Mapua lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology

School of Mechanlcal Lnglneerlng

8eporL no 2
ressure Measurlng lnsLrumenL











agunsan Irank||n C uC 10/18/11
2006102804 uCS 11/08/11




Lngr Igmed|o Is|a
rofessor
@L CI CCN@LN@



age number

Cb[ecLlves 1
8aslc rlnclples / 1heory 23
SeLup of ApparaLus 43
ulscusslon 613
Concluslon 16
8ecommendaLlon 17
rellmlnary uaLa SheeL 18
8eferences 19























845lc PklNclPL5 / 1nOkY
Lveryday pressure measuremenLs such as for Llre pressure are usually made
relaLlve Lo amblenL alr pressure ln oLher cases measuremenLs are made relaLlve Lo a
vacuum or Lo some oLher ad hoc reference
r AbsoluLe pressure ls zeroreferenced agalnsL a perfecL vacuum so lL ls equal Lo
gauge pressure plus aLmospherlc pressure
r Cauge pressure ls zeroreferenced agalnsL amblenL alr pressure so lL ls equal Lo
absoluLe pressure mlnus aLmospherlc pressure negaLlve slgns are usually omlLLed
r ulfferenLlal pressure ls Lhe dlfference ln pressure beLween Lwo polnLs
u1u8 M4NOM1k
lL ls an lncllned and verLlcal uLube manomeLer ls lnexpenslve and common ln
dlfferenLlal pressure measuremenL of flow meLers llke plLoL Lubes orlflces and nozzles
lL ls also a devlce uslng llquld columns ln verLlcal or lncllned Lubes are called
manomeLers Cne of Lhe mosL common ls Lhe fllled uLube manomeLer used Lo
measure pressure dlfference ln plLoL or orlflces locaLed ln Lhe alrflow ln alr handllng or
venLllaLlon sysLem

8OukuON 646
1hls klnd of devlce works on prlnclple as LhaL of Lhe snakellke paper parLy
whlsLle you geL aL a new ?ear parLy whlch sLralghLens when you blow lnLo lL WlLhln
Lhe bourdon gauge ls a Lhlnwalled meLal Lube somewhaL flaLLened and benL lnLo Lhe
form of a C" aLLached Lo lLs free end benL ls a lever sysLem LhaL magnlfles any moLlon
of Lhe free end of Lhe Lube Cn Lhe flxed end of Lhe guage ls a flLLlng you Lhread lnLo a
boller sysLem



ulllkN1l4L M4NOM1k
lnsLrumenLs for comparlng pressures are called dlfferenLlal manomeLers and
Lhe slmplesL such lnsLrumenL ls a uLube conLalnlng llquld 1he Lwo pressures of
lnLeresL p
1
and p
2
are LransmlLLed Lo Lhe Lwo ends of Lhe llquld column Lhrough an
lnerL gasLhe denslLy of whlch ls negllglble by comparlson wlLh Lhe llquld denslLy p
and Lhe dlfference of helghL b of Lhe Lwo menlscl ls measured
ManomeLers wlLh 2 pressure connecLlons for connecLlng across a venLurl
orlflce plaLe alr fllLer or venLllaLlon fan Lo measure Lhe pressure drop or alrflow
pressure Check condlLlon of fllLers and efflclency of alrflow ln PvAC sysLems clean
rooms laboraLorles and compuLer rooms














51 uP Ol 4PP4k41u5









8ourdon gage
uLube manomeLer
ulfferenLlal manomeLer
ul5cu55lON

D@DL MNCML@Lk

Llquld column gauges conslsL of a verLlcal column of llquld ln a Lube whose
ends are exposed Lo dlfferenL pressures 1he column wlll rlse or fall unLll lLs welghL ls ln
equlllbrlum wlLh Lhe pressure dlfferenLlal beLween Lhe Lwo ends of Lhe Lube A very
slmple verslon ls a ushaped Lube halffull of llquld one slde of whlch ls connecLed Lo
Lhe reglon of lnLeresL whlle Lhe reference pressure (whlch mlghL be Lhe aLmospherlc
pressure or a vacuum) ls applled Lo Lhe oLher 1he dlfference ln llquld level represenLs
Lhe applled pressure 1he pressure exerLed by a column of fluld of helghL b and denslLy
p ls glven by Lhe hydrosLaLlc pressure equaLlon l bqp 1herefore Lhe pressure
dlfference beLween Lhe applled pressure l
o
and Lhe reference pressure l
0
ln a uLube
manomeLer can be found by solvlng l
o
- l
0
bqp ln oLher words Lhe pressure on
elLher end of Lhe llquld (shown ln blue ln Lhe flgure Lo Lhe rlghL) musL be balanced
(slnce Lhe llquld ls sLaLlc) and so l
o
l
0
+ bqp lf Lhe fluld belng measured ls
slgnlflcanLly dense hydrosLaLlc correcLlons may have Lo be made for Lhe helghL
beLween Lhe movlng surface of Lhe manomeLer worklng fluld and Lhe locaLlon where
Lhe pressure measuremenL ls deslred excepL when measurlng dlfferenLlal pressure of a
fluld (for example across an orlflce plaLe or venLurl) ln whlch case Lhe denslLy p should
be correcLed by subLracLlng Lhe denslLy of Lhe fluld belng measured
CDkDCN GGL
1he 8ourdon pressure gauge uses Lhe prlnclple LhaL a flaLLened Lube Lends Lo
change Lo a more clrcular crosssecLlon when pressurlzed AlLhough Lhls change ln
crosssecLlon may be hardly noLlceable and Lhus lnvolvlng moderaLe sLresses wlLhln
Lhe elasLlc range of easlly workable maLerlals Lhe sLraln of Lhe maLerlal of Lhe Lube ls
magnlfled by formlng Lhe Lube lnLo a C shape or even a hellx such LhaL Lhe enLlre Lube
Lends Lo sLralghLen ouL or uncoll elasLlcally as lL ls pressurlzed Lugene 8ourdon
paLenLed hls gauge ln lrance ln 1849 and lL was wldely adopLed because of lLs
superlor senslLlvlLy llnearlLy and accuracy Ldward AshcrofL purchased 8ourdons
Amerlcan paLenL rlghLs ln 1832 and became a ma[or manufacLurer of gauges Also ln
1849 8ernard Schaeffer ln Magdeburg Cermany paLenLed a successful dlaphragm
(see below) pressure gauge whlch LogeLher wlLh Lhe 8ourdon gauge revoluLlonlzed
pressure measuremenL ln lndusLry 8uL ln 1873 afLer 8ourdons paLenLs explred hls
company Schaeffer and 8udenberg also manufacLured 8ourdon Lube gauges
Mechan|ca| deta||s
SLaLlonary parLs
O A 8ecelver block 1hls [olns Lhe lnleL plpe Lo Lhe flxed end of Lhe 8ourdon Lube
(1) and secures Lhe chassls plaLe (8) 1he Lwo holes recelve screws LhaL secure
Lhe case
O 8 Chassls plaLe 1he face card ls aLLached Lo Lhls lL conLalns bearlng holes for
Lhe axles
O C Secondary chassls plaLe lL supporLs Lhe ouLer ends of Lhe axles
O u osLs Lo [oln and space Lhe Lwo chassls plaLes
Movlng arLs
1 SLaLlonary end of 8ourdon Lube 1hls communlcaLes wlLh Lhe lnleL plpe Lhrough
Lhe recelver block
2 Movlng end of 8ourdon Lube 1hls end ls sealed
3 lvoL and plvoL pln
4 Llnk [olnlng plvoL pln Lo lever (3) wlLh plns Lo allow [olnL roLaLlon
3 Lever 1hls an exLenslon of Lhe secLor gear (7)
6 SecLor gear axle pln
7 SecLor gear
8 lndlcaLor needle axle 1hls has a spur gear LhaL engages Lhe secLor gear (7) and
exLends Lhrough Lhe face Lo drlve Lhe lndlcaLor needle uue Lo Lhe shorL
dlsLance beLween Lhe lever arm llnk boss and Lhe plvoL pln and Lhe dlfference
beLween Lhe effecLlve radlus of Lhe secLor gear and LhaL of Lhe spur gear any
moLlon of Lhe 8ourdon Lube ls greaLly ampllfled A small moLlon of Lhe Lube
resulLs ln a large moLlon of Lhe lndlcaLor needle
9 Palr sprlng Lo preload Lhe gear Lraln Lo ellmlnaLe gear lash and hysLeresls
ulllL8Ln1lAL MAnCML1L8

An lnsLrumenL ln whlch Lhe dlfference ln pressure beLween Lwo sources ls
deLermlned from Lhe verLlcal dlsLance beLween Lhe surfaces of a llquld ln Lwo legs of
an erecL or lnverLed ushaped Lube when each of Lhe legs ls connecLed Lo one of Lhe
sources

|qu|d type Llquld dlfferenLlal manomeLers are dlvlded lnLo Lube rlng floaL and bell
Lypes 1ube dlfferenLlal manomeLers may have Lwo Lubes (ushaped) or one Lube (wlLh
a vessel and a verLlcal Lube or a vessel and an lncllned Lube whlch serves Lo lncrease
Lhe preclslon of Lhe readlngs when small quanLlLles are belng measured)

Mechan|ca| type Mechanlcal dlfferenLlal manomeLers are dlvlded lnLo Lhe membrane
Lype wlLh a flaL elasLlc meLal membrane (llgure 3) or a nonmeLalllc membrane and
Lhe bellows Lype ln Lhe membrane Lype Lhe elasLlc meLalllc membrane bends under
Lhe lnfluence of Lhe pressure belng measured and Lhe magnlLude of Lhe bendlng ls
used Lo deLermlne Lhe pressure ln some deslgns Lhe membrane serves only Lo
separaLe Lhe chambers 1he counLeracLlng force upon deformaLlon ls generaLed by a
callbraLed cyllndrlcal splral sprlng whlch Lakes Lhe load from Lhe membrane Some
membrane dlfferenLlal manomeLers conLaln proLecLlon from a oneslded overload and
may be used for measurlng noL only gradlenLs buL also excess pressures
Vacuum Gage
A vacuum gauge ls used Lo measure Lhe pressure ln a vacuumwhlch ls furLher
dlvlded lnLo Lwo subcaLegorles hlgh and low vacuum (and someLlmes ulLrahlgh
vacuum) 1he appllcable pressure range of many of Lhe Lechnlques used Lo measure
vacuums have an overlap Pence by comblnlng several dlfferenL Lypes of gauge lL ls
posslble Lo measure sysLem pressure conLlnuously from 10 mbar down Lo 10
-11
mbar

nydrostat|c
PydrosLaLlc gauges (such as Lhe mercury column manomeLer) compare
pressure Lo Lhe hydrosLaLlc force per unlL area aL Lhe base of a column of fluld
PydrosLaLlc gauge measuremenLs are lndependenL of Lhe Lype of gas belng measured
and can be deslgned Lo have a very llnear callbraLlon 1hey have poor dynamlc
response
|ston
lsLonLype gauges counLerbalance Lhe pressure of a fluld wlLh a sprlng (for
example Llrepressure gauges of comparaLlvely low accuracy) or a solld welghL ln
whlch case lL ls known as a deadwelghL LesLer and may be used for callbraLlon of oLher
gauges
e||ows
ln gauges lnLended Lo sense small pressures or pressure dlfferences or requlre
LhaL an absoluLe pressure be measured Lhe gear Lraln and needle may be drlven by an
enclosed and sealed bellows chamber called an anerold whlch means wlLhouL
llquld (Larly baromeLers used a column of llquld such as waLer or Lhe llquld meLal
mercury suspended by a vacuum) 1hls bellows conflguraLlon ls used ln anerold
baromeLers (baromeLers wlLh an lndlcaLlng needle and dlal card) alLlmeLers alLlLude
recordlng barographs and Lhe alLlLude LelemeLry lnsLrumenLs used ln weaLher balloon
radlosondes 1hese devlces use Lhe sealed chamber as a reference pressure and are
drlven by Lhe exLernal pressure
|ezometer
A plezomeLer ls elLher a devlce used Lo measure sLaLlc llquld pressure ln a
sysLem by measurlng Lhe helghL Lo whlch a column of Lhe llquld rlses agalnsL gravlLy or
a devlce whlch measures Lhe pressure (more preclsely Lhe plezomeLrlc head) of
groundwaLer aL a speclflc polnL A plezomeLer ls deslgned Lo measure sLaLlc pressures
and Lhus dlffers from a plLoL Lube by noL belng polnLed lnLo Lhe fluld flow
otent|ometer
A poLenLlomeLer lnformally a poL ls a LhreeLermlnal reslsLor wlLh a slldlng
conLacL LhaL forms an ad[usLable volLage dlvlder lf only Lwo Lermlnals are used (one
slde and Lhe wlper) lL acLs as a otloble teslstot or tbeostot oLenLlomeLers are
commonly used Lo conLrol elecLrlcal devlces such as volume conLrols on audlo
equlpmenL oLenLlomeLers operaLed by a mechanlsm can be used as poslLlon
Lransducers for example ln a [oysLlck
@ens|ometer
A 1enslomeLer as lL applles Lo physlcs ls an lnsLrumenL used Lo measure Lhe
surface Lenslon
|ran| (one w|re)
A lranl gauge conslsLs of a meLal wlre open Lo Lhe pressure belng measured 1he wlre
ls heaLed by a currenL flowlng Lhrough lL and cooled by Lhe gas surroundlng lL lf Lhe
gas pressure ls reduced Lhe coollng effecL wlll decrease hence Lhe equlllbrlum
LemperaLure of Lhe wlre wlll lncrease 1he reslsLance of Lhe wlre ls a funcLlon of lLs
LemperaLure by measurlng Lhe volLage across Lhe wlre and Lhe currenL flowlng
Lhrough lL Lhe reslsLance (and so Lhe gas pressure) can be deLermlned
Ion|zat|on gauge
are Lhe mosL senslLlve gauges for very low pressures (also referred Lo as hard or
hlgh vacuum) 1hey sense pressure lndlrecLly by measurlng Lhe elecLrlcal lons
produced when Lhe gas ls bombarded wlLh elecLrons lewer lons wlll be produced by
lower denslLy gases 1he callbraLlon of an lon gauge ls unsLable and dependenL on Lhe
naLure of Lhe gases belng measured whlch ls noL always known
1hermlonlc emlsslon generaLe elecLrons whlch colllde wlLh gas aLoms and
generaLe poslLlve lons 1he lons are aLLracLed Lo a sulLably blased elecLrode known as
Lhe collecLor 1he currenL ln Lhe collecLor ls proporLlonal Lo Lhe raLe of lonlzaLlon
whlch ls a funcLlon of Lhe pressure ln Lhe sysLem Pence measurlng Lhe collecLor
currenL glves Lhe gas pressure 1here are several subLypes of lonlzaLlon gauge




















kLILkLNCL

D@be Mooometet (AccesseJ Noembet 1 2011)

hLLp//wwwenglneerlngLoolboxcom/uLubemanomeLerd_611hLml

hLLp//wwwdwyerlnsLcom/roducLs/ManomeLerlnLroducLloncfm

8otJoo Coqe (AccesseJ Noembet 1 2011)

hLLp//wwwLhefreedlcLlonarycom/8ourdon+gauge

hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/ressure_measuremenL#8ourdon


ulffeteotlol Mooometet (AccesseJ Noembet 1 2011)

hLLp//wwwsensorsonecouk/producLs/396/ulfferenLlal
ManomeLershLml

hLLp//encyclopedla2LhefreedlcLlonarycom/ulfferenLlal+ManomeLer

hLLp//wwwbrlLannlcacom/L8checked/Loplc/211272/fluld
mechanlcs/77480/ulfferenLlalmanomeLers


llezometet (AccesseJ Noembet 1 2011)
hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/lezomeLer
loteotlometet (AccesseJ Noembet 1 2011)
hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/oLenLlomeLrlc