LI NI U

nc ta, trong nhng nm gn y chnh ph rt coi trng vic bo v

mi trng. ra cc gii php qun l ph thi th. Vi lng rc thi
pht sinh ngy cng nhiu ti cc th cng vic ny cng kh khn, trong
khi a im chn lp rc thi ngy cng t v tnh hnh th ho, dn s
tng nhanh. Nn cng nghip pht trin, kinh t dch v tng do lng rc
thi nguy hi cng tng. V l qun l cht thi th tr nn bc bch
khng th tr hon c.
Cng vi s pht trin chung ca c nc, Thi Nguyn v ang
phi i mt vi nhng thch thc v vn nhim mi trng. V vy t
nm 1994 sau khi nh nc ban hnh Lut Bo v mi trng, vi chc nng
thng nht qun l nh nc mi hot ng v bo v mi trng, UBND
tnh c quyt nh b xung v b tr cn b lm cng tc qun l mi
trng cho S Khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng thc hin tham mu v
trc tip t chc thc hin mt s ni dung ca Lut Mi trng ti a
phng.
Chnh v l Cng ty Qun l th Thi Nguyn c thnh lp
vi nhim v thu gom v x l rc thi, bo v mi trng thnh ph Thi
Nguyn ni ring vi ton tnh ni chung. T khi cng ty c thnh lp ti
nay, mi trng trong thnh ph c nhiu i thay, lng rc thu gom c
x l, vn nhim mi trng c ci thin.

LI CM N
Hai thng thc tp va qua c s gip ca cc c ch CBCNV
trong Cng ty v cc ngnh, ban c lin quan. Em hiu r, nm bt c
ngun gc pht sinh quy trnh thu gom cht thi rn, cc phng php v
cng ngh x l CTR th ca Cng ty qun l mi trng th Thi
Nguyn. Nm bt c h thng cc quy nh v qun l mi trng ca
Cng ty ni ring v qun l, bo v mi trng ca tnh Thi Nguyn ni
chung.
Nhn dp ny, em xin chn thnh by t lng cm n ti cc c, cc ch
CBCNV trong Cng ty v cc CBCNV trong ban, ngnh c lin quan tn
tnh gip em hon thnh tt t thc tp va qua. Em knh mong tip tc
c nhng kin ng gp ca cc c, ch CBCNV trong Cng ty, ca thy,
c gio dy d em bi bo co ca em c hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

CHNG I
IU KIN T NHIN V KINH T - X HI
CA THNH PH THI NGUYN
1. iu kin t nhin
1.1.1. V tr a l
Tnh Thi Nguyn nm pha Bc ca nc ta, tip gip vi th H
Ni v pha Nam ca tnh, pha Ty tip gip vi tnh Vnh Phc v tnh
Tuyn Quang, pha Bc tip gip vi tnh Bc Kn, pha ng tip gip vi
tnh Lng Sn, Bc Giang. Ton tnh c din tch 3.541 km2 v dn s hn
mt triu ngi, vi 8 dn tc anh em ch yu sinh sng l: Kinh, Ty,
Nng, Dao, Sn Du, Mng, Sn Chay v Hoa. Tnh Thi Nguyn c 09 n
v hnh chnh gm Thnh ph Thi Nguyn, th x Sng Cng v 07 huyn
th.
1.1.2. a hnh
Thi Nguyn c a hnh c trng l i ni vi v i dng bt p.
1.1.3. Kh hu, thi tit
Kh hu: Thi Nguyn c kh hu nhit i gi ma nng m, c chia
lm 4 ma r rt: xun - h - thu - ng. a hnh ch yu l i ni nn kh
hu ca tnh c nhng c im sau:
Nhit trung bnh nm t khong 23,60C (nm 2004). Trong nhit
trung bnh thp nht t khong 17,00C v nhit trung bnh cao nht t
khong 28,80C (thi gian thng 6).
Thi Nguyn l khu vc c m kh cao. Trung bnh nm t ti
82%. m trung bnh thp nht t 77% v ln nht t 88%.
Vi lng ma kh ln trung bnh nm 1800 2500mm, tuy nhin
lng ma phn b khng u trong khu vc tnh theo thi gian, khng gian.
Thi Nguyn c 2 con sng chnh chy qua a phn l sng Cu, sng
Cng v chu nh hng rt ln v ch thu vn ca 2 con sng ny.

Sng Cng: Bt ngun t vng ni Ba L huyn nh Ho chy dc

theo chn ni Tam o, nm trong vng c lng ma ln nht ca tnh.
Sng Cu: c dng chy chnh l sng Cu vi chiu di 290km, bt
ngun t ni Vn ri vo sng Thi Bnh Ph Li. Ch thu vn ca
cc sng trong khu vc c chia thnh 2 ma: ma l v ma kh. Ma l
bt u t thng 6 n thng 9, chim 7080% tng lu lng dng chy
trong nm. Ma kh bt u t thng 10 n thng 5 nm sau.
1.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi
Trc y v hin nay Thi Nguyn vn c chnh ph coi l trung
tm vn ho v kinh t ca cc dn tc cc tnh pha Bc. Trong 5 nm gn
y Thi Nguyn lun gi tc pht trin kinh t (GDP) bnh qun. Thi
Nguyn l trung tm o to ln th 3 trong c nc vi 5 trng i hc, 16
trng cao ng, THCN v dy ngh, c bnh vin a khoa khu vc.
1.2.1. Dn s
Dn s Thi Nguyn tnh n nm 2004 l 1.096.091 ngi, vi mt
trung bnh 312 ngi/km2. Tuy nhin dn s tp trung cao thnh ph Thi
Nguyn v th x Sng Cng. c trng ca thnh ph Thi Nguyn v th x
Sng Cng l th va l ni tp trung dn c va l khu sn xut cng
nghip, va l trung tm hnh chnh vn ho x hi v cng l u mi giao
thng vi cc tnh, thnh ph xung quanh.
Bng 1: Dn c th v nng thn ti cc huyn, thnh th

Thnh ph Thi Nguyn

232.440

Dn s
thnh th
164.894

Th x Sng Cng

44.509

22.761

21.748

Huyn nh Ho

89.444

6.011

83.433

Huyn V Nhai

62.623

1.426

59.179

Huyn Ph Lng

104.483

7.769

96.714

Huyn ng H

123.899

13.978

109.921

Tn thnh ph, huyn th

Tng s dn

Dn s
nng thn
67.546

Huyn i T

164.199

8.197

156.002

Huyn Ph Bnh

138.760

7.987

103.773

Huyn Ph Yn

135.634

13.035

122.599

1.2.2. C cu kinh t
Trong nhng nm qua (2000-2004), tc tng trng ca ngnh cng
nghip v xy dng tng nhanh. T trng ngnh cng nghip v xy dng
tng t 30% (2000) ln ti 375 (2004). Ngnh Nng lm nghip v thu sn
c mc gim t trng t 34% (2002) xung cn 27% (2004). Ngnh dch v
c tc tng trng tng ng vi tc tng trng chung, t trng
ngnh dch v nm 2000 l 36%, tuy nhin n nm 2002 gim xung cn
34% v tng ln 365 (2004). Nm 2000 GDP (bnh qun u ngi) 2,8 triu
ng n 2004 tng ln 4,7 triu ng, n 2005 l 5,2 triu dng. Nh vy
sau 5 nm bnh qun GDP tng 1,8 ln.
Biu 1: C cu kinh t ca Thi Nguyn t 2000-2004

C cu kinh t nm 2000

C cu kinh t nm 2001

0
Nng lm
nghip

30%

34%

Cng nghip &

XD

Nng lm
nghip

36%

31%

Dch v

36%

C cu kinh t nm 2002

Cng nghip &

XD
Dch v

33%

C cu kinh t nm 2003

0
Nng lm
nghip

31%

34%

Cng nghip &

XD

Nng lm
nghip

36%

27%

Dch v

35%

Cng nghip &

XD
Dch v

37%

C cu kinh t nm 2004

0
Nng lm
nghip

30%

34%

Cng nghip &

XD
Dch v

36%

Thi Nguyn c nhiu tim nng pht trin kinh t v x hi.

