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Getting Started - English
Getting Started - English
Materials and Process Information Science Notes Interactive Materials Property Charts
Three levels of database, from an introductory teaching resource to a comprehensive project tool covering 3,000 materials.
Textbook-style explanations with further reading references to books by Ashby, Askeland, Callister, Shackelford and more...
Unique tools to compare and analyze properties and to select materials and processes.
Specialist Databases
Advanced Software
Introduce key concepts in eco design and sustainabilty. Explore what if design scenarios.
Editions for design, eco design, polymers, aerospace, bio engineering, architecture and the built environment.
Use CES Constructor to build your own databases. Apply CES Selector and GRANTA MI for advanced teaching, research, and industry.
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New
Graph
stage
Min Max
Density Limit
2 200 100 10
stage
Tree stage
Join Process Shape Surface
Cast Deform Mold Composite Powder Prototype
Cambridge University
Version MFA 09
Thumbnail sketch of CES EduPack The CES EduPack software has three Levels of Database.
Level 1 Coverage Around 70 of the most widely used materials drawn from the classes: metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, foams, and natural materials. Around 70 of the most widely used processes. Around 100 of the most widely used materials. Around 110 of the most commonly used processes. The core database contains more than 3,000 materials, including those in Levels 1 and 2. Specialist editions covering aerospace, polymers, architecture, bio-materials, and ecodesign are also available. Content A description, an image of the material in a familiar product, typical applications, and limited data for mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, using rankings where appropriate. All the content of Level 1, supplemented by more extensive numerical data, design guidelines, ecological properties, and technical notes. Extensive numerical data for all materials, allowing the full power of the CES selection system to be deployed.
Level 2
Level 3
When the software opens you are asked to choose a Level. Chose Level 1 to start with.
CES EduPack does far more than this. But this is enough to get started.
File
Edit
View
Select
Tools
Window
Search
Select
MaterialUniverse
+ + + +
Ceramics and glasses Hybrids: composites etc Metals and alloys Polymers and elastomers
File
Edit
View
Select
Tools
Window
Browse
Search
Select
ProcessUniverse
+
Browse Search Select
+ +
Find what:
Polylactide
0.89
0.91 1.61 1.55 0.54 2.6 0.42 11.2 37.2 41.4 55.2 600 16.5 4.5 0.044
Mg/m 3 USD/kg GPa GPa GPa HV MPa MPa MPa % MPa MPa.m1/2
1.102 0.896 0.31 2.5 0.40 6.2 20.7 27.6 25.1 100 11.0 3 0.025 -
Good insulator 0.113 - 0.167 122.4 - 180 1870 - 1956 149.9 - 174.9 -25.15 - -15.15 82.85 - 106.9 -123.2 - -73.15 Good insulator 3.3e22 - 3e23 2.2 - 2.3 5e-4 - 7e-4 22.7 - 24.6
Physical Attributes Mass range Range of section thickness Tolerance Roughness Surface roughness (A=v. smooth) Economic Attributes Economic batch size (units) Relative tooling cost Relative equipment cost Labor intensity
25 6.3 1 1.6
kg mm mm m
ohm.cm 1000000*V /m
Design guidelines Injection molding is the best way to mass-produce small, precise, polymer components with complex shapes. The surface finish is good; texture and pattern can be easily altered in the tool, and fine detail reproduces well. Decorative labels can be molded onto the surface of the component (see In-mould Decoration). The only finishing operation is the removal of the sprue. Technical notes Most thermoplastics can be injection molded, although those with high melting temperatures (e.g. PTFE) are difficult. Thermoplastic based composites (short fiber and particulate filled) can be processed providing the fillerloading is not too large. Large changes in section area are not recommended. Small re-entrant angles and complex shapes are possible, though some features (e.g. undercuts, screw threads, inserts) may result in increased tooling costs. The process may also be used with thermosets and elastomers. The most common equipment for molding thermoplastics is the reciprocating screw machine, shown schematically in the figure. Polymer granules are fed into a spiral press where they mix and soften to a dough-like consistency that can be forced through one or more channels ('sprues') into the die. The polymer solidifies under pressure and the component is then ejected. Typical uses Extremely varied. Housings, containers, covers, knobs, tool handles, plumbing fittings, lenses, etc. The economics Capital cost are medium to high, tooling costs are usually high - making injection molding economic only for large batch sizes. Production rate can be high particularly for small moldings. Multi-cavity moulds are often used. Prototype moldings can be made using single cavity moulds of cheaper materials.
1. Selection data Edu Level 2: Materials Edu Level 2: Materials 2. Selection Stages Graph Limit Tree X-axis Y-axis
1000
1000
Tungsten alloys
A bar chart
100
A bubble chart
Boron carbide Aluminum alloys Magnesium alloys Hardwood: oak, along grain Plywood
100
Concrete
10
10
Polypropylene (PP)
Lead alloys
Metal foam
0.1
Polyethylene (PE)
EVA
0.1
0.01
0.01
Density (kg/m^3)
1000
10000
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1. Selection data
Edu Level 2: Materials Edu Level 2: Materials
A Limit stage
Mechanical properties
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
Min.
(Enter the limits minimum or maximum as appropriate and click Apply) (Results at Level 1 or 2: aluminum nitride, alumina, silicon nitride) DELETE THE STAGE
Results
Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4 etc...
200 25
Ranking
Prop 2
Electrical properties
Good conductor Poor conductor Semiconductor Poor insulator Good insulator
1. Selection data
Yield strength Edu Level 2: Materials Edu Level 2: Materials
Bar chart
Box selection
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
Prop 2
Yield strength
Results
Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4 etc...
Ranking
2230 2100 1950 1876 113 300 5.6 47
Bubble chart
Line selection
Density
(Results at Level 1 or 2: CFRP (isotropic), Titanium alloys, Magnesium alloys, ) DELETE THE STAGE
Titanium alloys Low alloy steel
1000
Selection box
GFRP Silica glass Phenolics
1000
100
10
Cast Magnesium alloys Cast Aluminum alloys Polystyrene (PS) ABS Neoprene Cork
10
Concrete
0.1
Concrete
0.01
Density (kg/m^3)
Browse
Search
Select
1. Selection data
Edu Level 2: Materials Edu Level 2: Materials
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree Material
Process
Shape Surface
1. Selection data
Edu Level 2: Materials Edu Level 2: Materials
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
Density
Min
2000 60 10
Can be MOLDED (a Tree Stage: ProcessUniverse Shaping Molding) Rank the results by PRICE (a Graph Stage: bar chart of Price) (On the final Graph Stage, all materials that fail one or more stages are grayed-out; label the remaining materials, which pass all stages. The RESULTS window shows the materials that pass all the stages.)
Ranking
Prop 2
113 5.6
Price
300
Browse
Search
Select
Search web
1. Selection data
Edu Level 2: Processes -- Shaping Edu Level 2: Processes Shaping
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
Ceramics Material 10 4 12 4 Hybrids Metals
Thermoplastics
Physical attributes
Made of a THERMOPLASTIC (a Tree Stage: MaterialUniverse Polymers and elastomers Polymers Thermoplastics)
Polymers Thermosets
Process characteristics
Primary shaping
Economic attributes
1000
SAVING, COPYING, and REPORT WRITING Exercise 11 Saving Selection Stages as a PROJECT
SAVE the project exactly as if saving a file in Word (give it a filename and directory location; CES project files have the extension .ces)
File Edit View etc
(The datasheets in Exercise 3 and the selection charts in Exercises 4 and 6 were made in this way) (Warning: There is a problem with WORD 2000: the image in the record is not transferred with the text. The problem is overcome by copying the image and pasting it separately into the WORD document as a DEVICE INDEPENDENT BITMAP.)
10
ECO AUDIT
1. Material, manufacture, and end of life The Eco Audit Tool calculates the energy used and CO2 produced during five key life phases of a product (material, manufacture, transport, use, and end of life) and identifies which is the dominant phase. This is the starting point for eco-aware product design, as it identifies which parameters need to be targeted to reduce the eco-footprint of the product. Bill of materials, primary processing techniques, and end of life
Quantity Component name Material Recycle content Primary process Mass (kg) End of life
Bottle
MaterialUniverse
PET
0%
0% 100%
Molding
Molding Extrusion
0.04
Recycle
Landfill Combust Downcycle Recycle Re-engineer Reuse
Ceramics and glasses Hybrids: composites etc Metals and alloys Polymers and elastomers Elastomers Polymers Thermoplastics PET
File
Edit
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Select
Tools
Window
PP
0%
Molding
0.001 1
Recycle
Product Definition
Stage name
Transport type
Distance (km)
14 tonne truck
Sea freight
550
New
Open
Save
PET Bottle
11
4. Report
View Report
years
United Kingdom
France Germany United Kingdom ...
Static mode Energy used to refrigerate product at point of sale (average energy required to refrigerate 1 bottle at 4C = 1 W)
Product uses the following energy: Energy input and output: Power rating: Usage: Usage:
Fossil fuel to thermal, enclosed system Fossil fuel to electric Electric to thermal Electric to mechanical (electric motors) ...
Manufacture Transport Use End of life (collection & sorting) Total End of life (potential saving/burden) Total (including end of life saving/burden)
(Result: Material is the dominant life phase Focus on minimizing embodied energy and/or mass of bottle to reduce eco-footprint of product) Change the End of life option to Combust and note the different impacts on the end of life Energy & CO2
12
New
Open
SAVE the product definition (give it a filename and directory location; CES Eco Audit product files have the extension .prd)
View Report
Report
GENERATE the eco audit report EXPORT the eco audit report as a PDF
(Note: You will require Microsoft Excel or a PDF reader such as Adobe Reader to view the exported eco audit report)
13
Appendices
14
15
long ton/in2 6.48 x 10-2 6.48 x 10-9 4.46 x 10-4 63.5 x 10-2 6.48 x 10-3 1
1.45 x 10-5
eV 6.24 x 10
18 11
6.24 x 10 1
1.60 x 10
2.52 x 102
Power, P Stress, Specific Heat, Cp Stress Intensity, K1c Surface Energy Temperature, T Thermal Conductivity Volume, V Viscosity,
* To convert row unit to column unit, multiply by the number at the column row intersection, thus 1MPa = 1 bar
16
This is one of six CES EduPack teaching resource books. All are available free of charge to users with a maintained CES EduPack license.
Book 1: Getting Started with CES EduPack Book 2: Material and Process Selection Charts Book 3: Useful Approximate Solutions for Standard Problems Book 4: PowerPoint Lectures
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Granta's CES EduPack is a the world's leading teaching resource for materials and processes. he complete EduPack includes the EduPack software and databases, T a choice of 4 textbooks from Professor Mike Ashby, and a range of other resources including advice, lectures, projects, exercises, and handouts. Download resources from www.grantadesign.com/education/. GRANTA MI and CES Selector are Granta's industrial products for materials information management and materials selection.
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