VAI TR CA ATP TRONG HOT NG

CA T BO
MN: NNG LNG SINH HC

Gio vin hng dn: TS V Vn Ton Ngi thc hin: Hunh Th Bch Thy Lp : Cao hc Sinh Kha 9

NI DUNG

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chc nng ca ATP

S hnh thnh ATP Vai tr ca ATP trong hot ng ca t bo

Vai tr ca ATP trong trao i cht Vai tr ca ATP trong trao i cht qua mng t bo

Vai tr ca ATP trong co c

Bn loi phn ng ca ATP

ATP

Mt trong nhng hp cht cn bn ca s sng l ATP. N gi

vai tr ch cht trong hu nh tt c cc qu trnh chuyn ha nng lng ca mi hot ng sng.

Phn t ATP l mt nucleotid c to thnh t Adenin,

ng ribose v 3 phosphate PO4 nm thng hng vi nhau. Adenin gn vi ribose to thnh Adenosine. Adenosine gn vi mt phosphate gi l AMP (Adenosine-Mono-Phosphate), gn vi hai phosphate gi l ADP (Adenosine-Di-Phosphate) v gn vi ba phosphate gi l ATP (Adenosine-TriPhosphate).

Cu trc phn t ATP

Mt tnh cht quan trng ca phn t ATP l d bin i thun nghch gii phng hoc tch tr nng lng (hnh 2). Khi ATP thy gii n s to ra hai ADP v Pi - phosphate v c: enzyme ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + nng lng Nu ADP tip tc thy gii s thnh AMP. Ngc li ATP s c tng hp nn t ADP v Pi nu c nng lng cho phn ng: enzyme ADP + Pi + nng lng ATP + H2O

The adenine nucleotides AMP, ADP and ATP

CHC NNG CA ATP

Cc qu trnh TC kt hp rt cht ch, song

s oxy ha cc cht trao i b chi phi bi hm lng ADP. S din bin ca qu trnh ny ph thuc vo t l ATP c s dng to cng vt

l v cng ha hc.

S lin quan gia vic s dng ATP v oxy ha nguyn liu TC

metabolic fuels oxidized coenzymes reduced coenzymes mitochondrial electron transport chain O2

H2O

CO2

ATP ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

+ phosphate (adenosine triphosphate)

physical and chemical work

CHC NNG CA ATP

Cng to ra hoc nng lng s dng c chi phi bi t l nguyn liu c oxy ha v do s lng thc phm cn phi tiu th phi tng ng vi nng lng tiu dng. Chng ta u bit nguyn liu vt qu d tr glycogen trong gan v c s c tch tr trong cc m m.

Nhng s phn gii ATP n gin khng

ph thuc vo kt qu s dng.
Cc giai on trung gian trong phn ng ca ATP thnh ADP cng rt quan trng. ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (phosphate)

S HNH THNH ATP

m bo c vai tr chnh yu ca mnh trong trao i

cht, lng d tr ATP thng xuyn phi c hi phc. ATP c th theo nhng ng khc nhau:

Phn ng phosphoryl ha mc c cht: l phn ng

chuyn trc tip nhm phosphate t mt dn xut cao nng n ADP.

S HNH THNH ATP

COOH CH2 CH2 CH COOglutamate
OH O ATP ADP C CH2 CH2 CH COO-glutamyl phosphate NH3+ O P OH H3PO4 NH4+ O

NH4+

ADP, Pi ATP CONH2 CH2 overall reaction CH2 CH COOglutamine NH3+

NH3+

S HNH THNH ATP

Phn ng chuyn enol sang xeto ca phosphoenolpyruvat l phn

ng pht nng lng mnh do c th cp i (kt hp) vi

phn ng tng hp ATP. V d, phn ng chuyn nhm phosphate t phosphocreatin sang ADP l rt quan trng cho s co c.

Phn ng phosphoryl ha oxy ha: Phn ng oxy ha - kh sinh hc (cng nh phn ng quang hp) thng lm pht sinh ra mt gradient nng proton H+ 2 pha mng. Nng lng t do ca

qu trnh tiu tn gradient proton H+ ny c cp i vi phn

ng ATP, do mi c tn phosphoryl ha oxy ha.

S HNH THNH ATP

Phn ng hnh thnh ATP bi adenylatkinaza: Do ct nhm pirophosphat lm pht sinh ra AMP. Enzyme adenylatkinaza s xc tc phn ng: AMP + ATP 2 ADP

Tip ADP li c phosphoryl ha bng phn ng m t trn.

VAI TR CA ATP TRONG TRAO I CHT CA T BO

Nh bit, adenosinetriphosphate l mt cht ch bin v vn chuyn nng lng. N c to thnh trong qu trnh phn gii cc cht khc nhau nh oxy ha cc cht trong ty th, ng phn v ln men, quang hp dip lc ca thc vt xanh v cc qu trnh vn chuyn ion vi khun,Ngc li, ATP cng l cht cung cp nng lng cho cc qu trnh tng hp ca c th sinh vt. l cc phn ng gn lin vi phn gii phn t ATP, cng co c, sinh tng hp cc cht protein, axit nucleiccng

nh sn sinh v duy tr tnh phn b khng u cc cht gia t bo vi mi trng xung quanh.

VAI TR CA ATP TRONG TRAO I CHT CA T BO

Trong cc phn trc cho thy: s thay i nng lng t do

m, khi thy phn nhm phosphate tn cng ca ATP ln hn khi thy phn lin kt esterphosphate. V d khi thy phn phosphate tn cng ca ATP nng lng gii phng vo khong G0 = -32,7 kJ/mol, cn thy phn lin kt esterphosphate ca glucose-6-phosphate ch gii phng nng lng t do vo khong G0 = -12,6 kJ/mol.

