fyJ ,lwm/ aemufxyftcGef xyfw;dk d ayr,fh v,f,majrjy\em&J@ tajccHuawmh azmfxwf wmvnf; r&Sb;l ? dk k wifjyxm;Ekiwm awG@&ygw,f? df - jrefrmv,form;awG v,fyicihf r&Sb;l ? dk f G d - v,form;vktyfcsuawG jznfqnf;ay;a&; d f h csK@d ,i;f csuf jzpfvmcJwm[m vGwvyfa&;&+yD;cgpuae G h f awmufav#mufy? J 43

_ynfolhtm%m

jy\emu k f k ppftypvnfyif; J b,fojl cLqGrvJ

jynfwi;f jynfovx&@J 0rf;0a&;jy\emukd t&ifq;Hk G l l k jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifrS jzpfvmrSmyg? 'gawGtm;vkH;twGuf v,f,majrvkyief;wckv;Hk zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufz@dk vkygw,f? f d jyKjyifajymif;vJz@dk vkygw,f? qif;&JrawGrpmwrf;xJrm d JG _ S jynfyqefwifykd@a&;eJ@ywfoufvkd@ t}uHjyKazmfjyxm; ygw,f?

- 1938- 39 wke;f u Armjynf[m jynfyok@d - - +rKd@awGay:rSm yko;Hk vk@d av#mom;wJh tpk;d & qefwefcsdef 3 3 oef; wifykd@EkdifcJhw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu d h G bwf*sutwGuf v,form;awGu tcGeawmf wm0ef Armjynf[m urBmqefwify@dk rEiiawGxrm eHygwf (1) f f h _ dk f H J S xrf;+yD; jyefqyfae&w,f? (ppfp&dwf 0efxkyf0efykd;ukd yg? tm&S&@J qefwi;f }uD;ae&m ,lxm;cJwmyg? G h xrf;ae&wmawG azmfjyrxm;Ekiyg) df - (2000 -2001) uae (2007-2008) umv qefpyg; jy\em twGi;f Armjynfu qefwify@dk Eir_ ykrusqif;vmcJw,f? dk f d dk h - qefpyg; jy\emawG quf&aeOD;r,fq&if (2007 -2008) ckESpfrSm pkpkaygif; 358 500 wefyJ dS dk dk f hJ D S h k wkdif;jynf&J@ EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; jy\emawG wify@dk Eicw,f? tJ'Epf urBmqefwify@dk r_ pkpaygi;f &J@ 12 &mckiEe;f om wify@dk Eicwmyg? 2006 -2007 wke;f u df _ dk f h J eufeufi;f _i;f qufjzpfaeOD;rSmyJ? d_ d qkd&if jynfywifykd@EkdifwJhqef[m 14500 wefom &SdcJh - qefxkwfvkyfol v,form;u aemufqkH; ygw,f? tdre;D csi;f xki;f Ekiiu urBmqefwify@dk whJ EkiiH f d dfH h df pm;ok;H olvufxa&mufom;wJh qefaps;&J@ 20 &mckiEe;f awGxrm eHygwf (1) ae&m ,lxm;ygw,f? J G df _ J S om cHpm;cGi&aew,f? (aoG;pkyrtqifqifudk ol@pmwrf; hf f_ h h - xkdif;EkdifiHeJ@ ArmEkdifiH[m qeftxGufcsif; xJrm azmfjyrxm;Ekiyg) S df uGmvSwm r[kwfygbl;? 2008-2009 rSm Armhpyg; - tpkd;&at*sifpDawG(ppftpkd;&vufxufrSm xGurcef@re;f ajc rufx&pfwef 35 8 oef; &Sygw,f? f _ S d tpk;d &uk,wiawmif yg0ifygw,f) u v,form;qDu ArmvlO;D a&u 584 oef;vk@d wGuxm;ygw,f? xki;f EkiiH d f dk f f d df qefpyg;ukd ayguaps;xuf av#may;+yD; 0,fvmcJwmyJ? qefxuu wef 35 oef; ywf0ef;usiyJ xGuwm? Arm f h h G f f f hf l - qefaps;ukd qif;&Jom; wwfEiwhJ aps;E_e;f xuf enf;enf;awmif edrao;w,f? ol@vO;D a&u 68 dk f f D S f S txd csay;Eki&if qif;&JrawGr_ av#mcsa&;twGuf trsm; oef;ausm? tJ'Eprm Armu jynfyukd qef rufx&pf df JG h wef 1 oef; ywf0ef;usiom wify@dk Eic+hJ yD; xki;f uawmh f dk f d }uD; ajyvnfaprSmyg? rufx&pfwef 8 oef;eJ@ 10 oef;=um; wify@dk Eicygw,f? dk f h J jynfyokd@ qefwifykd@EkdifwhJ t"duEkdifiH jzpfvmapa&; - vlaer_pepf zG@H +zKd;wufrcsi;f vnf; uGmoGm; _ jynfyukd qeft&nftaoG;aumif;aumif;eJ@ w,f? Armu qeft"du pm;ae&wmawmif tm[m& ta&twGufrsm;rsm; a&mif;EkdifrS 0ifaiGwkd;jrifhvm+yD; rjynh0bl;? xki;f u wjcm;tm[m&awG pm;ae&awmh f d aus;vufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf tvkyftukdiftcGifh qefpm;av#mom;w,f? 'Dawmh vlO;D a&ykrsm;wJh xki;f u h G d d tvrf;eJ@ zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufrawG vkyay;Ekirmyg? 'g[mvnf; qefy+dk yD; wify@dk Eiw,f? (wjcm;ta=umif;awGvnf; &Srm _ f dfS dk f dS 44

_ynfolhtm%m
yg? qefwify@dk wpepf uGm[r_awG/ qefprcef@ca&;pepf uGm[r_/ qef0,f,o;Hk pGa&;pepf uGm[r_/ qefarSmifcdk wify@dk r/_ hJ D H JG l J ppfwyfu qefo;Hk pGr) J _ - jrefrmhqefu t&nftaoG; nHw,f? aemufvnf; qufnaeOD;rSmyJ? ('gu 0,f,r/_ okavSmifr/_ h hH l d }uwcr/_ rsK;d / odyenf;us pkuysK;d a&;/ qefpyg; oef@pifa&; pwmawGe@J vnf; qkiw,f) qefwify@dk rrm yk*vuuukd d f JG H` d f df _S ~ d zGiay;&if olw@dk u jynfy&J@ qeft}uKduudk pl;prf;+y;D jynfwi;f u qeft&nftaoG;ukaumif;atmif cef@cEi=f uw,f? hf f G d JG dk qeft&nftaoG;nhawmh Armhqefu wjcm;EkiiawGvdk aps;aumif;r&bJ 0ifaiGenf;w,f? H dfH - awmif;qkcsuuawmh qefwify@dk a&;rSm vlwi;f 0ifupm;EkiwhJ upm;uGi;f rsK;d jzpfatmif vGwvwvyfvyf d f dk df f G f zGifhay;&r,f? a=umifvnfyif;ukd b,fol jcLqGrvJ J csKyfvu&ifawmh Armjynf qif;&Jrawr_ av#mcsa&;pmwrf;[m }uKdq&r,ftcsuwcsK@d ygw,f? dk f JG h dk h f ol@pmwrf;u tpk;d &opfudk jyif;jywJh qENaZmeJ@ oEMmefe@J taumiftxnfazmfz@dk wkuwe;f wJh tcsuf d d f G tvufawGy? J 'gayrJh ppftypk ppftm%m&Sipepfu vkyEiygrvm;? k f f f dk f h wrsK;d om;vk;H &J@ pGr;f tm;ukd pkpnf;+yD; vufawG@ususvyEirS jzpfrmyg? k f dk f S ola&;vkuwhJ Ekiia&;qENaZmawG (jyif;jywJh oEMmef) eJ@ vkyEipr;f ppfAvxue@J ppfAvawGrm &Sygh d f dfH d f dk f G dk f G f dk f S d rvm;? olw@dk udk arG;jrLjyKpk ajrawmifajrmufvuwhJ ppftypt}u;D tuJawG&@J tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd xdyg;apwJh (tvky) dk f kfk f vky0ygrvm;? f hH h Oyrmay;&if 'Dpmwrf;[m a=umifujdk cLqGa&; pmwrf;yJ? a=umif}uD;&J@ tEW&m,fa=umifh uufawG aqG;aEG; J wkiyif pnf;a0;=uowJ? a=umif}uD;&J@&ef b,fvumuG,rvJayg? aemufq;Hk tm;vk;H oabmwlwhJ t}uHwck df h dk f h &vmw,f? a=umif}uD;vnfyif;rSm jcLqGay;vku&if olvmwmod+yD; uufawG tcserD tEW&m,fu a&Smifui;f J d f d f G Ekirmayg? df S h 'gayrJh jy\emu a=umif}uD;vnfyif; b,fojl cLqGrvJ? ppftypvnfyif; b,fojl cLqGrvJ? 'Dpmwrf;ukd J kfk J OD;ode;f pdetpk;d &u vufcyg+yDw? olw@dk jcLqG0=hH uygrvm;? ? f H hJ J h

45

oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@
obm0ody`Hynm&yfawGjzpfap/ vlr_ody`Hynm&yfawGjzpfap/ pl;prf;&SmazGwhJtydkif; 'grSr[kwf oabmobm0udk pl;prf;azmfxwwtydi;f eJ@ vufawG@toH;k cswtydi;f qd+k yD; ESpyi;f t+rJwrf; yg&ygw,f? obm0odybmom&yfawGukd k f hJ k hJ k f kd dS H` pl;prf;azmfxkwf=u+yD; vlawG&J@ ukefxkwfvkyfief;rSm vufawG@toHk;cs=uygw,f? vlr_ody`Hynm&yfawGrSmvnf; vl@obm0awGukd pl;prf;azmfxw+f yD; vlra&;vufawG@rm toH;k cs=uygw,f? 'Dvvyuiaqmif&uEiwma=umifh k _ S kd k f kd f G f kd f vl@avmu}uD;[m wpwpwd;k wufz@HG z;vmwm jzpfygw,f? a&S@quf+yD;vnf; vl@avmu}uD;[m 'Denf;eJ@yJ ydrkd k tqifjh rifwqukd zG@H z;wd;k wufom;rSm rkcsygy? h hJ D G J rmhup0g'[mvnf; odybmom&yfrsm;pGmxJu odybmom&yfwck jzpfygw,f? odyenf;usq&,vpf f f H` H` H` kd S f 0g'vd@k ac:ygw,f? uGejf rLepf0g'vd@k vnf; oH;k e_e;f =uygw,f? urBmay:rSm qd&,vpf0g'trsKd ;rsKd ; ay:aygucygw,f? k S f f hJ uae@vnf; qdk&S,fvpf0g'trsdK;rsdK;[m toGiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ &Sdaeygw,f? 'gayrJh tJh'Dqdk&S,fvpf0g' tm;vHk;[m pdwu;l ,Ofq&,vpf0g'rsm;omjzpf+yD; t&if;&Sityp;kd olawGuom tusKd ;ywm rsm;ygw,f? rmhup0g'omv#if f kd S f f k f kd f f odyenf;usq&,vpf0g'jzpf+yD; tzdEycjH ynfovxukd tvkytau|;yygw,f? tzdEycjH ynfoawG&@J vGwajrmuf H` kd S f dS f l l k f dS f l f a&;vrf;udk !ejf yEdi+f yD; vufawG@vnf; vGwajrmufapEdiygw,f? k f kf Ediia&;pum;eJ@ajym&&if odyenf;usq&,vpf0g'om vufawG@rm awmfvea&;vkyief;udk taumif kfH H` kd S f S S f f txnfazmfEdkif+yD; jynfolvlxkudk tvkyftau|;yygw,f? pdwful;,Ofqdk&S,fvpf0g'trsdK;rsdK;[m vufawG@rSm awmfvea&;vkyief;awGukd qef@usi+f yD; jynfoqef@usia&;/ t&if;&Sityp;kd olvwef;pm;udk tvkytau|;ya&; S f f l f f k f l f awGyJ vkyaqmif=uygw,f? f odyenf;usq&,vpf0g'[m tEkydavmrky0g'eJ@ ordi;f ky0g'udk vufcygw,f? pdwu;l ,Of qd&,vpf H` kd S f f k f H f k S f 0g' trsKd ;rsKd ;uawmh tEkydavmrky0g'eJ@ ordi;f ky0g'udk jiif;y,fygw,f? tay:,Hvufcygw,fv@kd ajym&ifvnf; f k f H tESpom&rSmawmh enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ jiif;y,f=uygw,f? f odyenf;usq&,vpf0g'udk rmhupw@kd te*,fw@kd u pl;prf;&SmazG+yD; azmfxwwifjycJ=h uygw,f? rmhupw@kd H` kd S f ff df k f ff tde*,fw@kd [m olw@kd wifjyazmfxwwhJ oabmw&m;udk vufawG@vnf; usio;kH jycJygw,f? yxrtifwmae&Sif f k f hf h e,feJ@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ vufawG@toHk;csjycJhwmygyJ? 'Dtifwmae&Sife,f v_yf&Sm;r_awG a=umifvnf; urBmrSm ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;awGu vlwef;pm;tjrif&vm+yD; Ediia&;e,fy,f/ vlra&;e,fy,frm h h l dS kfH _ S kef;uefv_yf&Sm;vmEdkifcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;r+idrfoufr_awG/ vlr_a&;r+idrfoufr_awG[m awmfvSefa&;vuQ%m aqmifvmygw,f? 'Dtcserm pdwu;l ,Ofq&,vpf0g'awGu awmfvea&;rqefwhJ rif;rJpduawG/ vky}f uHowfjzwfa&;awG dfS f kd S f D Sf h k f vkyouvky/f tkyp;kd olt&if;&Sitpd;k &tvdus vlxvy&m;r_ukd csKd ;ESrzsuq;D olawGuzsuq;D vkyae=uygw,f? f l f f k k _ f S d f f f f rmhupe@J te*,f[m yJ&pfbtzG@J vy&m;r_rm tzdEycjH ynfoawGu tm%mudk &ufaygi;f 100 avmuf f f d f kH _ f S S dS f l xde;f xm;EdiwmavmufyJ jrifawG@ci&oGm;cJ=h uygw,f? ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;u Ediia&;tm%mudk vuf0,fyiyif kf G hf h l kfH kd f kd 46

