1

I. L I NI U
B t ng th c l m t lnh v c kh, yu c u c quan st, linh c m th c t v
s c sng t o c a ng i gi i khng gnh n ng l m v l ng ki n th c.Chnh
v th h u h t cc k thi HSG th ng c t nh t 1 bi b t ng th c. C th ni
hi n nay c r t nhi u ph ng php hi n i ch ng h n nh SOS;. m do
chnh ng i VN ta tm ra. ch ng minh b t ng th c n u s d ng chng
th h u nh bi no c ng gi i c. Nh ng li u khi i thi chng ta c th i
gian s d ng chng khng? Nn vi c tm ra l i gi i b ng cc ng th c
c i n lun c nh gi cao c bi t l i v i nh ng ng i yu b t ng
th c. Trong bi vi t ny ti s ch ni v hai b t ng th c quen thu c: csi
(AM-GM) bunhia (Cauchy swarchz) trong gi i cc bi b t ng th c i s .
Hai b t ng th c ny tuy nhi u ng d ng nh ng tm ra chng khng ph i
d dng. T t c c ch ra qua m t l ng ng k nh ng v d a d ng, t
nhi u ngu n khc nhau, c bi t l nh ng k thi Olympic ton ho c trn
nh ng trang web. lm cho bi vi t tr nn v cng sinh ng.
II. HAI B T NG TH C: AM GM; Cauchy swarchz v ng d ng.
1. B t ng th c AM GM.
V i a
1
, a
2
; a
n
l n s th c khng m ta c:
a
1
+a
2
+ + a
n-1
+ a
n
> n
n
n n
a a a a
1 2 1
..

D u = a
1
= a
2
=

= a
n
Ch ng minh b t ng th c ny c kho ng h n 40 cch nn xin dnh l i
cho b n c.
* B t ng th c ny r t quen thu c v ng d ng l n nn n s l b t
ng th c u tin m cc b n c n nh v ch l d u = x y ra khi :
a
1
+a
2
+ + a
n-1
= a
n
.
2. B t ng th c Cauchy swarchz (cs)
*V i hai dy s th c ty a
1
;a
2
a
n
v b
1
, b
2
, b
n
ta lun c:
2
(
2 2
2
2
1
..
n
a a a + + + ) (
2 2
2
2
1
..
n
b b b + + + ) > (a
1
b
1
+a
2
+b
2
+..a
n
b
n
)
2
D u = J s k sao cho a
j
= k.b
j
(V i J = n , 1 )
*H qu : (d ng c ng m u s )
n
n
n
n
n
x x x
a a a
x
a
x
a
x
a
+ +
+ +
> + + +
..
) .. (
..
2 1
2
2 1
2 2
2
1
2
1
(V i
i
x > 0 , v = n , 1 )
B t ng th c ny cn c tn g i l Engel hay Swarchz.
Ch ng minh b t ng th c (*) c nhi u cch nh ng c m t cch ny
cc b n nn nh :
2
2 1
) .. (
n
a a a + + ( ) ..
2 2
1 n
b b + + - (a
1
b
1
+a
2
+b
2
+..a
n
b
n
)
2
=
; 1
n
i j =

(a
j
b
J
- a
J
b
i
)
3. ng d ng.
*Bi ton 1: cho a, b, c > o. CMR
2
3
>
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
(*)(BT Nesbit)
Cch 1:
BT: (*)
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 2 2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ + >
+ + +
2 2 2
2
3
2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2( )( ) 2( )( ) 2( )( )
3 3 [( )( )( )]
2 2 [( )( )( )]
a b c
b c c a a b
a b b c c a
c a c b a b a c b a b c
a b c a b b c c a
b c c a a b a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +

+ + >
+ + + + + +

+ + > +
+ + + + + +
(ng).
Ta cn c th s d ng b t ng th c Am-Gm lm ch t.V i cng i u ki n
trn ta c b t ng th c kho h n sau:
2
3
2
3 3 [( )( )( )]
2 2 [( )( )( )]
a b c a b b c c a
b c c a a b a b b c c a

