Welding strip

Features Simple welding method Enhancing the corrosion and wear resistance High deposition rate Low dilution with the parent metal Small and uniform penetration of parent metal Applications Welding components to be used in temperatures over 400C, e.g. heat exchangers and hydrocrackers Chemical reactors and flanges in pulp and paper industry Petrochemical and offshore industry Hardfacing rolls in continuous casters Product Surfacing or cladding with strip electrodes is widely used to enhance the corrosion and wear resistance of, above all, low-alloy steels. The surfacing is either performed at the fabrication stage or as repair weld surfacing. The strip electrodes are normally 0.5 mm thick and their width is determined by the size and shape of the components to be surfaced. The standard widths are 30, 60 and 90 mm but wider strips can also be used. However, the use of wider strips requires supplementary magnetic control of the melt pool. General characteristics Submerged arc surfacing with strip electrodes is characterised by a high deposition rate and a relatively low dilution with the parent metal, compared with other arc welding processes. The dilution rate is calculated by dividing the volume of fused parent metal by the total weld metal volume. The penetration of parent metal is small and uniform. A normal penetration is about 1 mm differing only slightly with travel speed. The bead thickness obtained is normally 3 to 5 mm. Due to the high deposition rate, uniform welding quality and the simplicity of the welding method, strip electrode surfacing offers a number of financial benefits. Flux for cladding To obtain the desired weld metal composition it is of the utmost importance to choose the right combination of strip electrode and flux together with optimal welding parameters. The types of flux used for strip surfacing usually differ slightly from wire welding fluxes, mainly in terms of current capacity and slag density. There are two main groups of strip surfacing flux: agglomerated and fused. The agglomerated type represents the modern type of strip surfacing flux. The advantage of agglomerated flux compared to fused flux is that the former can be alloyed. Flux is commonly alloyed with chromium to compensate for the losses in the arc during welding. See data sheet Welding flux for details.

Welding strip

Strip electrodes for surfacing Chemical composition

Strip electrode Austenitic 309L 309LNb 308L 316L 347 Special P12** Hardfacing 420L** Chemical composition, typical values, % C Si Mn Cr Ni 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.8 2.2 1.0 1.8 1.8 0.1 0.6 23.5 23.5 19 18.5 19.5 22 13 13 12.5 10 12.5 10.5 bal. <0.5 Others Nb 0.75 Mo 3 Nb 0.5 Mo 9; Nb 3.5 Ferrite* content 15 FN 18 FN 11 FN 6 FN 9 FN 0 FN

Standard designations
EN 12072 AWS DIN/W.-Nr.

23 12 L 23 12 LNb (19 9 L) 19 12 3 L 19 9 Nb

EQ309L EQ316L EQ347 NiCrMo-3

1.4332 1.4556 1.4430 1.4551 2.4831

** According to Schaeffler-DeLong ** Non stock standard, information on request.

Available sizes and packing data The strips are delivered in coils weighing between 25 and 600 kg with an inner diameter of 300 mm. Standard coil weight is 25 kg; other weights on request. The standard thickness is 0.50 mm. The coils are packed in wooden boxes labelled with all required information: Avesta Welding name, lot number, AWS specification, size and weight. Strip width is normally 30, 60 or 90 mm. Other dimensions can be supplied on request. Thickness tolerance: Width tolerance: Inner coil diameter: 0.05 mm 0.25 mm 300 + 5 mm

309LNb and 347 A Nb-stabilised weld deposit is often necessary when the welded component is to be used in temperatures exceeding 400C. Typical applications include heat exchangers and hydrocrackers. To obtain a 347 deposit in a single layer, 309LNb should be used. If a two-layer deposit is required, the first layer could be either 309L or 309LNb and the second layer should be 347. 308L The 308L weld deposit offers good resistance to uniform corrosion. A two-layer deposit is often required to ensure that the weld has a sufficiently high alloy content. To achieve this, the first layer should be welded using 309L. 316L 316L produces a low carbon Mo-alloyed type 18/8/3 weld metal with increased corrosion resistance compared to an 18/8 deposit. Examples of applications include chemical reactors and flanges for the pulp and paper industry. P12 P12 is a nickel base strip corresponding to Alloy 625. The combination of high molybdenum and low carbon content gives the weld metal an extremely high resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments. This makes it suitable for use in chemical, petrochemical and offshore industry applications. 420L 420L is a martensitic strip used, among other things, for hardfacing rolls in continuous casters. The weld metal should normally be heat treated before machining. 2(4)

Additional information Further information on Avesta Welding products can be found in printed matter, such as Welding Handbook Data sheets How to weld... (series of brochures covering Outokumpu Stainless special grades) and on the web site www.avestawelding.com

Applications 309L Strip 309L is mostly used as first layer strip when surfacing carbon steel. A weld deposit with a type 304 analysis can be achieved. The chromium and nickel contents of the strip are balanced so that a minimum ferrite content of 5% is achieved if normal welding parameters are used. The risk of solidification cracking is therefore very small. The low carbon content in the strip typically produces a weld deposit with a carbon level of less than 0.04%.

Welding strip

Welding recommendations Normal welding parameters for a 60 x 0.5 mm strip are: current 730770 A, voltage 2628 V and travel speed 120150 mm/min. Increased current increases the deposition rate, penetration, dilution and weld metal temperature considerably. To minimise the dilution, within a certain current, the travel speed should be held at a reasonably low level, <150 mm/min. The stick-out is typically about 30 mm. Direct current, positive polarity gives a smooth overlapping and the best bead appearance. Negative polarity may also be used, offering an increased deposition rate and less penetration, but at the expense of an inferior bead appearance. Since strip surfacing produces a high heat input (typically 630 kJ/mm) the parent metal needs to be reasonably thick to ensure dimensional stability during welding. A thickness of 100 mm and more is often required. When surfacing curved objects, care must be taken to prevent the melt pool and flux from running. Weld overlay description In the table below, typical values for the chemical composition and ferrite contents of the weld metal are shown. These values are measured on the top layer.

Microstructure: interface between mild steel and weld overlay of 309L.

Welding procedure used for the table below:

Base metal: Strip dimension: Welding parameters: mild steel 0.2% C 60 x 0.5 mm Current: 730 750 A Voltage: 27 28 V Travel speed: 120 140 mm/min Deposition rate: 12 15 kg/h Weld overlay thickness: 3.5 4.0 mm

Weld metal composition

Strip electrode Austenitic 309L 309LNb 308L 316L 347 Special P12 Hardfacing 420L Layer Flux Chemical composition, typical values, %, weld metal C Si Mn Cr Ni Others 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.14 0.15 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 19.0 19.5 19.0 19.0 18.5 19.0 18.0 19.0 19.0 18.4 20.2 13.4 13.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 12.0 10.5 11.0 56 62 Nb 0.60 Nb 0.35 Mo 2.3 Nb 0.35 Mo 8.0/Nb 2.5 Mo 9.0/Nb 2.7 Ferrite content %** FN* 5 6 7 5 7 5 6 5 7 0 0 5 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 0 0

1. 309L 1. 309LNb 2. 347 1. 309L 2. 308L 1. 309L 2. 316L 1. 309L 2. 347 1. P12 2. P12 1. 420L 2. 420L

301 301 301 301 301 301 301 301 301 Special Special 801 801

Hardness Vickers*** 470 490

*** Ferrite according to Schaeffler-DeLong. *** Ferrite measured in % using Fischer Feritscope MP-3. *** HV 10, no heat treatment.

3(4)

Welding strip

Ferrite content The amount of ferrite is usually indicated by means of the ferrite number, FN. The ferrite content of the weld is primarily determined by the composition of the strip and the degree of dilution of the base material. A high dilution gives a low ferrite level which increases the risk of solidification cracking. By using a Schaeffler-DeLong diagram, it is possible to estimate the ferrite content of the weld metal. When strip surfacing with austenitic stainless steels, a ferrite content of 212 FN is often required to reduce the risk of hot cracking. A ferrite content exceeding 12 FN can lead to a continuous network of ferrite, increasing the risk of sigma phase formation which reduces the corrosion resistance and toughness. Therefore, a dilution greater than approximately 25% is not recommendable.

Nickel equivalent = % Ni + 0.5 x % Mn + 30 x % C + 30 x % N

P12

30
0 2 FN FN FN

A=AUSTENITE
25

20

A+F M+A
316L 309L

15 308L 347

40
10

M=MARTENSITE
5

M+A+F

100

F + M
5 10

M+F

F=FERRITE

15

20

25

30

Chromium equivalent = % Cr + % Mo + 1.5 x % Si + 0.5 x % Nb

Information 1171EN-GB; supersedes inf. 270302GB. Teknisk information / Centrum Tryck Avesta 2004

Information given in this brochure may be subject to alteration without notice. Care has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate but Outokumpu Stainless and its subsidiary companies do not accept responsibility for errors or for information which is found to be misleading. Suggestions for or descriptions of the end use or application of products or methods of working are for information only and Outokumpu Stainless and its affiliated companies accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using products supplied or manufactured by the company the customer should satisfy himself of their suitability.

Avesta Welding AB P.O. Box 501 SE-774 27 Avesta, Sweden Tel.: +46 (0)226 815 00 Fax: +46 (0)226 815 75 www.avestawelding.com

12

FN

%F