_ynfolhtm%m
odrf;ydkufEdkif+yD; vlwef;pm;zsufodrf; a&;vkyief;pOf tpycsu/f aoG;pkywhJ f f pepfudk zsufodrf;wJhvkyfief;pOf tp ycsufawGudk jrifawG@oGm;cJh&jcif; r&Sdyg? rmhup/f tde*,fw@kd uG,f f f vGe+f yD;wJaemuf rmhup0g'udk vuf h f f awG@xJ csoHk;wmrSm vDeif acgif; aqmifwhJ k&jS ynfu abmf&ApfygwD DS [m pHjytcef;u ygcJhw,f? 1917 ckEpf atmufwbm qd&,vpf awmf S kd k S f vSefa&;udk atmifjrifpGm qifE$JEdkif cJw,f? urBmrSm abmf&Apfygw[m h DS D EdkifiHawmftm%m odrf;ydkufEdkifwJh yxrqHk;aom uGefjrLepfygwD jzpf ovdk qdA,ufjynfaxmifpk orRw k D Edii[mvnf; urBmyxrqH;k qd&,f kfH h k S vpf E d k i f i H jzpf v mw,f ? urB m rS m odyenf;usq&,vpf0g'[m cdirm H` kd S f kf wJpepfwcktjzpf yDjyifvmygw,f? h onftjyif wwd,tifwm h ae&Sie,fukd xlaxmif+yD; wurBmvH;k f rSm rmhup0g' od@k r[kwf uGejf rLepf f f 0g'ud k vuf a wG @ csoH k ; =uygw,f ? tusKd ;qufuawmh urBmtES@H tjym; rSm uGejf rLepfygwawG ay:ayguapEdif D f k cJhwm jzpfw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ rmhufpf 0g'[m urBmae&mtES@H ukd jyef@om;yg h G w,f? 'kwd,urBmhppfyGJrSm wwd, tifwmae&Sife,fu zufqpfqef@ usifa&; udkvdkeDpepfzsufodrf;a&;udk wifjyvdkufwm[m rmhufpf0g'udk vufawG@usio;kH wmyJ jzpfw,f? uGef hf jrLepfygwtm;vH;k [m 'Dq;kH jzwfcsuf D udk 0di;f 0ef;taumiftxnf azmf=u k wJtcgrm 'kw,urBmppfyuvnf; h S d h J G kd atmifjrifatmif qifEEiw,f? zuf J$ kd f qpf0g'vnf; usqHk;w,f? udkvdkeD pepf v nf ; yuG J + yD ; Ed k i f i H t awmf rsm;rsm; vGwfvyfa&;&vmw,f? uGefjrLepfygwDtawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; Ediia&;tm%m &&Svm=uw,f? xl; kfH d jcm;wmuawmh udvewydi;f / ya' k kd D k o&mZfwydi;f EdiijH zpfwhJ wkwjf ynf k kf rSm uGefjrLepfygwD tm%m&vm+yD; wkwjf ynfopfukd xlaxmifEiwmyJ kd f jzpfw,f? wwd,tifwmae&Sie,f f v_H@aqmfr_eJ@ wkwfjynfuGefjrLepf ygw&@J rmhup0g'udk wkwjf ynf vuf D ff awG@rSm u|rf;usifpGm csoHk;wwfr_&J@ &v'fyJ jzpfygw,f? 'gu tEkydavmrky0g'eJ@ f ordi;f ky0g'tjrifukd cdici+f rJ+rJpuif k f k f kd J G kd +yD; vufawG@rm rSeuefxa&mufpm S f d G toHk;cswwfr_a=umifh &&SdwJhatmif jrif r _ a wG u d k ajymwmjzpf y gw,f ? wjcm;wzufrSmawmh rmhufpf0g'udk ,H=k unf&muae rmhup0g'udk vuf f f rcHEiawmhygb;l qdoawG[mvnf; kd f k l wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f tzGJ@0if uGefjrLepfygwDwdkif;rSmvdkvdk ay:cJh wmyJ? 'DvawGtm;vH;k [m pdwu;l l f ,Of qd&,vpf0g'awGvyJ wcsKd @vnf; k S f D kd rif;rJawG jzpfom;w,f? wcsKd @vnf; h G *dk%f;*%awGtjzpf uGJxGufoGm; w,f? wcsdK@vnf; t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@ orm;awGaemufvdkufoGm;wm jzpf ukefygw,f? wcGef;xJcsKyfajym&&if awmfvea&;qef@usioawG/ jynfol S f f l qef@usifolawG tm;vHk;jzpfoGm;=u ygw,f? tm%mydkifawG jzpfvm=uwmygyJ? tJ'tcseup+yD; qdA,ufuejf rLepf D d f k D G ygw[m rmhup0g'eJ@ yuwdb0udk D f f cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfwm rvkyfwm a=umifh rSm;,Gi;f wJh tjrifawG/ rSm;,Gi;f wJay:vpDawGuyJ csrwusio;kH wm h kd S f hf a=umifh 20 &mpktukefydkif;rSm qdkAD ,ufuGefjrLepfygwDvnf;yuGJ/ qdkAD ,uf,leD,Hvnf;yuGJwm jzpfukef w,f? EdiitoD;oD;u uGejf rLepfygwD kfH awGuvnf; *,ufuw,f? 'ga=umifh kd kd f urBmuejf rLepfvy&m;r_rm tuGt+yJ h G _f S S J awGvnf; tajrmuftjrm; jzpfay:cJh &ygw,f? urBmhuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ rSm tm%m&atmifv;kH yef;wJh tawG@ tuH/ tm%mudk xdef;odrf;&wJh tawG@tuHe@J tm%mudk jyefvuf vGwom;wJh tawG@tuHawGyg &&Sd f G vduygw,f? k f

'gayrJh rmhup0g'udk pGp+JG rJ+rJ ff J qkyfudkif+yD; rdrdwdkif;jynf vufawG@ tajctaeeJ @ urB m h y wf 0 ef ; usif tajctaeudk trSetwdi;f oH;k oyf f k EdiwhJ ygwe@J EdiiawGjzpfwhJ wkw/f kf D kfH AD,uferf/ avm/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;/ usL;bm;wd@k vkd EdiiawG rmhup0g'udk kfH ff vufawG@toH;k csaeEdiygw,f? EdiiH kf kf a&;tm%mudk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif+yD; qd k & S , f v pf p epf u d k wuf v S r f ; wJ h jyifqifa&;vkyief;awGukd usm;ukwf f usm;cJ vH;k yef;vkyuiaeygw,f? 'D f kd f kfH f kd f H 20 &mpkEpf tv,fyi;f udk EdiiawG[m e,fcs@J t&if;&SiEiiawG S kd a&mufwJhtcgrSm ta&;}uD;wJh xl; urBmtES@H tjym;rSm jcm;r_wck[m uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ twGi;f rSm ay:aygucw,f? tJ'gu f hJ uGejf rLepfygwawG D qdA,ufjynfaxmifpuejfrLepfygwxrm kD k G D JS ay:ayguapEdicwm f k f hJ rmhup0g'udk pGe@f vwoawG/ wenf; ff $ f l tm;jzifh jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm; jzpfw,f awGu ygwDrSma&m/ EdkifiHawmfrSmyg 47

_ynfolhtm%m
r[kwfwma=umifh e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sif EdkifiHawGu uGefjrLepfygwDawGvdk qd&,vpfawmfvea&;udk rvkyEichJ k S f Sf f kd f yg? 'Drdkua&pDopfawmfvSefa&;udk qifE+J$ yD; qd&,vpfpepfwufvr;f zd@k k S f S jyifqifa&;vkyief;awG +yD;qH;k atmif f vkyfae&qJ jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpf OD;wnfcsufudkawmh rsufajctjywf rcHbJ vH;k yef;ae=u&ygw,f? urBmhEdkifiH toD;oD;u rmhup0g'udk pGp+JG rJ+rJqyuixm;wJh f f J k f kd f tm%mr&ao;wJh uGejf rLepfygwawG D a&m/ tm%mvufvwom;wJh uGef G f G jrLepfygwDawG (k&Sm; zuf'a&;&Sif; uGejf rLepfygwtygt0if ta&S@Oa&my D uGejf rLepfygwawG) [m rdrvufawG@ D d tajctaerSm rmhup0g'udk toH;k cs f f taumiftxnf azmfae=uygw,f? rdrdtajctaet& rdrdvkyfoifhwm vkyv@dk &EdiwmawGukd vkyaeygw,f? f kf f tpdwtydi;f wck jzpfygw,f? rmhupf f k f 0g'udk rdrdwdkif;jynfvufawG@eJ@tnD usifhoHk;wJhygwD jzpfygw,f? tEkyd avmr ky0g'eJ@ ordi;f ky0g' tajccH f k f udk pGp+JG rJ+rJqyuiwygwD jzpfygw,f? J k f kd f hJ 'ga=umifh urBmuejf rLepfvy&m;r_rm h G _f S S rmhufpf0g'udk r,drf;r,dkif pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ qkyuiwygwawG uawG@&wJh tawG@ f kd f hJ D H tutjzpftysursKd ;awGe@J uawG@&/ H f H jzwfoef;&/ jzwfoef;ae&qJ jzpfygw,f? awGu zqyv tpd;k &rSm tm%m&&Sd ae=u+yD; Armjynf[m vH;k 0vGwvyf f w,f/ ygvref'rua&pDpepf usio;kH D D kd hf w,fqdk+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; awGukd ydwyifygw,f? trsKd ;om;pnf; f vH;k nD!wr_ vH;k 0yuGom;apwJh jynf G f J G wGif;ppfudk cif;cJhygw,f? 62 ckESpf ppftypk (qd&,vpf ppfAvawG) }u;D kf k S f kd f pdk;wJh Adkvfae0if;ppftyfpk tm%m odr;f +yD; jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qd&,f k S vpfavmuudk cswufr,fq+kd y;D vkychJ D f ygw,f? 88 vlxtkH ur_a=umifh jrefrmh k qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf usqHk;oGm;+yD; e0w/ etz ppftypk (Advoef;a&$ k f k f ppftkyfpk) wufvm+yD; 2010 a&G; aumufyvyum }uH@z@HG tpd;k &zG@J um JG k f ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk enf;wrsdK;eJ@ usio;kH wmawGukd Armjynfuejf rLepf hf G ygwu t+rJwrf;zGics qef@usiwuf D hf f kd cducygw,f? Armjynfjynfol vlxk k f hJ }uD;&J@ 'Drua&pDwuybufu Arm kd kd f J G jynfuejf rLepfygw[m &yfwnf wduf G D k yG0ifcygw,f? 'gawG[m rmhup0g'udk J hJ ff ArmjynfvufawG@rm Armjynf uGef S jrLepfygwu vufawG@usio;kH wmyJ D hf jzpfw,f? ArmjynfrSm ppftm%m usq;kH +yD; jynfoawG 'Drua&pD tcGihf l kd ta&;awG jynfh0pGm cHpm;&wJhtxd ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifwJh b,ftiftm;pke@J rqdk Armjynf uGef jrLepfygwD[m vufwGJaqmif&Guf oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? 2008 tajccH Oya'qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJrSm v$wf awmfwi;f wduy/JG v$wawmfywduy/JG G k f f k f Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJ/ Oya'ywdkufyGJ/ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJpwJh w&m;wJh wduyreor#ukd Armjynfuejf rLepf k f JG S f G ygwu axmufcunom;r,f? wwf D H l D G EdkifwJhbufu yg0ifqifE$JrSmyJ jzpf ygw,f?

Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD [m ol@&@J aemufq;kH &nfre;f csu[m S f Armjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;udk qd&,vpf k S f vl@tzG@J tpnf;/ uGejf rLepfv@l z@JG tpnf; jzpfatmif wnfaqmufa&;jzpfw,f qdkwmudk b,fwkef;urS rzHk;uG,f xm;ygb;l ? wcsexrm vuf&Armjynf df JS dS vl@tzG@J tpnf;tajctaet& qd&,f kS vpfavmu/ uGejf rLepfavmu a&muf zd@k twGuf 'Drua&pDopfawmfvea&; kd Sf 'grSr[kwf jynfol@'Drdkua&pD awmf 'Dtajctaeudk t&if;&Sif vSea&;udk atmifjrif+y;D ajrmufatmif f e,fcs@J orm;awG/ pdwu;l ,Of qd&,f vky&r,fv@kd wifjy+y;D vufawG@vnf; f k S f vpf0g'DtrsdK;rsdK;awGeJ@ rmhufpf0g'udk vkyaqmifygw,f? f pGe@f vwvu=f uolawGu rmhup0g' $ f kd ff [m usq;kH oGm;+yDv@kd r&Jw&J oH;k oyf 1948 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v 4 S D =uygw,f? rmhufpf0g'DawGudkvnf; &uf vGwfvyfa&;[m rjynfhrpHkwJh trsKd ;rsKd ;ykwcwfae=uygw,f? t&if; vGwfvyfa&; jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh f &Sipepfom urBmrSm qufxe;f um; +yD;jynfpwhJ vGwvyfa&;jzpfatmife@J f G h kH f awmhr,fv@kd ajym=uygw,f? qd&,f 'D r d k u a&pD t cG i f h t a&;awG jynf h 0 k S vpfpepf/ uGefjrLepfpepfwdk@qdkwm atmif qufvufaqmif&uv;kH yef; G f b,fawmhrS taumiftxnfazmfv@kd &r,fv@kd wifjycJygw,f? vGwvyfa&; h f &Ed k i f r S m r[k w f b l ; vd k @ qd k v d k a e=u eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;awG jynfhpHk wmyg? atmif taumiftxnfazmf+y;D rSom qdk&S,fvpfa&;udk wufvSrf;Edkifr,f Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD jzpfw,fqdkwmudk uGefjrLepfygwDu [m wwd,tifwmae&Sie,f&@J v_@H &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;wifjycJygw,f? f h aqmfvrf;!ert& tdE,uGejf rLepf f_ dN ygwD tul t nD e J @ pwif z G J @ pnf ; cJ h zqyv vuf,mtiftm; ygw,f? urBmhuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_&J@ pkawGe@J qd&,vpfvuf,mtiftm;pk kS f 48

v,f,majrpepfESifh v,form;ta&;

v,f,majr eJ@ v,form;tdraxmifpawGudk wkucwfzsuq;D aewJh rkewi;f w&yf f k d f f f dk em*pfrewi;f rwkurD q,fpEptwGi;f rSpI Armjynfwi;f ok@d t&Set[kejf yif;+yD; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwf k f dk d f k S f G d f aom/ aumufuspfaom rkefwkdif;w&yf pwifwkdufcwfvmcJhonfrSm ,ae@txdyif jzpfonf? xkdrkefwkdif;onf aejynfawmf e,ferwf (ppftypk rsupa&S@arSmuf) ygrusef ta&S@buf wkwe,fpyf&r;f jynfrq,frtp awmifyi;f dd kf fd f S l S dk &Sr;f jynf/ ajrmufyi;f &Sr;f jynf/ yavmife,fajr/ rGejf ynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwi;f txd? ajrmufbuf ucsif dk dk jynfe,f {&mjrpfzsm;/ jrpfq/Hk zm;uef@rtp awmifbuf &efueqyurf;+rKd@e,ftxd/ taemufbuf [l;aumif; S k f d f awmif=um; csKdifh0Srf;tp &ckdifjynfe,ftxd? ArmjynftESH@ ar$aESmuf&rf;um;onfh'%f Armjynfv,form;xk tvl;tvJ cHpm;=u&onf? cHpm;ae&qJ jzpfonf? xkrewi;f (v,f,majr t"rRv,or;f ykur/_ ck;d ,lr/_ "m;jy d k f dk k l d d f wkur) a=umifh Armjynf tES@H tjym;rS aus;vuftraxmifpaygi;f rsm;pGm/ v,form;aygi;f rsm;pGm 'l;eJ@rsu&nf d f _ d f k f okw=f u&onf? b0ysu=f u&onf? v,form;om;orD; uav;oli,frsm;ygrusef xrif;iwf=u&onf? (od&dS &aom tcsuftvufrsm;t&) ,ae@tcsdefwGif ajymif;ESifhxrif; a&mpm;ae&aom v,form;ESifh vufzuf awmiforsm;OD;a& ykrrsm;jym;vmonf? &maxmifcsaom aus;vufvi,frsm; wki;f jynfjyifyok@d vGixuom; l d dk D l d hf G f G =u&onf? wcsKd @aus;vufv,fuvEihf ysusrsm; jzpfom;=uonf? wcsK@d pdwxcuI uk,u,udk owfao l D S H G f d dk f d hf dk f =uonf? em*pfrewi;f vkd csucsi;f aoaysmufr_ rrsm;aomfvnf; v,form;tdraxmifpk axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmukd k f dk f f rsK;d qufEicsI wwdwnO;f owfonfrewi;f jzpfonf? S hf D d h k f dk [laumif;awmif=um;csKi0r;f wGif ,kZeukr%u 2007 ckEpup+yD; ajr{u 2 ode;f ausmf odr;f ykua&; d hf S ` D S f d f tpDtpOf pwifvmcJovkd rGejf ynfe,f (1998 ck -2002 ck {u-7000 ausm) (22 &uf Zlvif 2011 ck {u h f dk 13000 ausm)/ rauG;wki;f ewfarmuf+rKd@e,f (2005 ck {u 5000 ausm) ucsijf ynfe,f (2006 ck 1338 {u) Arm f d f jynftv,fyi;f (2010 ar ppfwyfu {u 3 aomif;odr;f ) ponfjzifh wki;f ESijhf ynfe,frsm;wGif {u&maxmifcsaom dk d D t}uD;pm;odr;f ykurrsm; ESpEicsvyc&m pkpaygi;f jynfe,fwckpD (u&ifjynfe,f/ &ckijf ynfe,f pojzifh tygt0if) d f _ f S hf D k f h J k d wGif {u aomif;ESicsaom odr;f ykurrsm; v,form;wk@d cHc=hJ u&onf? {u q,f*%ef; &m*%ef;csaom odr;f ykur_ hf D d f_ D d f 49