+ + > +
+ + + + + +
Cch 2:
3
2 2 2 2
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 2( )
a b c a b c a b c
b c c a a b a b c b c a c a b ab bc ca
+ +
+ + = + + >
+ + + + + + + +
(Cauchy swarchz d ng Engel)
M :
) ( 2
) (
2
ca bc ab
c b a
+ +
+ +
>
2
3
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca) > 0
(a-b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
> 0
pcm
Cch 3: T nh n xt:
2
)
2
1
(
+ c b
a
> 0

c b
a
+
>
4
1
.
1
1
8
+
+

+
c b
a
c b
a
=
) ( 4
8
c b a
c b a
+ +

T ng t :
b
c a +
>
8
4( )
b c a
a b c

+ +
;
c
a b +
>
8
4( )
c b a
a b c

+ +
C ng ba b t ng th c l i th ta c:
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
+
+
+
+
+
>
2
3
) ( 4
) 8 ( ) 8 ( ) 8 (
=
+ +
+ +
c b a
b a c a c b c b a
pcm.
Ngoi cch gi i trn ta cn c kho ng h n 30 cch n a ch ng minh
b t ng th c Nesbit ny.L i gi i b ng CS r t hi u qu trong vi c ch ng
minh b t ng th c 3 bi n i x ng
Bi ton 2: Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR
b
ca
a
bc
c
ab
+ + > a + b + c.
*y l b t ng th c 3 bi n i x ng v i cch gi i kh quen thu c .Thng
th ng ta s nhm l n l t 2 s r i s d ng Am-Gm. V 1 ch n a l d u
=a=b=c.
*L i gi i:
S s ng lin ti p b t ng th c AM GM cho 2 s khng m:
4
) (
2
1
a
bc
c
ab
+ > b
ac
bc ab
=
.
2 .
2
1
) (
2
1
b
ca
a
bc
+ > c
) (
2
1
c
ab
b
ca
+ > a
C ng l i ta c pcm.
Bi ton 3: Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
a
c
c
b
b
a
+ +
3
9
6
( )
abc
a b c
+ >
+ +
- L i gi i:
*Nh n th y d u = a=b=c
i v i nh ng b t ng th c hoan v:
a
c
c
b
b
a
+ + th ta c n ph i s d ng b t ng
th c ph a v i x ng th vi c gi i quy t s d dng h n .
*D on.N u c:
a
c
c
b
b
a
+ +
3
a b c
abc
+ +
> (c ng c d u = a=b=c)
Th theo AM GM:
3
abc
c b a + +
+
c b a
abc
+ +
3
9
> 6
Th bi ton c ch ng minh .
By gi ta s ki m ch ng d on trn xem b t ng th c c ng khng ?
V i x, y, z > 0 ta c:
x y z
y z x
+ + >
3
) (
xyz
z y x + +
.
Th t v y: n u s d ng b t ng th c AM GM th ta c:
3
3
. . 3
3
. .
x x y x x y x
y y z y y z xyz
+ + > = .
T ng t :
y y z
z z x
+ + >
3
3
xyz
y
;
y
x
x
z
x
z
+ + >
3
3
xyz
z
5
C ng chng l i ta c: (
x
z
z
y
y
x
+ + ) >
3
( ) x y z
xyz
+ +
D on c a chng ta l hon ton chnh xc !.Bi ton c gi i quy t tr n
v n .
*Bi ton t ng t : (APMO 1998). CMR v i x, y, z > 0 ta c:
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
x
z
z
y
y
x
+ + + > 2 +
3
) ( 2
xyz
z y x + +
(*)
* B t ng th c (*) sau khi khai tri n ta c:
(
x
z
z
y
y
x
+ + ) + (
y
z
x
y
z
x
+ + ) >
3
) ( 2
xyz
z y x + +
n y nhn r t quen thu c so v i bi ton 3.
Th ta s d ng k t qu
x y z
y z x
+ +
3
( ) x y z
xyz
+ +
> th bi ton APMO 1998 c
gi i quy t .L i 1 l n n a cho th y c hi u qu khi s d ng Am-Gm.
Bi ton 4:Cho a;b;c>0.CMR:
3 3 3
2 2 2
2. 3
3
a b c ab bc ca
abc a b c
+ + + +
+ >
+ +
*Nh n th y:
3 3 3
2 2 2
1; 1
3
a b c ab bc ca
abc a b c
+ + + +
> s
+ +
nn chng ta th ng ngh ngay n
vi c s d ng SOS.
Ch :
3 3 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )
3 [(a-b) ( ) ( ) ]
2
1
[(a-b) ( ) ( ) ]
2
a b c
a b c abc b c c a
a b c ab bc ca b c c a
+ +
+ + = + +
+ + = + +
Nn bt