a) Tim nng v khong sn
Thi Nguyn c nhiu loi khong sn. Ti nguyn khong sn ca tnh
rt phong ph v chng loi (than , than m, qung st, titan,) tnh c tr
lng than ln ng th 2 trong c nc, than m c tr lng trn 15 triu
tn v than kong 90 triu tn, khong sn vt liu xy dng l tim nng
nguyn liu rt ln sn xut xi mng, sn xut p lt cc loi, sn xut
nguyn liu xy dng
b) Tim nng v nng lm nghip
c s u i ca thin nhin v kh hu v t ai, Thi Nguyn c
nhiu kh nng pht trin nng lm nghip. Din tch rng t nhin ca tnh
vo khong 102.190ha v rng trng c din tch hn 44.400ha.
c) Tim nng v du lch
Thi Nguyn c tim nng du lch ln nh: H Ni Cc, khu ATK
(nh Ho), cha Hang (ng H), Hang Phng Hong (V Nhai) tuy
nhin vn cha c pht trin mnh.
1.3. Hin trng mi trng thnh ph Thi Nguyn
T nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, Thi Nguyn c chn l ni
xy dng khu cng nghip sn xut gang thp, kim loi mu, ch to c kh,
ch bin lm sn, ng thi p ng nguyn liu cho sn xut, cng
nghip khai khong cng c hnh thnh vi quy m ln hn nh khai thc
qung st, ch, km, than , nhng cng ngh thit b cho sn xut v khai

thc ch bin khong sn u thuc loi c k v lc hu. Khi bc vo thi

k kinh t th trng, ngun ti nguyn khong sn v lm sn u c cc
thnh phn kinh t u t khai thc v ch bin ti ch bng phng php th
cng hoc cng ngh n gin lc hu. Vo nhng nm 90 nhiu l luyn
thic, ch, km, l gch, l vi th cng c xy dng trn mt bng t
nng nghip v khu dn c tp trung. Cng vi qu trnh th ho, dn s,
nh hng, khch sn thnh ph, th x, th trn tng rt nhanh. C th ni
cc hot ng kinh t x hi trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn trong thi gian
qua c nhng tc ng gy nh hng xu n ti nguyn v mi trng
tnh. n nay Thi Nguyn phi ng u vi nhiu kh khn tr ngi
t c s pht trin bn vng.
1.3.1. Hin trng mi trng nc
Theo s liu hin c Thi Nguyn c khong 3-4 t m3mt/nm v 1,5
2 t m3 nc di mt t (nc ngm)/1nm. Cc kt qu phn tch hin c
cng cho thy ngun nc mt ca Thi Nguyn c cha cht gy nhim
tng lc, tng khu vc n mc bo ng cht lng nc ngm c du
hiu b nhim.
a) Nc cp
Trong nhiu nm qua, nht l nhng nm gn y cc cp, cc t chc
doanh nghip, cng ng dn c quan tm n cng tc bo v mi trng
nht l mi trng nc. Hin nay Thi Nguyn xy dng hn 50 cng
trnh cp nc sch tp trung m bo cung cp nc sch cho hn 80% dn
s th v gn 50% i vi dn c nng thn. Ti th x Sng Cng c mt
nh my nc vi cng sut hn 5.000m3/ngy. Ring thnh ph Thi
Nguyn c hai nh my nc vi tng cng sut ln n 45.000m3/ngy.
Ngoi cc cng trnh cp nc tp trung, nhn dn t khai thc v qun l
nc ngm s dng. Tnh Thi Nguyn huy ng c nhiu ngun
vn u t xy dng nng cp mt s cng trnh trng im, o v khoan
gn 200 ging nc sch, ci to hn 13.100 ging nc sinh hot

b) Nc thi
Nc thi sinh hot: sng Cu v sng Cng cn l ni tp trung nc
thi ca dn c sng ven sng, th trn, th x v thnh ph. Vi lng nc
thi 70 lt/ngi/ngy (2004) th lng nc thi xung sng Cu v sng
Cng nh bng sau (bng 2).
Bng 2: Lng nc thi sinh hot v sng Cu, sng Cng
Tn

Tn th

sng

Thnh ph Thi Nguyn

Sng
Cu

Th trn H v Giang Tin (Ph

Dn s

Tng lng nc
thi (m3/ngy)

164.894

11.542,580

7.769

543,830

7.989

559,090

Lng)
Th trn c Sn (Ph Bnh)
Tng cng
Th x Sng Cng

12.645,400
22.716

1.513,270

Sng Th trn i T

8.197

573,790

Cng Th trn Ba Hng (Ph Yn)

13.035

913,710

Tng cng

2.000,770

Theo bo co hin trng mi trng 2002-2003 ca tnh, trong nc

thi sinh hot ti thnh ph Thi Nguyn nm 2002 c hm lng COD vt
TCVN: 5942-1995 ct B 1,3 3 ln, BOD5 vt 1,1 2,5 ln.
Nc thi cng nghip: sng Cu, sng Cng v mt s nhnh chy vo
hai sng ny, hin nay vn l ni x nc thi cha qua x l hoc x l s
b ca mt s c s sn xut cng nghip nh Cng ty gang thp Thi
Nguyn, Cng ty luyn kim mu, Cng ty nng sn Ph Lng, Nh my bia
Vicoba, nh my tm lp Aming, nh my giy Hong Vn Th, Cng ty
Diezen sng Cng, X nghip ch i T, Trong nc thi ca cc c s
sn xut ny c cha mt s cht gy nhim ngun nc nh nc thi ca
Cng ty gang thp Thi Nguyn c nng BOD, NH4, SO2, Zn, Cn, Phenol,

du m u vt tiu chun cho php. Nc thi ca Cng ty Luyn kim

mu c cha As, CN, Fe, Phenol v khu cng nghip sng Cng trong nc
thi c cha BOD, COD, CN, phenol, suyfua. Nc thi ca nh my giy
Hong Vn Th ang l ngun gy nhim nghim trng cho nc sng Cu,
c th c th hin trong bng 3.
Bng 3: Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my vt tiu chun cho
php ti tnh Thi Nguyn
Nm 2003

Thi gian
Tn nh my

Cng ty Gang
thp

Ma kh

kim Mu

Khu cng nghip

Sng Cng

Ma ma

Ma Kh

Ma ma

Ch tiu

Kt qu

Ch tiu

Kt qu

Ch tiu

Kt qu

Ch tiu

Kt qu

NH4

2,43

BOD

64,5

TSS

12,6

TSS

145

Zn

2,77

Mn

1,03

Phenol

2,92

Phenol

0,29

NH4

5,20

CN

0,63

CN

0,14

Coli

19000

Sunfua

0,50

Sunfua

4,46

Du

3,85

Thi Nguyn

Cng ty luyn

Nm 2004

Pb

0,50

Mn

2,97

PH

9,10

Fe

8,32

NH4

1,43

NH4

1,77

TSS

126

TSS

153

AS

0,52

AS

0,34

Phenol

2,92

NH4

2,24

1,36

+4

0,14

Zn

3,19

NH4

Cf

Du

1,12

AS

0,16

Phenol

0,12

Sunfua

7,23

BOD

84,46

Mn

2,96

COD

314,70

TSS

105

NH4

6,02

NH4

1,77

BOD

165,54

NH4

4,72

TSS

105

AS

0,34

TSS

133,00

Sunfua

0,82

Phenol

0,15

Phenol

0,08

CN

0,12

NH4

5,63

Cf+4

0,18

COD

2186

COD

2224

PH

11,40

COD

200,33

BOD

1238

BOD

910

COD

321,33

BOD

135,10

Fe

5,00

NH4

33,6

BOD

297,30

Phenol

0,11

Nh my giy

Coli

13000

TSS

158

TSS

136,00

TSS

319

Hong Vn Th

TSS

269

Phenol

0,58

NH4

1,97

Phenol

0,32

NH4

3,86

Cf

0,14

CN

0,12

Mn

1,29

Clo d

2,85

CN

0,12

Nh my tm lp

COD

102

BOD
AS

TSS

130

Sunfua

1,28

PH

12,80

PH

12,10

57,43

TSS

1208

TSS

333,00

0,14

NH4

1,57

NH4

1,68

Cf

0,14

Sunfua

5,10

1.3.2. Hin trng mi trng khng kh tnh Thi Nguyn

Theo s liu kho st ca trung tm k thut mi trng th v khu
cng nghip nm 2000 cho thy mt s on ng trong thnh ph Thi
Nguyn nng cc cht C0, CO2, N02 n di tiu chun cho php, c th
trong bng 4.
Bng 4: Nng bi v cc kh c ti mt s on ng trong
thnh ph Thi Nguyn (2000).
CO

SO2

(mg/m3)

(mg/m3)

2,831

0,036

0,032

0,0059

0,432

2,816

0,037

0,034

0,0060

0,401

ng CM T8

2,718

0,032

0,027

0,0056

0,392

Ng t ng Quang

4,405

0,052

0,034

0,0063

0,387

Qun Triu

3,577

0,036

0,043

0,0059

0,494

5,0

0,30

0,10

0,0050

0,20

im quan trc
Trc cng bnh

NO2

Pb

Bi

(mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3)

vi a khoa
ng Lng Ngc
Quyn - Qun Triu

TCVN5937-1995

Tuy nhin ring ch c nng bi l lng ti cc im quan trc vt

tiu chun cho php t 1,9 - 2,2 tn. Mt phn do nh hng ca cc hot
ng giao thng lu lng xe trn cc tuyn ng, trc ng chnh ti
thnh ph Thi Nguyn s lng xe con v xe khch u tng t 2000 - 2005,

c bit l lu lng xe my tng nhiu nhng u mi giao thng chnh

(ng ba M Bch, ng ba Bc Nam).
Bng 5: Lu lng xe trn cc tuyn ng
Loi xe

t ti

t con + xe khch

M t + xe my

Thi
gian

2000

2005

2000

2005

2000

2005

162

83

92

184

874

2160

26

30

24

18

536

677

116

63

86

197

636

1995

144

54

20

30

1510

1567

on ng
Ng

ba

Bch

(ng Lng Ngc

Quyn)
ng trn Gang Thp
(ng CMT8)
Ng ba Bc Nam
(Quc l 3)
Cu Gia By
(ng

Dng

Minh)

Trung bnh mi ngy mi h gia nh s dng khong 2 vin than t

ong un nu (bnh qun mi h gia nh c 5 ngi), lng than s vo
khong 300g/ngi/ngy cn cc nh hng n ung khch sn s dng t
10kg - 30kg/ng. Vi dn s nh hin nay v nu kinh t ang pht trin
mnh th lng than s dng hng ngy v ti lng kh thi c hi trong
mt ngy l tg i ln, c th c th hin trong bng 6.
Bng 6: Khi lng cc tc nhn gy nhim dng kh pht sinh
do un nu bng than
Lng
Lng
Tng
than s
than s
lng
dng
a im
dng cho than s
trong h
nh hng
dng
gia nh
(kg/ngy) (kg/ngy)
(kg/ngy)
Thi Nguyn 69.732
16.000
85.732

S02

N02C

CO

Bi

V0C

836,8

771,6

25,7

128,6

4,715

Th x

169.2

167,2

5,2

26,0

0,954

Sng Cng

13.352

4.000

17.353

Ti lng kh thi (kg/ngy)

Ghi ch:

Thnh ph Thi Nguyn: Dn s: 232.440

S nh hng khong 800
Th x Sng Cng: Dn s 44.509
S nh hng khong 200

Thi Nguyn c lng khong sn ln v phong ph v chng loi.

Thi Nguyn c nhiu im, m khai thc khong sn ang hot ng, nm
2003 cn trn 300 im v m, trong c nhiu im khai thc tri php ca
t nhn v c th, tnh trng ny din ra hu nh khp mi ni trong a bn
tnh, c bit l cc huyn ng H, i T, Ph Lng, V Nhai. Bi ca
cc m c thi vo khng kh khu vc xung quanh. Ti lng bi trong
khai thc mt s loi khong sn c trnh by trong bng 7.
Bng 7: Ti lng bi thi trong khai thc khong sn
Loi khong sn

Lng bi thi

S
m

2001

2002

2003

2004

Than

33740

32466

31867

42182

15

19570

24882

23618

44162

Qung cc loi

10

10477

16448

24169

19614

t st

1336

1410

2747

2792

1.3.3. Hin trng mi trng cht thi rn (CTR)

CTR l ton b cc loi vt cht c con ngi loi b trong cc hot
ng kinh t x hi ca mnh (bao gm cc hot ng sn xut, cc hot ng
sng v duy tr s tn ti ca cng ng.)
Lng cht thi to thnh i vi dn thnh th l khong 0,6
kg/ngi/ngy m, i vi dn c nng thn khong 0,4 kg/ngi/ngy.
Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngi mang tnh c th ca tng a
phng, mc sng vn minh ca dn c mi khu vc . Cn c vo s

lng cc c s kinh doanh ng k (2004), khu vc thnh ph, c tnh

lng rc thi ra hn 32 tn/ngy.
Rc thi ca cc c quan, cng s trng hc 6 tn/ ngy. Theo bo co
ca cng ty Gang thp Thi Nguyn khong t 60.000 - 70.000 tn CTR, vi
hn 50 nm hot ng .
Hin nay lng CTR ny c lu tr ti mt bi c tng din tch l:
230m2.
Rc thi xy dng c trng c khong 1.000 tn/ngy phn ln lng
CTR ny c thu gom v vn chuyn bi cc t nhn, lng rc cn li
c li cc khu t trng v trn cc da ng ca cc x.
Nhng ngun cht thi y t chnh vng th gm cc bnh vin,
phng khm, cc trung tm chuyn khoa ti thnh ph Thi Nguyn v th x
Sng Cng. Cc c s ny phn ln iu tr ni tr, l ni sn sinh ra nhiu
cht thi y t. Ngun cht thi y t vng cn th, vng nng thn gm cc
trung tm y t huyn, bnh vin phong v da liu, cc trm y t ca x
phng, th trn tt c u thi ra lng CTR mang tnh c hi cao v
lng rc thi sinh hot (bng 8).
Bng 8: Lng cht thi pht sinh ti cc bnh vin ca tnh Thi Nguyn
Tng lng cht thi

Cht thi y t nguy hi

(kg/ging bnh/ngy)

(kg/ging bnh/ngy)

0,90

0,14

Bnh vin tnh (BVA)

0,86

0,12

Bnh vin tuyn huyn

0,6

0,10

Tuyn bnh vin

Bnh vin KT Thi
Nguyn

1.4. Hng pht trin trong tng lai ca thnh ph Thi Nguyn
Thi Nguyn ang phn u chuyn dch c cu kinh t t c cu
"Nng nghip - cng nghip - dch v" chuyn sang c cu kinh t "cng
nghip - dch v nng nghip" vo nm 2010.

Tnh Thi Nguyn quy hoch phng hng pht trin mt s ngnh
mi nhn nh sau:
a. Phng hng pht trin ngnh Nng lm nghip n nm 2010
Tip tc y mnh s chuyn i c cu trong ngnh Nng nghip
thng qua cc chng trnh trng im ca ngnh.
Thc y pht trin ch bin lm sn.. c bit l cng nghip ch bin
v xut khu ch, hoa qu v sn phm chn nui.
b. Phng hng pht trin ngnh cng nghip n nm 2010
Vi khu cng nghip gang thp hnh thnh t trc y, cng ty
Gang thp Thi Nguyn l n v sn xut thp t qung st. Nm 2001 cng
ty c u t chiu su cho pht trin v hin nay ang tip tc t m
rng nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm
c. Phng hng pht trin ngnh du lch

CHNG II
S LC V HOT NG
CA CNG TY QUN L TH THI NGUYN

2.1.Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca cng ty

2.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh
Cng ty thnh lp ngy 23 thng 8 nm 1989 trn c s cng ty phc
v cng cng. n ngy 21 thng 7 nm 1997 c UBND tnh Thi Nguyn
quyt nh thnh lp doanh nghip Nh nc hot ng cng ch cng ty qun
l th Thi Nguyn. Ngy 18 thng 10 nm 2005 chuyn thnh cng ty
TNHH mt thnh vin mi trng v qun l th Thi Nguyn.
2.1.2. Qu trnh pht trin
Tr s vn phng cng ty cch trung tm thnh ph 2km v pha ng
nam.Trn ng CMT8 - S 302 vi din tch s dng 300m2.
Cng ty tin hnh thu gom cht thi rn th thuc khu vc thnh ph
Thi Nguyn vi tng CBCNV l 278 ngi (2002). n nay cng ty m
rng a bn thu gom cht thi rn, xy dng bi chn lp cht thi, vn
chuyn v x l cht thi y t nguy hi bng phng php t (l bo n).
n nay (2005) nng tng s CBCNV ln ti 349 ngi
2.1.3. C cu t chc ca cng ty
Cng ty gm 03 phng nghip v v 10 i sn xut trc thuc, trong
c 05 i v sinh mi trng, 01 i xe gm 47 xe t cc loi, 1 i
thot nc, 0 i in, 1 i qun l v duy tu cng vin v cy xanh th ,
1 i bo v.

2.1.3.1. S b my qun l ca cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn

Ban gim c

Phng TC-HC

Phng khoa hc
k thut

Phng Ti chnh
k ton

5 i

xe

in

thot

cy

bo

v sinh

nc

xanh

mi
trng

Gim c l ngi c cp trn b nhim, i din hp php l ngi

chu trch nhim v kt qu sn xut kinh doanh v lm ngha v vi Nh
nc theo ng php lut v ngh quyt ca i hi cng nhn vin chc.
Ph gim c l ngi gip gim c ph trch kinh doanh m bo k
hoch v tin .
Phng t chc hnh chnh l ni tip nhn nhng cng vn gi i v
gi n, chm lo mi iu kin cn thit phc v cho qu trnh hot ng ca
b my qun l doanh nghip trng coi bo v ti sn, tip khch, i sng
vt cht, tinh thn cho CBCNV trong cng ty, b tr sp xp lao ng v s
lng, cht lng xc nh bin ch trong cc phng ban, gii quyt ch
ngh hu, ngh mt sc v cc ch khc.
Phng khoa hc k thut; xy dng cc ch tiu kinh t k thut, kim
tra qu trnh thc hin k hoch sn xut lp k hoch sn xut cho tng
thng, tng qu, tng nm v sn xut kinh doanh, sa cha v u t thit b

my mc. iu hnh cho cc loi phng tin phc v cng tc v sinh mi

trng v dch v khc mt cch kp thi.
Phng ti chnh k ton: phn nh chnh xc cc loi vn, ti sn cng
ty hin c, hch ton chi ph sn xut ng ch , php lnh k ton, theo di
kim tra, kim sot cc hot ng gip gim c lm trn ngha v vi ngn
sch Nh nc, gip gim c hch ton tr lng trong cng ty ng ch .
Hnh 1: S mt bng ca cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn

Phng k
thut

Garat
Phng ban
gim c

Phng hnh
chnh

Cng ph
Cng chnh

Va h

Va h

hng i vo trung tm T.P

2.1.3.2. Chc nng, nhim v ca tng phng ban (i)

i v sinh mi trng: c nhim v thu gom rc thi trn cc trc
ng trong thnh ph, thu gom rc ti cc c quan, nh my, x nghip, nh
hng, khch sn, trng hc, bnh vin, cng s v cc h dn trong khu vc
thnh phi.

i in: c nhim v qun l v khai thc h thng in chiu sng,

in trang tr khu vc cng cng.
i cy xanh: c nhim v qun l v khai thc cng vin trng, chm
sc v bo v cy xanh trong thnh ph cc di phn cch trn quc l.
i thot nc: qun l h thng thot nc trong thnh ph.
i bo v: qun l ngha trang ngha a, dch v tang l hiu + h cc
cng trnh cng cng, va h, bin, trn ng ph, s nh.
i xe: vn chuyn cht thi, phc v dch v hiu h, tang l v cc
dch v cng cng khc.
2.1.4. S lc v thit b c th ca cng ty
Ton cng ty c 47 xe t cc loi vi nhng chc nng, nhim v
khc nhau, trong c 22 xe p rc, 23 xe phc v tang l, hiu, h, 01 xe i
bnh xch, 1 xe ht b pht.
a. Xe p rc:
Dng nn p rc vo thng
T im tp kt rc tr ti bi chn lp nh di.
nh

Qu trnh nn p rc vo thng xe nhm lm gim th tch rc, ng

thi tng din tch cha rc ca xe. Xe c th tr c khong 4 tm CTR.
b. My i bnh xch: l thit b c thit k c bit ph hp vi cng
vic i rc san lp mt bng. Quy nh an ton khi vn hnh my i bnh
xch l kim tra an ton ca xe, mc qun o bo h lao ng, s dng
gng tay,.. m bo an ton, tuyt i khng c ung ru, bia khi vn
hnh my mc.
c. Xe ht b pht: Dng ht bn cn cng rnh, h ga. Dng ng
dn t xe vo ht cht bn ln thng xe ri vn hnh ni x l. m bo
an ton, cng nhn phi kim tra an ton ca xe, mang y giy t c
lin quan (bng li xe, giy t iu ng xe ), phi i gng tay, ng cao
su
Xe phc v tang l, hiu h: xe dng chuyn ch ngi phc v
dch v tang l hay hiu h. Xe c cu to nh xe t khch xe 24 ch
ngi, 12 ch ngi v 4 ch ngi, m bo an ton, lun mang theo giy t cn
thit, thng xuyn ra xe cho sch s
2.5. Ni quy an ton lao ng c p dng ti cng ty
Cn c b lut lao ng nc CHXHCN Vit Nam
Cn c ngh nh s 06/CP ngy 20-1-1995 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi
tit mt s ca B lao ng v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. c c
s thc hin tt cc ch theo quy nh ca Nh nc v an ton lao ng,
v sinh lao ng cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn quy nh v ch trch
nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng c th nh sau:
2.5.1. Trch nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng

1. Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nheem thc hin ng lut lao

ng v ngh nh 06/CP ngy 20-1-1995 ca Chnh ph quy nh v an ton
lao ng, v sinh lao ng.
2. Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim
Trang b y dng c lao ng, phng tin lm vic cho ngi lao
ng theo ng qui nh ca Nh nc tng cng vic c th.
Trang b y bo h lao ng, v sinh lao ng cho ngi lao ng
theo ng qui nh ca Nh nc ban hnh.
3. m bo cc quyn li khc
T chc cho cn b cng nhn vin hc tp lut lao ng, Ngh nh
06/CP ngy 20-1-1995 ca Chnh ph v cc quy nh an ton lao ng, v
sinh lao ng ca Nh nc ban hnh.
Np bo him x hi, bo him y t cho ngi lao ng theo ng quy
nh, ch ca Nh nc.
T chc khm bnh nh k cho ngi lao ng
To iu kin cho ngi lao ng c hc tp nng cao trnh
chuyn mn nghip v.
2.5.2. Trch nhim ca ngi lao ng
1. Tham gia ngy, gi cng c cht lng theo ng ch , qui
nh ca Nh nc. Thc hin tt nhim v c phn cng.
2. Khi lm vic ngi lao ng phi tuyt i tuyn th cc tiu chun
k thut, quy phm an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng ca Nh nc quy
nh.
3. Ngi lao ng trong gi lm vic phi s dng y , ng trang
b dng c sn xut, trang b bo h lao ng do cng ty cung cp
4. Quy nh c th thm v cng tc an ton lao ng v v sinh lao
ng cho tng b phn cng tc
a. Cc i v sinh

Khi lm vic phi s dng ng, y trang b bo h lao ng do

cng ty cp theo tng khu vc lm vic s dng ng loi dng c lao ng
ca cng ty trang b.
b. i xe
Lun gi gn xe sch p, thng xuyn kim tra an ton ca xe,
m bo xe hot ng tt trong mi trng hp ga ra xe c qut dn
sch s. Khi xe ra khi cng ty phi tuyt i m bo an ton, y cc
giy t cn thit
c. i in: tun th cc quy nh v an ton in do Nh nc ban
hnh khi lm vic phi c y trang b an ton lao ng, lm vic trn cao
nht thit phi eo dy an ton.
d. Cng tc bo v
Khi lm vic phi mc y ng b trang phc bo v do cng ty
cp. m bo gi gn, bo v tt ti sn trong khu vc c giao trch nhim.
* Quy nh trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho ngi lao ng.
Cn c vo tnh hnh thc t lao ng ca cng ty quy nh trang b bo
h lao ng cho cng nhn trc tip sn xut.
1. Qut rc cng cng, san gt rc (i v sinh mi trng)
Qun o bo h lao ng, o phn quang, o ma, ng cao su, khu
trang, gang tay, nn, x phng
2. i in
Qun o bo h lao ng, o ma, m, ng cao su, gang tay cch in,
dy an ton.
3. i xe: (xe p rc, xe ht b pht, xe i bnh xch)
Qun o bo h lao ng, o ma, gang tay, khu trang, m nha, ng
cao su, x phng, chiu c nhn
4. i thot nc:
Qun o bo h lao ng, o ma, m nha, ng cao su, khu trang,
gang tay, x phng.

5. i cy xanh
Qun o bo h lao ng, o ma, m ct bi ph hiu, n pin, pin n,
giy vi.
2.6. Cc vn bn php lut v qun l mi trng
Trong qu trnh pht trin, nhng nm qua Thi Nguyn phi i
mt vi nhng thch thc ca suy thoi mi trng v nhim mi trng.
Do Thi Nguyn nhn thc rng lut bo v mi trng l c s php l
gii quyt mu thun gia pht trin v bo v mi trng. c th ho
cng tc qun l v bo v mi trng c cc vn bn sau:
- Quyt nh ca UBND tnh v vic thnh lp hi ng thm nh bo
co TM 1997)
- Quyt nh ca UBND tnh ban hnh bn quy ch tm thi v qun l
mi trng trn a bn tnh (1997)
- Quyt nh ca UBND tnh ban hnh bn quy ch qun l mi trng
trn a bn tnh (2002)
2.7. Hng pht trin ca cng ty trong tng lai
1. u t ci to, nng cp cc hng mc cng trnh ti BCL
Thay th ging thu v thot nc rc hin nay
Sa li lp lt v lp bo v chn lp hin nay
Sa li vch ngn nc ma
Xy dng phn vnh ai nghing ca bi ln cao 75m
Nng cp h thng x l nc lc
Xy dng cc ging quan trc nc ngm
Mua mi xe i
M rng din tch BCL
2. M rng a bn hot ng thu gom ca cng ty tng hiu sut thu
gom CTR.
3. Tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc ti ngi dn tham gia
v sinh mi trng, bo v mi trng.