_ynfolhtm%m
rsm;um; q,fpEpwcktwGi;f w+cdr;f +cdr;f wzGzJG t}udrf k S f J aygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGm vkyvmcJ&m ,ae@wif rpJEiao;? f h dk dk f xl;ukr%yi&if wOD;wnf;u ajr,m {u (3) ode;f ausmf ` D dk f S ykiqixm;ovkd ,kZeukr%. ykiqiruvnf; {u d f dk f ` D d f dk f _ ode;f ESicsD &Sonf? hf d odr;f ykuorsm;rSm ppftypk arG;jrLvmcJaom d f l k f h tcGix;l cH pD;yGm;a&;ukr%rsm;ESihf yk*K~ vrsm;/ ukr%rsm; hf ` D d f ` D pkaygi;f wnfaxmifaom vkycif;rsm;/ pDrue;f rsm;/ "mwf f H d aiG@ykdufvkdif; vkyfief;rsm;/ rD;&xm;vrf;azmufr_rsm;/ wyf&if;tvkdufppfwyfrsm;/ ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;wkd@. om; orD;rsm;/ c,frtygt0if aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;? wOD;csi;f ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@ESifh wOD;csif;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;/ 0ef}uD;XmerS 0ef}uD;/ wOD;csi;f t&m&Srsm;/ atmufajc d jcif;onf v,form;awG. &ifxu cHpm;csuw&yfudk J f zGifhvSpfjyvkdufjcif; jzpfonf? v,form;xk &ifxJwGif em=unf;pdwfonf rD;usD;cJvkd &Jaeonf? tylaiG@jzifh w&Se&eawmufavmifaeonf? onftwki;f qufom; d f dS f d G v#if tcseumvwckwif v,f,majrrS xuvmaom d f G wefjyefr;dk oufrewi;f w&yfonf ArmjynftES@H &kucwf k f dk d f jrnf[nf;+yD; ay:xGuvmzG,f &Sonf? xkrewi;f onf f d d k f dk tnpfta=u;rsm;ukd aq;a=umoGm;rnf jzpfovkd Ekiia&;tiftm;pkrsm;ukvnf; prf;owfppfaq;jcif; jyKay dfH d vdrrnf? hf awmfvSefa&;. 0ifkd; v,form;xkEihf v,f,majronf Armjynf. S yifraoG;a=um jzpfonf? v,form;xkonf ,ae@tcsef d txd Armjynf vlO;D a&. vlO;D a&&mckiEe;f t& v$r;f rk;d df _ xm;aom t"d u tif t m;pk jzpf o nf ? v,form;tiftm;pk ukd rpnf;k;H EkibJ v,form;xk df ryg0ifbJ ,ae@qifE$J ae=uonfhawmfvSefa&;rsm; atmifjrifEiz,r&S? dk f G f d 'Drua&pDawmfvea&;rSm ajr,mawmfvea&; dk Sf Sf u t"du 0if;dk [k Armjynfuejf rLepfygwu ajymcJonf? G D h }uH@ciz@HG +zKd;a&;tm%mykirsm; wk@d jzpfonf? OD;oef;a&$ dk f df txd wufwiaomfvnf; rxl;? aiGuea=u;uscum dk f k f H }uKd;pm;aomfvnf; v,f,majr jyefr&? ppftpkd;&. rw&m;onfh w&m;Oya'k;H uvnf; epfemaom v,f orm;ukyif jyeftjypfay;wm &Sonf? v,form;xkrm d d S uk d , f h a jr,mrS m yif aoG ; xG u f o H , k d tk d u f t ES u f cH=u&onf? t+cdr;f ajcmuf cH=u&onf? tESypuf cH=u& d f onf? aemuf+y;D v,form; tpkvut+yKvuf axmifwef; kd f H dk us=u&&Smonf? v,f,majr jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;u v,form;b0 rvGwfajrmufEkfif v,form;. toufaoG;a=umrSmum; v,f ,mESihf v,f,majrpepf jzpfonf?

v,form;xk &ifxwif J G em=unf;pdwonf rD;us;D cJvdk f &Jaeonf

ukdvkdeDacwf/ zqyvacwf/ ppftpkd;&acwf tqufquf ajr,majrjyKajymif;vJa&;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajr,mjy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Si;f &ef }uKd;yrf;vmcJ=h uonf? ajr&Sipepftm; t+yD;tykizsuor;f jcif;r[kwbJ "e&Sif f df f d f ukexwvyenf;jzpfatmif ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;+y;D v,f,m f k f kf wavmu axmifrS jyefvwvmaom v,f ajrjyKjyifa&;vkyenf;rsm; (y&yf&m;enf;) onf v,form; G f f S orm;rsm;ukd Gmvlxu tk;d pnfAarmif;ESihf xGu}f uKd=u k Hk 50

_ynfolhtm%m
xktm; tvGetrif; emusiapa=umif; vDeifu !ejf y 30 &mckiEe;f / rtlyifckiY 29 &mckiEe;f / yJc;l ckiY 28 f f df _ df df _ df cJz;l onf? h &mckdifE_ef;onf awmifolvufxJrS Xmaeajr&Sifrsm;ESifh cspfwD;rsm;vufokd@ usa&mufoGm;onf? (1914 ckESpf rjzpfpavmuf jyKjyifa&;enf;rsm;ukd tok;H jyK ajrESiv,f,maumfrwD. tpD&ifcpm) hf H vmcJh=u&m acwftqufquf Armjynfv,form;xk emvS+yD? ausmaumhaeatmif cHpm;cJ&onf? ajr&Sipepf h f 1926 ckEpwif wjynfv;Hk pkuysK;d ajrtm;vk;H . S f G d f ukd t+yD;tykdif zsufodrf;ypfonfh awmfvSefa&;enf; 82 &mckiEe;f om v,form;u ykiqionftajctae df _ d f dk f h uomv#if v,form;xkudk vGwajrmufapvdrrnf? jzpfom;onf? f hf G pkuysK;d ajr. 5 &mckiEe;f ukd Xmaeajr&Sirsm; d f df _ f ykionf? pkuysK;d ajr. 13 &mckiEe;f ukd Xmaer[kwwhJ df d f df _ f ya'o&mZfacwfwif v,f,majrtm;vk;H ukd G ajr&Sif rsm;u ykionf? df rif ; (&S i f b k & if ) yk d i f o nf [ k owf r S w f x m;cJ h o nf ? (armif;axmifq&mawmf. bk&ifh tar;ukd ajz=um;csu) f 1937 ckEp.f pkuysK;d ajrykiqirrm S f d f d f dk f _ S ,ae@wi;f jynfu ajr,mtm;vk;H Ekiiawmfu ykionf dk dfH df v,form;ykif 68 &mckiEe;f ? Xmaeajr&Siyif d df _ f dk qkaom 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycsKyfyyg tcsuEihf woabm d f Hk f S 75 &mckiEe;f ? Xmaer[kwwhJ ajr&Siyiqir_ 26 &mckif df _ f f dk f dk f d wnf; jzpfonf? (EkdifiHawmfqkdonfrSm ppftkyfpkyif E_e;f ? (Xmae ajryki&irsm;u 450000 {u ykionf? df Sf df jzpfonf) ya'o&mZfacwfu v,form;rsm;onf Xmaer[kwwhJ ajr&Sirsm;u 2500000 {u ykiqif f f d f dk v,fu|eajru|ersm; jzpfc=hJ u&onf? f f onf?) Armjynfo@dk t*Fvyuvee,fcs@J a&muf&vm d f dk dk D dS ukdvkdeDacwfwGif Tenf;jzifh v,form;rsm; aomtcg bk&ifwOD;wnf;ykiaom ya'o&mZfpepf ysuf df wpwp ajr,mvufvwq;Hk _;H cJ&onf? $ f h oGm;onf? v,form;rsm;tm; ajr,ma0jcrf;a&; vkychJ f ygawmfracwfaemufyi;f wGif v,fvyorsm; l dk k f l onfh umvtwki;f twmwckrvI acwftqufquf d S JG u v,f,majrykiqici&cJaom umvwck &Scz;l onf? d f dk f G hf h d hJ v,form;rsm; enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh ajr,mqk;H _;H vmcJonf h ok@d &mwGif e,fcs@J tpk;d &u ya'o&mZf ajr&Sif rSm ,cktcsetxd jzpfonf? ,ae@wirum; ppftpk;d & d f Gf l tuif;tusefrsm;ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;arG;jrLjcif;/ 2008 Oya't& v,form;tm;vk;H ajr,mtm;vk;H ukd Xmaer[kwol twk;d }uD;pm;ajr&Sirsm; (cspw;D rsm;) ukd (Oya't&)vufv$wfvkduf&onfomru (vufawG@ f f f ac:,l+yD; arG;jrLjyKpkay;cJhjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfojzifh ajr,m t&vnf;) oef;ESicsaom v,f,majrrsm;ukd todr;f cH hf D ykiqir_ tcsK;d tpm; ajymif;oGm;cJ&jyefonf? d f dk f h vku&+yD; ajr,mvkyyiciyg qk;H _;H oGm;cJ&onf? v,f d f f dk f G hf h orm;rsm;rSm ukd,fykdifcJhaom v,f,majruGufwGif 1914 ckESpfrwkdifrDuyif Armv,form;rsm; oD;pm;tjzpf &ifememESihf vkyuiae&aom tajctae f dk f v,fr,mrJb0ok@d pwifqw,wusqif;vmcJ&onf? hJ h k f k f h jzpfonf? [Hom0wDckdifY pkdufysKd;ajr. 43 &mckdifE_ef;/ zsmykc&kiwif pkuysK;d ajr. 33 &mckiEe;f / tif;pdeckiY H df G d f df _ f df - acwftqufquf v,f,majrykiqirpepf d f dk f _ onf ppftm%m&SipepfEihf ppftypacwfwif tqk;d 0g; f S k f k G 51 ajr&SifpepfESifh ajr,mykdifqkdifr_rsm;

_ynfolhtm%m
qk;H aom tajctaeok@d a&mufconf? v,form;tusK;d hJ vkvm;ygonfq+dk yD; awmifov,form;ES;D aESmzvS,yJG d l f rsm; [efjyusi;f ycJaomfvnf; (,ae@ 2008 zG@J pnf;ykwif h H G azmfjyxm;onfh) v,f,majrtm;vkd EkdifiHawmf (ppf tkyfpk) u ykdifqkdifonfqkdaomtcsufukd 1965 ckESpf uwnf;u pwifcsrwvmcJjh cif; jzpfonf? S f v,f,majrykdifqkdifr_pepfESifh v,f,majr aoG;pkyfr_pepfonf ykd+yD;t&if;cHusonf? v,fcGef tygt0if v,f,mukefa&mif;0,fa&;pepftxdvnf; qufpyftusK;H 0ifaeonf? (ukveacwf ajrcGe/f vlce/f d dk D G pyg;aps;ESrcsrw@dk onf qif;&Jv,form;tm; qif;&Jwi;f df _ G eufoxufeufatmif zefw;D +yD; v,f,majr vufvwf $ ap&atmif zefw;D aom ausmui;f rsm; jzpfonf) ,if; h G 1965 ck E S p f w G i f v,f , majrtm;vk H ; uk d a=umifh v,fvyol v,fyia&;onf v,form;xk. k f dk f Ekiiawmfu ykiqia=umif;/ v,fvyol v,fvyyicihf dfH d f dk f kf k f dk f G t"duawmif;qkcsuf jzpfvmcJonf? d h &Sd&rnf[k a=unmcJhonf? v,frvkyfEkdifolrsm;xHrS v,f,majr odr;f ,lyici&onf[k qkonf? dk f G hf dS d onftaESmiftzGJ@rsm;ukd acwftqufquf v,form;xku wkuy0ifvm=uonf? wcsK@d umvrsm; d f JG 1964 wGif 1064 t&- ajr,mxGufukef wGifrl v,form;xk tygt0if wwkdif;jynfvkH;tusKd; ypPn;f rsm; jynfya&mif;0,fciudk ppftypu csKyfuivuf G hf kfk dk f dk pD;yGm;twGuf uk,pm;jyKaomwkuyrsm;ukvnf; v,f d f d f JG d onf? v,f,mt"du xGuuef 24 rsK;d ukd ppftypu f k k f k orm;xku yg0ifqifEconf? J$ hJ csKyfa&mif;csKyf0,fvyonf? 65 wGif v,f,mxGuuef k f f k (64) rsK;d ukd uef@owfuetjzpf jymef;vkuonf? v,f acwftqufquf v,form;xk yg0ifqifEaom k f d f $J ,majr/ O,smOf+cHajr/ uki;f ajrtrsK;d rsK;d ukd Ekiiawmfu d dfH wkdufyGJrsm; ykiqiojzifh owfrwpyg;ESihf oD;ESuom pkuysK;d &rnf? d f dk f S f H dk d f - ukveacwfrm ay:cJaom v,form;ta&; d dk D S h v,f,mxGuueo;D ESrsm;ukd tpk;d &xH a&mif;csay;oGi;f f kf H v_y&m;r_ 12 }udrteuf xif&m;aom v_y&m;r_rsm;rSm f S f S f S &rnf? tcGeawmf ay;aqmif&rnf? tu,fI ysuuuf f f G v#if Ekiiawmfu ta&;,lci&onf[k trde@f xwonf? dfH G hf dS k f - 1910 ywf0ef;usi? jrif;rl(ppfui;f / a&$b/dk f dk rkH&Gme,ftygt0if) rS v,form; OD;oef@acgif;aqmif ppftm%m&SifpepfacwfOD; 1960 ckESpfrsm; aom v,form;tkH ur_? acwfEihf ,ae@ppftm%m&Sipepfacwfudk E_i;f ,SO=f unfh S f d rnf q k d v #if ajr,myk d i f q k d i f r _ p epf / ajr,moD ; ES H r sm; - 1920 ckEpaemufyi;f aus;vuf0omEktzG@J / S f dk H csKyfuirpepfw@dk onf tajymif;tvJwcsK@d &aeaomfvnf; bl;toif;/ v,form;pD;yGm;a&;toif;rsm;. v_y&m; dk f _ dS f S tESpom & t& twlwyif jzpfa=umif; awG@jrifEionf? r_rsm; f l dk f v,form;xkukd aESmifzGJ@xm;aom aESmif}uKd;rsm; - a&$ b k d e ,f r S AE< u bG J @ trnf & &aoh OD;aqmifaom v,form;wkuyrsm; d f JG

v,f,majrykdifqkdifr_pepf/ (tjrwf}uD;pm; aiGacs;vkyfief;tygt0if) v,f,majraoG;pkyfr_pepf/ - 1930 'DZifbm? q&mpHacgif;aqmifwJh (v,f,majr tcGefawmf tygt0if) v,form;xk *VKefwyfz@JG 0if v,form;rsm;. vufeufuiawmfvef dk f S xrf;aqmif&aom tcGetrsK;d rsK;d / v,f,majr ukexwf ykeuefr_ f f k f qufqrpepf/ v,f,mxkwuef a&mif;0,fa&;pepfw@dk H _ f k jzpfonf? 52