2
2 2 2
1
( ) ( ) 0
6 ( )
a b c
a b
abc a b c
+ +
>
+ +

Th t may m n cho chng ta l n y khng ph i nh gi nhi u v c lun

2 2 2
( )( ) 9 a b c a b c abc + + + + > .
6
Nh ng ng sau m i bi ton bao gi c ng t n t i l i gi i c i n v vi c
c a chng ta l ph i tm ra n m thi.
Nh n th y:
3 3 3 3 3 3 2
3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( )
2. 3
3 3 .( )
a b c ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
abc a b c abc a b c
+ + + + + + + +
+ >
+ + + +
(Am-Gm)
M:
3 3 3 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ( ) a b c a b c a b c + + + + > + + (CS)
V:
2
( ) 3 ( ) ab bc ca abc a b c + + > + +
Php ch ng minh hon t t
Khng d ng l i chng ta cn c:
3 3 3
2 2 2
2 3
3
n
a b c ab bc ca
abc a b c
+ + + +
+ >
+ +
v i m i n nguyn d ng.
n y li u phn tch SOS cn c n a khng?. Nh ng ch v i ch nh
l:
2 2 2
n
ab bc ca
a b c
+ +
+ +
2 2 2
ab bc ca
a b c
+ +
>
+ +
th bi ton c gii quy t.
Qua m y bi trn ph n no chng ta c ng th y c s l i h i c a n
trong vi c ch ng minh b t ng th c.
Bi ton 5: Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
a b c
a ab b b bc c c ca a
+ + >
+ + + + + +
(*)
y n u ta s d ng lun b t ng th c CS d ng Engel th:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 3
( )
1
a b c a b c
a ab b b bc c c ca a a a b a b
+ +
+ + > >
+ + + + + + + +

Nh ng
2 2 2 2
4 2 2 3
( )
1
a b c
a a b a b
+ +
>
+ +

th l i khng ng nn ta s ph i tm cch
kho lo h n s d ng c CS.
*L i gi i:
7
BT: (*)
2
2
1
1
a
b
a
b
+ +
+
2
2
1
1
b
c
b
c
+ +
+
2
2
1
1
c
a
c
a
+ +
> 1
* n y ta s i bi n t
'; '; '
b c a
x y z
a b c
= = = th ta c:x.y.z=1.
N u i bi n 1 l n n a cho: x=
2 2 2
; ;
yz zx xy
y z
x y z
= = xem dung CS d ng Engel
cn c n a khng.
Th BT v d ng:
4
4 2 2 2
x
x x y z y z + +

> 1
p d ng BT CS d ng Engel ta c:
VT >
2 2 2 2
4 2 2
( )
( )
x y z
x xyz x y z x y
+ +
+ + + +

V th t may m n l ta c:
2 2 2 2
4 2 2
( )
1
( )
x y z
x xyz x y z x y
+ +
>
+ + + +

(Do
2 2 2 2
) ( z y x + + >

+
4
x

+ + + ) (
2 2
z y x xyz y x

2 2
y x > xyz (x + y + z)

