2011

Space Tourism

Abhishek Chandra (401)

Chanakya National Law University 3rd Semester
Abhishek Chandra(401)

Submitted to: Mrs. Shivani Mohan

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Acknowledgement

This is to state that I (ABHISHEK CHANDRA, ROLL 401) completed my third semester project work of ECONOMICS on topic SPACE TOURISM.

This project would have not come to an end successfully without the help of many distinguished and undistinguished personalities. I sincerely acknowledge the help rendered to me by our faculty of economics, Mrs Shivani Mohan. She has helped me a lot whenever I needed any sort of assistance and guidance related to the topic. I acknowledge the sincere help of our library staffs and our net centre in charge, who by rendering me help in locating appropriate resources to collect materials. It is a good platform to recognize the help and guidance furnished to me by many persons I this regard; I heartily acknowledge their help and support rendered to me, without the help of the above mentioned personalities and many unrecognized people this project would never been completed.

ABHISHEK CHANDRA
401

Abhishek Chandra(401)

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Table of contents

Page no. Research methodology Chapter 1. introduction..5 Chapter2. marketing mix of space tourism..16

Chapter3. market survey for space tourism..17 Chapter4. human and health factors in space tourism..21 Chapter5. future of space tourism.26 Chaptert6. Special contribution in the development in the space tourism.30 Suggestion ..31 Conclusion...32 Bibliography33

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Research methodology
RESEARCH CONDUCTED FOR

Space Tourism
OBJECTIVE

Major objectives To understand how marketing is done for such an expensive space trip. To ascertain the demand for space tourism in India. To also come out with some innovative promotion methods

Minor objectives To satisfy the curiosity of understanding the space tourism industry (Aerospace industry). Further after understanding the Aerospace industry and thereby prepare Marketing mix for it.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design The aim of the research was to collect quantitative data only as this sector is comparatively unknown and would result into superficial responses if qualitative responses are asked. It was conducted during the period of 19 and 20, October 2011.

SUGGESTIONS If the space line wants to introduce their services in India then they will have to adopt distinct marketing strategies. I have suggested two innovative marketing strategies which will be helpful in marketing their space trip packages in India: Step to Space Lottery Style Contest Indian market has huge potential but the space lines would be able to tap the potential only if they provide their service after the launch of RLVs
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The tourists of the space lines are their ambassadors so space lines should be careful in selecting their tourists. The training centers should be developed as tourist spot so that the people who come there will be stimulated to go for the space trip. Step to Space method of marketing should be extensively used as it gets larger portion of population interested in your product. According to my research the preferred activity in space is view earth and walk in space so while designing the space flight the space lines should ensure that tourists get lot of opportunities for their preferred activity.

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INTRODUCTION (chapter 1)
Space tourism has been envisioned since the '60s when Ehricke and Hilton published the idea of traveling to space for no other reason than having fun. Although millions of people worldwide would see a trip into space as the fulfillment of their lifetimes' dreams and would therefore subscribe to such an idea instantly, no action was taken by space agencies to set up adequate opportunities. On the contrary, the men in charge of crewed space programs frequently see space tourism as "only a flight of fantasy".

The first terrestrial vehicle penetrated the orbit surrounding Earth over three decades ago, yet since this time space has remained strictly within the domain of national governments and professional Astronauts. As government agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) have traditionally been the only customers for space flight development, research into other areas has been limited.[1] However, over the past ten years the concept of the general public gaining access to space for personal and recreational purposes has heightened. It is now popular belief that this proposal has left the realms of science fiction and is rapidly becoming a serious contender for research and industry resources. Space tourism encapsulates the notion that paying passengers will have the opportunity to travel beyond Earth's atmosphere and experience orbital flights, prolonged stays in rotating space hotels and participate in research, entertainment and even sport. However, it is important to emphasize that this concept will necessitate a paradigm shift in how space is perceived, constituting not only the journey but also forming the destination. A growth in terrestrial based ancillary services is also anticipated. These will provide the necessary pre-trip training facilities (including parabolic and vertical sub-orbit flights), launch sites, space theme parks and possibly even Virtual Reality simulations. The focus is on opening space to the public, because it is consider that, more than anything else, space is a place to go to. It so happens that space is an extremely entertaining place to go to - as everyone who has been there says. Ultimately space is also the future of the human race.[2] Once fully established it has been projected that space tourism will have an aggregated revenue of between US$ 10 to 20 billion, significant enough to form a large proportion of the total terrestrial travel and tourism revenue, which in 1996 amounted to US$ 3.5 trillion. Therefore, it is not inconceivable that it is which constitutes the driving force behind the dedication and expectations of those researching and developing space tourism. Many people find this idea futuristic. But over the past few years a growing volume of professional work has been done on the subject, and it's now clear that setting up commercial space tourism services is a realistic target for business today.

1.
2.

http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1101/12soyuz/ http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n11078/12soyuz/

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The first steps will just be short sub-orbital flights, like Alan Shepard made in 1961, since these are easier than getting to orbit. But the technical know-how to make passenger launch vehicles and orbiting hotel accommodation is available, and there is enormous unsatisfied demand - market research analysis (chapter no. 3 page no. 28) has revealed that most people would like to take a trip to space if it was possible. This gives huge scope for reducing the cost of space travel by large-scale operation like airlines. The main obstacle is simply the conservatism of the space industry as it is today.

PRIVATE SPACE TOURISTS (The first few) In April 2001, Dennis Tito became the first space tourist, spending more than a week watching the Earth pass below him while living aboard the International Space Station. Floating in zero gravity, listening to opera, Tito knew that his life's passion was fulfilled. Born in Queens, New York, Dennis Tito founded Wilshire Associates, an investment management-consulting firm. The company integrated computers with engineering and investment concepts and developed portfolio management tools. By 1998, Wilshire Associates was the third largest investment management-consulting firm in U.S.A. He was followed in 2002 by South African computer millionaire Mark Shuttleworth. Mark Richard Shuttleworth is a South African entrepreneur. As an early space tourist, he was the first African national in space. He currently lives in London. Shuttleworth gained worldwide fame on 25 April 2002 as a civilian cosmonaut aboard the Russian Soyuz TM-34 mission, paying approximately US$ 20 million. Two days later, the Soyuz spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station, where he spent eight days participating in experiments related to AIDS and genome research. U.S. scientist and entrepreneur Gregory Olsen became the world's third space tourist on Sept. 30, 2005 when he successfully launched into space aboard a Soyuz spacecraft on a 10-day trip to the International Space Station (ISS) and back. The flight capped a long road to space for Olsen, who joins the ranks of Mark Shuttleworth and Dennis Tito as a fare-paying visitor to the ISS and hopes to boost public interest in human spaceflight. Anousheh Ansari became the worlds fourth space tourist brings more than two decades as a successful serial entrepreneur to Prodea Systems, where she serves as chairman. Anousheh is capturing headlines around the world as the first female private space explorer. On Sept. 18, 2006 she blasted off for an eight-day expedition aboard the International Space Station. Anousheh earned a place in history as the fourth private explorer to visit space, and the first astronaut of Iranian descent. While in space, she is conducting tests of Prodea Systems digital home technology. On April 28, 2001, Dennis Tito became the first "fee-paying" space tourist when he After the Columbia disaster, space tourism on the Russian Soyuz program was temporarily put on hold, because Soyuz vehicles became the only available transport to the ISS.[3] 3.
Shiryaevskaya, Anna (21 october2011). "Space Adventures, Russia Agree to Expand Tourist Trips in 2013". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 13 January 2011.