_ynfolhtm%m
- 1300 jynfta&;awmfytwGi;f v,form; ok@d &mwGif ay:vpDwr;f apmif;r_Eihf vufawG@ taumif h Hk d S rsm;. yg0ifqifErrsm; J$ _ txnfazmfrwif trSm;t,Gi;f rjzpfatmif tcse,+l yD; _ G d f tckitrm jyifqifvyuiz@dk vkonf? vlwef;pm; cGjJ crf; df k f dk f d - zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGif; v,f pdwjf zmr_ trSm;t,Gi;f rjzpfatmif qk;H jzwfowfrwa&; S f orm;ajymufusm;wyfz@JG rsm;. awmfvea&;qifErrsm; S f J$ _ onf ta&;}u;D vkyief; jzpfonf? v,f,majra0jcrf;a&; f - 1948 ckEprp+yD; ,ae@txd r+yD;jywfao; &v'frsm; wnfwHhap&ef wjynfvkH;vGwfajrmufa&; S f S d hH aom jynfwGif;ppfwkdufyGJrsm; (jynfwGif;ppfqkdonfrSm jzpfap/ aus;vufjynfo@l tm%m cki+f rJwnfw&efjzpfap t"du vkdtyfonf? v,f,majra0jcrf;a&;. tckdif t&if;cHtm;jzifh v,form;ppfyyif jzpfonf) JG trm vufawG@tawG@t}uKHt& v,form;u ajr&ke@J H - &Spav;vk;H ta&;awmfytwGi;f v,form; vGwvwvyfvyf pkuysK;d a&mif;csci&ke@J vGwajrmuf f Hk f G f d f G hf H f xk yg0ifqifEcrrsm; J$ hJ _ onf r[kw? (ajr - vkytm; - aiGa=u;) tajccHtm;jzifh f f h Hk d f acwftqufqufwGif v,form;xkonf 'D (3) ck jynfprS jzpfonf? 0rf;pm - rsK;d - pkuysK;d a&; ,if;uJhokd@ rdrdta&;/ wkdif;jynfESifhtrsKd;om;ta&; p&dwftwGufu aiGvkdonf? ajr&Sifu aiGxkwfracs; k f toufay; aqmifuc=hJ uonf? ok@d wiatmif ,ae@ awmh? csr;f omuvnf; aiGxwf racs;csi? (tpdr;f a&mif; G f dk f f h l k f umvwGif wki;f jynftajctaea&m/ v,form;xkb0yg tpdr;f 0,f rvky&onftcg rnfor# aiGxwracs;csif d D dk f d d tqk;d qk;H tajc taeESihf ke;f uef&ifqiae&qJ jzpfonf? =u?) ygwwyfu aiGwuor;f rdpOfu &&Saom aiGrsm;ESihf dk f wESpftwGuf trawmfa=u;aiGxkwfacs;Ekdifonf? acwftqufquf v,f,majra0jcrf;r_rsm; aemufESpf aiGxkwfracs;Ekdifawmh? v,form;twGuf vGwfvyfa&;rwkdifrDESifh vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD; pkdufysKd;p&dwf aiGa=u;onf v,f,mykdifqkdifcGifhenf;wl ya'o&mZfajr&Sipepf qufvufwnf&aeaom tajc ta&;}uD;onf? ,ae@umvwGifrl v,form;rsm;. f dS v,f,majrvkyief;wGif t}uD;rm;qk;H tcuftcJu aiG f taewGif a=u; jzpfaeonf? v,form;awG au;awG odywifae f - ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu 1946 azazmf onf? au;0efyaeonf?) d 0g&vwGif cki(6) cki/f +rKd@e,f(36) +rKd@e,fwif v,f,m D df d G - jynfol@&JabmfESifh tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDwkd@ ajr a0jcrf;a&;vkyconf? f hJ uvnf; wk@d oufqi&ma'orsm;wGif v,f,majr dk f - (1949 pufwifbmvrS 1950 pufwifbmv a0jcrf;a&; vkyconfvnf; &Sonf? f hJ d twGi;f ) +rKd@e,f(17) +rKd@e,frm Armjynfuejf rLepfygwu S G D - awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;. ,if;uJhokd@ ajr,ma0jcrf;a&; xyfrjH yKvkycjhJ yefonf? f ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;t&Set[kea=umifaomfvnf;aumif;/ df f h - onfaemuf rok;H vk;H a'opojzifh a'o v,f o rm;xk . awmif ; qk d v _ y f & S m ;r_ a =umif h aomf h tvkuf ajr,ma0jcrf;a&; xyfvyonfrsm; &Sonf? vnf;aumif; vGwvyfa&;acwfO;D yki;f (1953-54) wGif d k f d f d zqyv tpk;d &u ckif (3) ck/ +rKd@e,f (8) ckwif v,f,m d G (Armjynfuejf rLepfygw. tawG@t}uKHt& v,fvyf G D k ajr a0jcrf;a&;vkyconf? 1953 rS 1958 txd v,f f hJ ol v,fyia&;vkyz@dk u vG,onf? tm%mESihf vkyv@dk dk f f f f {uaygi;f 3 oef;ESihf 3 ode;f ausmf v,f,majr a0jcrf;a&; &onf? ajr&Siqu ajrukd odr;f +y;D a0vkuHk jzpfonf? f D d f vkyfcJhonf[k tpkd;&u 0g'jzef@cJhonf? vGwfvyfpGm 53

_ynfolhtm%m
pkuysK;d xkwvyci/hf v,f,majrykiqici/hf aygiEa&mif;cs d f f kfG d f dk f G f HS cGihf v$ajymif;cGitygt0if vGwvyfpm }uwcJG a&mif;cscihf J hf f G d f G &&Sonf[k qkonf? (ok@d &mwGif zqyv tm%mykirsm; d d df onf ajr&Sirsm;ESihf ruif;&m ruif;a=umif; jzpfaer_t& f aomfvnf;aumif;/ tm%mykdifwcsKd@. +cdrf;ajcmuf tusyfukdifr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ ajr&Sifrsm;. =oZmtm%mukd r+zKdcsEiojzifvnf;aumif;/ (Armjynf dk f h uGejf rLepfygw. ok;H oyfcsurmygonftwki;f ) ajr,m D f S h d a0jcrf;a&;rSm ajr&onfhv,form;u aiGa=u;rjynfhpkH ojzif h &&S d x m;onf h v ,f , muk d qufvufrvkyEionfh twGuaomf f dk f f vnf;aumif; ajrtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ajr&Sivufo@dk enf;trsK;d jzifh jyefvnf hf a&muf&om;onf?) dS G rqv acwfwif Ekiiawmf G dfH u odr;f ykuf vkuaom ajr,mrsm;ukd d d f ajr,mrsm;wGif uk,wivyuif d f dk f k f dk aeaom v,form;rsm;tm; ,ciftwkdif; qufvuf oD;pm;csay;onf? v,frvkyfbJ v,fykdifaeolrsm;. ajrrsm;ukd t+yD;tykior;f ,l+yD; xkv,fajrwGif ol&if;iSm; df d d tjzpf vkyfukdifaeaom v,form;rsm;ukd EkdifiHawmf taejzifh jyefvnfoD;pm;csay;cJhonf? (ajr&Sifrsm;u olwkd@ajrrsm;ukd aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;/ vl,kHawmfrsm;xH jzef@cGJ+yD; trSefwu,f v,fvkyfonfh ajrrsm;tjzpf toGiajymif;vku=f uonf? ,cif zqyv acwfenf;wl f d v,fvyci&ol v,form;rsm;. ajrqkonfrmvnf; k f G hf d S tenf;enf;tzkzjHkzifh ,cifajr&Sia[mif;. csKyuiratmuf H f f dk f _ tawmfrsm;rsm; jyefvnfa&muf&om;onf?) dS G vkyfae=u&onfh oD;pm;rsm; jzpfvmonfh tajctae wnf&Sdaeonf? ajr,mwGif t"duaoG;pkyfr_onf oD;pm;comef aoG;pkyfr_ jzpfonf? oD;pm;comef aoG;pkyrwif vkytm;t& aoG;pkyr/_ oD;ESt& aoG;pkyf f _ G f f H r_ESifh tojymt& aoG;pkyfr_wkd@ yg0ifonf? (wcsKd@ okawoDrsm; wifjyonfh ukexw/f vkytm;/ bm f k f aoG;pkyrEihf woabmwnf; jzpfonf) f _ S EkdifiHawmfajr&Sifu aoG;pkyfonfhomef qkv#if yk&ufpufonf? v,form; d d u EkdifiHawmfukd ay;vkduf&aom oD ; pm;comef o nf tpG e f ; xG u f wef z k d ; . k d ; k d ; omef r[kwbJ tcGe/f twk;d / ukeo,f f f G a&;tjrwfrsm;ESifh a&m,Sufae aom oD;pm;comef jzpfonf (um;vfrmhufpf)

xk@d a=umifh ppftm%m&Sif pepfatmuf v,f,majraoG;pkyrwif v,f,mvkyief; f _ G f cGif k;d k;d aoG;pkyromru vkytm;t& t"rRvytm;cki;f f_ f kf d apr_onfvnf; v,f,majr aoG;pkyrwif yg0ifonf? f _ G tojymaoG;pkyfr_wGif "mwfajr=oZm twif;tusyf a&mif;csr/_ ("mwfajr=oZmrsm; pkucif;ysuonftxd d f f vdrnma&mif;csrrsm;yif &Sonf) vktyfaom v,fvyf f _ d d k ud&,mrsm;ukd tjrwfwifa&mif;csr/_ a&ay;oGi;f r_/ a&cGe/f d ajrcGef/ (ppftpkd;&. ajrcGefaoG;pkyfr_onf ukdvkdeDacwf ajrcGeaoG;pkyrEihf wGucsu=f unfv#if ruGmvSyg) acs;aiG f f_S f h (b%fw;dk ) ponf wk@d rwqifh tjrwf,jl cif;vnf; yg0if S onf? xGufukef oD;ESHay:rS aoG;pkyfr_wGif v,form; vGwvyfpm a&mif;0,fcihf ydwyifxm;jcif;ESitwl oD;ESudk f G G f hf H ajr,maoG;pkyfr_pepf jynfwGif;ukefoG,fa&;/ jynfyukefoG,fa&;wkd@rSwqifh rsuarSmufumv v,f,majraoG;pkyrpepfudk f f_ tjrwf,jl cif;vnf; yg0ifonf? qkdvkdonf? rsufarSmufumvwGif EkdifiHawmf (ppfAsLkd u&uf ajr&Si}f u;D ) pepf usio;Hk r_atmuf0,f v,form; hf ,if;ok@d aom aoG;pkyrrsm;a=umifh v,form; f _ rsm;rSm bk;d bGm;tarG uk,yiconfajray:rSm oD;pm; rsm;tay: au;0efyvm&jcif; jzpfygonf? d f dk f h J h d 54

_ynfolhtm%m
v,form;xke@J tau; ukveacwfwe;f u cspw;D u pyg;vmodr;f +yD; d dk D k f a&m v,form;rSm qefaumeJ@ aumufqyJ use&pf G f awmhw,f qkonfh qk;dk pum;enf;wl ppftpk;d &acwf d d wav#mufvkH;wGifvnf; v,f,majrv,form;wkd@. qkdkd;pum;wcGef; &SdcJhonf? aumufvnf; odrf;a&m wvif;xJrm v,form;&,f/ olyiwmqkv@dk aumuf;dk S dk f d &,f/ tarSmfykH&,fyJ usefawmhw,f [lI jzpfonf? ,ae@umvwGium; v,form;eJ@twl aumuf;dk &,f/ f tarSmfykH&,f/ tau;&,fyJ usefawmhw,f [lI tau; ukd xyfjznfvm=uonf? aemufwck qk;dk h d pum;wcGe;f vnf; &Sao;onf? tpk;d &&J@ v,fvyyicihf d k f dk f G eJ@twl tau;awGyg wG,vu&w,f qkwm jzpfonf? J l dk f d v,form;wk@d . tau;rSm atmufygta=umif; rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpfonf? - ppftpk;d & pkuysK;d p&dwacs;aiGonf qifyg;pyf d f f h ESrf;yufoavmufom &Sdonf? v,form;twGuf w&moD w{u pkuysK;d p&dwrm usyaiGwode;f rS ok;H ode;f d f fS f txd vktyfonf? ppftpk;d &. twk;d ESiay;aom pkuysK;d d hf d f p&dwfacs;aiGrSm w{u tedrfhqifh usyfESpfaxmifrS &Spf axmif=um;/ tjrifhqkH; usyfwaomif;rS ESpfaomif; 0ef;usifom &Sdwwfonf? }uH@ckdifzGH@+zKd;a&;toif;ESifh aus;vuf t m%myk d i f r sm;u aiG a cs;ay;Ek d i f o l r sm; jzpfonf? olw@dk acs;ay;onfrmvnf; olw@dk toif;om; S rsm;/ olw@dk tm%mykirsm;ESihf olw@dk aqGrsK;d rsm;twGi;f om df acs;ay;wwf+yD; aG;aumufyGJumv rJqG,fcsdefusrS rJaocsmayguxnfrnforsm;ukd acs;ay;wwf=uonf? f h h l xk@d a=umifh v,form;u &yfmtwGi;f aiGw;dk acs;olrsm; G xHrS rwefwqtwk;d E_e;f (20 wk;d rS ok;H -av;-ig;q,fw;dk txd) ay;I acs;&wwfonf? pyg;ay:csef a&mufv#if d tpk;d &acs;aiG/ a'oaiGw;dk acs;pm;orm;acs;aiGw@dk twGuf &onfpyg;ukd &onfaps;jzifh 0rf;pmpyg;awmif rcseEibJ h h f dk f csucsi;f a&mif;csum twk;d a&mt&if;yg jyefqyf&onf? f tcGeaoG;pkyr/_ ajr=oZmESihf v,fvyu&,m a&mif;csr_ f f kf d d tay:rS tjrwf}uD;pm; aoG;pkyfr_/ ppfwyf&duQmpyg;ukd aps;OD;ESraps;jzwf0,f,r_ (,cifu wm0efauspyg; 12 d f l wif;E_e;f a&mif;cs&rnfqonftpm; 2005 aemufyi;f dk h dk vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fcGifh &Sdonfqkd+yD; e,fajrausmf ra&mif;& qkonfEihf csKyfaESmifvuum aps;ESr0,f,jl cif; d S dk f df jzpfonf)/ rsK;d pyg;rsm; / ae=umaphrsm;/ "mwfajr=oZmrsm; r0,frae& t0,fci;f I 0,f,&r_ ponfw@dk a=umifh dk l v,form;wk@d rm rdrvytm;rS xGu&onfpyg;. tusK;d S d kf f dS h tjrwfukd cHpm;cGifh r&&SdbJ pkduf&efau;,l/ au;xl u|ejf zpf b0 a&muf&&Smonf? tau;wifv,form; rsm;ukd ,cifuuJhokd@ w&m;rpGJ=uawmhbJ &Jrsm;ESifh aygi;f +y;D axmifoi;f tusO;f csypf=uonf? tau;puf0ef; G rS kef;rxGufEkdifI wcsKd@v,form;rsm; rdom;pkvkduf uk,u,udk owfaooGm;=uonhf a=uuGz,owif;rsm; d hf dk f JG f r=umc% =um;ae&onf?? wcsKd@ pdwfxdckdufaoqkH; oGm;onf? wcsKd@ pdwfusef;rma&;ysuf,Gif; (l;) oGm; =uonf? ukveacwfwif tau;a=umifh cspw;D u vlyg d dk D G f odr;f onfrsK;d &Scz;l ygonf? ,ckacwfrl cspw;D u rodr;f d hJ f aomfvnf; v,form;. orD;ysKrsm; cspw;D odr;f onf d f xuf ykq;dk aomb0rsK;d a&muf=u&onf? (aus;vufwif fd G orD;ysKdrsm; raumif;onfhvkyfief; vkyfukdifaiG&Smwwf onfudk onfuprsK;d cGijhf yK&ef cufcwwfaom ArmvlrsK;d dP J rdbrsm; jzpf&ufu rwm;jrpfombJ ikwww=f unfae f k h &onfb0 a&mufae+yD) zqyv acwf (1948-rS 58) h wGif wEkiiv;Hk v,form;rsm;tay: t&yf&yfwif&aom dfH dS tau;aiG usyf (16) ukaausmf &Scz;l ygonf? rsuarSmuf d hJ f umvwGirum; EkiiwumwuUovwcku Gmaygi;f f l dfH dk f 100 wGif 2009 ckEpf okawoejyKcsut& v,form; S f rdom;pkwi;f usyaiG 5 ode;f ESihf 8 ode;f t=um; tau; dk f wifae+yD; {&m0wDwi;f wGirl v,form; 90 &mckiEe;f dk f df _ tau;wifaeonf[k qkygonf? d 55

_ynfolhtm%m
v,f,majr. ukefxkwfqufqHa&;pepf ppfwyfudk csKyfuixm;aom tm%mykif EkiiH dk f d df awmf (ppfAsLkdu&ufajr&Sif}uD;) ESifh . oD;pm;rsm; jzpfaom tm%mrJh v,form;rsm;. wzufowfaoG; pkycH ukexwvya&;qufqrpepfom jzpfonf? f f k f k f H _ vlwef;pm;tv$m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; tkyf ppftm%mykiajr&Si}f u;D tjzpf ppfAsLku&ufajr&Si}f u;D df d pepfudk usio;Hk vsuf &Saeonf? v,f,majr{u aomif; hf d ESioe;f ESicsI odr;f ykuci&aeaom ppftyp. tcGihf hf d hf D d f G hf k f k xl;cHp;D yGm;a&;ukr%rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;yk*K~ vrsm;ukvnf; ` D d f d ppftkyfpk. taygif;ygrsm;tjzpf ajr&Sif}uD; owfrSwfr_ xJwif xnfoi;f xm;&rnf jzpfygonf? wk@d atmuf G h G wGif Armjynf. v,f,majrwGif tckitrm aoG;pkyf df cs,fvS,fcGifh &,lxm;aom ajr&Sif[k owfrSwf&rnfh vlwef;pm;vnf; qufvufwnf&Sdaeonfukd owdjyK &ygrnf?

