1 Matlab ton tp ci t 1.

MATLAB for WIN

Yu cu h thng
H thng IBM hoc tng thch 100% vi b vi x l 486 Intel cng vi b ng x l ton hc 487 ( ngoi tr 486 DX c b x l bn trong ), Pentium hoc Pentium Pro Processor. Microsoft Window 95 hoc Window NT.

a) CD ROM - B iu phi ho 8 bit v card mn hnh ( 256 mu ng thi ) - Khong trng a ci t v chy cc tu chn. S yu cu a cng thay i tu theo kch c cc partition v cc tp tr gip help c ci t trc tip theo tu chn. Qu trnh ci t s thng bo cho bn bit t m v dung lng a yu cu. V d: Partition vi mt lin cung mt 0 cn 25 MB cho ring MATLAB v 50 MB cho c MATLAB v HELP. Partition vi lin cung 64 KB cn 115 MB cho ring MATLAB v 250 MB cho c MATLAB v HELP. b ) B nh. Microsoft WIndow 95: 8 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh. Microsoft WIN NT 3.51 hoc 4.0: 12 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh. Cc khuyn ngh B nh ph vo (B nh b sung: additional Memory). V mch tng tc ho b tr cho Microsoft Window. My in tr gip cho Microsoft Window. V mch m thanh tr gip cho Microsoft Window. Microsoft Word 7.0 hoc hn ( nu bn c nh s dng MATLAB NoteBook ). Trnh bin dch Watcom C, Borland, Microsoft (xy dng file MEX). Netscape Navigator 2.0 hoc version cao hn hoc Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 chy MATLAB Help Desk.

Qu trnh ci t
1. t a vo CD. Trn WIN 95 chng trnh SETUP bt u chy t ng nu nh MATLAB cha c ci t trc. Cn khng, nhn p vo biu tng setup.exe bt u qu trnh ci t. 2. Chp nhn hay b i nhng khuyn co v cp ng k phn mm trn mn hnh. Nu chp nhn bn mi c th bt u qu trnh ci t. 3. Trn Custumer Information, nhp vo tn bn, a ch ca bn. Tn khng c qu 30 k t. Nhn nt NEXT. 4. Nhn vo cc hp trng thnh phn du v nu nh bn mun tu chn v nhn tip nu bn c nh khng mun tu chn ( c th thm vo sau ny nu mun ). Trn mn hnh hin th C:\MATLAB l th mc ch mc nh ca qu trnh ci t. Nu bn mun ci t vo th mc khc hoc i tn th mc th bn la chn Browse. MATLAB cho Macintosh.

2 MATLAB cho my Macintosh chy c trn: Mi my Macintosh c cu hnh mnh ( power Macintosh ). Mi Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68040 ( b ng x l ton hc bn trong ). Mi my Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68020 hoc 68030 v b ng x l ton hc 68881 hoc 68882. Yu cu ti thiu chy MATLAB. a cng trng ti thiu 26 MB, cn thm 60 MB cho h thng tu chon HELP trc tuyn. 16 MB cho phn vng b nh. CD ROM. Color Quick Draw. ---------------oOo----------------