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
x z y z y x y x z + + )
Php ch ng minh hon t t.
Bi ton trn l bi ton kh.Vi c tm ra l i gi i b ng CS l khng ph i d !
* BT trn cn c th pht bi u d i d ng.
* V i x, y, z > 0, xyz = 1. CMR.
1
2
2
+ + x x
x
+
1
2
2
+ + y y
y
+
1
2
2
+ + z z
z
> 1
Cng v i cch t ng t trn ta c v i x, y, z > 0, xyz = 1.
8
1
1
2
+ + x x
+
1
1
2
+ + y y
+
1
1
2
+ + z z
> 1
(V Qu c B C n, Vascle Cutoaje)
Bi ton 6: Cho a, b, c > 0; a + b + c = 3
CMR:
2
a bc
ac b
+
+
+
2
b ca
c ab
+
+
+
2
c ab
a bc
+
+
> 3. (*)
(Tr n Qu c Anh).
*L i gi i:
cho vi c ch ng minh d dng ta th ng a v b t ng v d ng ng b c
. Nn s a t t c cc m u s v b c 2
Ta c: 3 (b + ca) = (a + b + c) b + 3 ca
Theo b t ng th c AM GM: 2ca s c
2
+ a
2
Nn: 3 (b + ca) s (a + b + c) b + c
2
+ a
2
+ ca = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca.
V y:
2
a bc
ac b
+
+
+
2
b ca
c ab
+
+
+
2
c ab
a bc
+
+
>
2 2 2
2 2 2
3( ) 3( ) 3( ) a bc b ca c ab
a b c ab bc ca
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
= 3
Php ch ng minh hon t t .
*Bi ton trn l 1 s kho lo trong vi c s d ng csi v 1 l n n a c ng cho
th y c s c m nh c a n.
Bi ton 7:Cho cc s th c x;y;z khc 1 tho mn tch c a chng b ng 1.
CMR:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
1 1 1
x y z
x y z
+ + >

(IMO 2008).
Cch 1:
t: ; ;
1 1 1
x y z
a b c
x y z
= = =

khi t gi thi t xyz=1 nn:
( 1)( 1)( 1) abc a b c = suy ra c 1 a b c ab bc ca + + = .
M bi ton by gi tr thnh ch ng minh:
2 2 2
a b c + + >2( a b c ab bc ca + + )-1

2
( 1) 0 a b c + + >
9
Php ch ng minh hon t t.
Nh ng li u l i gi i b ng c i n cn c hi u qu n a khng ?
Cch 2: Chng ta s th s d ng CS xem sao!
Thng th ng v i i u ki n xyz=1 th ta th ng i bi n a v ng b c

t x =
a
b
; y =
c
b
; z =
a
c
; (xyz = 1)
BT (*)

2
2
) ( b a
a

+
2
2
) ( c b
b

+
2
2
) ( a c
c

> 1
p d ng BT Cauchy swarchz.
VT:
2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( b c a c a b c b c a b a + + +
>
2
) ( ) ( ) ( b c c a b b c a a + +
t m = (a-b) (a-c); n (b-c) (b-a); p = (c a) (c-b)
Hi n nhin mn + np + mp = 0
D dng ch ng minh c:

2 2
) ( ) ( c a b a = (m + n + p)
2
(1)
L i c m + n + p =

+ + = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )( ( b c c a b b c a a c a b a
Nn:
2 2
( ) [a(a-c)+b(b-a)+c(c-b)] m n p + + = ]
2
(2)
T (1) v (2) bi ton c gi i quy t.
L i 1 l n n a cho ta th y c s c m nh khi dung bt c i n
Bi ton 8: Cho a;b;c l di 3 c nh c a tam gic.CMR:
2 2 2
5
2
a ab bc ca
b c a b c
+ +
+ s
+ + +

Ph m Kim Hng.
Nhn vo bi ton th nhi u ng i s s d ng ngaySOS .