OD;wnfwu&rnfh &efo/l r[mrdw/f =um;ae/ dk f tajccHtiftm;ponfwkd@ owfrSwf&ef v,f,majr v,f o rm;rsm;tm; tv$ m cG J j crf ; pd w f j zm=unf h & ef d f dk f d f f dk f G hf ajr&Sif? ? uk,wiajryki+f yD; (ok@d r[kw) vkyyici&+yD; vkygonf? d xkajray:wGif uk,wivytm;jzifh vk;H 0pkuysK;d vkyuif d d f dk f k f d f f dk ppftm%m&Sifpepf ay:OD;p 1963 ckESpf/ jcif; rjyKol (ok@d r[kw) w&moDvyief;. 25 &mckiEe;f rS f kf df_ oD;pm;csxm;a&;tufOya' wGif (ajr&Si qkonfrm 30 &mckiEe;f avmufom vkyo/l xkajrtay:rSm t"du f d S df _ f d tcGetufOya'/ ok@d wnf;r[kwf jrefrmEkiitxufyi;f (oD;pm;c) aoG;pkyr_ &0 &mckiEe;f . txufjzifh touf f dfH dk f df _ ajrESifhtcGef &uf*lav;&Sif; Oya't& v,f,majr arG;ol jzpfonf? (&mckiEe;f owfrwcsutuk;d tum;? df _ S f f vuf0,fxm; &SEionf/h ok@d wnf;r[kwf ykiqionfh ? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (yJcl;kd;rumv) ajr,mESifh d dk f d f dk f tcGifhta&;&aom yk*~Kdvfjzpfap/ tzGJ@tpnf;ukdjzpfap vlwef;pm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsufppfwrf;) ajr&Sifonf qkdvkdonf? xkdpum;&yfwGif ajr&Sif.ukd,fpm;vS,f ,if;aoG;pkyfr_tjyif aiGwkd;csjcif;/ ol&if;iSm;xm;jcif;/ yg0ifonf) [k azmfjyxm;onf? ajr&Sif. okyfrSefukd tjcm;ta&mif;t0,f ukeo,r_ vkyief;vkyjf cif;/ pufr_ f G f f enf;enf;rS razmfjyvkaom ppftyp. owfrwcsuyif ESivufrvyief;vkyjf cif;rsm;vnf; &Swwfonf? ok@d aomf d k f k S f f hf _ kf d jzpfonf? ajr,mykdifqkdifolv,form;ESifh ajr&Sifukd t"dutm;jzifh v,form;tay: oD;pm;caoG;pkyfjcif; a&maxG;+y;D _yaxG;atmif vkyxm;jcif; jzpfonf? wk@d tay:rS toufarG;ol jzpf&rnf? (rsuarSmufacwfwif f f f G . ,if;uJo@dk aom owfrwcsurm ppftm%m&Sipepf. aus;vufY ajr,mvkyyicihf {u 5000 txd &aeol h S f fS f f dk f G wav#mufvkH; oabmxm;ESifh owfrSwfcsuf[k ,lq rsm; &Saeonf? xkorsm;onf wk@d vyyici&onfh d d l k f dk f G hf Ekionf? df ajr,may:Y uk,wium,vkytm;jzifh rnfonfenf; d f dk f f h omref v,f,mykiov,form;ESihf ajr&Sif ESifhr# ryg0ifEkdifbJ wqifhoD;pm;cs+yD; oD;pm;ctay:rS df l f f k t=um; trSewu,fcjJG cm;&ef pnf;a=umif;rSm 1? aoG; aoG;pkyrj_ zifh toufarG;oljzpfygu ajr&Si[om owf f pkyfr_ twkdif;twm/ 2? ukd,fwkdifum,vkyftm;jzifh rSwf&rnf) pkuysK;d a&;vkyief;wGif yg0ifvyuionftwki;f twm d f f k f dk f h d pD;yGm;ysuajr&Sirsm; um,tvkyf qufrvkyf f f wk@d jzifh wki;f wm&rnf jzpfygonf? d bJ vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r_/ ,ae@acwftajctaet& df f f dk ,ae@rsuarSmufArmjynfwif EkiiawmfppfAsL&kd tm%mykirsm;ESihf aygi;f +yD; uvdrusr/_ v,f,mvkyuif f G dfH hf df f u&uftpk;d &ESihf ppftyponf Armjynf. vuf0g;}uD; cGirsm;ukd tykip;D xm;r_/ rdwaqGo*F[rsm;. tquf k f k toG,f axmufyrw@dk jzifh toufarG;+yD; . pm;0wf hH _ 56

_ynfolhtm%m
aer_tqiftwef;onf omreftvwfwef;pm; v,form; aiG&if;rsm; &S=d uonf? uk,wium,tvkywif tenf;ESihf h d f dk f f G xuf ausmf v G e f a eygu uk d v nf ; ajr&S i f t jzpf trsm; yg0ifonf? olw@dk . 0ifaiGwpdwwyki;f (ok@d r[kw) f d f owfrw&rnf? S f trsm;ykdif;rSm aoG;pkyfr_rS &aeoljzpfonf? ajr&SifESifh csrf;omv,form; cGJjcm;r_pnf;a=umif;rSm ajr&Sifu ppfAsLkdu&uft&m&Sdqkd;rsm;/ ppfAsLkdu&uf oD;pm;ctay:aoG;pkyrt"dujzpfI csr;f omv,form; f _ ajr&Sif}uD;pepfukd taumiftxnfazmfay;aeol u tcpm;vkytm; (yifwif ol&if;iSm;xm;jcif;) tay:rS f dk }uH@z@HG ygw0ifrsm;/ aus;vuftm%mykirsm;/ e,fcAvus D df H dk f aoG;pkyfjcif;t"du jzpfonf? csrf;omv,form;onf olrsm;/ tm%mykdifrsm;ESifhaygif;+yD; ajr,mvkyfykdifcGifhukd oD;pm;csjcif;vnf; &Sdwwfonf? pufr_vufr_vkyfief; cs,v,tykip;D xm;olrsm;paom Ekiiawmf (ppfAsLkd f S f df dfH jzpfap/ ukeo,a&;vkyief;jzpfap vkywwfonf? aiGw;dk f G f f f u&ufajr&Si}f uD;) pepfudk Ekiia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& uk,f dfH d vnf; cswwfonf? csr;f omv,form;. 0ifaiGtm;vk;H pm;jyKoltm;vkH;onfvnf; ajr&SifowfrSwfcsufwGif wGif aoG;pkyI&aom 0ifaiGonf t"du jzpfonf? f tusKH;0ifonf? EkdifiHawmf ppfAsLkdu&ufajr&Sifpepf. teuf tcpm;vkytm;tay:rS aoG;pkyjf cif;onft"du f aoG;pkyrudk t"dutaumiftxnfazmfay;aom tvkyf f_ jzpfonf? ukdvkyf+yD; tvkyftay:rSmom t"durSDckdtouf arG;ol/ oD;pm;codr;f jcif;rStp ppfAsLku&ufajr&SiEihf tvwfwef;pm;v,form;rsm;? d f S wjcm;ajr&Sifrsm;. aoG;pkyfr_tvkyfukd pDrHcef@cGJay;ol? tvwfwef;pm;txufv$m? ? ajr,mykdif=u olwkd@. pm;0wfaea&;onfvnf; omreftvwfwef; onf? ok@d r[kwf ajrvkyyici&xm;=uonf? v,fvyf f dk f G hf k pm; v,form;xuf ausmveaeygu olw@dk onfvnf; f G f ud&d,m tawmftoifh &Sdonf? ukd,fhvkyftm;ukd ajr&Siowfrwcsuwif tusK;H 0ifonf? olw@dk tm;vk;H f S f f G (t"du ) rSDckd+yD; toufarG;onf? tjcm;olrsm;ukd onf ppfAsLku&uf ajr&Si}f uD;. uk,pm;vS,rsm;vnf; d d f f (tenf;i,f aoG;pkyonf?) ok@d aomf t+rJwrf;r[kw? f f jzpf=uonf? t"du r[kw? (csr;f omv,form;ESihf tvwfwef;pm; f twkd;}uD;pm;orm;rsm;? ? aiG a cs;+yD ; v,form;t=um; pnf;a=umif;rSm csr;f omu t"du twk;d jzifh aoG;pkyjf cif;ukd t"durSc+dk y;D toufarG;ol/ . aoG;pkyfr_ vkyfonf? tvwfwef;pm;v,form;u D pm;0wfaer_ tqiftwef;rSmvnf; omreftvwfwef; aoG;pkyjf cif;ukd t"du rvky? tvwfwef;pm;v,form; h f pm;v,form;tqifhxuf ausmfvGefaeygu ukd . t"du0ifaiGu uk,vytm;tay: rScjdk cif; jzpfonf) d hf k f D twk;d }uD;pm;orm;[kac:+yD; ajr&SiEihf wwef;wnf;xm; fS tvwfwef;pm;tv,fv$m? ? v,f,mwcsK@d owfrw&rnf? S f ykiI wcsK@d udk iSm;vkyonf? ok@d r[kwf v,f,mvkyyif df f f dk csrf;omv,form;? ? csrf;omv,f cGiwcsK@d &I wcsK@d udk wqifjh yefim;+y;D vkyonf? v,fvyf hf dS S f k orm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh ajr,mykionf? wenf; ud&d,mtweftoifh &Sdonf? ukd,fhvkyftm;tay: df ajr,mvkyyici&onf? wcsK@d uk,yiajr (wenf;) vkyf (vk;H 0) rSc+dk yD; toufarG;&onf? (enf;enf;rS aoG;rpkyf?) f dk f G hf dS d f dk f D ykici&xm;aomajr &Sae+yD; wcsK@d u olrsm;xHrwqifh d f G hf d S tvwfatmufv$m? ? ajrr&S d ? ok d @ jyefim;&olrsm;vnf; &Sonf? olw@dk wif tawmftoifh S d G r[kwf ajrvkyfykdifcGifhr&? iSm;,lonfhajr (okd@r[kwf) aumif;rGeaom v,fvyu&,mrsm;ESihf (rD;puf/ a&pkyf f k f d d wqifhcH vkyfykdifcGifh&onfhajray:wGif vkyf=u&onf? puf/ armfawmf) pojzifh &Sdwwf+yD; vSnfhywfEkdifonfh 57

_ynfolhtm%m
(v,fulvDtygt0if) v,f,mtvkyform;rsm;? k f d d d ? ajra&m/ v,fvyu&,myg vk;H 0r&S? wcsK@d wavavmufom tvGef@tvGefenf;yg;onfhajrESifh v,fvyu&,mav;rsm; &Swwf=uonf? (olw@dk onf k f d d d rdrdvkyftm;ukd vk;H 0 ok@d r[kwf t"du a&mif;pm;=u& olw@dk onf a,bk,stm;jzifh vkytm;ukd f onf?) txJwGif x,fxkd;EGm;ausmif; q,fhig; a&mif;rpm;acs? awmif; [k tqk&confh (a'otvkuf yJbuf[k d dS h J d h tvwfwef;pm;xJwGif tvwfatmufv$m ac:=uolrsm;) wenf;tm;jzifh x,fx;dk ay;/ EGm;ausmif; ay;jcif;jzifh vkytm;a&mif;pm;&olrsm;ESihf avvGiypPn;f rJh f hf onf vlO;D a&t& trsm;qk;H jzpfonf? rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? qif;&Jv,form;? ? (tvwfwef;pm; v,f v,fulvDtygt0if v,ftvkyform;rsm; orm;ESihf qif;&Jv,form;t=um; cGjJ cm;xm;aom pnf; hJ h l df_ d f a=umif;rSm tvwfwef;pm;v,form;u a,bk,s onf v,fr,mrJvO;D a&. 60 &mckiEe;f cef@udk uk,pm; jyKae=uonf? tm;jzifh vkytm;a&mif;pm;&efrvk? qif;&Jv,form;u f d a,bk,stm;jzifh vkyftm;wcsKd@ukd a&mif;pm;&onf?) a,bk,stm;jzifh v,fr,mrJonf aus;vuf hJ h dS dfH d a,bk,stm;jzifh v,fwcsKd@&Sdonf? vkyfykdifcGifhwcsKd@ vlO;D a&. trsm;pkjk zpfavh&&m Ekiiawmf (ppfAsLku&uf) hf d dk d &Sonf? aiG&if; tenf;tyg;&Sonf? wcsK@d udk iSm;I ok@d ajr&Si}f uD; pepfusio;Hk onfh umvwGif ykrrsm;vmEkif d d f dS dk f r[kwf wqifcH vkyyici,I vky=f u&onf? v,fvyf zG,&aeonf? ok@d &mwGif *syefjynf tjynfjynfqi&m h f dk f G hf l k yl;aygi;f aqmifua&;at*sipD (JACA) rS jyKpkonfh G f f ud&,mwcsK@d &Sonf? oD;pm;cay;&jcif;/ twk;d ay;&jcif;/ d d tenf;i,f tiSm;vkduf&jcif;wkd@jzifh aoG;pkyfr_cH&onf? pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& tylykdif;a'o v,frJh,mrJhOD;a& olwkd@onf qif;&Jv,form; txufv$mjzpfonf? onf aus;vufvlOD;a&. 42 &mckdifE_ef;/ (tv,f v,fv;Hk 0r&So/l aiG&if;vk;H 0r&Sow@dk u qif;&Jv,form; tvwf)/ rauG;wkdif;yckuULjrKd@e,fwGif 80 &mckdifE_ef; d d l (tjrifhqkH;)/ ppfukdif;wkdif; t&mawmf+rKd@e,fwGif 8 atmufvm jzpfonf? $ &mckiEe;f tedrq;Hk [k awG@&onf? wcsK@d t&yfa'orsm;Y df _ hf aus;vufvufr_ynmonfuav;rsm;/ qkdif v,fr,mrJh &mckiEe;f tvGeenf; yg;oGm;r_ta=umif;&if; hJ df_ f tvkyorm;rsm;/ aps;onfuav;rsm; (acgi;f &GuAsyx;dk wGif jynfyEkdifiHrsm;okd@ aus;vufrS tajrmuftjrm; f f f jzpfap/ vrf;ab;aps;onfjzpfap) wk@d onf qif;&Jv,f oGm;a&muf tvkyvyuijf cif;onfvnf; ta=umif;w&yf f k f dk orm;ESihf wwef;pm;wnf; jzpfonf? tjzpf yg0ifEiz,&onf? v,fr,mrJO;D a&onf aus; dk f G f dS hJ h vufvO;D a&. 60 &mckiEe;f ausm[k owfrwjf cif;onf l df _ f S ajrrJh,mrJh? ? v,f a jrtvsif ; r&S d ? oif h a vsmf a omf v nf ; rsuf a rS m uf v ,f , majrpepf a,bk,stm;jzifh aiG&if; vk;H 0r&S? vk;H 0 v,fim;vky& d S f tajctaet& onfxufyrsm;vmzk@d om &Saeonf? h dk d onf? oD;pm;c ay;&jcif;? twk;d ay;&jcif;? tawmftoifh tiSm;vkujf cif;jzifh aoG;pkyrc&onf? v,fvyu&,m d f _H k f d d v,form;vlwef;pm;.b0vGwfajrmufa&; tenf; tyg; &Swwfonf? d v,form;vlwef;pm;tay: zdpD;wkyfaESmif xm;aom aESmif}uKd;tm;vkH; (ajr&SifpepfESifh aoG;pkyfr_ 58 v,fvkyfud&d,mwcsKd@ &Sdonf? ukd,fhvkyftm;tay: (vk;H vkH;) rScdk toufarG;&onf? (olwyg;ukd oD;pm;cESihf D aiGw;dk tenf;tyg;ay;&ojzifh olw@dk u,wif aoG;pkyf dk f dk cH=u&onf?)