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In conjunction with the Federal Space Agency of the Russian Federation and Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, Space Adventures facilitated the flights for the world's first private space explorers: Dennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Greg Olsen, Anousheh Ansari and the future missions of Daisuke Enomoto and Charles Simonyi. The first four participants paid $20 million (Rs. 90 cr.) each for their 10-day visit to the ISS.
However, with the retirement of the Shuttle in 2010, the ISS expedition crew should be transferred exclusively by the Soyuz till the CEV is available in 2014 or later, leading to an interruption of the availability of tourist seats on board Soyuz for a few years.

PHASES OF SPACE TOURISM Like any other business, as space tourism has started now it will develop progressively. It can be helpful to think of it as going through several phases. Starting with a relatively small-scale and relatively high-priced "pioneering phase", the scale of activity will grow and prices will fall as it matures. Finally it will become a mass-market business, like aviation today. Pioneering Phase The phrase "space adventure travel" has been suggested by Gordon Woodcock of Boeing, and is a convenient one to describe the first phase. Customers will be relatively few and prices will be high, Rs. 46, 00, 000 and up; and the service will be nearer to "adventure travel" than to luxury hotel-style. Orbital accommodation will be safe. Space tourism industry is actually at this stage now.

Mature Phase This will see demand growing from few passengers per year to thousands per year. Tickets to orbit will cost less and flights will depart from many different airports. Orbital facilities will grow from being just clusters of prefabricated modules to large structures constructed in orbit for hundreds of guests, permitting a range of orbital entertainments.

Mass Phase Ticket prices will fall to the equivalent of a few lakhs of rupees, and customers will from thousands to lakhs of passengers per year. Apparently unthinkable to most people in the space industry, even 1 million passengers per year is just 8 hours of aviation. And aviation is still growing fast at today's level of 1 billion passengers per year. So there's no reason to suppose that space travel will ever stop growing. There's certainly no limit to the possible destinations. And the access to space resources that low cost launch will bring about will ensure that economic growth needn't end for a few more decades at least. WHERE IS "SPACE TOURISM" NOW
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As of 2006, space tourism is only affordable to wealthy individuals and corporations, with the Russian space program providing transport. Some are beginning to favor the term "personal spaceflight" instead, as in the case of the Personal Spaceflight Federation. Among the primary attractions of space tourism are the uniqueness of the experience, the thrill and awe of looking at Earth from space (described by astronauts as extremely intense and mind-boggling), the experience's notion as an exclusivist status symbol, and various advantages of weightlessness. The space tourism industry is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations, including California, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Florida, Virginia, Alaska and Wisconsin, as well as Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. The Space Transportation Association has formed a Space Travel and Tourism Division. The first international "space tourism" meeting was held in Bremen, Germany, in 1997. A continuing series of such meetings will be conducted by the STA Space Travel and Tourism Division. The first was held in 1999. The second was held in Washington. D.C., on June 26, 2000, under the direction of the Head of the Division, Robert L. Haltermann. More than a half dozen small entrepreneurial companies are working on obtaining private sector financing for the development of fully reusable space transportation vehicles. U.S.A. and Russian companies are offering the opportunity to people to fly in a high performance aircraft well up into the Earth's atmosphere where, with appropriate maneuvering, they can experience zero-g. The U.S.A. "X-Prize Foundation" would not be surprised to see the first test trips of a new space transportation vehicle, designed to carry two people to the edge of space, take place within 2-3 years. U.S.A. Company has joined with a Russian and a German company in announcing that they intend to design fabricates and installs a 4,000 cubic foot habitable volume on the International Space Station (ISS). It will be installed on the Russian section of the ISS, and will be tended by a cosmonaut.[4] Another U.S.A. company, with a Russian company, has started an effort to keep the Russian Mir space station in orbit, and to modify it so that it can be used as a hotel and research laboratory. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SPACE TOURISM INDUSTRY The overall space tourism market is very promising, and could generate revenues in excess of $1 billion per year by 2021; Suborbital space tourism will generate the largest demand, with the potential for 15,000 passengers and $700 million in revenues per year by 2021; Orbital space tourism, while growing more slowly than its suborbital counterpart, will still have up to 60 passengers and $300 million in revenues per year by 2021;

4.

http://www.virgingalactic.com/booking/

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Chapter 2 MARKETING MIX OF SPACE TOURISM The combination of sub-mixes chosen by a firm is usually called the marketing mix. The Tourist marketing mix includes different types of sub-mixes like product, price, promotion and distribution mix. The designing of submixes is significant as it helps the marketer in conceiving the right ideas, particularly to raise the acceptability of the tourist product by stimulating and penetrating the demand. Framing of a proper marketing mix is significant because it helps the tourist organization in accomplishing the objective and projecting a fair image.

PRODUCT The product here is the space tour package which includes training program, actual space trip, accommodation during the trip and during the training program since the programs can stretch from two days to up to six months depending upon the package, and all meals during the trip and the training program. The package also includes personalized space suit which a tourist can keep for himself after the space trip, status in space club and status as an astronaut. As of now there are no space hotels so a tourist stays in the International Space Station* if he goes for an orbital space flight. The stay in ISS is the part of the package. There are two packages available for space trip i) ii) Sub- Orbital Space Flight and; Orbital Space Flight

Sub- Orbital Space Flight Spaceflight is defined as travel through outer space, which is usually defined as anything higher than 100 km above sea level to coincide with the Karman line. 100 km was chosen because that is roughly the point where a vehicle would have to fly faster than orbital speed (which is a function of altitude) in order to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to support itself. So any vehicle that travels higher than 100 km yet slower than orbital speed is said to be in Sub-orbital spaceflight.

There are no space lines in the world that are providing Sub-Orbital Space Flight but research is still going on and space lines are busy developing RLV. Sub-Orbital Space Flight is a four days package. On the first day orientation program is conducted which includes formal introduction of the tourist with all the members he will interact with during the trip. Second and third day he spends at the companys training centre where he undergoes rigorous training. And the final days is where he actually goes for a space trip.

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In Sub-Orbital Space Flight a tourist actually spends only five minutes in space where he experiences weightlessness and can see the curvature of earth. These are the core benefits for which he goes to the space but this experience comes at a premium price. The actual price of Sub- Orbital Space Flight is mentioned in the Price marketing mix of space tourism. Sub- Orbital Space Flight takes only 90 minutes out of which a tourist spends only 5 minutes in space. But the training program which lasts for 2 days enhances the overall experience. The company makes arrangement for taking photographs and videos of those special moments which are then burned into the CD/DVD and given to him at the end of the trip when he returns to the earth. This kind of arrangement is also a part of package. In Sub- Orbital Space Flight the major cost is that of training and the fuel of the jet plane by which he is taken. The company also incurs a heavy fixed cost in running and maintaining the training facilities, jet plan and the launch site which adds up to the total cost. A tourist spends major time in the training program. I have attached the brochure of Sub-Orbital Space Flight in the annexure.

Orbital Space Flight An orbital spaceflight (or orbital flight) is a spaceflight where the spacecraft enters into orbit, usually meaning Low Earth Orbit. To do this, it must have an altitude higher than 100 km (that is to say, has entered space), and a speed higher than orbital speed, which is usually about 7-8 km/s depending on the altitude. The expression "orbital spaceflight" is mostly used to distinguish from sub-orbital spaceflights, which are flights where the spacecraft reaches space but does not reach speeds fast enough to enter into orbit. The required speed to "go orbital" (to achieve orbit with known methods) requires at least 9.3 km/s (18,000 mph), while suborbital spacecraft may only fly at about 1.1 km/s to 1.3 km/s (2,500 mph to 3,000 mph). Orbital Spaceflight is a ten days trip out of which a tourist spends eight days in the International Space Station and the other two days are spend in getting there and returning to earth. For the Orbital Spaceflight a tourist has to undergo rigorous six months training where he is taught about every important aspect he needs to know before going to the trip. Training is given at the training centre situated as per the convenience of the space line. A tourist has to bear the cost of transportation while getting to the training centre. Accommodation facility, all the meals during the training and the trip and transportation from the training facility to the launch site are borne by the space line. During the Orbital Spaceflight communication facility is also provided so that the tourist can communicate with his family and friends while on the International Space Station.

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PRICE When a tourist proposes a space trip, the total cost on his traveling includes the expenses incurred on transportation, accommodation and communication. As of now Space Tourism is a wealthy peoples affair because the price of the space trip is very high. Such high cost is because the concept of space tourism is new; huge investments are taking place and Economical Launch Vehicle are still at its development stage. The tourist is taken to the space by Jet planes in case of Sub- Orbital Space Flight and Space shuttles in case of Orbital Space Flight which are not reusable. The fuel requirement for these vehicles is very high moreover the fuel is also costly and the maintenance cost of these vehicles is very also very high. Setting up the infrastructure for the launch site is a complex and costly activity which adds up to the cost. During the training program the tourist stays at the training centre for two days or six months depending upon the package. These training centers are equipped with high tech modern machines which are very costly and its maintenance cost is also very high. During this training program various facilities are also provided to the tourist that adds up to the total cost. In short training program constitutes major cost in the total cost of package. At present the cost of space trip package is Rs. 46, 00,000 for Sub-Orbital Flight and Rs. 90, 00, 00,000 for an Orbital Space Flight. This cost is justified because of the reasons mentioned in the above paragraph. The prices are of Space Adventures Ltd., there are some other companies which are coming up with similar packages but there prices are not available as they are still developing the packages. The companies are working hard and investing a huge amount of money in developing Reusable Launch Vehicle which will considerably reduce the cost of sub-orbital space flight. A reusable launch system (or RLV: reusable launch vehicle) is a launch vehicle which is capable of launching into space more than once. This contrasts with expendable launch systems, where each launch vehicle is launched once and then discarded. No true orbital reusable launch system is in use as of August, 2006. The closest example is the partially reusable Space Shuttle. The orbiter, which includes the main engines, and the two solid rocket boosters, are reused after several months of refitting work for each launch. The external fuel drop tank is discarded. Orbital RLVs are thought to provide the possibility of low cost and highly reliable access to space. However, reusability implies weight penalties such as reentry shielding and possibly a stronger structure to survive multiple uses, and given the lack of experience with these vehicles, the actual costs and reliability are yet to be seen. The current progress in the field of RLV is given in the chapter no. 5 page no. 46 After the innovation and introduction of the Reusable Launch Vehicle the cost of Sub-Orbital Space Flight will come down by 30% which will lead to increase in demand for this service thus space lines achieving economies of scale thereby making space flight economically viable for every person.

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PLACE In many cases the travel agencies have the choice of selection of place but in case of space tourism the place is out of the world that is the orbit of the earth. Depending upon the package the tourist is taken to the altitude of 100 Km or 400 Km. Since there is no choice of selection of place the orbit or sub- orbit is the only choice a tourist has. In case of sub orbital space flight the tourist spends five minute in space during which he experiences weightlessness. During the trip all time he is in the jet plane only which climbs up to the maximum height of 100 km. The experience of orbital flight is different from that of the sub orbital space flight. Here the place he visits is the International Space Station (ISS) which is a kind of achievement for a tourist. He spends entire 8 days on the ISS which is situated at the altitude of 400 km. above earths surface. The place also includes the training centre where he spends most of the time during the entire tour. For a person living outside the place of the training centre that centre will be a tourist destination for him. In short place includes the training centre, launch area, orbit of the earth and the touch down area which usually different from the launch area.

PEOPLE The person who attends to the needs of the tourist forms an essential element in the tourism marketing. The people involved here in providing these kinds of services are highly qualified, most of them having a degree in engineering or aeronautical science. The tourist normally encounters interaction with the people of the space line at three times in the entire package. First while seeking the information on the tour and while booking the ticket a lot of interaction is done between both the parties. Second time is during the training program which last for two days or six months depending upon the package. And third time is during the flight with the pilot.

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Tourism Product by itself is tangible in nature therefore some tangible elements are added to enhance the experience of the trip. The physical evidence in Case of a space tour include state of the art technological equipment used for training the tourist, CD/DVDs of photos and Video taken during the trip, Status in space club as astronaut, personalized space suite, personalized travel bag, Gold embossed astronaut lapel and Medal.

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PROMOTION Promotion is the fun part; anything you can do to interest people and generate a buzz around your product is promotion. Normally companies promote their products by giving advertisements in Newspaper, Television or put up hoardings. But in case of promoting space trip those methods will not be viable options as normal public cannot afford space tourism. Space Adventures is the only operational space line in the world, has adopted different strategy for promoting their products. They have teamed with companies which have wealthy clients and organizations which have wealthy clients to spread the word. The advantage of this kind of promotion is they have concentration of target audience at one place which makes it easy to do promotion activity. As of now only rich people can afford space tourism so it is useless doing promotion activity in public. I have also tried to come out with innovative idea to promote space tourism products. I have developed two new methods of promotion. First is what I call STEP TO SPACE and second is LOTTERY STYLE CONTEST.

STEP TO SPACE When a tourist goes to space he experiences weightlessness, high gravitational force while lift-Off (which can go up to 7 G). A tourist can have this experience only when he goes to space but here in this method of promotion space lines can also sell individual experience package which comes at a lesser price that will attract more population and ultimately stimulate them for the actual space trip. As mentioned earlier there are many experiences during the space flight so by individual space package I mean a customer has only Zero-G experience or high gravitational force experience or space walk experience or see earth curvature from a high altitude. For example: - In film industry when music of a film releases music companies show one or two tracks on the television which stimulates public to buy the cassette or CD. Similarly in case of space tourism space lines can sell individual experience packages to stimulate the tourist to go for actual space trip. I have developed some individual packages for better understanding on this concept. Some of them are as follows: 1) Zero- G experience

This package emphasizes on having the experience of weightlessness. Currently National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have these kinds of programs but only for their astronauts for training purpose. It briefly provides a nearly weightless environment in which to train astronauts, conduct research, and film motion pictures. Versions of this airplane have been operated by NASA's Reduced Gravity Research Program since 1973. The airplane makes parabolic flight paths, thus allowing the occupants to experience weightlessness during the parabola. In general it is used to train astronauts in zero-g maneuvers, giving them about 25 seconds of weightlessness out of 65 seconds of flight. 2) Spacewalk experience

Here virtual space walk experience is created in a swimming pool. The technical term for this kind of experience is Neutral Buoyancy. NASA has this kind of facilities also for training their astronauts. Neutral Buoyancy is a condition in which a physical body's mass equals the mass it displaces in a surrounding medium.
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This negates the effect of gravity that would otherwise cause the object to sink. An object that has neutral buoyancy will neither sink nor float. Instead it will remain at its current level in the medium that surrounds it. The principle of neutral buoyancy is used to simulate the weightless environment of space. Suited astronauts are weighted in the water by support divers so that they experience no buoyant force and no rotational moment about their center of mass. The neutral buoyancys tank itself is 202 ft. in length, 102 ft. wide and 40 ft. deep, and contains 6.2 million gallons of water. Space lines can provide this kind of services to give their customer the experience of spacewalk. And as mentioned earlier this kind of service will stimulate the customers for actual space trip.

Zero- G and Space walk are some of the individual experience packages which I have mentioned but there are many more services which space lines can develop like for example Edge of the space flight or High-G program.

LOTTERY STYLE CONTEST In India there is lot of craze for lotteries. They can be used very well as a method of promotion. So I have developed a promotion strategy which uses lottery as a tool for promotion. I call it as Lottery Style Contest. Under this method of promotion space lines outsource the work of selling lottery ticket to the public to outside agencies. In normal lottery tickets prize in given in monetary terms but here the prize will be space trip. Lottery Style Contest will do two things i) It will give people who dont have the financial mean to look at the product like this as a chance to go to space and; ii) It gets larger portion of population interested in your product.

Here what exactly happens is you sell lottery ticket for Rs. 200, Rs.500 or Rs. 1000 customers have to select numbers from 1 to 50 (like what we have in super lotto) and then at the end of the week a draw will be conducted those whose all the six numbers match win a bumper prize of Sub- Orbital space flight. Others also stand a chance to win weekly prize of individual experience package like zero- G flight, spacewalk experience, Edge of the space flight or High-G program. One of the most important advantage of this method of promotion is it will help space lines collecting database of the interested customers. The database can be easily collected while issuing lottery ticket. When customers come to buy the lottery tickets you know that they are interested in space tourism so you can request them to fill up a form asking for their profile. This profile can be profitably used by the space lines later on for the follow up purpose. In this method instead of space lines searching for interested customers the customers themselves will be automatically attracted toward Lottery Contest.

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PROCESS The process is a bit lengthy one since space tour is a complex service. A tourist has to go through many processes which are as follows: 1. Tourist needs to have the finances in order.

2. they need to have an idea of what are the objectives of their flight (activities are very precisely scheduled/arranged) 3. They need to have any equipment they are taking certified for spaceflight (some people have done scientific experiments, photography, etc.) 4. They need to have made the personal arrangements to dedicate the time for training ( roughly 6 months or 2 days depending upon the package) 5. They need to be prepared to accept the training initiatives (billionaires are usually not accustomed to taking orders/instruction) 6. They need to be in good physical shape

7. They need to learn Russian (as the mission control of the only operational space line Space Adventure is in Russia).[5]

5.

european-spacetourism.eu. "Project Enterprise" (in German). european-spacetourism.eu. Retrieved 2011-10-26.

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Chapter 3 MARKET SURVEY ON DEMAND FOR SPACE TOURISM It is very important to conduct a survey before launching a new product to ascertain it demand. As it is within the scope of my project, I took the opportunity to conduct a research to ascertain the demand and to find out some other important variables Before launching any product or service it is very important to ascertain demand for that product or service, for which a proper market study has to be done. There are many researches conducted world wide but none of them have been done in India, as it is within the scope of my project and very important part of my project, I took the opportunity to conduct a market study on a very small scale (due to lack of time and finance) to ascertain the demand for this kind of service in India. While it can be assumed that demand for space tourism will undoubtedly exist, the astronomical research and development costs necessitate this assumption to be unequivocally substantiated. In an attempt to satisfy this requirement, a forecast of the potential demand for space tourism on a national scale has to be done.

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Chapter 4 HUMAN FACTORS AND HEALTH IN SPACE TOURISM The potential market for space tourism and its development depends not only on the number of people who are willing to travel to space and who have also the money to do so but also on the physical and mental ability for space travel of the interested people. Thus, human health with respect to space tourism and human factors influencing the number of people interested in space travel will be addressed. Starting with the principle health requirements for space tourists in terms of fitness and age, the potential health risks will be described and evaluated. The analysis and discussion shows that the majority of the people who are interested in space travel will be able to enjoy their trip providing that the whole space tourism infrastructure (transportation system and space hotels) is designed properly. Potential health risks associated with space tourism are not more severe as for comparable tourist activities. Principle Health Requirements for Space Tourists

When the first humans traveled into space in the early sixties, these men and women were carefully selected on their resistance to extreme physical and mental strain. This selection process was necessary because the first rockets carrying humans to space where not designed specifically for this purpose but derived from ballistic missiles developed for a quite different purpose. Maximum acceleration, for example, was the military requirement not its limitation to protect the humans on board from excessive G-loads. In addition, nobody knew about the real strain an astronaut or cosmonaut had to take before the first human flights had been conducted. Furthermore, the humans on board the first capsules had to be able to pilot their "spaceship" back to Earth, at least in case of emergencies. In the result, astronauts and cosmonauts were selected from the best air force pilots who had the manual skills, physical constitution, stress tolerance and health needed for the job. With the advent of the space shuttle, the physical requirements for human space flight dropped with the reduction of G-loads but the psychological and educational requirements remained on a high level or even increased. The latter is connected to the longer stay times in orbit and the introduction of the "mission specialist" who not longer had to be able to pilot the spacecraft but to conduct complex research work on board the shuttle. Even if the necessary level of skills and stress tolerance are lower then the actual performance of the astronauts and mission specialists, it is clear, that it still makes sense to select the most capable humans for the tasks in order to obtain a maximum probability of mission success. This is especially true with respect to the still tremendous cost of human space flight. With the introduction of space tourism the described picture will change. Space tourists can be compared to flight passengers regarding the minimum requirements for safe transportation. They don't have to be able to pilot the vehicle or to perform complex tasks on board. This means, that any human may go to space providing that he/she is physically and mentally healthy enough to go and come back with a minimum risk to be hurt. A large percentage of the terrestrial population fulfils these minimum criteria, because a spaceship specifically
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designed for tourists can be limited to less than 3G's maximum acceleration and by thoroughly preparation of the tourists other physiological or psychological problems can be avoided.

Space Tourism and Age

As already stated, there is no principle reason which prevents any healthy human from going to space as a tourist. Thus, there is also not general upper limit for the age. As the astronaut John Glenn recently has proven, even an age in the late seventies may not cause a problem if the person has sufficient physical fitness. On the lower end of the age scale the limit will be oriented at the ability of the persons to follow strict safety rules and to use the technology associated with space flight, e.g. using a space suit in case of emergencies. This will prevent children below a certain age and body size to go to orbit. Preparation for Space Travel

Since space is a totally unusual environment for humans, it is clear, that space tourists have to be prepared for their journey. The tourists must become familiar with the technical equipment on board the transportation systems and the orbital hotel. They also must be prepared for the experience of micro-gravity in terms of motion, perception and three-dimensional orientation. Most of this preparation should be aimed to avoid unnecessary stress as well as potentially risky situations imposed by unsafe behavior. For this proper training program should be conducted.

Health Risks of Space Travel

Even the best training for the space tourists can not avoid health risks which are associated to the nature of space and which are therefore inherently present. The inherent risks are associated with three characteristics of the space environment: o o o Vacuum Micro-gravity High energy radiation Risks Associated With the Space Vacuum

Since a spacecraft, a space hotel or a space suit will be designed for operation in vacuum, the remaining risk is that of an accidental major structural damage in the outer shell of the spacecraft space hotel or space suit. The possibility for such damage comes from micro meteorites and space debris. Since all larger pieces of space debris are tracked and the smaller ones are unlikely to cause a damage, which can't be controlled, the associated risk can be compared with that in other human activities performed in a hostile environment such as diving. Radiation Imposed Risks
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A major health risk for space tourists as for every human going to orbit is the exposure to high-energy radiation. To evaluate this risk the types of radiation have to be discussed, which are explained in detail in the following paragraph. Existing Radiation

For the radiation load in orbit the following types of hard radiation are of importance: Solar Cosmic Radiation - (SCR) Solar Flares Galactic Cosmic Radiation - (GCR)

SCR consists to 99% of protons and 1% a-particles. The particle energies are in the order of 1 keV, the flux density in the vicinity of Earth amounts between 0.09 and 2.0109/cm2s depending on solar activity. Solar Flares happen statistically and last between one and five days. The particle flux from a solar flare consists to 89% of fast protons with energies of >30 MeV. 10% are a-particles and 1% is particles with high charge numbers and high energies (HZE-particles) of 10 to 100 MeV, partly up to 1 GeV. At solar maximum, which occurs every 11 years, the probability of solar flares increases significantly. GCR consists of high-energy particles from outside our solar system. The flux density of about 10 particles/cm2s is much lower than that of the SCR but it is almost impossible to shield these particles. 85% of the GCR are protons, 14% are a-particles and the remaining are HZE-particles, positrons and electrons which are traveling almost with the speed of light. The energies are about 10 GeV average, but a spectrum of 0.1 GeV to 1011 GeV has been measured. In the space station orbit about 5 to 10% of the radiation is GCR. This portion of the radiation is called "background radiation".[6] 6.5) Radiation Protection Requirements

Personnel and guests of a space hotel must be protected from the background radiation as well as from short duration radiation events of high intensity like solar flares. The radiation shielding of the outer skin of the hotel depends strongly on the kind of material and the mass per area of the skin. An outer surface of material with a low nucleon number such as hydrogen combined with an inner layer of a high nucleon number material (e.g. lead) represents a favorable design. Current spacecraft and space stations (Space Shuttle, MIR) provide a shield of 30g/cm2. A state of the art space suit provides only 3g/cm2. Therefore, EVA activities of space tourists should be very limited and only conducted during phases of low radiation intensity. 6.6) Risk from Space Debris

Space debris or orbital debris, also called space junk and space waste, are the objects in orbit around Earth created by humans that no longer serve any useful purpose. They consist of everything from entire spent rocket stages and defunct satellites to explosion fragments, paint flakes, dust and slag from solid rocket motors,
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coolant released by RORSAT nuclear powered satellites, even deliberate insertion of small needles, and other small particles.[7] Space lines are aware of the devastating effect of the space debris and therefore they are designing their vehicles such that they can take the impact of the debris and keep the tourist safe.