2 2 2
5
( ) 0
2
a ab bc ca
b c a b c
+ +
+ >
+ + +

10
V i ch l:
2
3 ( )
2 2( )( )
a a b
b c c a c b

=
+ + +

V:
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2( )
ab bc ca a b b c c a
a b c a b c
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
Nn b t ng th c c a chng ta:

2
2 2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( )( )
a b
a b c c a c b
>
+ + + +

2 2
2
( ) ( )
( )( )
ab bc ca a b
a b
c a c b
+ +

+ +

0 >
n y vi c nh gi c a chng ta khng cn n gi n nh bi ton 4 n a.
t
2 2
( )( )
c
ab bc ca a b
S
c a c b
+ +
=
+ +
;
2 2
( )( )
b
ab bc ca a c
S
b a b c
+ +
=
+ +
;
2 2
( )( )
a
ab bc ca b c
S
a b a c
+ +
=
+ +
Gi s : a b c > > . Th chng ta c:
2 2
( ) ( )
0
( )( ) ( )( )
a
ab bc ca b c b a b c b c ca
S
a b a c a b a c
+ + + +
= = >
+ + + +
(1)
( ) ( )
0
( )( )
b
a b c a c b c
S
b a b c
+ +
= >
+ +
(2)
2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
0
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
b c
a b c a b c abc b c a b bc c a b c abc b c
b S c S
a b b c c a a b b c c a
+ + + + + + + +
+ = > >
+ + + + + +
(3)
Ta ang c n ch ng minh:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
c b a
S a b S a c S b c + + > (*)
M:
a c b
a b c

>

(4)
Xt a khc b th t (1);(2);(3);(4) ta suy ra c:
VT(*)
2 2 2
( ) [S ( ) ( ) ] 0
a b c
b c b
a b S S
a b c

> + + >

Tr ng h p a=b th t (1);(2) suy ra pcm.

Bi ton gi i quy t tr n v n.
11
*L i gi i b ng SOS kh c ng k nh v ph c t p.Nh ng li u b t ng th c c
i n c gi i c bi ton ny khng?.Cu tr l i c. :)
BT c n ch ng minh:
3-(
2 2 2
a ab bc ca
b c a b c
+ +
+
+ + +

)
1
2
>

2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ( )
2 2( )
b c a ab bc ca a b c
b c a b c a b c
+ + + + +
> + =
+ + + + +

Th t v y:
2
( )
( )( )
b c a a b c
b c b c a b c
+ + +
>
+ + +

M: ( )( ) b c a b c + +

=
2 2 2
2( ) a b c + +
Suy ra bi ton c gi i quy t.
* n
* L i gi i v cng p nh ng tm ra n c n ph i tr i qua th i gian v s
rn luy n b t ng th c hng ngy c a chng ta.
4.Sng t o b t ng th c b ng cch s d ng 2 b t ng th c c i n.
Bi ton 9: Cho a, b, c > 0; a + b + c = 3
a (a-b) (a-c) + b(b-a) (b-c) + c(c-a) (c-b)
2 2 2
4 ( )
( )( )( )( )
abc a b
a b c a b b c c a

>
+ + + + +
*L i gi i ny c a: Nguy n nh Thi
VT = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 3abc ab (a+b) bc (b+c) ca (c+a)
= a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
- a (b
2
bc + c
2
) b (c
2
ca + a
2
) c (a
2
ab + b
2
)
= a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
-
c b
c b a
+
+ ) (
3 3
-
a c
a c b
+
+ ) (
3 3
-
b a
b a c
+
+ ) (
3 3
=
c b
c a ac b a ab
+
+ ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
+
a c
a b ba c b bc
+
+ ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
+
b a
b c bc a c ca
+
+ ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
=
) )( (
) )( (
2
a c c b
b a b a ab
+ +
+
+
) )( (
) )( (
2
b c a c
c b c b bc
+ +
+
+
) )( (
) )( (
2
c b b a
a c a c ca
+ +
+
=
) )( )( (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a c c b b a
a c ca c b bc b a ab
+ + +
+ +
12
=
) )( )( ( a c c b b a
abc
+ + +
[
c
b a
2 2 2
) (
+
a
c b
2 2 2
) (
+
b
a c
2 2 2
) (
]
p d ng BT CS d ng Engel c:
c
b a
2 2 2
) (
+
a
c b
2 2 2
) (
+
b
a c
2 2 2
) (
c b a
b a
+ +

>
) ( 4
2 2
pcm.
*y l 1 trong nh ng cch sng t o b t ng th c kh ph bi n l lm m nh
1 b t ng th c. S d ng CS sng t o chng th vi c tm ra l i gi i khng
d nh l lm ch t b ng Am-Gm qua bi ton 1
NX: B t ng th c ny r t hay v khc h n b t ng th c shur.
*BT shur c a chng ta l:
a (a-b) (a-c) + b (b-a) (b-c) + c (c-a) (c-b) > 0
Bi ton 10: (L ng H i ng).
Cho a, b, c > 0. a
3
b + b
3
c + c
3
a = 3. CMR:
c b a
a c c b b a
+ +
+ + + ) )( )( (
+
2 2 2 2
) (
24
a c c b b a + +
>
3
16
* t ng khi ngh ra bi ny c a mnh l d a vo b t ng th c quen thu c:
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) >
9
8
(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) v t d u =
a=b=c=1.Th ta suy ra c:
c b a
a c c b b a
+ +
+ + + ) )( )( (
>
c b a
ca bc ab c b a
+ +
+ + + + ) )( (
9
8
=
9
8
(ab + bc + ca)
n y ta s dng Am-Gm ch ti p .Nn chng ta ph i c ng thm 1
l ng
x
ab bc ca + +
n a . V x=8 l con s tho mn d u = a=b=c=1 khi
dung Am-Gm.
N u nh th bi ton kh d nn ph i che y b ng bi u th c:
2 2 2 2
24
( ) a b b c c a + +
cng v i i u ki n bi ton .
*L i gi i:
13
p d ng CS ta c: (a
3
b + b
3
c + c
3
a) (ab + bc + ca) > (a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a)
2

2 2 2 2
) (
24
a c c b b a + +
>
ca bc ab + +
8
M: (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) >
9
8
(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
ab (a + b) + bc (b + c) + ca (c + a) > 6abc
c (a - b)
2
+ b (a - c)
2
+ a (b c)
2
> 0
V y
c b a
a c c b b a
+ +
+ + + ) )( )( (
>
c b a
ca bc ab c b a
+ +
+ + + + ) )( (
9
8
=
9
8
(ab + bc + ca)
Nn theo AM GM:
9
8
(ab + bc + ca) +
ca bc ab + +
8
13
6
>
pcm.
Bi ton 11: Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 3
3( )( )( )
8( )
a b b c c a
a b c
+ + +
+ +
+ 2 (ab + bc + a 1)
2
> 1.
(V i a + b + c = 1)
(L ng H i ng)
*L i gi i:
S d ng BT sau: (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) >
9
8
(x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx).
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 3
3( )( )( )
8( )
a b b c c a
a b c
+ + +
+ +
>
) ( 3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a
a c c b b a
+ +
+ +
>
2 2 2 2
2
) ( 9
) (
c b a
ca bc ab
+ +
+ +
(Cauchy
swarchz).
t x = ab + bc + ca
2 2 2
c b a + + = 1 2x 0 s x s
3
1
Nn ta ch c n ch ng minh:
2
2
) 2 1 ( 9 x
x