_ynfolhtm%m
tm;vk;H ) ESihf csKyfcs,[ef@wm;r_/ zdEyrtaygi;f rS uif; f dS f _ ed*kH; vGwum vGwvyf+idr;f csr;f pGm uk,yiv,f,majrwGif f f d f dk f v,f,mpkuysK;d vkyuiEi&ef tcGiomaom Ekiia&;/ d f f dk f dk f hf dfH v,fulvDtygt0if v,f,mtvkyform; pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;tajctaew&yf &&Sjd cif;onf v,f rsm;ESihf qif;&Jv,form;rsm;onf awmfvea&;.tajccH _ Sf orm;vlwef;pm;. b0vGwajrmufa&;yif jzpfayonf? jzpfonf? olw@kd udk jiif;y,fjcif;onf awmfvea&;ukd jiif; f Sf y,fjcif;jzpfonf? olw@dk udk ESrjf cif;onf awmfvea&;ukd d S f ESrjf cif; jzpfonf? d v,form;vlwef;pm;. vwfwavm Ekiia&;tiftm;pkw&yfudk rJay;aG;aumuf+yD; dfH awmif;qkdcsufrsm; wifajrmufay;&mwGif vlO;D a&trsm;pk}uD;jzpfaom v,f k f dk f G hf - v,fvyol v,fyici&&ef? orm;vlwef;pm;u tc&m usonf? awmfvSefa&; rdryiv,f,m ukd vGwvyfpm a&mif;0,fci/hf d dk f f G G tiftm;pkw&yfukd axmufcHulnDay;+yD; tiftm;}uD; aygiEci/hf ajymif;vJci/hf tarG qufcci&&ef? f HS G G H G hf xGm;oGm;ap&mrSmvnf; v,form;vlwef;pm;u t"du tcef;rS ygonf? onftcsuudk Ekiia&;tiftm;pkrsm; f dfH - v,form;or*~tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tjcm; rarhtyf? onfv,form;awG. tusKd;pD;yGm;bufrS v,form;toif;tzG@J rsm; vGwvyfpm zG@J pnf;xlaxmif f G jywfjywfom;om; &yfcjH cif;rjyKkru pdw0ifpm;r_ jyozk@d H f cGihf &&ef? yif 0efav;ae=uaom b,fEiia&;tiftm;pkyjJ zpfjzpf dk f H d f d f G S f d f S - rdrd pdw}f uKduo;D ESudk vGwvyfpmpkuysK;d cGihf tcsewcsewif awmfvea&;. kucwfz,f&m;ypfjcif; f H f G d f hf &&ef? xGuf&SdoD;ESHukd vGwfvyfpGm okdavSmif/ }udwfcGJ/ cH&vdrrnf? o,f,y@dk aqmif/ jzef@jzL;a&mif;cscirsm; &&S&ef? l G hf d v,form;vlwef;pm;tygt0if Armjynf Sd f l - Oya'rJh t"rRajr,mtodr;f cH&r_rS vGwuif; tzdEycjH ynforsm;bufrS jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnf+yD; f df &ef? t"rRvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ wk@d wcJeuf yg0ifvmatmif pnf;k;H Ekiaom/ wk@d tusyfukdifjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tjrwfxkwfjcif;wkd@rS tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmifGufay;EkdifpGrf; &Sdaom EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onfomv#if/ r&Sd&mrS uif;a0;&ef &S&mok@d / tm;enf;&mrS tm;aumif;&mok@d tnGe@f wvlvl d - pkuysK;d p&dwacs;aiGrsm; twk;d E_e;f enf;yg;pGm d f f ESifh zGH@+zKd;}uD;xGm;+yD; tcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;ukd jzifh tvktavmuf &&S&ef? acwfrD pkuysK;d a&;ud&,m H d d f d ausmeif;vGeajrmufum atmifyqo@dk ta&mufcswuf f f JG D D rsm;/ rsK;d aumif;rsK;d oef@rsm;/ "mwfajr=oZm/ yk;d owfaq;/ oGm;Ekivrrnf[k ,k=H unf,qrdygonf? d f d hf l ? a&ay;oGif;r_pepfESifh acwfrDpkdufysKd;a&; enf;ynmrsm; twGuf xda&mufvavmufaom tultnDrsm; &&S&ef? Hk d ajr,mvlwef;pm;vrf;pOf (qif;&JtajccH/ tvwfr[mrdwfjyK/ csrf;om =um;xm;I ppfAsLkdu&ufajr&Sif}uD;eJ@ taygif;ygrsm;/ uk,pm;vS,rsm;ukd OD;wnfwu&rnf jzpfonf? ) d f f dk f
21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321 21098765432109876543210987654321

59

ESpw&mjynfh f f d f S f &Si;[kiawmfvea&;ukd f txdr;trSwjf yKjcif;

(1) 'DEpf 2011 [m wkwjf ynf&@J yxrqH;k "e&Si'rua&pD S f D dk awmfvea&;jzpfwhJ &Si;f [kiawmfvea&; ESpw&mjynfh S f df S f f ajrmufwJh tcgor,jzpfw,f? e,fcsJ@/ ya'o&mZf qef@usia&;eJ@ 'Drua&pDa&;rsKd ;aphrsm;ukd wkwjf ynfrm f dk S toufaoG;ac|;paw;um yxrqH;k }ucsay;cJwhJ 'D &Si;f [kif J h d awmfvSefa&; tESpf 100 jynfh tcgor,ukd txdrf; trSwjf yKa&;twGuf wkwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwe@J wkwf D jynfolrsm; jyifqifpkdif;jyif;ae=uyg+yD? tm&Swkduf EkdifiH toD;oD;u tzdEycjH ynfoawGudk ukve0g' qef@usif dS f l d dk D a&;/ trsKd ;om; vGwajrmufa&;eJ@ 'Drua&pDa&;twGuf f dk aoewfypfazmuf wGe;f aqmfay;vkuwhJ &Si;f [kiawmfvef d f df S a&; tESpfw&mjynfh tcgor,ukd jynfol@tm%m *sme,fuvnf; 'Daqmif;yg;jzifh txdr;f trSwjf yK }udKqkd vkuygw,f? d f (2) 19 &mpk aESmif;ykdif;eJ@ 20 &mpk ueOD;rSm e,fcsJ@EkdifiH toD;oD;[m wkwjf ynfudk pD;yGm;a&;t& ykrw;dk cs@J usL; d dk ausma&;twGuf jyif;xefwhJ vk,ufre@J tm;+yKd ifrawGudk f _ _ vkyvmw,f? 1894 rSm *syef[m wkwjf ynfudk pwif f usL;ausmvmcJw,f? wkwf jynf[m tJ'ppfyJG _;H edrcserS f h D hf d f pwif+yD; qk;d 0g;wJh trsKd ;om;tusytwnf;eJ@ }uHKawG@& f awmhw,f? 'Dtajctaeqd;k atmufrm qGe,ufqif[m S f jynfcspvi,frsm;/ yifv,f&yfjcm;a&muf wkwtrsKd ; f l f om;rsm;ukd qufo,pnf;H;k um &Si;f usKH ;a[G@ (wkwf G f 60

jynf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;) ukd 1894 Ek0ifbm/ [kEvvrm d d dk l l S pwifz@JG pnf;cJw,f? wkwjf ynf zG@H +zKd ;wk;d wufapa&;ukd h tJ'tzG@J &@J au;a=umfotjzpf wifvuygw,f? D H dk f tJ'Daemuf wkwfjynfwGif;rSm awmfvSefa&; toif;tzGJ@ tajrmuftjrm; ay:xGufvmcJhwJhtjyif &Si;f usKH ;a[G@e@J wufwufuu qufo,vm=uw,f? G f auG@usdK;rSm vufeufukdifykefuefa&;pwifzkd@ jyifqifcJh =uayr,fh 1895 ykeuefr_ rprD tpDtpOfawG aygu=f um; f oGm;+yD; refcsL;tpkd;&&J@ zsufqD;wmcHvkduf&w,f? 'D ykeuefru "e&Sivwef;pm; awmfvewhJ tpdwtyki;f ukd f _ f l Sf f d refcsL;tpk;d &eJ@ vH;k 0vrf;cGom;apvkuw,f? wkwjf ynf J G d f "e&Sif 'Drua&pDawmfvea&;ukvnf; vufeufuif ykef dk S f d dk uefro@k d wufvr;f oGm;a&; jymef;ay;vkuygw,f? _ S d f 20 &mpk ueOD;umvrSm wkwjf ynf&@J "e&Sif vlwef;pm;eJ@ "e&Sifaygufp awmfvSefwJh ynmwwf tpdwftykdif;[m tvsiftjref }uD;xGm;vmaew,f? wkwfvli,f trsm;tjym;[m taemufEkdifiHrsm;okd@ ynmawmfoiftjzpf xGu=f uw,f? olw@dk [m taemuf wkdif; "e&Sifvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:ukd xdawG@ci&&Sc=hJ uw,f? olw@dk [m taemufwi;f "e&Sif G hf d dk vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;umvu arG;&myg vl@tcGifh ta&; vGwfvyfr_ wef;wlr_oabmw&m;awGukd awmfvSefa&; wkdufyGJ&J@ tawG;tac:vufeuftjzpf bmomjyef yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0=uw,f ? Oyrm-l q k d ; (Rousseau) &J@ vlra&; ydnmOf oabmw&m;rsm;/ _

_ynfolhtm%m
rGefwufpusL (Montesquieu) &J@ w&m;Oya'&J@ oabmukd aqG;aEG;jcif; pwJhpmtkyfrsm;? 'ghtjyif trsKd ;om;owif;pm we,f&yfjcm;ok@d om;+yD; ynm G qnf;yl;avhvmjcif;qki&m bmomjyef jyKpka&;om;csu df f pwJh wk;d wufwhJ pme,fZif;wk@d udk wnfaxmif+yD; "e&Sif vlwef;pm; awmfvea&;tawG;tac:awGudk tpGr;f ukef S f 0g'jzef@cs=d uw,f? &Se[i;f eJ@ *syefjynf wkusKd [m awmf f dk d vSea&; 0g'jzef@csa&; A[kcsur jzpfcw,f? use;f yifvif f d d f hJ h (1869-1936/ usJ@usef;jynfe,f ,GDcef;Zmwd)/ csdef xif;[Gm (1875-1905/ [leefjynfe,f &Si[mZmwd)/ f G usKd @ef (ppfc|r;f jynfe,f yg&iZmwd) polw@dk [m ausmf k S hf =um;wJh 'Drua&pDawmfvea&; tawG;tac: q&meJ@ dk S f 0g'jzef@csoawGjzpfw,f? d l 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&; tawG;tac: ysH@ESH@ vmjcif;eJ@ awmfvea&;tajctae jzpfxe;f wk;d wufvm S f G wmeJ@tavsmuf "e&Sivwef;pm; awmfvea&; toif; f l S f tzG@J awG jynfwGif;rSm wzG@J +yD;wzG@J ay:aygufvmw,f? 'g[m "e&Sivwef;pm; awmfvea&;ygwawG jzpfwnf f l S f D vmr_ rSwwiygy? f dk f J awmfvea&; tawG;tac:awG ys@H E@HS vmjcif;/ S f awmfvSefa&; toif;tzG@J awG tqufrjywf ay:xGuf vmjcif;eJ@ a'otoD;oD;rSm awmfvea&; v_y&m;r_awG S f f S +cdrfh+cdrfhoJoJ jzpfxGef;wkd;wufvmjcif;wdk@[m wnD w!Gwwnf;&SwhJ "e&Sivwef;pm; awmfvewhJ Ekiia&; f d f l Sf dfH ygww&yf xlaxmifa&;twGuf jyifqifrawG jzpfygw,f? D _ awmfvea&; toif;tzG@J awG wuGwjym;pD ykeuefaer_ S f J f awG[m awmufav#muf _H;edrfhr_awGeJ@ tqHk;owfcJh &w,f? 'Dtcsua=umifh "e&Sivwef;pm;awmfvea&; f f l S f *kd%f;tkyfpkawG[m jynfvHk;qkdif&m awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@ tpnf;w&yf xlaxmifom;&ef tvGeudk ta&;w}uD; G f vktyfae+yDqwm oabmayguem;vnfvmcJ&ygw,f? d dk f h ukd toif;&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf/ [Grf&Sif;ukd tr_aqmifXme&J@ taxGaxG pDrcef@ca&;rSL;wm0ef ay;cJ=h uw,f? qGe,uf H JG f qif wifjywJh u|ejf yKolrsm;ukd armif;xkwa&;/ wkwf f jynf jyefvnf&ioefvma&;/ orRwEkiiawmf xlaxmif Sf dfH a&;/ ajr,mukd tm;vHk; wef;wlykdifqkdifa&;wkd@tm; toif;&J@ Ekiia&;vkyief;pOftjzpfe@J jynfo@l *sme,fukd dfH f toif;&J@ tmabmf*sme,ftjzpf xkwa0oGm;&ef qH;k jzwf f cJ=h uw,f? wkwjf ynf r[mrdwtoif; (xHrea[G@) [m f k d f yxrqH;k aom jynfv;kH qki&m pnf;vH;k nD!wwhJ "e&Sif df G f vlwef;pm; awmfvewhJ Ekiia&;ygwwck jzpfw,f? 'g[m Sf dfH D wkwfjynf "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&; tqifhopf w&yfokd@ wufvSrf;oGm;r_ trSwfvuQ%mvnf; jzpf w,f? r[mrdwtoif; xlaxmif+yD;aemuf wkusKd Xme f d tjyif &Se[i;f / csKH uif;/ a[mifaumif/ ,efxif eJ@ [ef@cdk f dk dk wkd@rSm jynfwGif;XmecGJrsm; xlaxmifxm;&Sd+yD; rav; u|ef;pk/ Oa&mywkduf/ tar&duwkduf/ [kdEdkvlvlwkd@rSm jynfyXmecGJ rsm; xlaxmifxm;&Sygw,f? d qGe,ufqifu jynfo@l *sme,f xkwa0jcif; f f trSmrSm toif;&J@ EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfukd trsdK;om; a&;0g' jynfo@l tcGita&;0g'eJ@jynfo@l b0 zlvkH hf a&;0g'tjzpf &Sif;vif;zGifhqkdcJhygw,f? ('gukd twkd aumuftm;jzifh jynfol@w&m; 3 yg;(pHrif0g') vkd@ ac:a0: oHk;pGJcJh+yD; wkwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; qufvufqyuicygw,f?) k f dk f hJ

u|ejf yKolrsm;ukd armif;xkwa&;/ wkwjf ynf f jyefvnf&ioefa&; [m qGe,ufqif&@J trsKd ;om;a&; Sf f 0g' tawG;tac: jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh e,fcs@J aemufvuf dk acG; refcsL;rif;quf&@J ya'o&mZftycsKyfa&;tm; wGe;f k f vSea&;ukd awmfvea&;&J@ enf;emtjzpf oabmxm;cJh f S f wm jzpfw,f? wkuy&@J ypfui;f tjzpf ref;csL;rif;quf d f JG G 1905 rSm qGef,ufqif[m [Grf&Sif;/ pkef@ tm; wkuu!ejf yxm;jcif;[m wkwjf ynfudk usL; d f dk f ausmuf&ifpwJh &Si;f usKH a[G@/ [Gm&Si;f a[G@/ uGr;f zla[G@pwJh ausmvmwJh e,fcs@J tiftm;pkrsm;ukd wkucuvuwm h f d f dk f dk f toif;tzGJ@awGrS tzGJ@0if 70 ausmfwkd@eJ@ *syefjynf vnf; jzpfygw,f? wdusKd rSm pka0;+yD; wkwjf ynf&@J wnDw!Gwwnf;aom dk f orRwEkiiawmf xlaxmifa&;[m qGe,uf dfH f r[mrdwtoif; (xHrea[G@) ukd xlaxmif&ef qH;k jzwfchJ f k d f qif&@J jynfo@l tcGita&;0g' tawG;tac:jzpfygw,f? hf w,f? =o*kwfvrSm wkwfjynf r[mrdwftoif; xl axmifwJh nDvmcHac:,lusif;y=uw,f? nDvmcHrSm 'ga=umifh EkdifiHa&;t& awmfvSefa&;[m ya'o&mZf toif;&J@ pnf;rsO;f Oya'udk twnfjyKcw,f? qGe,ufqif pepfukd wGef;vSef+yD; "e&Sifvlwef;pm; orRwEkdifiH hJ f 61