6. ^ http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0908/18almaz/ 7. http://www.spaceislandgroup.com/sig-vision.html.
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Chapter 5 FUTURE OF SPACE TOURISM What I mean by Future of space tourism is that what factors will determine the success of this industry and how much time it will take. Success cannot be achieved overnight various factors contribute over a period of time to attain success. For better understanding we can take the best example of Aviation Industry. In aviation industry few factors contributed a lot in its success over a period of time same is in the case of Aerospace Industry. Therefore in this chapter I will concentrate on four factors which I think are important in determining the future of space tourism. Those Four factors are as follows. i) ii) iii) iv) Demand; Cost; Safety; Development of infrastructure.

5.1) FUTURE DEMAND Demand is the most important factor for any industry; same is in the case of aerospace industry. It is useless proving service to the public if there is no enthusiasm and interest among them. Demand for space tourism undoubtedly exists as we have seen in the earlier chapter where I did a market survey and analyzed the result. Well my market survey was limited to India only but market surveys are done in other country also namely Japan, Germany, Canada and U.S.A. below is a chart which shows demand for space tourism in various countries

As we can see from the above chart large portion of respondents from four different countries are interested in space tourism. But the above demand is irrespective of the price. Actually demand largely dependents on two factors cost and safety. At present cost is very high and safety is also a concern, therefore actual customers are very less. If safety can be improved and cost can be reduced then there is lot of potential among the population around the world.

5.2) FUTURE COST Cost is the major determinant of demand. My research shows that demand can increase up to 94% if the cost decreases. Initial progress is going on and huge investments are taking place therefore cost is very high and is affordable by super rich peoples only. As the cost is very high middle income and high income people from where major demand comes from are not able to afford it. So if the cost could come down aerospace industry
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will flourish. One of the major reason of the high cost is the launch vehicle. Many companies in this industry are working hard and investing a lot of money to develop a vehicle which can bring down the cost. The technical name for that vehicle is REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE. Development of Reusable Launch Vehicle is very important as it will decide the future of this industry.

5.2.1) REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE A reusable launch system (or RLV: reusable launch vehicle) is a launch vehicle which is capable of launching into space more than once. This contrasts with expendable launch systems, where each launch vehicle is launched once and then discarded. No true orbital reusable launch system is in use as of August, 2006. The closest example is the partially reusable Space Shuttle. The orbiter, which includes the main engines, and the two solid rocket boosters, are reused after several months of refitting work for each launch. The external fuel drop tank is discarded. Orbital RLVs are thought to provide the possibility of low cost and highly reliable access to space. However, reusability implies weight penalties such as reentry shielding and possibly a stronger structure to survive multiple uses, and given the lack of experience with these vehicles, the actual costs and reliability are yet to be seen.

5.2.1.1) HISTORY As usual, science fiction preceded science fact in this area. In the early 1950s popular science fiction often depicted space launch vehicles as either single-stage reusable rocket ships which could launch and land vertically, or single-stage reusable rocket planes which could launch and land horizontally. The realities of early engine technology with low specific impulse or insufficient thrust-to-weight ratio to escape our gravity well, compounded by construction materials without adequate performance and low weight seemingly rendered that original single-stage reusable vehicle vision impossible. The late 1960s saw the start of the Space Shuttle design process. From an initial multitude of ideas a two-stage reusable VTHL design was pushed forward. That eventually ended up as a reusable orbiter with an expendable drop tank and reusable solid rocket boosters to reduce design expenses. Eventually the Shuttle was found to be expensive to maintain, even more expensive than an expendable launch system would have been. The cancellation of a Shuttle-Centaur rocket after the loss of Challenger also caused a hiatus that would make it necessary for the United States military to scramble back towards expendables to launch their payloads. Many commercial satellite customers had switched to expendables even before that, due to unresponsiveness to customer concerns by the Shuttle launch system.[8] Against the dire backdrop came the Ansari X Prize contest, inspired by the aviation contests made in the early 20th century. Many private competitors disputed the Ansari X Prize, the winner being Scaled Composites with their reusable HTHL Spaceship One. It won the ten million dollars, by reaching 100 kilometers in altitude twice
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in a two week period with the equivalent of three people on board, with no more than ten percent of the non-fuel weight of the spacecraft replaced between flights. While Spaceship One is suborbital like the X-15, some hope the private sector can eventually develop reusable orbital vehicles given enough incentive. SpaceX is a recent player in the private launch market which has partially reusable vehicles.

8. http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/prospects_of_space_tourism.shtml. 5.2.1.2) REUSABILITY CONCEPTS Single Stage Single stage to orbit requires very lightweight structures, high efficiency engines and usually implies small margins.

Two or more stages to orbit Two stages to orbit require designing and building two independent vehicles and dealing with the interactions between them at launch. Usually the second stage in launch vehicle is 5-10 times smaller than the first stage, although in bimese and trimese approaches each vehicle is the same size. In addition, the first stage needs to be returned to the launch site for it to be reused. This is usually proposed to be done by flying a compromise trajectory that keeps the first stage above or close to the launch site at all times, or by using small air breathing engines to fly the vehicle back, or by recovering the first stage downrange and returning it some other way (often landing in the Sea, and returning it by ship.) Most techniques involve some performance penalty; these can require the first stage to be several times larger for the same payload, although for recovery from downrange these penalties may be small. Horizontal landing In this case the vehicle requires wings and undercarriage (unless landing at sea). This typically requires about 912% of the vehicle to be wings. Hydrogen fuel Hydrogen is often proposed since it has the highest exhaust velocity. However tankage and pump weights are high due to insulation and low propellant density; and this wipes out much of the advantage. Still, the 'wet mass' of a hydrogen fuelled stage is lighter than an equivalent dense stage with the same payload and this can permit usage of wings, and is good for second stages.[9]

9. ^ http://www.space.com/news/061003_tourism_survey.html.
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5.2.1.3) DEVELOPMENT OF RLVS There are many space lines which are developing RLVs. I have two agencies which are developing RLVs and have given some description on their vehicles.

Hopper (spacecraft) Hopper was a proposed European Space Agency orbital craft advanced concept. The advanced studies were somewhat supported by the EADS Phoenix flight test project. Hopper was advertised to be more economical than today's space vehicles and even reliable for manned space operations. In the first few decades of the 21st century, it might have been the first independent manned European non-military attempt at space operations and could have been an important part of the ISS project. At the time it was studied, it was anticipated that the production craft would enter use between 2015 and 2020. Hopper was to be launched on a futuristic 4 km magnetic track which would have accelerated it to launch speed, providing far cheaper access to space than the current launcher.

C-21 Spacecraft The C-21 (Cosmopolis XXI) Aerospace System consists of a carrier aircraft, the M-55X, and a manned rocket module. This spacecraft is being developed by Space Adventures Ltd. the C-21. The module is a lifting body Reusable Launch Vehicle built around a 3-seat passenger capsule. It also includes an engine unit and an equipment compartment with rescue and environmental control / life support systems. The rocket module is mounted on top of the M-55 "Geophysika" carrier aircraft. A connection between the carrier and the rocket module provides information on status and efficiency control of all rocket module systems before take off and separation. The carrier aircraft with the C-21 attached will reach an altitude of 17 kilometers (10.5 miles), and then gather speed to perform a vertical climb maneuver. Once the altitude reaches 20 kilometers, and the trajectory angle reaches 40-60 degrees to the horizon, the locks are disengaged and the rocket module begins to separate from the M-55X. As soon as a safe distance from the carrier aircraft is reached, the C-21's rocket engine is ignited automatically. The rocket module then climbs steadily under rocket power, on a gradual trajectory up to maximum altitude, around 100 kilometers (62 miles). Once the rocket engine burns out, it separates from the crew compartment. The C-21 then continues to gain altitude as it passes through Suborbital space. During the descent phase back to Earth, control surfaces are extended for optimal aerodynamic performance. The landing is divided into the glide-phase and the final parachute-assisted touch down. 5.3) SAFETY There is one very important provision to all the foregoing, namely that the demand for space tourism services will be critically dependent on one particular factor: The entire service will clearly have to be demonstrably safe
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both in the perception of potential customers, and in order for insurance companies to be prepared to underwrite the risk of accidents. Such safety requires assurance on three different aspects of the operation: 1. 2. 3. The vehicle and facilities will have to be safe; There will have to be no significant health risks; and The probability of damage from collisions with other spacecraft or debris will have to be insignificant.

This will require the vehicles and facilities to be inherently safe against mechanical failures, as proven by the prior performance of a very extensive flight test program to civil aviation standards. In addition, the achievement of adequate safety levels will require the permanent availability of comprehensive safety and rescue facilities and vehicles. This will require further research on the biological effects of space flight, both short-term and long-term, and the provision of storm-shelters against solar flare particles. This will require further research in quantifying the risks of collisions with orbital debris, and the use of appropriate levels of design safety. It is also possible that international legal agreements concerning orbital traffic systems may become desirable in order to reduce the risk of collisions between spacecraft to an acceptable level.[10] Due to privacy reasons I could not get the information on safety measures that will be adopted in future by the space lines and changes that are been made on the design of the vehicle to take the impact of the debris. 5.4) DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE Many space lines are developing infrastructure for their training centre. These spaceports will do two things, Firstly it will be used for training purpose; secondly it will be a major tourist attraction. Space Adventures Ltd which is the only operational space line in the world is developing a spaceport in Singapore.

5.4.1) Singapore Spaceport Space Adventures has proposed a USD$115 million spaceport to be located in Singapore, near Singapore Changi Airport. This spaceport will service the Space Adventures Explorer suborbital tourist rocket plane. It will also provide astronaut training facilities and a public education and interactive visitor centre. The spaceport is licensed by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). The estimated completion date of the spaceport is 2009. Sites in Australia, the Bahamas, Florida, Japan, Malaysia, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Singapore and Dubai in the United Arab Emirates were considered. After a year-long selection process, the sites in Singapore and Dubai were chosen. One key difference between the two proposed spaceports is that while the Dubai spaceport will be mainly a launch pad for sub-orbital space flights, the Singapore spaceport will have much more facilities.[11]

10. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/spacetourism.htm 11. http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2006/ch_3.html

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Planned facilities The planned attractions in the Singapore Spaceport are far more numerous. They include: o Sub-orbital Space Flights that will blast passengers out of Earth's atmosphere to an altitude of 100 km so they can enjoy about five minutes of weightlessness. An entire flight will take about 90 minutes. There will be a four-day training programmed before the flight. The entire experience is estimated to cost US$102, 00. o Parabolic Flights. These flights at an estimated US$10,000 produce the experience of weightlessness in an aircraft without going into space. o o Flights in the Aero L-39 Albatros, a high-performance jet trainer aircraft. A four-day space camp for children.

o For adults, a full-day astronaut experience that will include a spin in a centrifuge to simulate a highgravity environment, astronaut meals and a stint in a hypobaric (low-pressure) chamber to simulate performing repairs on damaged spacecraft in orbit. The entire complex will be spread over 17,000 m of floor area on a 1.8 ha site. It is expected to generate about $3 billion in economic benefits over 10 years. It hopes to attract more than half-a-million visitors a year from the region within two-and-a-half years of opening. he estimated minimum cost of US$115 million will be partially funded by the private sector, undisclosed Singapore sources, as well Space Adventures global spaceport development partner, His Highness Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Crown Prince of Ras AlKhaimah in the United Arab Emirates. The consortium supporting Spaceport Singapore includes Octtane Pte, Batey Pte Ltd., Lyon Capital Inc., DP Architects, ST Medical and KPMG Corporate Finance.

5.4.2) Space Hotels American motel tycoon Robert Bigelow has acquired the designs for inflatable space habitats from the Transhab program abandoned by NASA. His company, Bigelow Aerospace already launched the first inflatable habitat module named Genesis I in 2006 and is currently planning to launch a prototype space station module by late 2008, and plans to officially launch the first commercial space station by 2010 (tagged Nautilus) which will have 330 cubic meters (almost as big as the ISS's 425 cubic meters of usable volume). Bigelow Aerospace is currently offering the America's Space Prize, a $50 million prize to the first US Company to create a reusable spacecraft capable of carrying passengers to a Nautilus space station. Other companies have also expressed interest in constructing "space hotels". For example, Virgin's Richard Branson has expressed his hope for the construction of a space hotel within his lifetime. Hilton International announced the Space Islands Project, a plan to connect together used Space Shuttle fuel tanks, each the diameter of a Boeing 747 aircraft; British Airways has expressed interest in the venture.
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Chapter 6 SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS TOWARDS SPACE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT There are many private companies and non-profit organizations which have made special contribution towards space tourism developments. To name a few Space Adventures Ltd, Rocketplane Kistler, Planet Space, X- Price Foundation (a non- profit organization) and many others. But for my project I have selected Two companies to give details on, as I dont want to make my project too lengthy for the hake of it and the companies which I have selected have made special contribution toward development of space tourism. The two companies are Space Adventures Ltd. and X- Prize Foundation.

SPACE ADVENTURES Space Adventures Ltd. is an Arlington, Virginia, USA-based space tourism company founded in 1998, best known for sending paying tourists to the International Space Station (ISS). Space Adventures is currently the only operating spaceline in the world delivering the public opportunities to experience space today. The President and CEO of Space Adventures, Ltd. is Eric Anderson,

Programs They Offer 1. Orbital Flights Space Adventures is the only company to have launched clients to the International Space Station, and has the only commercial orbital space flight opportunities available today 2. Suborbital Flights Space Adventures is developing a passenger suborbital space program, with licensed passenger flights to launch in the 2007-2008 time frames. 3. Spaceflight Training Space Adventures offers a variety of training experiences that can either be booked together as part of a qualification program. Background In May 2001, it sent American businessman Dennis Tito to the ISS aboard a Russian Aviation and Space Agency Soyuz spacecraft for a reported $20 million payment, making him the first space tourist in history. South African businessman Mark Shuttleworth did the same in April 2002. On December 16, 2003, the company announced a contract with two unnamed American individuals, who agreed to pay $20 million each to make similar trips in 2004 and 2005. In fact, the third flight only took place on October 1, 2005, with the launch of Gregory Olsen, and it is assumed that Olsen was one of these two individuals. A flight is on offer with two tourists and one pilot, the SA-1, also to the ISS. On November 3, 2005, Space Adventures announced that their next client would be Japanese entrepreneur Daisuke "Dice-K" Enomoto. However, on 21 August 2006, a Russian Federal Space Agency spokesman
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announced that Enomoto was "deemed not ready to fly for exclusively medical reasons"; although he hinted that Enomoto might recover and join a later mission. His replacement on this particular flight was Iranian-American businesswoman Anousheh Ansari.

Circumlunar Flights On August 10, 2005, the company announced a project named Deep Space Expeditions Alpha to send people around the Moon. A 5 1/2 day lunar flight could happen in 2008 or 2009, and cost about $100 million per person.

Additional Development Space Adventures has entered into an agreement with the Russian Federal Space Agency to further develop the C-21 design into the Explorer. It has also entered into an agreement with Prodea, backers of the Ansari X-Prize to develop spaceports in the United Arab Emirates (Ras Al Khaimah spaceport) and Singapore (Singapore spaceport). On April 3, 2006, it was reported that a UAE entrepreneur is paying more than $100,000 to go on the first suborbital flight.

X-PRIZE FOUNDATION The X PRIZE Foundation is a not-for-profit education organization using competitions to create innovative breakthroughs in space and related technologies for the benefit of mankind. On October 4, 2004, the X PRIZE captured world headlines when Mojave Aerospace led by Burt Rutan and Paul Allen built and flew the worlds first private spacecraft to the edge of space winning the $10 million ANSARI X PRIZE and jump-starting the personal spaceflight industry. Following in the footsteps of over 100 aviation prizes offered between 1905 and 1935 that created todays multibillion dollar aerospace industry, the ANSARI X PRIZE was awarded to the team that designed the first private spaceship that successfully launched its vehicle to a sub-orbital altitude of 100 km on two consecutive flights. Funding: The X PRIZE Foundation is funded through private donations. Funding for the ANSARI X PRIZE purse was secured from multiple sources including: The Ansari family, The New Spirit of St. Louis Organization, leading St. Louis corporations, FirstUSA (BankOne) and major donors. X- PRIZE Cup 2006 Welcome to the official website for the Wirefly X PRIZE Cup, Earth's great space exposition. This year's Cup features three spectacular competitions with over $2.5 million in prize purses, multiple high-powered sounding rocket launches, the unveiling of the Rocket Racing League's development X-Racer, multiple static engine test
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firings live on the field, fly-overs by the T-38 astronaut trainer, and a variety of other rocket surprises in the air and on the ground. Building on the legendary prize methodology that the Ansari X PRIZE used to catalyze SpaceShipOne into history, this year's Cup see's the launch of three important competitions. The Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander Challenge (a NASA-supported prize effort to demonstrate the ability of private companies to develop nextgeneration lunar landers), the Vertical Rocket Challenge (another lunar-landing-technology-focused competition), and the The Spaceward Foundation's Space Elevator Games (a test of over 20 teams to use light to power a vehicle along a tether, this year up about 50 meters, but eventually hundreds and thousands of miles).

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Suggestion

1) Innovative Marketing Strategies After my study I have come out with two new and innovative methods of marketing these are: Step to Space; Lottery Style Contest. Step to Space Space lines can sell individual experience packages to stimulate the tourist to go for actual space trip. These are cheaper and stimulate customers to go to space. Lottery Style Contest Lottery Style Contest will do two things: i) It will give people who dont have the financial mean to look at the product like this as a chance to go to space and; ii) It gets larger portion of population interested in your product.

2) Careful Selection of Tourists The tourists are their brand ambassadors so the tourist should be carefully selected. This is because a lot of publicity is given by the media to these tourists, so if the tourist has a criminal background he will get negative publicity which in turn will spoil the image of the space lines. 3) Developing training centers as Tourist spots Space lines spend huge amount of money in setting up state of the art facilities at their training centers, so this centers can be developed ad tourist spot. This will do two things: i) ii) Raise additional revenue Will stimulate the people to go for a space trip.

4) Design of the space craft According to my research the preferred activity in space is view earth and walk in space so while designing the space flight the space lines should ensure that tourists get lot of opportunities for their preferred activity.
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Conclusion

After my research I can conclude that India has huge potential for space tourism but they will have to make it more affordable to tap the full potential in India. This can be done by launching Reusable Launch Vehicle. These vehicles will make the trip more economical and hence affordable to Indian market. There are many adventurous people in India who can afford space trip but would not like to spend such a huge amount. This is due to conservative nature of Indians. According to my research more then 85% of the respondents were willing to pay only 65% of the actual amount.

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Bibliography

Book

Space tourism - robert-goehlich Newspapers

Hindustan Times

Daily News Analysis

Websites

www.spceadventures.com www.xprize.org www.spacefuture.com www.hobbyspace.com http://www.nasa.gov/

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