20

Additional
Mathematics
Project Work 2

Written by: ALVIN SOO CHUN KIT

I/C Num :
Angka Giliran:
School :
Date :

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Num.
1

Question
Part I
Part II
~ Question 1
~ Question 2 (a)
~ Question 2 (b)

2
~ Question 2 (c)
~ Question 3 (a)
~ Question 3 (b)
~ Question 3 (c)
3

Part III

Further Exploration

Page

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART I
Uses of Mathematics in Cake Baking and Decorating
Measurement of Ingredients
Calculation of Price and Estimated Cost
Estimation of Dimensions
Cake decorating is one of the sugar arts requiring mathematics that uses icing or
frosting and other edible decorative elements to make otherwise plain cakes more
visually interesting. Alternatively, cakes can be moul
moulded
ded and sculpted to resemble
three-dimensional
dimensional persons, places and things. In many areas of the world, decorated
cakes are often a focal point of a special celebration such as a birthday, graduation,
graduation
bridal shower, wedding,, or anniversary.
Calculation of Baking Times
Modification of Recipe according to scale

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART II
1 kg = 3800 cm3
h = 7 cm

1)

5 kg = 3800 x 5
= 19000 cm3
V = r2h
19000 = 3.142 x r2 x 7
r2 = 19000
3.142 x 7
r2 = 863.872
r = 29.392 cm
.

d = 2r
d = 58.783 cm
2) Maximum dimensions of cake:
d = 60.0 cm
h = 45.0 cm
a)
h/cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

d/cm
155.5262519
109.9736674
89.79312339
77.76312594
69.5534543
63.49332645
58.78339783
54.98683368
51.84208396
49.18171919
46.89292932
44.89656169
43.13522122
41.56613923
40.15670556

h/cm
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

d/cm
38.88156297
37.72065671
36.65788912
35.68016921
34.77672715
33.93861056
33.15830831
32.42946528
31.74666323
31.10525037
30.50120743
29.93104113
29.39169891
28.88049994
28.39507881

h/cm
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

d/cm
27.93333944
27.49341684
27.07364537
26.67253215
26.2887347
25.92104198
25.56835831
25.2296896
24.90413158
24.59085959
24.28911983
23.99822167
23.71753106
23.44646466
23.18448477

b) i) h < 7 cm , h > 45 cm
This is because any heights lower than 7 cm will result in the diameter of the cake
being too big to fit into the baking oven while any heights higher than 45 cm will
cause the cake being too tall to fit into the baking oven
b) ii) I would suggest the dimensions of the cake to be 29 cm in height and approximately
29 cm in diameter. This is because a cake with these dimensions is more
symmetrical and easier to decorate.

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

c) i)

h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

V
V
r
19000
d2
4
d2

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

= r2h
= 19000 cm3
= d/2
= 3.142 x (d/2)2 x h
=
19000
3.142 x (d2/4)
=
76000
3.142 x h
.

1/h
d^2
h
1/h
1.0000 24188.415 19 0.0526
0.5000 12094.208 20 0.0500
0.3333 8062.805 21 0.0476
0.2500 6047.104 22 0.0455
0.2000 4837.683 23 0.0435
0.1667 4031.403 24 0.0417
0.1429 3455.488 25 0.0400
0.1250 3023.552 26 0.0385
0.1111 2687.602 27 0.0370
0.1000 2418.842 28 0.0357
0.0909 2198.947 29 0.0345
0.0833 2015.701 30 0.0333
0.0769 1860.647 31 0.0323
0.0714 1727.744 32 0.0313
0.0667 1612.561 33 0.0303
0.0625 1511.776 34 0.0294
0.0588 1422.848 35 0.0286
0.0556 1343.801 36 0.0278

d^2
h
1/h
1273.074 37 0.0270
1209.421 38 0.0263
1151.829 39 0.0256
1099.473 40 0.0250
1051.670 41 0.0244
1007.851 42 0.0238
967.537 43 0.0233
930.324 44 0.0227
895.867 45 0.0222
863.872 46 0.0217
834.083 47 0.0213
806.281 48 0.0208
780.271 49 0.0204
755.888 50 0.0200
732.982 51 0.0196
711.424 52 0.0192
691.098 53 0.0189
671.900 54 0.0185

d^2
653.741
636.537
620.216
604.710
589.961
575.915
562.521
549.737
537.520
525.835
514.647
503.925
493.641
483.768
474.283
465.162
456.385
447.934

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

d2

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Question 2 (c) (ii) (a)

Question 2 (c) (ii) (b)

1
h

c) ii) a) When h = 10.5 cm, 1/h = 0.095

According to the graph, d2 = 2400 when 1/h = 0.095
Therefore, d = 49 cm
b) When d = 42 cm, d2 = 1764
According to the graph, 1/h = 0.065 when d2 = 1764
Therefore, h = 15.4 cm

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

3) a)

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

h = 29 cm
r = 14.44 cm
14.44 cm
29 cm

Diagram 1: Cake without Cream

1 cm

15.44 cm

1 cm
30 cm

Diagram 2: Cake with Cream

To calculate volume of cream used, the cream is symbolised as the larger cylinder and
the cake is symbolised as the smaller cylinder.
Vcream = 3.142 x 15.442 x 30 19000
= 22471 19000
= 3471 cm3

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

3) b) i) Square shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used

= 30 x 27.6 x 27.6 - 19000
= 22852.8 19000
= 3852.8 cm3
b) ii) Triangle shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used

= x 39.7 x 39.7 x 30 19000
= 23641.4 19000
= 4641.4 cm3
b) iii) Trapezium shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used

= x (28+42.5) x 22 x 30 - 19000
= 23265 19000
= 4265 cm3
* All estimations in the values are based on the assumption that the layer of cream is
uniformly thick at 1 cm
c) Based on the values I have obtained, the round shaped cake requires the least amount
of fresh cream (3471 cm3)

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART III
Method 1: By comparing values of height against volume of cream used
h/cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

volume of cream
used/cm3
19983.61
10546.04
7474.42
5987.37
5130.07
4585.13
4217.00
3958.20
3771.41
3634.38
3533.03
3458.02
3402.96
3363.28
3335.70
3317.73
3307.53

h/cm
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

volume of cream
used/cm3
3303.66
3304.98
3310.62
3319.86
3332.12
3346.94
3363.92
3382.74
3403.14
3424.89
3447.80
3471.71
3496.47
3521.98
3548.12
3574.81
3601.97

h/cm
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

volume of cream
used/cm3
3629.54
3657.46
3685.67
3714.13
3742.81
3771.67
3800.67
3829.79
3859.01
3888.30
3917.65
3947.04
3976.46
4005.88
4035.31
4064.72

According to the table above, the minimum volume of cream used is 3303.66 cm3 when h =
18cm.
When h = 18cm, r = 18.3 cm

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Method 2: Using differentiation

Assuming that the surface area of the cake is proportionate to the amount of fresh cream
needed to decorate the cake.*
Formula for surface area
= r2 + 2rh
h = 19000 / 3.142r2
Surface area in contact with cream
= r2 + 2r(19000 / 3.142r2)
= r2 + (38000/r)
The values, when plotted into a graph will from a minimum value that can be obtained
through differentiation.
dy = 0
dx
dy = 2r (38000/r2)
dx
0 = 2r (38000/r2)
0 = 6.284r3 38000
38000 = 6.284r3
6047.104 = r3
18.22 = r
When r = 18.22 cm, h = 18.22 cm
The dimensions of the cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate is
approximately 18.2 cm in height and 18.2 cm in radius.
I would bake a cake of such dimensions because the cake would not be too large for the
cutting or eating of said cake, and it would not be too big to bake in a conventional oven.
* The above conjecture is proven by the following
When r = 10,
~ the total surface area of the cake is 4114.2 cm2
~ the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 4381.2 cm3
~ the ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is 0.94
When r = 20,
~ the total surface area of the cake is 3156.8 cm2
~ the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 3308.5 cm3
~ the ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is 0.94
Therefore, the above conjecture is proven to be true.

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

FURTHER EXPLORATION

a) Volume of cake 1
= r2h
= 3.142 x 31 x 31 x 6
= 18116.772 cm3

Volume of cake 3
= r2h
= 3.142 x (0.9 x 0.9 x 31)2 x 6
= 3.142 x (25.11)2 x 6
= 11886.414 cm3

Volume of cake 2
= r2h
= 3.142 x (0.9 x 31)2 x 6
= 3.142 x (27.9)2 x 6
= 14676.585 cm3
Volume of cake 4
= r2h
= 3.142 x (0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 31)2 x 6
= 3.142 x (22.599)2 x 6
= 9627.995 cm3

The values 118116.772, 14676.585, 11886.414, 9627.995 form a number pattern.

The pattern formed is a geometrical progression.
This is proven by the fact that there is a common ratio between subsequent numbers, r = 0.81.
14676.585 = 0.81
18116.772
9627.995 = 0.81
11886.414

b) Sn = a(1-rn) = 18116.772 ( 1-0.8n)

1-r
1-0.8
15 kg = 57000 cm3
57000 > 18116.772(1-0.8n)
0.2
11400 > 18116.772(1-0.8n)
0.629 > 1-0.8n
-0.371 > - 0.8n
0.371 < 0.8n
log 0.371 < n log 0.8
log 0.371 < n
log 0.8
4.444
n=4

<n

11886.414 = 0.81
14676.585

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

Verification of answer
If n = 4
Total volume of 4 cakes
= 18116.772 cm3 + 14676.585 cm3 + 11886.414 cm3 + 9627.995 cm3
= 54307.766 cm3
Total mass of cakes
= 14.29 kg
If n = 5
Total volume of 5 cakes
= 18116.772 cm3 + 14676.585 cm3 + 11886.414 cm3 + 9627.995 cm3 + 7798.676 cm3
= 62106.442 cm3
Total mass of cakes
= 16.34 kg
Total mass of cakes must not exceed 15 kg.
Therefore, maximum number of cakes needed to be made = 4

2011

Alvin Soo Chun Kit

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Reflection
In the process of conducting this project, I have learnt that perseverance pays off, especially
when you obtain a just reward for all your hard work. For me, succeeding in completing this
project work has been reward enough. I have also learnt that mathematics is used everywhere
in daily life, from the most simple things like baking and decorating a cake, to designing and
building monuments.