_ynfolhtm%m
xlaxmifom;a&;ukd aqmif&u&ef jzpfygw,f? jynfo@l G G f tcGita&;0g'[m qGe,ufqif&@J jynfo@l w&m; 3 yg; hf f tawG ; tac:&J @ tjrKawjzpf w ,f ? Ek d i f i H a &;t& awmfvea&;&J@ t&if;cHjzpfw,f? ol[m tJ'we;f u S f D k awmfvSefa&;*kd%f;awGtwGuf ta&;w}uD; ajz&Sif;&ef vktyfwhJ Ekiia&;tm%m t&,la&;eJ@ Ekiia&;tm%m d dfH dfH xlaxmifa&;jy\emukd oabmw&m;a&;t& ajz&Si;f ay;cJw,f? h ajr,mukd tm;vH;k wef;wl ykiqia&; [m d f dk f qGef,ufqif&@J jynfol@ae@pOfaexdkifpm;aomufa&;0g' tawG;tac: jzpfw,f? wEkiiv;kH u ajr,mawG&@J wefz;dk dfH ukd jyefvnfowfrSwfa&;/ ,ckvufiif;aygufaps;t& rlvyki&itm; tm;vH;k jyefay;a&;/ awmfvea&;atmif df Sf S f jrif+yD;aemuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m wqifhwufvmvkd@ ykvmwJh ajr,mwefz;dk awGudk Ekiiawmftm; tm;vH;k jyef d dfH ay;a&;/ trsKd ;om;tm;vH;k twlwuG cHpm;a&;rS rdom; pkwi;f 0rf;0cg;vSa&;ukd vkyaqmifom;&ef jzpfw,f? dk f G ajr,mukd tm;vH;k wef;wl ykiqia&;[m t&if;&Sif d f dk f pepf&@J ajr,mvkyief;pOfjzpfw,f? f yg;[m "e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ EkdifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tusdK;pD;yGm;eJ@ awmif;qkdcsufawGukd azmfjyxm;wm jzpfw,f? wkwjf ynfoawG awmif;qkaewJh trsKd ;om; l d vGwvyfa&;eJ@ 'Drua&pDtcGita&; bHar#mre;f csu&@J f dk hf k f S f a&mifjyef[yfcsufvnf; jzpfw,f? "e&Sif'Drkdua&pD awmfvSefa&; jzpfxGef;wdk;wufa&;ukd wGef;aqmfay; ygw,f? 'gayrJh jynfo@l w&m; 3 yg;[m e,fcs@J qef@usia&; f awmif;qdkcsufukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; rwifjyEkdifcJhbl;? ajr,mawmfvea&; vkyief;pOfuvnf; ukepifatmif S f f dk f rwifjyEkicb;l ? 'g[m "e&Sivwef;pm; awmfvea&; d f hJ f l S f *kd%f;[m e,fcsJ@eJ@ ya'o&mZfqef@usifa&;jzpfwJh 'Drkd ua&pDawmfvSefa&;&J@ wm0efukd tukeftpif rxrf; aqmifEia=umif; 'Dtcsuu azmfjyaeygw,f? dk f f

xHrea[G@ xlaxmif+yD;aemuf refcsL;tpk;d &&J@ k d f azmufjyefwhJ tkyp;dk r_udk tpGr;f ukef umuG,xe;f odr;f f f d vkw*%;f ay:ayguvmjyefw,f? awmfvea&;*k%;f eJ@ d h J dk f S f d bk&ifpepfukd xdef;odrf;vkdwJh*kd%f;t=um; jyif;xefwJh oabmw&m;a&; wkdufyGJqifE$J&jyefw,f? refcsL;rif; quf tpk;d &ukd t=urf;zufenf;eJ@ wGe;f vSe&ef vktyf f d rvkdtyf/ 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&;ukd vufawG@taumif jynf o l @ w&m; 3 yg;[m "e&S i f ' D r k d u a&pD txnfazmf&ef vktyfrvktyf/ ya'o&mZfajr,mpepf d d awmfvea&;vkyief;pOfxuf ykjd ynfpw,f? 'Dw&m; 3 ukd ajymif;vJypf&ef vktyfrvktyfqwhJ jy\emawGudk S f f h kH d d kd

62

_ynfolhtm%m
A[kjd yK+y;D oabmw&m;a&;wkuyJG qifEc&wm jzpfw,f? d f J$ hJ oabmw&m;a&;wkuyrwqifh 'Drua&pDawmfvea&; d f JG S dk Sf tawG;tac:[m wqifwuf ys@H E@HS om;apcJv@dk 'Drua&pD h G h dk awmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifha&mufvma&;ukd tm;&Sd&Sd wGef; aqmfay;vkuw,f? d f "e&Sivwef;pm; awmfvea&;*k%;f [m refcsL; f l Sf d bk&ifrif;qufudk vufeufuiwuyjJG zifh wGe;f vSeypfa&;/ dk f dk f f "e&Sif'Drkdua&pD orRwEkdifiHawmf xlaxmifa&;wkd@ukd wkdufyGJ&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdif taejzifhxm;+yD; xkHrdefa[G@ xlaxmif+yD;aemuf vufeufuiyeuefrudk t}udr}f udrf dk f k f _ pwifcygw,f? ref;csL;rif;quf tkyp;dk r_uvnf; eufeuf hJ f dk _i;f _i;f xk;d ESuEicw,f? 1906 'DZifbmrSm xHrea[G@&@J d d f dk f hJ kdf tzGJ@0ifawGjzpfwJh vsdKawmuf,dpolwkd@[m zsif&Sef/ vsdK,efeJ@ vdvifa'o&Sd refcsL;rif;quf qef@usifa&; *k%;f rsm; yl;aygi;f +yD; zsivsd Kvdyeuefrukd pwifvuf d f k f _ dk =uw,f? 'g[m xkrea[G@&@J =oZmatmufrm yxrqH;k H d f S ay:xGucwhJ twki;f tmwm}uD;rm;vSwhJ vufeufuif f hJ d dk ykeuefrj_ zpfw,f? r=umcifrmyJ refcsL;tpk;d &ukd qef@usif f S wJh ykeuefr_ 'Da&v_i;f jrifwufvmawmhw,f? csKd usie@J f d h f &$&vifw@kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ us@J 0rfyeuefr/_ qGe,ufqife@J D dS kf f [Gr&i;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ use@f eefur;f ykeuefr_ pwmawG f S d G f [m xif&m;w,f? S qGef,ufqifeJ@ [Grf&Sif;wkd@acgif;aqmifwJh uGrusKd ;[Gr[murfyeuefr[m *,ufucwfr_ t}uD; f f G kf _ dk f qHk;jzpfw,f? 1910 xJrSm qGef,ufqifu [Grf&Sif;/ ausmufpif;polwkd@eJ@ yif;vef,GDrSm pnf;a0;+yD; xHkrdef a[G@&@J t"dutiftm;awGudk pkpnf;um twki;f twm d }uD;}uD;eJ@ ykefuefr_ pwifEkdifa&;ukd qHk;jzwfcJh=uw,f? 1911 {+yDrSm [Grf&Sif;[m ykefuefr_wyfzGJ@rsm;ukd acgif; aqmif+yD; vsHuGrf; (uGrfwkef;/ uGrfusdK;) bk&ifcHHk;ukd wkucw,f? ykeuefr_ wyfawGe@J refcsL;tpk;d & wyfawG d f hJ f jyif;jyif;xefxef wkuyjJG zpfcw,f? tiftm;csi;f rr#v@dk d f hJ wkuy;H_ w,f? wkuy+JG yD;awmh wkuyuswhJ tmZmenf d f JG d f d f JG rsm;&J@ uif;use&pfwhJ kyuvmyfrsm;ukd pkpnf;+y;D uGrusKd ; f f f &J@ qifajczH;k [Gr[murfwae&mwnf;rSm jrK yfEo+*KJ [f f G HS xm;ygw,f? 'gudk orki;f rSm [Gr[murf tmZmenf d f G 72 OD; vkd@ ac:qkd=u+yD; 'Dykefuefr_ukd [Grf[Gmurf ykeuefr vk@d ur`n;f wifxm;ygw,f? 'Dyeuefr_ +yD;wJh f _ k f aemufrSm refcsL;tpkd;& tkyfcsKyfr_[m tajcykd,kdifvm ygw,f? awmfvea&;ygwD tzG@J 0ifawG&@J &J0whJ pdw"mwf Sf hH f eJ@ ao&GmoGm;&wmukd tdrfjyefovkd oabmxm;wJh ol&aumif;tm;rmefw@dk [m wEkiiv;kH u jynforsm;&J@ J dfH l wkupwcupwudk tm;ay;&m a&mufovkd awmfvea&; d f d f dk f d f Sf jzpfpOfudk ykrvsijf refapcJygw,f? d dk h wzufrmvnf; 20 &mpk tpyki;f / 0l[ef@a'o S d rSm trsdK;om;t&if;&Sifpepf[m E_dif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh tvsiftjref zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufaew,f? trsdK;om; "e&Sif tiftm;pk[m tqufrjywf }uD;xGm;vmaew,f? teD;acwf&@J pmoifausmif; trsKd ;rsKd ;ukd xlaxmifEiwm dk f eJ@tr# [layrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm; ynmwwfawG ay: xGuvmw,f? olw@dk [m awmfvea&;ygw&@J ausmk;d f S f D awG jzpfvmw,f? 'gtjyif 0l[ef@[m e,fcs@J usL;ausmf h r_ukd apmpD;pGmcH&wJha'o jzpfw,f? e,fcsJ@orm;&J@ vk,ufre@J ya'o&mZfpepf&@J zdEyru tJ'a'ou jynf _ dS f _ D olawG&@J ckcqef@usia&; a'gov_i;f ukd tqufrjywf H f d jrifhwufvmap+yD; 0lcsefykefuefr_twGuf vlxktajccH tkwfjrpfukd csay;cJhw,f? awmfvSefa&;ygwDu tzG@J 0if awG[m ykeuefrtwGuf tcse,um a&&Snjf yifqifchJ f _ d f l =uw,f? txl;ojzifh [laywyfrawmfopf (Ekiiawmf dfH tusytwnf;&J@ awmif;qkratmufrm jyefvnfz@JG pnf; f d_ S xm;wJwyf) xJudk v#Kd @0uawmfvea&; tzG@J 0ifawG[m h S f S f eufeufi;f _i;f tjrpfw,um 0g'jzef@csa&;eJ@ pnf;H;k a&; d_ d G f d vkyief;awG vkyaqmif=uw,f? 'Dve@J 0l[ef@[m &Si[if f f dk f dk awmfvea&;&J@ blreufoef jzpfvmawmhw,f? (OyrmS f d [laywyfrawmfopfxudk awmfvea&;tiftm;pkawG pdrhf J Sf 0ifxm;r_[m 56 axmifavmuftxd&aew,f? [lay dS wyfrawmfopf&@J tiftm;pkpkaygif;&J@ 3 yHk 1 yHk ausmf avmuf&Sdaew,f?) 1911 atmufwbm 10 &ufae@rm [lay dk S uGrusKd ;([lur) bk&ifccsKyf[m 0lcse;f w+rdK@v;kH ukd rm&S,f f Gf H avmtrde@f xkwjf yefum emrnf pm&if;pmtky}f u;D twki;f d twif;vkdufvH&SmazG zrf;qD;awmhw,f? awmfvSefa&; [m vlx&ayr,fh acgi;f aqmifr,fol r&Sovkd tajc k dS h d taersKd ;a&mufae+yD; tvGeuwif;rmwJh tajctaersKd ; f dk jzpfaeyg+yD? awmfvea&;ygwu wcsKd @vawG[m rdrw@dk S f D l d bmom tquftoG,vyum qufvuf+yD; ykeuefr_ f k f f ukd pwifvkdufvkdufygw,f? tJ'Dnu wyfrawmfopf tif*sie,mwyf&if;rS awmfvea&;ygwtzG@J 0if _;H yifci;f / fD Sf D hG usif;axmufvHkpolwdk@u acgif;aqmif+yD; aoewfoH ay;um ppfwef;vsm;rsm;rS w[kex;dk xGuvm+yD; csL;0rfh f f 63