Chng1
GII THIU chung Bygi bn ci t xong, chng ta hy xem MATLAB c th lm c nhng g. Trong phn ny chng ta s trnh by mt s nhng ng dng ca n; v trnh by tt c nhng ng dng ca MATLAB s rt di v tn thi gian. Nu bn c quyn hng dn ny, bn s thy MATLAB l ngn ng rt mnh gii quyt nhng vn quan trng v kh khn ca bn. N s rt hu ch khi bn c phn hng dn c bn v n s cung cp cho bn nhng kin thc c bn bn hiu r MATLAB v pht trin c nhng kh nng ca mnh sau ny. C l cch d nht hng dung v MATLAB l n c y cc c im ca my tnh c nhn: ging nh cc my tnh c bn, n lm tt c cc php tnh ton hc c bn nh cng, tr, nhn, chia; ging nh my tnh k thut, n bao gm: s phc, cn thc, s m, logarithm, cc php ton lng gic nh sine, cosine, tang; n cng ging nh my tnh c kh nng lp trnh, c th lu tr, tm kim li d liu, cng c th to, bo v v ghi trnh t cc lnh t ng php ton khi gii quyt cc vn , bn c th so snh logic, iu khin thc hin lnh m bo tnh ng n ca php ton. Ging nh cc my tnh hin i nht, n cho php bn biu din d liu di nhiu dng nh: biu din thng thng, ma trn i s, cc hm t hp v c th thao tc vi d liu thng cng nh i vi ma trn. Trong thc t MATLAB cn ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v n cng s dng rt nhiu cc php tnh ton hc. Vi nhng c im v kh nng thn thin vi ngi s dng nn n d dng s dng hn cc ngn ng khc nh Basic, Pascal, C. N cung cp mt mi trng phong ph cho biu din d liu, v c kh nng mnh m v ho, bn c th to cc giao din ring cho ngi s dng(GUIs) gi quyt nhng vn ring cho mnh. Thm vo MATLAB a ra nhng cng c gii quyt nhng vn c bit, gi l Toolbox (hp cng c). V d Student Edition ca MATLAB bao gm c Toolbox iu khin h thng, Toolbox x l tn hiu, Toolbox biu tng ton hc. Ngoi ra bn c th to Toolbox cho ring mnh. Vi nhng kh nng mnh m, rng ln ca MATLAB nn n rt cn thit cho bn bt u t phn c bn. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu tng phn, v cun sch ny s gip bn hiu c chng. Trc tin, mt cch n gin nht l chng ta quan nim nh l mt my tnh c bn, tip theo l nh my tnh k thut v nh my tnh c th lp trnh c, cui cng l nh my tnh hin i nht. Bng cch quan nim ny bn s d dng hiu c nhng cch m MATLAB gii quyt nhng vn thng thng v xem MATLAB gii quyt nhng vn v s phc mm do nh th no. Tu thuc vo kin thc ca bn, bn c th tm thy nhng phn trong cun sch hng dn ny hng th hay bun t...

3 Khi bn chy chng trnh MATLAB, n s to mt hoc nhiu ca s trn mn hnh ca bn, v ca s lnh (command) l ca s chnh bn giao tip vi MATLAB, ca s ny xut hin nh hnh di y. Cc k t EDU>> l du nhc ca MATLAB trong student MATLAB. Trong cc version khc ca MATLAB, du nhc n gin ch l >>. Khi ca s lnh xut hin, l ca s hot ng, con tr xut hin bn phi du nhc nh hnh di. Con tr v du nhc ny ca MATLAB bo rng MATLAB ang i thc hin lnh. Hnh 1.1 1.1 Cc php ton n gin Ging nh my tnh n gin thng thng, MATLAB c th thc hin cc php ton n gin, nh v d di y: Mary n mt ca hng vn phng phm v mua 4 cc ty, 25 xu mt cc, 6 tp v, 52 xu mt tp, hai cun bng i, 99 xu mt cun. Hy tnh xem Mary mua bao nhiu vt, v tng s tin l bao nhiu? Nu dng my tnh thng thng, ta vo cc s: 4 + 6 + 2 = 12 ( vt) 4x25 + 6x52 + 2x99 = 610 (xu) Hnh 1.2 Ca s lnh ca MATLAB version 5.2 Ca s lnh ca Student MATLAB

Trong MATLAB chng ta c th gii quyt vn ny theo nhiu cch. Trc tin ging nh my tnh trn, chng ta c th tnh: >> 4 + 6 + 2 ans= 12 >> 4*25 + 6*52 + 2*99 ans= 610 Ch rng MATLAB khng ch n nhng khong trng, cho tt c cc phn, v php nhn c mc u tin cao hn php cng. V mt ch khc l MATLAB gi kt qu ans (vit tt ca answer) cho c hai php tnh. Nh ni trn, vn trn c th gii quyt bng cch cha cc thng tin vo bin ca MATLAB: >> erasers = 4 erasers= 4 >> pads = 6 pads= 6 >> tape = 2; >> iterms = erases + pads + tape iterms= 12 >> cost = erases*25 + pads*52 + tape*99 cost=

4 610 y chng ta to 3 bin MATLAB: erases, pads, tape cha s lng mi loi vt. Sau khi vo cc gi tr cho cc bin ny, MATLAB hin th kt qu ra mn hnh, tr trng hp bin tape. Du hai chm ng sau cu lnh >> tape = 2; thng bo cho MATLAB nhn gi tr gn nhng khng hin th ra mn hnh. Cui cng khc vi gi kt qu ans, chng ta yu cu MATLAB gi kt qu tng s cc vt l iterms, v tng s tin l cost. Ti mi bc MATLAB u a ra cc thng tin. V c lu gi cc bin nn chng ta c th yu cu MATLAB tnh gi tr trung bnh cho mi vt: >> everage_cost = cost/iterms everage_cost= 50.8333 Bi v everage cost c hai t, m MATLAB yu cu bin ch c mt t, nn chng ta dng du gch di ni hai t ny thnh mt t. Ngoi cc php tnh trn, MATLAB cn c mt s php tnh c bn khc nh bng di y: Php tnh Php cng, a + b Php tr, a - b Php nhn, a.b Php chia, ab Php lu tha, ab Biu tng + * / hoc \ ^ V d 5+3 7-4 18*24 56/8 = 8\ 56 5^2

Trong cc php ton trn c mc u tin khc nhau, khi tnh t tri sang phi ca mt dng gm nhiu lnh th php ton lu tha c mc u tin cao nht, tip theo l php nhn v php chia c mc u tin bng nhau cui cng l php cng v php tr cng c mc u tin bng nhau. 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB Cng nh bn lm vic vi ca s Lnh, MATLAB nh cc lnh bn g vo cng nh cc gi tr bn gn cho n hoc n c to ln. Nhng lnh v bin ny c gi l lu gi trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, v c th c gi li khi bn mun. V d, kim tra gi tr ca bin tape, tt c nhng g bn phi lm l yu cu MATLAB cho bit bng cch nh vo tn bin ti du nhc: >> tape tape= 2 Nu bn khng nh tn bin, bn c th yu cu MATLAB cho danh sch cc bin bng cch dnh lnh who t du nhc lnh: >> who Your variables are: ans cost average_cost erasers

iterms pads

tape

Ch rng MATLAB khng a ra gi tr ca tt c cc bin, nu bn mun bit gi tr, bn nh vo tn bin ti du nhc lnh ca MATLAB.

5 gi li cc lnh bn dng, MATLAB dng cc phm mi tn ( ) trn bn phm ca bn. V d gi li lnh bn g vo lc gn hin ti nht, bn nhn phm mi tn , tip tc nhn phm ny, n s li gi tip lnh trc , Nu bn dng phm mi tn n s gi li lnh t lnh u tin cho n lnh gn hin ti nht. Cc phm mi tn v c th dng thay i v tr con tr trong dng lnh ti du nhc ca MATLAB, nh vy chng ta c th sa dng lnh, thm na, chng ta c th dng chut cng vi b nh m ct, copy, dn, v sa vn bn ti du nhc ca dng lnh. 1.3 Bin Ging nh nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc, MATLAB c nhng quy nh ring v tn bin. Trc tin tn bin phi l mt t, khng cha du cch, v tn bin phi c nhng quy tun th nhng quy tc sau: Quy nh v tn bin Tn bin c phn bit ch hoa ch thng. V d: Iterms, iterms, itErms, v ITERMS l cc bin khc nhau Tn bin c th cha nhiu nht 31 k t, cn cc k t sau k t th 31 b l i. V d: howaboutthisveriablename Tn bin bt u phi l ch ci, tip theo c th l ch s, s gch di V d: how_about_this_veriable_name, X51483. a_b_c_d_e K t chm cu khng c php dng v n c nhng ngha c bit Cng vi nhng quy nh trn, MATLAB c nhng bin c bit trong bng sau: Cc bin c bit ans pi = 3.1415.. Eps flops inf NaN hoc nan i (v) j nargin narout realmin realmax Gi tr Tn bin mc nh dng tr v kt qu S nh nht, nh vy dng cng vi 1 cs nh nht ln hn 1 S ca php ton s thc ch s v cng nh kt qu ca 1/0 Dng ch s khng xc nh nh kt qu ca 0/0 i=j= S cc i s a vo hm c s dng S cc i s hm a ra S nh nht c th c ca s thc S ln nht c th c ca s thc