4. T chc nhng bui v sinh mi trng cng cng.

5. Nng cao trnh chuyn mn cho CBCNV trong ton cng ty.

CHNG III
HOT NG THU GOM V PHNG PHP X L
CHT THI RN CA CNG TY
3.1. Hot ng thu gom cht thi rn
Theo quan im mi: CTR thnh ph (gi chung l rc thi thnh ph)
c nh ngha l vt cht m ngi to ra ban u vt b i trong khu vc
thnh ph ma khng i hi c bi thng cho s vt b v c x
hi nhn nhn nh mt th m thnh ph phi c trch nhim thu gom v tiu
thu.
3.1.1. Ngun gc pht sinh CTR
Cc ngun pht sinh ra CTR bao gm:
- T cc khu dn c (cht thi sinh hot)
- T cc trung tm thng mi
- T cc cng s, trng hc, cc cng trnh cng cng
- T cc dch v
- T cc hot ng cng nghip, nng lm nghip
- T cc hot ng xy dng
- T cc trm x l nc thi v t cc ng cng thot nc ca
thnh ph.
CTR c thi ra t cc hot ng khc nhau nn thnh phn ca
chng khc nhau, do CTR cng c phn loi theo nhiu cch. iu kin
sinh hot, iu kin thi tit, kh hu cc yu t x hi tp qun l nhng yu
t nh hng ti thnh phn ca CTR th.
Tuy nhin ti cng ty ch phn loi theo bn cht ngun to thnh v
theo mc nguy hi, c th nh sau:
a. Theo bn cht ngun to thnh:
Cht thi rn sinh hot: bao gm cc thnh phn nh kim loi, snh s,
thu tinh, t, , gch ngi v, cao su, cht do, thc phm d tha, qu hn

s dng, tre, g, xng ng vt, lng g, vt, vi, giy, rm, xc ng vt, v
rau c qu. Cc cht thi rn t ng ph ch yu l l cy, que, ci, nilon,
v bao gi
Cht thi rn cng nghip cc thnh phn cc ph thi t vt liu trong
qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, tro, x trong cc nh my nhit in cc ph
thi t nhin liu phc v cho sn xut; bao b ng gi sn phm..
Cht thi xy dng l cc ph thi nh t , gch ngi v, b tng v
hng, cc vt liu nh kim loi, cht do.
b. Theo mc nguy hi:
Cht thi nguy hi bao gm cc loi ha cht d gy phn ng c hi,
cht thi sinh hc d thi ra, cc cht d chy n, cc cht phng x, cc cht
thi nhim khun, ly lan cc cht thi c nguy c e do ti sc kho
con ngi ng vt v thc vt.
Tuy nhin cng ty ch thu gom v x l cht thi y t nguy hi. Cht
thi y t nguy hi c cha cc cht hoc hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh gy
nguy hi trc tip hoc tng tc vi cc cht khc gy nguy hi ti mi trng
v sc kho ca cng ng. Cc ngun pht sinh ra cht thi y t bao gm:
- Cc loi chi th, t chc m ct b trong phu thut
- Cc loi kim tim, ng tim
- Cc cht thi c cha cc cht c nng cao nh ch (pb), thu ngn
(Hg), Cadmi , Aksen (AS), xianua
- Cc cht thi phng x trong bnh vin
- Cc cht thi sinh hot t cc bnh nhn
Trong s cc cht thi ca thnh ph, ch c mt t l rt nh c th s
ch s dng ngay trong sn xut v tiu dng, cn phn ln phi hu b
hoc phi qua qu trnh ch bin phc tp mi c th s dng li lng cht
thi rn trong thnh ph ngy cng tng ln do tc ng ca nhiu nhn t
nh: s tng trng, pht trin ca sn xut, ca nn kinh t,s gia tng dn
s, s pht trin v trnh , tnh cht ca ngi tiu dng trong thnh ph
Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi v phn loi cht thi c trnh by
hnh 10

Hnh 2: S cc ngun pht sinh cht thi v phn loi cht thi.
Cc hot ng kinh t x hi ca con ngi

Cc qu trnh
sn xut

Cc qu trnh phi
sn xut

Hot ng sng
v ti sn sinh con
ngi

Cc hot ng
qun l

Cc hot ng
giao tip v i
ngoi

Cht thi

Dng lng

Bn ga
cng

Cht lng
du m

Dng kh

Dng rn

Cht thi
sinh hot

Cht thi
cng nghip

Cc loi
khc

Lng cht thi to thnh (pht sinh) c nh ngha l lng rc pht

sinh t nhng hot ng ca mt ngi trong mt ngy m, n v c tnh
l: kg/ngi/ngy m. Lng cht thi pht sinh trung bnh theo u ngi
mang tnh c th ca tng khu vc a phng v ph thuc vo mc sng,
tp qun ca dn c mi khu vc . Da trn s dn thnh th trong a
bn thu gom CTR ca cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn nm 2005 l
164.894 ngi, vi lng rc pht sinh trung bnh l 0,6kg/ngi/ngy m.
Do tng hp rc pht sinh ca 164.894 ngi trong mt ngy m khong
98,93 tn rc ( 165m3 rc).
n nay cng ty mi ch thu gom CTR t 60%, cn 40%, l do a
hnh v thc ca ngi dn vn cn km, em vt xung sng, h, vi
hn 98 tn rc thi pht sinh mt ngy m, cng ty thu gom v x l c
khong hn 58 tn CTR ( 97m3). Rc thu gom c tr trc tip ln BCL
bng xe p rc, hng ngy c 14 - 15 chuyn xe c tr ln BCL.
3.1.2. a im v thi gian thu gom
a im thu gom rc ch yu ca cng ty l trn nhng tuyn ng,
hai bn va h lng ng quc l, thu gom ti cc khu dn c tp chung cc
h gia nh, cc khu ch bin sn xut cng nghip, dch v nh hng, khch
sn, cng s, trng hc bnh vin (Bnh vin a khoa trung ng v bnh
vin A).
i vi cc trc ng chnh (ng quc l) cng nhn thu gom phi
qut dn trc 6h -> 6h30' sng sau mi i thu gom ti cc khu dn c x,
phng.
i vi cc im thng mi ln (ch trung tm thnh ph, ch ng
Quang) cng nhn qut dn, thu gom t 18h - 21h.
Cn cc im khc, cng nhn lm vic theo 2 ca sng v chiu:
Thi gian: sng t 7h - 11h
Chiu t 15h - 17h

3.1.3. Phng php thu gom

i vi cc tuyn ng, ph cng nhn y xe y ci tin bn phi
st l ng cng nhn dng chi c hoc chi tre qut rc thi trn va h
lng ng, gom rc thnh ng ri dng xng ht ln xe y ci tin. Ti cc
ng hm trong khu dn c, cng nhn y xe ci tin vo ng, g chung
ngi dn ra rc ln xe.
i vi cc cng s, trng hc, nh hng, khch sn cng nhn ch
vic thu gom rc thi x, st m nh hng, trng hc gom rc vo .
i vi rc thi bnh vin (Bnh vin A tnh Thi Nguyn, Bnh vin
a khoa trung ng Thi Nguyn) cng nhn ch vic n vn chuyn cht
thi n BCL x l.
Hnh 3: S gom CTR ca cng ty
Ngun pht sinh
cht thi

Thu gom

Bi tp kt
rc thi
Tiu hu (ti bi
chn lp)

3.1.4. Cc thit b s dng trong qu trnh thu gom

1. Chi: c 2 loi chi
Chi tre: dng qut rc khi tri ma, rc nng (, gch v) ni
a hnh g gh.
Chi c: dng qut rc va h, lng ng.
2. Xng: c dng ht rc ln xe y ci tin.

3. Xe y ci tin: Dng cha, tr rc thi t nhng ni thu gom ti

im tp kt rc thi trong thnh ph.
3.2. Phng php x l CTR ca cng ty
Lng rc thi sinh hot hng ngy thu gom c u khng c phn
loi, do vy lng rc thi ti ch v lng rc thi dng phn sinh
hc (com post) l khng c. Tuy nhin mt lng cht thi rt nh (v
hp, cht do, ba cattng, kim loi) c nhng ngi nht rc trn ng
ph, trong bi chn lp thu gom li v em bn cho ngi mua ph liu, ng
nt. Lng rc thi cn li c i v sinh mi trng ca cng ty qun l
th Thi Nguyn thu gom v c vn chuyn ti BCL bng xe p rc.
Lng cht thi y t nguy hi c thu gom ti 2 bnh vin (bnh vin
a khoa trung ng v bnh vin A Thi Nguyn). Lng rc 2 bnh vin
ny c cng nhn vn chuyn ring ln bi chn lp x l bng phng
php t. Cc bin php x l cht thi c th hin hnh sau (hnh 11).
Hnh 4: S cc bin php k thut trong x l CTR
ca Cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn
Thu gom cht thi

Vn chuyn cht thi

Bi chn lp

Phng php
chn lp

Phng php
t

a. Phng php chn lp

Rc thi thu gom c tr ti bi chn lp chm, s dng phng php
h cha chn lp c xy dng h thng thu gom v x l rc trc khi thi
ra ngun tip nhn, bi chn lp mi thuc x Tn Cng - TP Thi
Nguyn khng thu v x l kh thi (kh bi rc) rc c xung v phun
hn hp thuc vi sinh kh rui v mm bnh khc. Khong sau 6 thng
c lp t ph trn b mt dy khong 15 - 25 cm.
u im ca phng php ny l phng php n gin nht trong cc
phng php x l tiu hu CTR l phng php c p dng nhiu nht
trn th gii.
Nhc im: xy dng bi chn lp i hi kinh ph u t tng i
ln. X l tiu hu chm, chim nhiu din tch thu gom nc rc khng trit
, ng ng thu gom nc rc d b tc
b. Phng php t
Ch s dng t cht thi y t nguy hi
u im: X l trit cc ch tiu cng nghip ca cht thi. Phng
php ny cho php x l ton b cht thi th m khng tn nhiu din tch
t s dng lm bi chn lp.
Nhc im: vn hnh dy chuyn phc tp i hi nng lc, k thut
v tay ngh cao gi thnh u t ln, chi ph tiu hao nng lng cao.