_ynfolhtm%m
xkippfypPn;f *ka'giudk odr;f ykuvuygw,f? jynfwi;f df d f d f dk f G jynfy wkefcgoGm;cJhwJh 0lcsef;ykefuefr_ ay:aygufcJhyg+yD? wnvH;k jyif;xefwhJ wkuyrsm;ukwu+f yD; awmfvea&; d f JG d dk S f wyfz@JG awGu 0lcse;f ukd odr;f ykuvuygw,f? d f dk f wkd@[m vufeuf tpkvkduft+yHKvkduf a&mif;0,fa&; pmcsKyf csKyfq=dk uw,f? awmfvea&;wyfz@JG rsm;ukd zdEya&; Sf dS f twGuf refcsL;tpkd;&ukd ulnDtm;ay;=uw,f? EkdifiH wum oHtzG@J awG[m wkwfjynf&@J tcGefawmf0ifaiG rsm;ukd awmfvea&;ygwvufxJ ra&mufatmif wm;qD; Sf D 0lcse;f ykeuefr_ atmifyc+H yD;aemuf wvausmf =uw,f? f JG ausmf tcsetwGi;f rSm wjynfv;kH jynfe,f 10 ckausmf d f [m refcsL;rif;quftpk;d & tkycsKyfrrS cGxu+f yD; vGwvyf f _ J G f awmfvea&;tiftm;pkawG[m wjynfv;kH rSm S f a=umif;a=unmcJ=h uygw,f? wjynfv;kH ukd odr;f usKH ;wkuf t&Set[keaumif;aumif;eJ@ jzpfxe;f wk;d wufaewmrk@d d d f f G cwfom;wJh awmfvea&;tHk ur_}uD; jzpfay:vmyg+yD? tJ'D e,fcs@J orm;awG[m vufeufui0if a&mufpuzufre@J G Sf dk f G f _ ESpf[m wkwfv,f,moHk; ouU&mZft& &Sif;[kdif awmfvea&;tm; wm;qD;r_awG[m atmifjrifz@dk cufcJ S f ckESpfjzpfvkd@ 1911/ refcsL;rif;qufukd awmfvSefwJh 'D a=umif; awG@vmw,f? 'ga=umifh wnfhwnfhrwfrwf awmfvea&;ukd &Sif;[kdifawmfvSefa&; vk@d wkwjf ynf =um;ae[efaqmif+yD; wkwfjynfukd pkd;rkd;a&;twGuf S f teD;acwforki;f rSm ur`n;f wifcygw,f? d hJ vufukdifwkwftjzpf oHk;Ekdifr,fh ukd,fpm;vS,fopfukd wufwufuu &SmazGarG;jrLawmhw,f? olwkd@[m 1911 'DZifbmrSmawmh vGwvyfa&;a=unm ajrmufyi;f ppfb&if ,Gi&ciuawG@+yD; ol@tm; &mxl; f dk k f DS dk f dk xm;wJh jynfe,fawGrS uk,pm;vS,awG eefuif;rSm jyefcef@a&; ref;csL;tpkd;&ukd awmif;qkd=uawmhw,f? d f f pka0;+yD; tpnf;a0;w&yf usi;f ycJ=h uw,f? qGe,ufqif refcsL;tpkd;&u ,Gif&SDckdifukd tpkd;&0ef}uD;csKyf0ef}uD; f ukd wkworRwEkii&@J ,m,DorRwtjzpf a&G;aumuf cef@um uufbeuftopfudk zG@J pnf;vkuw,f? ,Gi&cif f dfH d d f f DS dk wifajrmuf=uygw,f? [m rif;csL;rif;quf&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mtm;vHk;ukd f dk f G hf 1912 Zefe0g&D 1 &uf/ eefuif;rSm qGe,ufqif qkyuici&oGm;awmhw,f? f [m &mxl;vufcH usr;f opPmuseqygw,f? wcsewnf; d f dk d f rSm wkwfjynfol@orRwEkdifiH,m,Dtpkd;& xlaxmif vku+f yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmvkuygw,f? refcsL;rif;quf d d f tkyp;kd r_[m &Si;f [kiawmfvea&; tHk ur_twGi;f ysujf yKef; f df Sf oGm;awmhw,f? wkwf jynfrm ESpaygi;f 2000 ausm=f um S f pk;d rk;d cJwhJ ya'o&mZfb&ifpepf[m aemufq;kH rSm tqH;k h k owfom;ygawmhw,f? G eefuif;,m,Dtpk;d & umvtwGi;f qGe,uf f qif[m Ekiia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vl@tzG@J tpnf; jyKjyifajymif; dfH vJa&; trde@f Oya'tajrmuftjrm;ukd xkwjf yefcw,f? hJ "e&Sivwef;pm;orRwEkii&@J wdi;f jyKjynfjyKtajccH Oya' f l dfH k oabmaqmifwJh wkwforRwEkdifiH&J@ ,m,DtajccH Oya'ukd xkwfjyefa=unmay;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu pwif+yD; 'Drua&pD rRwEkiiH tawG;tac:[m vlawG&@J dk df J J G f 'gayrJh awmfvea&; jzpfxe;f wk;d wufvmwmeJ@ ESv;kH om;rSm wae@xufwae@ pGp+JG r+J rtjrpfw,vmw,f? Sf G wcsewnf; jynfe,ftoD;oD;rSm pnf;rsO;f cH bk&iftycsKyf df h kf ,m,DtajccH Oya'rSm wkwforRwEkdifiH a&;pepfudk }uKd uw*%;f eJ@ ya'o&mZfAsLku&uf t&m&Sd awmf&@J tcsKytjcm tm%m tm;vH;k ukd trsKd ;om; w&yf f hJ dk d f qk;d awG[m awmfvea&;rSm tacsmifvuygvm+yD; a'o vH;k u ykiqiw,f? EkiiH w0ef; wki;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pk Sf dk f d f dk f df d tm%m trsm;ykdif;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f? 'g[m tm;vH;k wef;wl&nfwl jzpf=uw,f? trsKd ;om;tm;vH;k awmfvSefa&; _H;edrfha&;twGuf wygwnf; oaE<wnf yk*~dKvfa&;qkdif&m/ aep&m/ OpPm"e/ ajymqkda&;om;r_/ vmjcif;ygy? J yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ toif;tyif; xlaxmifcGifh/ wzufrmvnf; 0lcse;f ykeuefr_ jzpfym;+y;D aemuf S f G e,fcsJ@EkdifiHawG[m wkwfjynfawmfvSefa&;tm; 0if a&mufpuzuf a&;twGuf wyfawGajymif;a&$@ppnf;um G f k jyifqifygawmhw,f? 0l[ef@jrpfxrm EkiijH cm;ppfoabFm J S df awG[m rsm;oxufrsm;vmw,f? *syefe@J refcsL;tpk;d & 64 ,Hk=unfukd;uG,fcGifhpwmawGrSm vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdw,f? Ekiiom;tm;vH;k a&G;cs,cie@J ta&G;cHci&w,f? tkycsKyf dfH f G hf G hf dS f a&;tm%m/ Oya'jyKtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%m tm%m 3 &yf cGjJ cm;xmwJh Ekiia&;pepfudk csrwxm; dfH S f w,fvkd@ jymef;xm;ygw,f? txl;ojzifh tpkd;&tzGJ@

_ynfolhtm%m
pepfjzifwm0ef,l aqmif&uf h G a&;/ tpk;d &tzG@J 0ef}uD;csKyf [m v$wfawmf&J@ ygwDpHkrS ay:xGufvma&;ukd jymef; xm;w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf[m orR w u aqmif & G u f r ,f h tvkyfudpPukd oabmrwl &if y,fcsEiw,f? orRw&J@ dk f trdef@xkwfjyefcsufawG[m 0ef}uD;csKyfu xyfqifhvuf rSwf a&;xkd;ay;rS tm%m wnfEiw,f? dk f awmfvea&;*k%;f u ,m,DtajccHOya'jzifh Sf d ,Gi&ci&@J tm%m&Sipepf usio;kH vmr_tm; wm;qD; f DS dk f f hf uef@owfa&;ukd }u&,cw,f? orRw Ekiiawmfpepfudk H G f hJ dfH umuG,cw,f? 'D,m,DtajccHOya'[m wkwjf ynf f hJ orki;f rSm yxrqH;k aom "e&Sivwef;pm; 'Drua&pD zG@J d f l dk pnf;tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'jzpfw,f? ya'o&mZf oufO;D f qHyipepfuqef@usiwhJ wk;d wufwhJ oabmaqmifygw,f? dk f dk f (3) eefuif; ,m,Dtpkd;& xlaxmif+yD;aemuf e,fcs@J EiitoD;oD;[m ppfa&;t& +cr;f ajcmufrawG vkyf dk f H d _ vmygw,f? EkiiH jcm;qufqa&;rSm txD; usejf zpfapa&;/ df H pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@a&; pwJhenf;emawGeJ@ awmfvSefa&; tm%mukd tusyuium ,Gi&citm; awmfvea&; f dk f f DS dk f S f toD;tyGiawG tykip;D a&;uktm;ay; taxmuftul hf df d jyK=uw,f? awmfvSefa&;tm%mxJ&SdaewJh pnf;rsOf;cH bk&ifpepfudk vkvm;wJ*%;f eJ@ AsLku&uft&m&Sa[mif; d h dk d d awGuvnf; awmfvSefa&;*kd%f;ukd xkd;ppfqifzkd@ tcGifh aumif; apmihaeygw,f? qGe,ufqif[m 'Dtajctae f f zdtm;atmufrm ,Gi&cie@J rvGomvk@d aphpyftav#mh S f DS dk f J ay;um refcsL;{u&mZf tjzpfuxGu+f yD; orRwEkiiudk dfH axmufcw,fv@dk a=unm&if ,Gi&ciudk ,m,DorRw H f DS dk f tjzpf csD;ajrmuf&ef axmufcHwifoGif;ay;Ekdifw,fvkd@ azmfjycJhw,f?

tpkd;&tm; orRwEkdifiHawmf EkdifiHa&;pepfukd csufcsif; toHk;jyKa&; awmif;qkd=uzkd@ wkdufwGef;v_H@aqmfvkduf ygw,f? 1912 azazmf0g&D 12 rSm w&m;0ifta=umif; =um; xD;eef;pGe@f vuwtwGuf wkwjf ynfrm ESpaygi;f dk f h J S f 260 ausmf tkyp;dk cJwhJ ref;csL;rif;qufacwfvnf; tqH;k f h owfom;awmhw,f? refcsL;rif;quf xD;eef;ukd pGe@f vuf G dk +yD; 'kwd,ajrmufae@rSm ,Gif&SDckdif[m orRwEkdifiHawmf pepfudk axmufca=umif; a=unmcJw,f? qGe,ufqif H h f [mvnf; &mxl;rS Ekwxua=umif; eefuif;v$wawmf f G f f okd@ wifjyvkdufygw,f? wqufwnf; v$wfawmfu ,Gi&ciudk ,m,DorRwtjzpf cef@tyfvuygw,f? f DS dk f dk f 1912 rwfv/ yDuif;rSm ,Gi&ci[m wkwf f DS dk f jynfol@orRwEkdifiH&J@ ,m,DorRwtjzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifygw,f? qGe,ufqif[m w&m;0if ,m,DorRw f &mxl;ukd w&m;0if kyor;f ay;vkuygw,f? ,m,Dtpk;d & f d d f vnf; yDuif;okd@ ajymif;a&$@cJhygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ &Sif;[kdif awmfvea&;&J@ toD;tyGirsm;ukd ,Gi&ciu tykip;D S f hf f DS dk f df oGm;wm cHvu&ygw,f? dk f ,Gif&SDckdifu &Sif;[kdifawmfvSefa&;&J@ toD; tyGiawGudk tykip;D +y;D wJaemuf ajrmufyi;f ppfb&ifrsm;&J@ hf df h dk k azmufjyefwhJ oufO;D qHyif tm%m&Sipepfudk wpwp dk f usio;kH vmjyefw,f? 'Dve@J wkwjf ynf[m ajrmufyi;f hf dk dk ppfb&ifrsm;&J@ pk;d rk;d jc,fv,ratmuf jyefa&mufom;cJ& k S f_ G h jyefw,f?

qGe,ufqif acgi;f aqmifwhJ awmfvea&;ygwD f Sf ,Gif&SDckdif[m qGef,ufqif&J@ tmrcHcsufukd tzGJ@0ifrsm;[m ,Gif&SDckdifeJ@ ajrmufykdif;ppfbk&ifrsm;&J@ &&Sd+yD;aemuf refcsL;{u&mZf&mxl;u taqmwvsif azmufvGJazmufjyef vkyfvmr_awGa=umifh qufvuf d f JG xGuvuw,f? ol[m wGrcsa&G@pwJh ajrmufyi;f ppfb&if wkuy0if&jyefygawmhw,f? f dk f f D dk k 40 ausmfukd emrnfawGyl;wGum a=u;eef;ykd@+yD; refcsL; J 65

_ynfolhtm%m
(4) &Si;f [kiawmfvea&;[m wkwjf ynf teD;acwforki;f twGi;f rS yxrqH;k }uD;jrwfw/hJ "e&Si'rua&pD df S f d f D dk awmfvea&; jzpfw,f? eufi;f wJh orki;f t"dym,faqmifygw,f? atmufyg atmifjrifcsursm;eJ@ oifcef; pmrsm;ukd S f d_ d ` f ay;cJw,f? h 1? 'Dawmfvea&;[m ya'o&mZfoufO;D qHyif bk&ifpepf csKyf+idr;f oGm;apavmufatmif xk;d ESuwuf S f dk f dk ckucw,f? wkwjf ynfrm ESpaygi;f 260 ausm=f um tkyp;dk cJwhJ refcsL;rif;qufudk wGe;f vSeypf+yD; ESpaygi;f 2000 d f hJ S f f h f f ausm=f um wkwjf ynf&@J ya'o&mZfoufO;D qHyif bk&ifpepfudk tqH;k owfom;apw,f? "e&Sivwef;pm; orRw dk G f l Ekiiawmfudk pwifxaxmifcEiw,f? orki;f ukd a&S@o@dk w;dk wufz@dk wGe;f aqmfay;cJw,f? &Si;f [kiawmfvea&;u dfH l h J dk f d h df S f jynfoawGudk 'Drua&pDe@J vGwvyfrtcGita&;wcsKd @ &&Sapw,f? tJ'up+y;D 'Drua&pDorRwEkiiH tawG;tac:[m l dk f _ hf d D dk df vlawG&@J Ev;kH om;rSm pGp+JG rJ+rJ tjrpfw,vmcJw,f? tJ'aemuf orki;f jzpfpOftwGi;f bk&ifvyz@dk b,fopOf;pm; S J G f h D d k f l pOf;pm;/ bk&ifpepfudk jyeftoufoi;f zd@k b,fopOf;pm;pOf;pm; tm;vH;k [m jynfoawG&@J qef@usiratmufrm G l l f _ S tjref+ydKysuom;&wmcsn;f ygy? f G J 2? 'Dawmfvea&;[m wki;f wyg;om; bk&if{u&mZfukd wGe;f vSeypfcovkd e,fcs@J EiiawGu usL;ausmf Sf d f hJ dk f H vmwJh tiftm;awGuvnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef xk;d ESuwucucw,f? &Si;f [kiawmfvea&;+yD;wJaemuf e,fcs@J dk f dk f dk f h J df S f h pepf[m wkwjf ynfrm olw@dk &@J uk,pm;vS,udk rajymif;vJ&ifrjzpfv@dk ajymif;vJvu&w,f? 'gayrJh tajctae S d f f dk f wckv;kH ukd xde;f csKyftyp;dk xm;Ekir,fh vufuiwwudk xyfr&mrawG@awmhygb;l ? E_i;f ,SOjf cif;t& wkwjf ynftm; k f df dk f k f H S d wnf+idrwhJ pk;d rd;k a&;tpDtpOf xlaxmifz@dk olw@dk rmtiftm; xyfrr&Sawmhygb;l ? f S H d 3? 'Dawmfvea&;u trsKd ;om;t&if;&Sipepf jzpfxe;f wk;d wufz@dk tusKd ;&SwhJ tajctaeawGudk zefw;D S f f G d ay;cJw,f? orRwEkiiawmf xlaxmif+yD;aemuf jynfwi;f rSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;/ pufrvyief;eJ@ ukeo,a&;vkyf h dfH G f _ k f f G f ief;awG wzGzJG xlaxmifvm=uw,f? pufawG xlaxmif =uw,f? b%fvyief;xlaxmifa&;avxk jzpfvmw,f? J kH k f trsKd ;om;t&if;&Sipepf&@J pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkawG[m tcsewtwGi;f odoomom wk;d yGm;vmw,f? ypPn;f rJh f d f dk d vlwef;pm; wyfz@JG vnf; tjref}uD;xGm;vmw,f? 4? 'Dawmfvea&;u teD;acwf tm&Swuf EkiitoD;oD;&Sd tzdEycH trsKd ;om;awG&@J vGwajrmufa&; S f dk d f H dS f f v_y&m;r_tay: E_i;f ,SOjf cif;tm;jzifh us,us,jf yef@jyef@ *,ufucwfcygw,f? txl;ojzifh AD,uferf/ tif'e;D &Sm; f S d f dk f h J dk pwJh EkiiawGrS ukve0g'qef@usia&;wkuyawGudk wGe;f aqmfay;ygw,f? tJ'umvu tm&Swurm trsKd ;om; dfH d dk D f d f JG D dk f S vGwajrmufa&;v_y&m;tkH ur_ ay:xGe;f vmygw,f? f f S "e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ aysmhnHhwJhvuQ%meJ@ tav#mhay;vkdufavsmwJh vuQ%mrsm;a=umifh &Sif;[kdif awmfvea&;[m e,fcs@J qef@usia&;eJ@ ya'o&mZfqef@usia&; wm0efrsm;ukd +yD;qH;k atmif rxrf;aqmifEib;l ? S f f f dk f wkwjf ynf ukvewyki;f / ya'o&mZfwyki;f vl@tzG@J tpnf; vuQ%mukvnf; tuketpif ajymif;vJrypfEiygb;l ? d dk D d d d f dk f awmfvea&;toD;tyGirsm;vnf; ,Gi&ci&@J tykip;D oGm;wm cHvu&w,f? S f hf f DS dk f df dk f b,fvyjJ zpfygap &Si;f [kiawmfvea&;u wkwjf ynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;orki;f ukd a&S@o@dk wqifh wufvr;f dk df S f d S oGm;apEkicygw,f? d f hJ e,f c sJ @ qef @ usif a &;pd w f " mwf / ya'o&mZf q ef @ usif a &;pd w f " mwf e J @ 'D r k d u a&pD a &;rsd K ;aph r sm;uk d }uJjzef@ay;cJhwhJ wkwfjynf &Sif;[kdifawmfvSefa&; pdwf"mwft"Gef@&Snfygap? 66

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf