Bi Tiu lun Cng ngh sn xut mt s axit amin

Nhm thc hin : Trn c Ti o Duy Sn Cn Vn Hng

I.. nh ngha v phn loi 1. nh ngha Aminoacid l mt axit hu c cha ng thi nhm cacboxil - COOH v nhm amin - NH2 *Cng thc tng qut (H2N)nR(COOH)n n, n 1 R: gc hirocacbon ha tr (n + n) (H2N)nCxHy(COOH)n n, n 1 x1

y + n + n 2x + 2 Amino axit cha mt nhm amino, mt nhm chc axit, no mch h : H2N-CnH2n-COOH ( n 1) 2.Phn loi C 20 loi acid amin tham gia vo cu trc ca m bo cn c vo nhm quan v nhm carboxyl trong phn t . C nhiu cch phn loi acid amin. Cc acid amin c th phn loi theo hai quan im: Quan im ho hc v quan im sinh vt hc * Quan im ho hc (tc l xt v mt cu to phn t v cc ho tnh), ngi ta thng chia acid amin ra: - Acid amin mch thng: Trong acid amin mch thng ph thuc vo s lng nhm quan (NH2) v nhm carboxyl (COOH) m li chia ra: + Acid monoamin- monocarboxylic (cha 1 nhm NH2 v 1 nhm COOH) + Acid monoamin- dicarboxylic (cha 1 nhm NH2 v 2 nhm COOH) + Acid diamin- monocarboxylic (cha 2 nhm NH2 v 1 nhm COOH) - Acid amin mch vng: gm loi vng ng nht v loi d vng. * Quan im sinh vt hc (tc l xt tmquan trng i vi s dinh dng ca ng vt). Theo quan im ny, acid amin gm hai loi: - Loi khng thay th c (indispensable amino acid) hay cn gi l acid amin thit yu (essential amino acid - EAA): y l loi acid amin rt cn thit cho c th ng vt cho qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin. C th ng vt khng th t tng hp c tho mn nhu cu ca bn thn m phi thng xuyn a t bn ngoi vo vi thc n

i vi ng vt ni chung c 9 acid amin khng thay th c: Vanlise, leucin, isoleucin, treo nin, methionin, phenylalanin, tryptophan, ly sin, histidin. Loi thay th c (dispensable aminoacid) hay cn gi l acid amin khng thit yu (nonessential amino acid -NEAA): tc l loi acid amin m c th ng vt c th t tng hp c t cc nguyn liu sn c (cc acid bo, amiac,amid...). Nhm ny gm cc acid amin cn li. Cn phi ch thm rng khng phi mi acid amin u c tc dng v nh hng nh nhau i vi cc loi ng vt m mi gia sc, gia cm c nhng nhu cu c trng ca mnh i vi tng loi acid amin. C loi ng vt cn ti 10 acid amin khng thay th (v d nh i vi g con th arginin l acid tin khng thay th), nhng c loi ng vt li ch cn 8 acid amin khng thay th (v d nh ngi th histidin c xp vo nhm acid amin thay th). Mt s acid amin khng c xp vo nhm khng th thay th hay nhm thay th m chng c xp vo nhm bn thay th (sm- dispensable) hay cn gi l bn thit yu (semi-essential). Thuc nhm ny c arginin, cystein, tyrosin. Arginin c coi l bn thay th i vi ln v arginin c th c tng hp t glutamin. Tuy vy, s tng hp ny khng p ng nhu cu dinh dng trong giai on u ca qu trnh pht trin c th. Do khu phn cho ln sinh trng phi cha mt lng arginin nht nh. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy giai on sau khi thnh thc v tnh v giai on mang thai ln c th ng hp arginin vi s lng p ng nhu cu ca chng, nhng khng p ng nhu cu tit sa ca ln ni. Cystein c th c tng hp t methionin. Tuy vy, cystein v dng oxy ho ca n l cystin c th p ng khong 50% nhu cu ca tng lng acid amin cha lu hunh (methionin,

cystein). Tyrosin c tng hp t phenylalanin v c th p ng ti thiu 50% tng nhu cu ca tyrosin v phenylalanin, nhng n khng th l ngun duy nht v khng th thay th cho phenylalanin v n khng th chuyn c thnh phenylalanin. II. ng dng ca mt s axit amin

1. Histidine Histidine gip c th pht trin v lin kt m c bp vi nhau. N cn c tc dng hnh thnh mng chn myelin, mt cht bo v bao quanh dy thn kinh v gip to ra dch v, kch thch tiu ha. Histidine c nhiu trong cc dng thc phm nh tht, sa, c, go, bt m 2. Phenylalanine Phenylalanine l mt axt amin c chc nng bi b no, tng cng tr nh, v tc ng trc tip n mi hot ng ca no b. Ngoi ra, n c th lm tng lng cht dn truyn xung ng thn kinh, v tng t l hp th tia UV t nh sng mt tri, gip to ra vitamin D nui dng ln da. Tuy nhin, nu dng phenylalanine nhiu, c th dn n c hi,

nn cn hn ch. Phenylalanine c trong sa, hnh nhn, b, lc, cc ht vng 3. Lysine Nhim v quan trng nht ca loi axt amin ny l kh nng hp th canxi, gip cho xng chc khe, chng lo ha ct sng, duy tr trng thi cn bng nit c trong c th, do trnh c hin tng gin c v mt mi. Ngoi ra, lynsine cn c tc dng gip c th to ra cht khng th v iu tit hormone truyn ti thng tin. Ngun thc phm cha lynsine: Ph mai, khoai ty, sa, trng, tht , cc sn phm men. 4. Leucine Leucine tng i quan trng trong qu trnh iu chnh hm lng ng trong mu; nn s tt cho bnh nhn mc chng hyperglycemica, hoc nhng ngi mong mun t chy cht bo nhanh chng. Hn na, loi axt amin ny cn c chc nng duy tr lng hormone tng trng thc y qu trnh pht trin m c. Ngun thc phm cha leucine: u tng, u lng, lng trng, hnh nhn, c, lc, tm

5. Methionine Axt amin ny c bit cn thit cho nam gii nu mun pht trin c bp cun cun v n nhanh chng phn hy v t chy cht bo, ng thi tng thm lng testosterone sinh dc nam. Ngoi ra, menthinine h tr chng cha kit sc, vim khp v bnh gan.. Ngun thc phm cha methinnine: Tht, c, u ti, trng, u lng, hnh, sa chua, cc loi ht 6. Isoleucine Loi axt ny ng vai tr sng cn trong qu trnh phc hi sc khe sau qung thi gian luyn tp th dc th thao. ng thi n gip iu tit lng ng trong mu, h tr qu trnh hnh thnh hemoglobin v ng mu. Ngun thc phm cha isoleucine: Tht g, c, hnh nhn, ht iu, trng, gan, u lng v tht b. 7. Threonine Chc nng chnh ca threonine l h tr hnh thnh collagen v elastin - hai cht lin kt t bo trong c th. Ngoi ra, n rt tt cho hot ng gan, tng cng h min dch v thc y c th

hp th mnh cc dng cht. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi n chay cn phi cn nhc loi axt amin ny v n tn ti ch yu trong tht. V b sung threonine, bn c th n ph mt lm t sa gn kem, go tm, u ti, lc, ht iu. Th nhng hm lng amin ny trong cc ngun trn li rt thp, nn buc phi dng sinh t b sung. Ngun thc phm cha nhiu threonine nht: Tht, c, trng 8. Valine Loi axt amin ny cha lnh t bo c v hnh thnh t bo mi, ng thi gip cn bng nit cn thit. Ngoi ra, n cn phn hy ng glucoz c trong c th. Ngun thc phm cha valine: Sa, tht, ng cc, nm, u tng v lc Axt amin c tc dng iu ha protein h tr bn trong qu trnh n king v luyn tp th dc th thao. Do , bn cn hp th 8 loi lit k trn.

III.cng ngh sn xut mt s axit amin 1. Quy trnh axit Glutamic - sn xut m chnh

Trong cng ngh sn xut v ch bin thc phm hin nay, bt ngt (m chnh) l cht ph gia

c s dng kh rngri. hiu bit r hn v bt ngt, chng ta cng tm hiu nhngthng

v qui trnh cng ngh ang c s dng rng ri hin nay (nh ti cc cng ty bt ngt Ve cao sn xut ra bt ngt (mui glutamat natri). Corynebacterium Glutanicum 1.1 Nguyn liu: ln men sn xut axit glutamic, ngi ta dng nguyn liu ch yu l dch c ng, hoc r ng, hoc cc ngun nguyn liu tinh bt qua giai on ng ha. Khoai m l nguyn liu tinh bt c s dng nhiu nht hin nay. Ngoi ra cn c cc ngun dinh dng b sung nh mui amn, photphat, sulfat, biotin, vitamin B

Moto). Ngi ta p dng cng ngh vi sinh trc ht to ra axit Glutamic, sau dng N

Trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta dng r ng lm mi trng ln men thay cho cao bp. R ng thng pha long n 13 14% v thanh trng trc khi ln men. Nu l nguyn liu cha tinh bt, th tinh bt phi c thy phn (qu trnh dch ha v ung ha) nh enzym a -b- amylaza ri sau mi b sung thm dinh dng vo mi trng ln men. 2. Chng vi sinh: Tham gia vo qu trnh ln men sn xut axit glutamic, chng vi sinh thng s dng l: Corynebacterium Glutanicum, Brevibacterium Lactofermentus, Micrococus Glutamicus; nhng ch yu nht vn l chng Corynebacterium Glutamicum (loi vi khun ny c nh vi sinh vt Nht Bn Kinosita pht hin t 1956, c kh nng ln men t tinh bt, ng, khoai, khoai m to ra axit glutamic). Ging vi khun thun khit ny c ly t ng thch nghing ti cc c s gi ging, sau c cy truyn, nhn sinh khi trong mi trng lng (nh ni phn trn). Khi lng sinh khi uc nhn ln n yu cu ph hp cho quy trnh sn xut i tr. Trc khi nhn, cy, mi trng lng phi c thanh trng bng phng php Pasteur. Chng vi khun ging phi c kh nng to ra nhiu axit glutamic, tc sinh trng pht trin nhanh, c tnh n nh cao trong thi gian di, chu c nng axit cao, mi trng nui cy n gin, d p dng trong thc t sn xut. 3. K thut sn xut axit glutamic v bt ngt:

Bt ngt (cn gi l m chnh) l mt trong 20 axit amin cu to nn phn t protein c s dng nhiu trong thc t cuc sng v cng dng ca n. Axit glutamic sn xut bng phng php ln men vi khun, vi nguyn liu l ng. Qu trnh ny c xc tc nh h enzym c sn trong vi khun, chuyn ha qua nhiu giai on trung gian vi nhiu phn ng khc nhau to ra nhiu sn phm ph, v cui cng l sn phm axit glutamic. Thc cht ca qu trnh ny l ung uc chuyn ha (qu trnh ng phn theo Enbden Meyerhoff), ri sau thng qua chu trnh Krebs ca qu trnh h hp hiu kh ca vi khun, sn phm axit glutamic c hnh thnh. S hnh thnh axit glutamic ph thuc vo s tch t axit a-xtoglutaric trong t bo vi khun v s c mt ca NH3 v enzym xc tc l glutamat dehydrogenaza. Phng php ln men vi khun l phng php c s dng rng ri hin nay trn th gii sn xut axit glutamic v bt ngt. Hng nm, sn lng bt ngt c th gii sn xut theo phng php ny khong 25 30 vn tn. Vit Nam cng c nhiu nh my sn xut bt ngt bng phng php ln men nh VeDan, Ajino Moto, Vit Tr, Thin Hng sn xut bt ngt t axit glutamic bng phng php ln men, quy trnh cng ngh c trin khai theo cc giai on sau: Chun b dch ln men: Mi trng ln men c chun b sn t cc nguyn liu ng hoc tinh bt (nh nu phn trn) c thanh trng k trc khi cy vi khun ln men glutamic vo. Giai on ln men: dung dch nhn sinh khi vi khun, dung dch ln men c chuyn vo cc dng c, thit b ln men, sau

corynebacterium glutamicum vo, cho ln men trong iu kin thong kh, gi nhit 32 370C trong thi gian 38 40 gi. Kt thc qu trnh ln men, lng acid glutamic c th t 50 60g/ lt. Trong thi gian ln men, pH s chuyn dn sang acid do s hnh thnh acid glutamic do ngi ta thng b sung thm dinh dng vo mi trng ngun amn (NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, ur) gi n nh pH cho vi khun hot ng tt. Khng c iu kin ln men l ym kh v sn phm to ra s l acid lactic. to thong kh, trong cc thit b ln men b tr b phn khuy trn dch vi tc V = 450 vng/ pht. Tinh sch acid glutamic: Kt thc qu trnh ln men, acid glutamic c to thnh cng vi mt s tp cht khc, do cn phi tinh ch cc tp cht ny ra khi dung dch cha acid glutamic. Phng php thng dng l nha trao i rezin. Nha trao i rezin c hai loi: rezin dng tnh (mang tnh acid) v rezin m tnh (mang tnh kim). Dch ln men c cha acid glutamic v tp cht cho chy qua ct nha (c cha rezin) t di ln vi tc 150 180 lt/ pht, thi gian chy qua ct l 150 180 pht. Song song, ngi ta cho dng nc chy qua ct cng chiu vi dung dch ln men ra cc vi khun bm vo b mt rezin. Gi nhit trong ct trao i ion l 600 650C. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh trao i ion, dng NaOH 4 5% tch acid glutamic ra khi ct (tc chy NaOH l 5 6m/ gi, lu lng 100lt/ pht). Ngi ta c th s dng than hot tnh kh mu. Acid glutamic c thu bng cch iu chnh pH = 3,2 ri c c dung dch v gim nhit xung 40 150C s thu c tinh th acid glutamic vi lng 77 88% hoc cao hn.

S to thnh bt ngt: Bt ngt l mui natri ca axit glutamic, gi l glutamat natri. Dng NaOH 40 50% trung ha dung dch axit glutamic n pH = 6,8, sau em lc, c c, v kt tinh bng phng php sy chn khng nhit thp s thu c tinh th bt ngt mu trng. tinh khit ca bt ngt c th t 99 99,6% monoglutamat natri.

2.sn xut lysinysine