VAI TR CA ATP TRONG TRAO I CHT CA T BO

Khc bit ny, do nng lng t do tch ly trong lin kt nng lng v lin kt cao nng khc nhau. a s, cc lin kt giu nng lng l cc lin kt phosphate c cu trc anhydride (ATP, ADP, acetylphosphate, aminoacetylphosphate, pirophosphate,..), c cu trc enolphosphate (phosphoenolpyruvat), v cu trc phosphoguanidinphosphate (creatinphosphate), cng nh thioester (v d acetyl-CoA) v S-adenosylmethionin (v d methinoin hot ng). Cn cc lin kt nhit lng th khi thy

phn, nhit nng gii phng nh hn -16 kJ/mol, thng l cc sn phm trung gian ca ng phn nh glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, glycerat-3-phosphate,

VAI TR CA ATP TRONG TRAO I CHT CA T BO

Nhng lin kt giu nng lng c th vn chuyn nhm cao, v d nh hai phn ng chuyn phosphate m t trn m c ATP l cht cho phosphate. Khi chuyn esterphosphate tn cng ca ATP ln glucose l cht nhn (to thnh esterphosphate vi th nng vn chuyn phosphate thp) lm gim nng lng t do v phn ng khng thun ngch. Cn chuyn phosphate t ATP n AMP hay t ATP n creatin dn n to thnh cc lin kt phosphate giu nng lng (ADP hoc A-R-P ~P hay creatin ~

P). Nh vy, cc phn ng ny xy ra gia cc lin kt c th nng vn chuyn nhm cao, ngha l khng thi nhit t do v xy ra thun nghch.

Cc qu trnh cung cp v tiu hao nng lng c th sinh vt

VAI TR CA ATP TRONG TRAO I CHT QUA MNG T BO

Ion H+ dch ngoi bo xm nhp vo t bo bi
cht mang protein ca mng, v kt hp vi ion OH- ca t bo lm gim gradien pH. Cht mang protein vn chuyn H+ qua mng t bo ng thi vn chuyn ion Na+ ra khi t bo.

S vn chuyn tch cc nh bm Na+, K+

VAI TR CA ATP TRONG TRAO I CHT QUA MNG T BO

Sau , ion Na+ xm nhp tr li t bo vi cc
cht khc nh ng v acid amin, hoc qu trnh thu nhn v o thi cc cht ca t bo. Tm li, y l c ch vn chuyn tch cc cc cht (c ch ng vn chuyn )

S vn chuyn tch cc do bm H+

VAI TR CA ATP TRONG CO C

myosin ATPase in myosin light chains

the arrangement of myosin in myofibrils

BN LOI PHN NG CA ATP

Trong phn t ATP c hai lin kt cao nng (hai lin kt phosphoanhydrid) v c kh nng tham gia vo cc phn ng chuyn nhm. ATP c th tham gia vo cc phn ng khc nhau, chuyn nng lng cho phn t khc v np cho phn t y nng lng cn thit thc hin cc phn ng tip theo. Ty thuc vo lin kt no trong s cc lin kt cao nng ca ATP b t m phn ng c th xy ra:

Chuyn nhm phosphate cui v to ra ADP. Chuyn hai nhm phosphate cui v to ra AMP. Chuyn AMP v thi ra pirophosphate. Chuyn adenosine v to ra pirophosphate t hai nhm phosphate cui v phosphate v c t nhm phosphate th ba ca ATP.

BN LOI PHN NG CA ATP

Phn ng loi mt (a) thng hay xy ra nht. Nu nhm

phosphate cui c chuyn ti nc th phn ng s dn n thy phn nhm phosphate cui y. Qu trnh chuyn nhm phosphate ti nc l phn ng pht nhit do thng c cp i vi phn ng thu nhit. Nhm phosphate cui ny c th chuyn t ATP sang nhm hydroxyl, sang nhm cacboxyl hoc sang nhm amid. Cht xc tc ca tt c phn ng chuyn ny l kinaza.

BN LOI PHN NG CA ATP

Phn ng thu nhit
Phn ng kt hp

Pi + glucose G-6-P + H2O

ATP + glucose ADP + G-6-P

G0 = 13,8 kJmol-1
G0 = -30,5 kJmol-1 G0 = -16,5 kJmol-1

Phn ng pht nhit ATP + H2O ADP + Pi

Thng trong cc qu trnh trao i cht, cc cht dinh dng s c chuyn ha thng qua bin i chng thnh dng phosphoryl ha. Nng lng t do gii phng ra khi thy phn ATP thnh ADP v phosphate v c c dng phosphoryl ha c cht.

BN LOI PHN NG CA ATP

Phn ng loi hai (b) chuyn nhm pirophosphate rt t gp so

vi phn ng loi mt.

Phn ng loi ba (c) chuyn AMP sang phn t khc v gii phng phosphate rt thng gp. Kt qu ca phn ng ny l

to thnh hp cht (R-AMP) c kh nng chuyn nhm. Loi phn ng ny xy ra khi hot ha cc axit amin chun b tng hp protein cng nh khi hot ha cc axit bo chun b tham gia trao i cht.

BN LOI PHN NG CA ATP

ATP cng oc s dng chuyn i gia cc nucleosidtriphosphate. Nh ta bit khi tng hp protein, axit nucleic, polysacarit, li cn nhng nucleosidtriphosphate khc vi ATP. Tt c nhng nucleosidtriphosphate ny u c tng hp t ATP v nucleosidtriphosphate tng ng (NDP).

BN LOI PHN NG CA ATP

Ni cch khc, nng lng t do ca ATP c th c s dng sinh tng hp ra cc nucleosid v cc desoxynucleosidtriphosphate khc nhau.