Professional Documents
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Debby Carapezza, R.N., M..S.N. Nurse Consultant, Reproductive Health Program Utah Department of Health
INCIDENCE OF DEPRESSION
Each year, 15% to 20% of adults in the United States experience a major depression The incidence among women is twice that of men and peaks between 18 to 44 years of age - the childbearing years
DEPRESSION IN WOMEN
Women are at increased risk of mood disorders during periods of hormonal fluctuation
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
6.8% to 16.5% of women experience postpartum depression (PPD) also known as postpartum major depression (PMD)
Onset can be as early as 24 hours or as late as several months following delivery
RANGE OF SYMPTOMS
Symptoms range
DURATION OF SYMPTOMS
Untreated, symptoms can last:
hormonal excesses or deficiencies of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, thyroxine, tryptophan, among others
marital conflict child-care difficulties (feeding, sleeping, health problems) perception by mother of an infant with a difficult temperament history of family or personal depression
When the results of the survey are weighted to represent all 47,331 Utah women who had a live birth in 2000, this means an estimated 11,416 women reported being moderately or very depressed.
2 month old infants of mothers with PMD had decreased cognitive ability and expressed more negative emotions during testing
INTERVENTIONS
SCREENING FOR PMD
SCREENING TOOLS
There are several tools available:
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) The Mills Depression & Anxiety Checklist The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Others, often on various websites for mental health
As much as I always could Not quite so much now Definitely not so much not Not at all
Yes, most of the time Yes, some of the time Not very often No never
Yes, most of the time I havent been able to cope at all Yes, sometimes I havent been coping as well as usual No, most of the time I have coped as well as ever No, I have been coping as well as ever
TREATMENT
1. Educate the woman and her support system regarding the diagnosis of postpartum depression.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Pharmacological intervention
Counseling, individual and/or group Support groups
PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION
Use of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be indicated for both nonnursing and nursing mothers Have low incidence of infant toxicity and adverse effects during breastfeeding* Decisions regarding use while breastfeeding must be on a case by case basis
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS:
Provider must be familiar with agents and the hepatic function of mother and infant Client must be informed of risks/benefits of treatment Vs. no treatment for herself and her infant
COUNSELING
Know referral sources in your locale, especially those that:
accept Medicaid utilize a sliding fee will develop a payment plan with the client offer free counseling
Be familiar with indigent drug programs available through various pharmaceutical manufacturers
Counseling - Cont.
Any woman with symptoms of psychosis or with serious suicidal/homicidal ideation should be referred for emergency psychiatric evaluation
SUPPORT GROUPS
Numerous postpartum support groups are available. Contact: Local mental health agencies Hospitals Websites
WEBSITE INFO & SUPPORT Depression After Delivery http://www.depressionafterdelivery.com Postpartum Support International http://www.postpartum.net/ The Postpartum Stress Center http://www.postpartumstress.com/ Postpartum Education for Parents http://www.sbpep.org Office on Womens Health http://www.4women.gov-pregnancy-after the baby is born-PPD
http://www.xmission.com/~mhaut/
In Salt Lake City: 328-BABY (2229) Outside Salt Lake: 1-800-822-BABY (2229)
SUMMARY
Postpartum depression:
is relatively common may have long-term consequences for mother, infant & family is easily missed should be screened for can be treated successfully
References
1. Beck AT, Ward, CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. (June 1961). 4:6:561571. 2. Cox JL, Holden, JM, Sagovsky R. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). British Journal of Psychiatry. (1987). 150:782-786. 3. Epperson CN. Postpartum major depression: detection & treatment. American Family Physician. (April 15, 1999). 59:8:2247-2254. 4. Mandl KD, Tronick EZ, Brennan TA, Alpert HR, Homer J. Infant health care use and maternal depression. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine. (1999). 153:(8):808-813. 5. Stowe Z. Depression after childbirth: I it the baby blues or something more? Pfizer Inc. January 1998. 6. Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Women at risk for postpartum-onset major depression. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. (August 1995). 173:2:639-645. 7. Utah Department of Health. (2001). [Untitled]. Unpublished Maternal Mortality Review Program data.
References (cont.)
8. Utah Department of Health. (2001). [Untitled]. Unpublished PRAMS data. 9. Whiffen VE, Gotlib IH. Infants of postpartum depressed mothers: temperament and cognitive status. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. (1989). 98:3:274-279.