CHNG 4
BI CHN LP CTR CA THNH PH THI NGUYN

4.1. Bi chn lp CTR (BCL CTR)

L khu vc c quy hoch hoc thit k, xy dng chn lp cc
cht thi pht sinh t cc khu dn c, cc th v cc khu cng nghip. Bi
chn lp CTR bao gm cc chn lp cht thi, vng m, cc cng trnh ph
tr khc nh: trm x l nc r rc, trm x l sinh hot, vn phng lm
vic
4.1.1. V tr a l bi chn lp CTR
Bi chn lp CTR (bi rc) Mi - Tn Cng nm trong vng thung
lng gia hai sn ni bao quanh to thnh nhng chn lp CTR. Bi rc
mi Tn Cng nm cch trung tm thnh ph Thi Nguyn 20km v pha
Ty nam ca thnh ph v cch khu dn c 3km thuc x Tn Cng thnh
ph Thi Nguyn.
Bi rc Mi c tng din tch 25ha, thi gian s dng khong t 18 22 nm bi rc mi (Tn Cng) c kho st nghin cu v xy dng
vo nm 2000 ca nhm chuyn gia xy dng Vit Nam (VCC). Bi rc
Mi thuc x Tn Cng thnh ph Thi Nguyn chia thnh nhng cha rc
c bao bc bi cc dy ni thuc vng ni cc. Bi rc c thit k
theo quy trnh bi chn lp hp v sinh. Thng 12 nm 2001, cha rc u
tin ca bi rc c a s dng, t n nay cha rc tip nhn v x l
ton b lng rc thu gom c ca cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn trn
a bn thnh ph Thi Nguyn. Trong nhng nm t 2001 - 2004 lng rc
thi c a n bi chn lp tng ng k, nm u tin(2001) lng rc
c a n bi trung bnh khong 70m3/ngy v n nm 2004 tng ln n
khong 160m3/ngy. D on trong nhng nm tip theo lng rc a n
chn lp khong 225m3. cha rc u tin c din tch sdl 2ha v d tnh
n khong nm 2007 - 2008 chn lp s y.

4.1.2. iu kin t nhin ti bi chn lp CTR

a cht ch yu l lp t , c bao quanh bi nhng dy ni
vi. Kh hu y lnh, kh v ma ng v c nhiu xng m, bc hi
nhiu. Ma h c ma nhiu, m cao.
Bi chn lp cch ngun nc mt (sng) hn 1km mch nc ngm
tng i su. Vi hng gi ng bc (ma lnh) v hng ng nam (ma
nng).
4.1.3. C s vt cht k thut
on ng vo bi chn lp c xy dng kin c di nha ti tn
chn lp v khu x l nc r rc t rc thi y t. H thng in chiu sng
c lp t quanh khu vc BCL, phng iu hnh ti BCL, khu x l nc
r rc, ni t cht thi y t. H thng cng thu nc r rc c xy dng
kin c ng k thut . H thng knh mng thu gom nc mt c xy
dng quanh chn lp nhm thu gom lng nc ma chy t i ni xung.
y chn lp c gia cng v ph ln b mt lp vi a k thut (vi
PVC) nhm chng thm nc r rc thit b phc b BCL c my i bnh
xch, thit b ny c thit k c bit san i rc, t . t hiu qu cao
trong vic lm ng, xy dng BCL. My i bnh xch di chuyn d trong
iu kin t ly, tuy nhin thit b ny khng c li cho vic m nn rc .
4.2. Cng ngh chn lp c s dng
Cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh c cc cp chnh quyn rt quan
tm. Tuy nhin a c cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh vo hot ng
ng tiu chun k thut l rt tn km. Do vy hin nay ti BCL CTR ca
tnh vn ch l dng phng php t (cht thi y t) dng phng php chn
lp (cht thi th).
4.3.1. Qu trnh vn hnh BCL
Bi rc mi Tn Cng l bi chn lp chm (thung lng sn c)
chn lp lng rc thi th thu gom c ca thnh ph. Rc thi s c

chn lp theo phng php h cha, rc bt u t cao ca thung lng

( cha rc) v kt thc ni thp trnh ng nc (hnh 5a v hnh 5b)
Hnh 5a. Bi chn lp chm
Mt t

Cc chn lp

Hnh 5b: Phng php h cha

ng xe vo

Rc c t xe p rc xung, cng nhn c nhim v phun thuc vi

sinh dit rui, trnh mm bnh pht sinh. Rc c sau 3 ngy th dng
my i bnh xch i lng rc xung phn thp hn. Lng rc c
y sau khong 6 thng th c ph mt lp t ln, trn b mt, t ph b
mt rc c tr t ni khc n.
Rc thi y t c vn chuyn ring ch ti BCL dng phng php
t x l t bng du, c iu khin bng in trong l t bo n. Mi
m t c khong 1 t n 1,2 t cht thi trong khong thi gian gn 3 gi
ng h, lng du t ht gn 66 lt. Mt m t cht thi thu c hn 3

kg tro. Lng tro ny c em i chn lp vo mt khu vc ring thuc

BCL. Nu lng cht thi y t nhiu th t 2 ln/tun nu lng cht thi ln
lm th cng ty tin hnh gom rc trong 2 tun ri t.
4.3.2. H thng x l nc r rc
Nc r rc (nc rc) l nc bn thm qua lp rc ca cc chn lp,
ko theo cc cht nhim t rc chy vo tng t di BCL. Thn phn
ca nc rc thay i theo cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh phn hu
sinh hc. Khi ta s dng lp chng thm, nc rc s c gi li trong
chn lp. Do phi xy dng h thng thu gom nc rc t y cc chn
lp cht thi.Nc rc c dn chy v ni x l. Trong y chn lp c
thit k cc ng thu gom nc rc, t y nc rc c chy v ng dn
chnh, chy ra ngoi thnh chn lp theo ng dn ti b cha. Ti y rc
c bm ln b x l (hnh 13).
Hnh 6: S qu trnh x l nc rc

ng dn nc rc

B cha nc
rc

Bi rc

Bm

B 1 B 2 B 3
B 4 B 5 B 6

ng dn

B VSV
ln 2 (k
kh)

BVSV ln 1
(hiu kh)
ng dn

B lng

Cho ho cht
(H202, fentn,
keo t pa)

B
tip xc

Ni tip nhn

Hnh 7: S mt bng BCL

Mng thu gom nc ma

B cha
nc rc

Khu x l
nc rc

B quan
trc
n
g vo

chn
lp

Khu vc
t rc y t

ng vo khu x l nc rc thi y t

mng dn ra sng

KT LUN

A. Nhn xt chung
Qua kt qu iu tra (trng iu hp) ca cc c quan, ban ngnh v
nhng vn mi trng ca Thi Nguyn v nhng hot ng qun l bo
v mi trng ca tnh v mi trng nc, khng kh, CTR c th rt ra mt
s nhn xt sau:
1. Trong nhiu nm qua, nht l nhng nm gn y Thi Nguyn phi
i mt vi nhng vn mi trng nh ngun nc mt b nhim, cht
lng nc ngm khng c m bo mi trng khng kh mt s khu
vc ca tnh ang c nguy c b nhim, rc thi sinh hot th CTR ca
cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip, bnh vin rng u ngun b khai thc qu
mc, tri php , din tch t nng nghip b thu hp
2. Ngun nc mt ca tnh v ang b nhim tng lc, tng ni,
c bit l nc sng cu.
3, Gy nhim ngun nc mt ch yu l cc hot ng khai thc
khong sn ch bin khong sn, sn xut cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot.
4. Theo nh kt qu phn tch ca ban ngnh c lin quan, mt s mu
nc ngm trong a bn tnh Thi Nguyn cho thy cht lng nc ngm
c du hiu b nhim. ng thi ang b tht thot do khai thc v s
dng tu tin ngun nc ngun ca cng ng dn c trn a bn tnh.
5. Mi trng khng kh trong ton tnh ni chung v ca cc khu sn
xut cng nghip, khai thc ch bin khong sn kim sot v vn ang
mc nhim nh.
Trong qu trnh thnh lp v pht trin cng ty t c nhng
thnh tch ng k, song bn cnh cn c nhng kh khn v thun li v
cng ty phi tri qua.
V thun li c s quan tm ca tnh u, UBND tnh, HND tnh,
UBND x phng v s phi hp cht ch c hiu qu ca cc S, ban ngnh

vi cng ty. Mt b phn ln nhn dn a phng c thc bo v mi

trng chung, i rc ng thi ni ng gi quy nh. Tp th CBCNV
trong cng ty on kt, yu ngh.
Mt kh khn: a hnh thnh ph Thi Nguyn khng bng phng lm
gy kh kn cho vic v sinh mi trng thc tham gia bo v mi trng
(VSMT) cn km ca mt s b phn dn c sinh sng trn a bn. Trong
tng lai cc thnh phn kinh t khc cng tham gia hot ng trong cng tc
dch v mi trng to nn s cnh tranh , c nhiu phc tp. Phng tin
chuyn dng phc v cng tc v sinh mi trng nh xe ch khc, xe p rc,
xe ch bn (xe ht b pht) xe phun nc cn thiu. i ng CBCNV nng
lc chuyn mn cha p ng c yu cu nhim v mi.
Bi chn lp c thit k theo tiu chun BCL hp v sinh, nhng khi
thi cng xy dng sai khc so vi bn thit k. Lng nc rc trong ma
ma khng c x l ht trong ma ma khng c x l ht nc
rc cng cha thu gom c trit .
B. xut kin
1. i i vi vic y mnh thc hin cc quy nh ca Nh nc, a
phng v qun l mi trng Thi Nguyn cn sm xy dng chnh sch v
mi trng nhm thu ht lc lng qun chng tham gia cng tc bo v mi
trng.
2. thc hin chin lc bo v mi trng nm 2001 - 2010, Thi
Nguyn cn tin hnh quy hoch v xy dng nhng k hoch di hn v
ngn hn v qun l v bo v mi trng nh thnh lp qy bo v mi
trng cp tnh, trin khai xy dng chng trnh thc hin ngh nh v thu
ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi.
3. gim thiu s nhim ngun nc mt v bo v ngun nc
ngm cn y mnh tin xy dng cc cng trn x l nc thi sinh hot,
nc thi cng nghip, nc thi bnh vin.

4. Nn tng cng nng lc qun l mi trng cho cc cp. Nng cao

nng lc tay ngh cho CBCNV cc cp, cc ngnh c lin quan.
5. M rng BCL v chn lp u tin s dng gn ht din tch l
2ha.
6. Thit k v thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh bo v mi trng phi
ng tiu chun hp v sinh.
7. Cng ty cn m rng a bn thu gom trnh tnh trng vt rc ba
bi xung sng, h, l ng.
8. Cn xy dng h thng x l nc thi rc sao cho thu v x l c
ton b lng nc rc to ra qua x l phi m bo tiu chun thi.
9. y mnh hn na cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc v bo v mi
trng. a b mn gio dc v bo v mi trng vo h thng gio dc
dy v hc.
10. Cng ty cn nghin cu ng dng phng php thu gom hp l
hn v phng php x l rc thi em li li ch kinh t cho cng ty.
Phn loi rc ngay ti ngun pht sinh, ti bi tp kt hay c ti BCL
c lng rc ti ch, lng rc phn vi sinh (compost)
t cc thng rc trn cc tuyn ng, tuyn ph, cng trng hc,
bnh vin ngi dn khng vt rc ba bi ra ng nhm thu gom t
hiu qu hn.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Lut bo v mi trng - Nh xut bn chnh tr quc gia - thng 9

nm 2004.
2. Ngh nh s 175 - CP ngy 18 - 10 - 1994 ca Chnh ph - Nh xut
bn chnh tr quc gia - Thng 9 - nm 2004
3. Bo co tng quan hin trng mi trng Thi Nguyn - thng 6 nm
2005.
4. Ti liu hng dn thc hnh qun l cht thi y t - Nh xut bn y
hc - H Ni 2000.
5. Chuyn qun l bi chn lp rc thi th - Trng i hc xy
dng H Ni - TS. Nguyn Th Kim Thi.

PH LC
Ph lc 1
Hm lng cc cht nhim ngun nc tnh Thi Nguyn
Bng 1: Hm lng cc cht nhim nc sng Cu vt TCCP5942: 1995
a im

Vn Lng

Vt TC

Thi gian

2000
2001

Ho Bnh

Sn Cm

Cu Gia By
A

NO2

Cu My
A

NO2

NO2

Coli

NO2

Coli

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

Coli

2002
-

TSS

Hg

Mn

As

TSS

Hg

Phenol

Ma
kh

Mn

Ma

TSS

Hg

TSS

AS

TSS

Phenol Phenol

Mn

Hg

AS

He

AS

TSS

Pb

Hg

TSS

Pb

Du

Phenol

TSS

Hg

Coli

Mn

Du HCB

Du

TSS

TSS

ma

Coli

Hg

2003

Du

VTV
HC

2004

Ma

Du

Du

kh

TSS

TSS

Ma TSS Du
ma Mn

Mn

Coli

TSS

AS

TSS

TSS

NO2

TSS

TSS

Mn

NO2

Mn

NO2

Mn

Du

Ngoi pH, BOD, COD, Colifom, trong nc sng Cu cn mt s cht

gy nhim vi hm lng kh cao. Mu nc trong cc nm 2000-2002 u

thy xut hin NO2 vi hm lng vt TCCP 5942:1995. TSS cng u c

mt trong cc mu nc phn tch vo ma ma, ma kh ca nm 20032004 v vt TCCP 5942: 1995 ct A hoc B. c bit AS xut hin trong
mu nc ly ti Ho Bnh vo ma kh cng nh ma ma nm 2003 v ti
cu Gia By vo ma kh nm 2004 vi hm lng vt TCCP 5942: 1995
ct A hoc B. Hg c trong mu nc dc sng Cu vo ma kh 2003 cao
hn TCVN 5942: 1995 ct B. C th kt lun rng y l nc thi t khu
vc khai thc vng.
Hm lng cc cht gy nhim trong nc sng Cng c xu th thp
hn trong nc sng Cu. Cc cht TSS, BOD, COD ch cao hn TCVN
5942:1995. Ct A cha t n TCVN 5942: 1995 ct B. Nhng NO2, Hg li
rt cao nh mu nc Namao, cu Huy Ngc, ca x H Ni Cc, th x
Sng Cng, Cu a Phc tt c u cao hn TCVN 5942:1995 ct B. Hm
lng Hg nm 2003 cao hn TCVN:1995, ct B vo ma kh v vt
TCVN5942:1995 ct A vo ma ma. Nc sng Cng ti a Phc c cha
du v phenol vt TCVN 5942:1995. Ct B cn ti th x sng Cng v
Namao u vt TCVN5942:1995 ct A. Hm lng Colifom trong nc
sng Cng u rt thp (bng 2).

Bng 2: Hm lng cht nhim nc sng Cng vt TCCP 5942:1995

a im

Na Mao

Vt TC

Cu Huy

Ca x H

Th x Sng

Ngc

Ni Cc

Cng

Cu a Phc

2000

NO2

NO2

NO2

Fe

2001

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

2002

Mn

Mn

Mn

Mn

Mn

Hg

Zn

Hg

TSS

Hg

Mg

Pb

TSS

Phenol

Pb

AS

Zn

Thi gian

AS
Phenol
Ma

Hg

TSS

TSS

kh

Hg

2003

Du
Phenol
Ma
ma

TSS

TSS

Mn

Hg

Coli

TSS

Coli

Hg

TSS

TSS

Du

Hg
Mn

2004

Ma

TSS TSS

TSS

Mn

kh
Ma

TSS

TSS

ma

Mn

Mn

Bo co cui nm 2004 ca mt s trung tm y t huyn thnh th cho

thy tc ng ca ngun nc n sc kho con ngi. Nht l bnh tiu
chy, rt nhy cm vi ngun nc b nhim (bng 3).
Bng 3: Bnh tiu chy nm 2004 mt s huyn thnh th
Huyn, thnh th

Dn s

T l mc bnh (%)

Thnh ph Thi Nguyn

232.440

0,50

Th x Sng Cng

44.509

0,36

Ph Yn

135.634

0,38

Ph Bnh

138.760

1,80

ng H

123.899

0,67

Ph Lng

104.483

0,26

S liu trn cho thy t l mc bnh tiu chy ti huyn Ph Bnh l

cao hn hn cc khu vc khc (1,8%), sau n huyn ng H, c hai
huyn ny u c dn c sinh sng ven sng Cu, hng ngy h vn phi
dng nc sng sinh hot.
Ph lc 2
nh hng ca nhim khng kh n sc kho ca con ngi
Theo bo co ca Trung tm y t d phng ca cc huyn thnh th v
bnh phi v ph qun nm 2004 nh sau (bng 4):
Bng 4: T l mc bnh ng h hp
Huyn, thnh, th

Dn s

T l mc bnh (%)

Thnh ph Thi Nguyn

232.440

2,23

Th x Sng Cng

44.509

1,99

Ph Lng

104.483

1,39

ng H

123.899

3,08

Ph Bnh

138.760

Ph Yn

135.634

2,16

S liu trong bng cho thy ng H l huyn c t l mc bnh ng

h hp cao nht chim 3,08 dn s. Sau n thnh ph Thi Nguyn
(2,24). iu ny d hiu v trn a bn huyn ng H c 2 nh my xi
mng l ng, 10 m khai thc v mt s l gch th cng nm ri rc gn
khu dn c, thnh ph Thi Nguyn c nhiu nh my thi ra kh thi lm
nhim khng kh.