+ 2 (1 x)
2
> 1 (*)
n y c nhi u cch c th s d ng csi i m ring ho c:
BT: (*) (3x-1) (24x
3
64x
2
+ 45x 9) > 0
14
M x s
3
1
3x 1 > 0
V : 64x
2
+ 9 = 81x
2
+ 9 17x
2
> 54x 17x
2
(csi hay AM GM)
Nn (24x
2
64x
2
+ 45x 9) > 24x 54x + 17x
2
+ 45x
= 24x
3
9x + 17x
2
2
17 24 2
(1 3 ) (1 9 ) 0
3 9 3
x x x x x = >
( ng do:
1
(0 )
3
x s s
V y: (3x 1) (24x
2
64x
2
+ 45x 9) > 0.
Bi ton gi i quy t.
Mnh ngh ra bi ny c ng d a trn:
(x + y) (y + z) (z + x) >
9
8
(x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx) m thi r i a v 1
bi n ch ng minh .
Bi ton 12: Cho a, b, c l di 3 c nh tam gic
CMR:
a

( )
1 1
bc
a c b

+
> 0 (*)
(ch n i d tuy n s ph m 2009)
BT (*) a v d ng:
a c b
a
+

bc > a + b + c
Cch 1: BT ( )( )
a
a b a c
b c a

+

+
2
( ) ( )
( )( )
a b ab a b c
b c a c a b
+ +
+ +

>0
15
Theo voirn_shur : ( )( )
a
a b a c
b c a

+

>0
=>PCM
Cch 2: Ch hon ton s d ng csi v i CS
t a = y + z; b = x + z; c = x + y
Ta ch c n ch ng minh
) )( (
2
z x y x
x
z y
+ +
+

> 2 (x + y + z).
) )( (
2
z x y x
x
z y
+ +
+

> 4 (x + y + z).
Theo Cauchy swarchz th: ) )( ( z x y x + + > yz x +
Nn ) )( (
2
z x y x
x
z y
+ +
+

x
yz x z y ) )( ( + +
>

= 2 (x + y + z) +
x
yz z y ) ( +

Theo AM GM:
x
yz z y ) ( +
x
yz 2
>
Nn:

+
x
z y
) )( ( z x y x + + > 2 (x + y + z) + 2

+
x
z y
> 4 (x + y + z)
i u ph i ch ng minh
L i gi i trn n thu n ch dng 2 bt c i n thong qua cch 1 ta th y c
s u vi t c a vi c s d ng chng
*Ngoi ra v i i u ki n trn ta c ng c bi ton ch t h n sau:
2 2 2
3( )
a
bc a b c
b c a
> + +
+

*Nh n xt: BT trn c ng ch s d ng hai b t ng th c quen

thu c.Cc b n c th th nh ! Sau m t s v d trn chng ta c ng th y
ph n no s c m nh c a hai b t ng th c c i n lm cho l i gi i tr nn r t
p !
Sau y chng ta s n v i bi ton cu i cng.
16
Bi ton 13: (MIC vng 1)
Cho a, b, c khng m v khng c 2 s no cng b ng 0. CMR:
A =
2 2
2
c bc b
bc a
+
+
+
2 2
2
a ca c
ca b
+
+
+
2 2
2
b ab a
ab c
+
+
> 3
Nh n th y d u = c 1 s b ng 0 v 2 s cn l i b ng nhau .Ta s i
n v i l i gi i sau
*L i gi i:
Cch 1:
Gi s c = min {a, b, c}
Do: a
2
+ bc > a
2
; b
2
+ ca > a
2
; c
2
+ ab > ab
V: b
2
bc + c
2
= b
2
+ c (c b) s b
2
; c
2
ca + a
2
s a
2
Nn A >
2
2
b
a
+
2
2
a
b
+
2 2
b ab a
ab
+
p d ng BT AM GM th:
2
2
b
a
> 1
2

b
a
;
2
2
a
b
> 1
2

a
b
A > ( 1
2

b
a
) + ) 1
2
(
a
b
+
2 2
b ab a
ab
+
= ) 1 ( ) (
2 2
2 2
+ +
+
+
+
a
b
b
a
b ab a
ab
ab
b ab a
3 1 2 2 = + >
(AM GM)
Bi ton c gi i quy t.
Cch 2:
S d ng b t ng th c CS th ta c
VT
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( )
( )( )
a bc b ca c ab
a bc b bc c
+ + + + +
>
+ +

Ta c n ch ng minh:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( )
3
( )( )
a bc b ca c ab
a bc b bc c
+ + + + +
>
+ +

17

4 2 2
7 ( ) ( ) a abc a b c ab a b + + + > +

M theo shur th ta c
4 2 2
( ) ( ) a abc a b c ab a b + + + > +

pcm
Lm ch t b t ng th c.
cch 1 ta cn nh gi h i y u.R rang th a ra h n 1 l ng
2 2
ab
a ab b +

t y ta c th suy ra c bi ton c ng r t p sau

A =
2 2
2
c bc b
bc a
+
+
+
2 2
2
a ca c
ca b
+
+
+
2 2
2
b ab a
ab c
+
+
>3+
2
3
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )
3
( )( )( )
abc
a ab b b bc c c ca a + + +
M t cch sng t o khc
A
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3( )
3
( )( )( )
abc
a ab b b bc c c ca a
> +
+ + +
-Cc b n th ch ng minh xem sao
hon ton ch s d ng n 2 b t ng th c quen thu c
18
III. BI T P NGH
1. Cho a, b, c > 0, abc = 2 CMR:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
> a c b + + b a c + + c b a +
(JBMO 2002)
2. Cho a, b, c; x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z = 1. CMR:
ax + by + cz + 2 ) )( ( ca bc ab zx yz xy + + + + s a + b + c
(Ukrame, 2001)
3.
2 2
3
c bc b
a
+
+
2 2
3
a ca c
b
+
+
2 2
3
b ab a
c
+
>
) (
) ( 3
c b a
ca bc ab
+ +
+ +
V i a, b, c > 0
4. Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
> ab ) ( 2
2 2
b a + + bc ) ( 2
2 2
c b + + ca ) ( 2
2 2
a c +
5. (Vi t Nam 2002) cho a, b, c l cc s th c th a mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 9.
CMR:
2(a + b + c) abc s 10.
(vascle artoajre)
6. Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
b a
a
+
2
+
c b
b
+
2
+
a c
c
+
2
s 3.
Bi 7: (Tr n Qu c Anh). Cho a, b, c khng m th a mn:
a + 2b + 3c = 4. CMR:
P(a,b,c) = (a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a + abc) (ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
+ abc) s 8
+ G i : D u = a = 2, b = 1, c = 0.
8. (Tr n Qu c Lu t). Cho a, b, c > 0 th a mn: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. CMR:
8(2 - a) (2 - b) (2 - c) > (a + bc) (b + ca) (b + ca) (c + ab).
19
9. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1. CMR.
2 2
3
c bc b
a
+
+
2 2
3
c bc b
b
+
+
2 2
3
a ac c
c
+
> 2
(V Qu c b C n).
10. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. CMR:
(
2 2 2
d c b
a
+ +
+
2 2 2
d c a
b
+ +
+
2 2 2
d b a
c
+ +
+
2 2 2
c b a
d
+ +
) >
d c b a + + +
4
(Ph m Kim Thng)
11. Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. CMR:
1 +
+
a
b a
+
c b
c b
+
+
+
1 +
+
c
a c
> 3.
12. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. CMR:
a
b c +
+
a c
b
+
+
b a
c
+
> 2
) )( )( (
1
a c c b b a
abc
+ + +
+ >
a
b a +
+
b
c b +
+
c
c a +
.
13. Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
> 4 (a
2
+ bc) (b
2
+ ca) (c
2
+ ab) + 32a
2
b
2
c
2
14. Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
2
) (
) ( 21
c b a
ca bc ab
a
c
c
b
b
a
+ +
+ +
+ + + > 10
(V Qu c B C n)