Ph lc 3: Cht thi rn
Bng 1: Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngi
i vi tng loi CTR th
Ngun

Tiu chun (Kg/ngi/ngy m)

Khong gi tr

Trung bnh

1-3

1,59

Cng nghip

0,5 - 1,6

0,86

Vt liu ph thi b tho d

0,05 - 0,4

0,27

Ngun thi sinh hot khc (2)

0,05 - 0,3

0,18

Sinh hot th (1)

Ghi ch: (1) K c nh v trung tm dch v thng mi

(2) Khng k nc v nc thi

Bng 2: Thnh phn CTR thnh ph Thi Nguyn nm 2004

n v

Thnh phn CTR

T l

Cht hu c

48

Cht tr

31

T l cht tr c th t v rc y t

11

Thnh phn ti ch

10

T trng

tn/m3

0,5

Bng 3: nh ngha cc thnh phn l hc ca cht thi

nh ngha

Thnh phn

Th d

1. Cc cht chy c
a) Giy

Cc vt liu lm t giy bt Cc mnh ba, giy v

giy

sinh

b) Hng dt

C ngun gc t cc si

Vi, len, nylon

c) Hng dt

Cc cht thi ra t n Cc cng rau, v qu, li

thc phm

d) C, g ci, rm r

ng, thn cy mm,

Cc vt liu v sn phm dng bng g, tre,

c ch to t g, tre, rm bn gh, thang ging,

e) Cht do

Cc sn phm, vt liu c Ti cht do, chai l

ch to t cht do

f) Da v cao su

bng cht do,

Cc vt liu v sn phm Bng, giy, v, bng, cao

c ch to t da v cao su su,

2. Cc cht khng
chy
g) Cc kim loi

Cc vt liu v sn phm V hp, dy in, dao,

c ch to t st m d b np l, inh,
nam chm ht

h) Cc kim loi phi st Cc loi vt liu, sn phm V hp nhm, giy, bao

khng b nam chm ht
i) Thu tinh

Cc vt liu, sn phm c Chai l, ng bng

ch to t thu tinh

j) , snh s

gi,
thu tinh, bng n,

Cc loi vt liu khng chy V, c, trai, xng, gch,

khc ngoi kim loi v thu , gm, bt,
tinh

3. Cc cht hn hp

Tt c cc loi vt liu khc , ct, si, t, tc,

khng phn loi bng ny.
c thnh 2 loi:
loi d > 5mm

loi d < 5mm

Ph lc 4
T liu nh
ng Cch mng thng 8 thnh ph Thi Nguyn

Trung tm thng mi thnh ph Thi Nguyn

MC LC
Li ni u ....................................................................................................... 1
Li cm n ....................................................................................................... 2
Chng I: iu kin t nhin v kinh t - x hi ca thnh ph Thi
Nguyn .............................................................................................................. 3
1. iu kin t nhin ..................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. V tr a l ...................................................................................... 3
1.1.2. a hnh ........................................................................................... 3
1.1.3. Kh hu, thi tit.............................................................................. 3
1.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi ....................................................................... 4
1.2.1. Dn s.............................................................................................. 4
1.2.2. C cu kinh t ................................................................................. 5
a) Tim nng v khong sn ............................................................................ 7
b) Tim nng v nng lm nghip .................................................................. 7
c) Tim nng v du lch.................................................................................... 7
1.3. Hin trng mi trng thnh ph Thi Nguyn ..................................... 7
1.3.1. Hin trng mi trng nc............................................................ 8
a) Nc cp ....................................................................................................... 8
b) Nc thi.....................................................................................................10
1.3.2. Hin trng mi trng khng kh tnh Thi Nguyn .................... 12
1.3.3. Hin trng mi trng cht thi rn (CTR) .................................. 14
1.4. Hng pht trin trong tng lai ca thnh ph Thi Nguyn ............ 15
a. Phng hng pht trin ngnh Nng lm nghip n nm 2010 ..... 16
b. Phng hng pht trin ngnh cng nghip n nm 2010 ............. 16
c. Phng hng pht trin ngnh du lch .............................................. 16
Chng II: S lc v hot ng ca cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn .. 17
2.1.Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca cng ty ..................................... 17
2.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh...................................................................... 17
2.1.2. Qu trnh pht trin ....................................................................... 17
2.1.3. C cu t chc ca cng ty ........................................................... 17
2.1.3.1. S b my qun l ca cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn ..18
2.1.3.2. Chc nng, nhim v ca tng phng ban (i) ............................19

2.1.4. S lc v thit b c th ca cng ty ......................................... 20

2.5. Ni quy an ton lao ng c p dng ti cng ty ............................ 21
2.5.1. Trch nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng..................................... 21
2.5.2. Trch nhim ca ngi lao ng .................................................. 22
2.6. Cc vn bn php lut v qun l mi trng ..................................... 24
2.7. Hng pht trin ca cng ty trong tng lai ...................................... 24
Chng III: Hot ng thu gom v phng php x l cht thi rn ca
cng ty............................................................................................................. 26
3.1. Hot ng thu gom cht thi rn .......................................................... 26
3.1.1. Ngun gc pht sinh CTR............................................................. 26
a. Theo bn cht ngun to thnh: ................................................................26
b. Theo mc nguy hi: ..............................................................................27
3.1.2. a im v thi gian thu gom...................................................... 30
3.1.3. Phng php thu gom ................................................................... 31
3.1.4. Cc thit b s dng trong qu trnh thu gom ............................... 31
3.2. Phng php x l CTR ca cng ty ................................................... 32
a. Phng php chn lp ......................................................................... 33
b. Phng php t ................................................................................. 33
Chng 4: Bi chn lp CTR ca thnh ph Thi Nguyn ...................... 34
4.1. Bi chn lp CTR (BCL CTR) ............................................................ 34
4.1.1. V tr a l bi chn lp CTR ....................................................... 34
4.1.2. iu kin t nhin ti bi chn lp CTR ...................................... 36
4.1.3. C s vt cht k thut .................................................................. 36
4.2. Cng ngh chn lp c s dng ....................................................... 36
4.3.1. Qu trnh vn hnh BCL ............................................................... 36
4.3.2. H thng x l nc r rc ............................................................ 38
Kt lun .......................................................................................................... 41
A. Nhn xt chung....................................................................................... 41
B. xut kin ......................................................................................... 42
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................ 44
Ph lc ............................................................................................................ 45

DANH MC HNH V, BNG BIU

Trang
Bng 1: Dn c th v nng thn ti cc huyn thnh th ..............................
Biu 1: C cu kinh t ca Thi Nguyn t 2000-2004 ................................
Bng 2: Lng nc thi sinh hot vo sng Cu, sng Cng...........................
Bng 3: Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my vt TCCP ti tnh Thi
Nguyn ..............................................................................................................
Bng 4: Nng bi v cc kh c ti mt s on ng trong thnh ph
Thi Nguyn (2000) ............................................................................................
Bng 5: Lu lng xe trn cc tuyn ng.......................................................
Bng 6: Khi lng cc tc nhn gy nhim dng kh pht sinh do un nu
bng than .............................................................................................................
Bng 7: Ti lng bi thi trong khai thc khong sn ......................................
Bng 8: Lng cht thi pht sinh ti cc bnh vin ca tnh Thi Nguyn
(2004) ..................................................................................................................
Hnh 1: S mt bng ca Cng ty qun l th Thi Nguyn .....................
Hnh 2: S cc ngun pht sinh v phn loi cht thi ..................................
Hnh 3: S thu gom CTR ca Cng ty ..........................................................
Hnh 4: S cc bin php k thut trong x l CTR ca Cng ty ................
Hnh 5 a) Bi chn lp chm ...............................................................................
b) Phng php h cha ..........................................................................
Hnh 6: S qu trnh x l nc rc...............................................................
Hnh 7: S mt bng QCL..............................................................................
Ph lc 1: Hm lng cc cht nhim ngun nc tnh Thi Nguyn ............
Ph lc 2: nh hng ca nhim khng kh n sc kho ca con ngi .....
Ph lc 3: Cht thi rn .......................................................................................