Nh bn c th to mt bin ca MATLAB, v bn cng c th gn li gi tr cho mt hoc nhiu bin. V d: >> erases >> pads = >> tape = >> iterms iterms= 12 >> erases erases= 6 >> iterms iterms= = 4; 6; 2; = eases + pads + tape

= 6

6 12 y chng ta s dng li v d trn, chng ta tm c s vt m Mary mua sau chng ta thay i s cc ty ln 6, gi tr ny s ln gi tr trc ca n l 4. Khi bn lm nh vy, gi tr ca iterms vn khng thay i, v MATLAB khng tnh li iterms vi gi tr mi ca erases. Khi MATLAB thc hin mt php tnh, n ly gi tr ca cc bin hin thi, nn nu bn mun tnh gi tr mi ca iterms, cost, average_cost, bn gi li cc lnh tnh cc gi tr . i vi cc bin c bit trn, n c sn gi tr, nh vy khi bn khi ng MATLAB; nu bn thay i gi tr ca n th nhng gi tr c bit ban u s b mt cho n khi bn xo bin i hoc khi ng li MATLAB. Do bn khng nn thay i gi tr ca bin c bit, tr khi n thc s cn thit. Cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB c th b xo khng iu kin bng cch dng lnh clear. V d: >> clear erases ch xo mt bin erases >> clear cost iterms xo c hai bin cost v iterms >> clear cl* du * ch rng xo tt c cc bin bt u bng hai k t cl. >> clear xo tt c cc bin trong khng gian lm vic!. Bn s khng c hi xc nhn cu lnh ny v tt c cc bin b xo khng th khi phc li. C th ni rng dng lnh clear rt nguy him, v vy khi dng lnh ny bn nn dng ng v tr. 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu Tt c cc vn bn ng sau k hiu phn trm (%) u l cu gii thch. V d: >> erases = 4 erases= 4 % S cc ty.

Bin erases c gn gi tr l 4, cn tt c k hiu phn trm v vn bn ng sau n u b l i. c im ny gip cho chng ta d theo di cng vic chng ta ang lm. Nhiu lnh c th t trn cng mt hng, chng cch nhau bi du phy hoc du chm phy, nh: >> erases = 4, pads = 6; tape = 2 erases= 4 tape= 2 du phy yu cu MATLAB hin th kt qu trn mn hnh; cn du chm phy l khng hin th kt qu trn mn hnh. >> average_cost = cost/ ... iterms average_cost= 50.83333

7 Nh v d trn, ta c th dng du ba chm (...) ch cu lnh c tip tc hng di, php tnh thc hin c khi du ba chm ngn cch gia ton t v bin, ngha l tn bin khng b ngn cch gia hai hng: >> average_cost = cost/ it... erms ??? age_cost = cost/iterms Missing operator, coma, or semicolon. ging nh vy, trng thi ca li gii thch khng th tip tc: >> % Comments cannot be continued ... >> either ??? Undefined function or variable either. Bn c th dng chng trnh bng cch nhn ng thi Ctrl v C. 1.5 S phc Mt trong nhng c im mnh m nht ca MATLAB l lm vic vi s phc. S phc trong MATLAB c nh ngha theo nhiu cch, v d nh sau: >> c1 = 1 - 2i % Chn thm k t i vo phn o. c1= 1.0000 - 2.0000i >> c1 = 1 - 2j % j y tng t nh i trn. c1= 1.0000 - 2.0000i >> c2 = 3*(2-sqrt(-1)*3) c2= 6.0000 - 9.0000i >> c3 = sqrt(-2) c3= 0 + 1.4142i >> c4 = 6 + sin(.5)*i c4= 6.0000 + 0.4794i >> c5 = 6 + sin(.5)*j c5= 6.0000 + 0.4794i Trong hai v d cui, MATLAB mc nh gi tr ca i = j = dng cho phn o. Nhn vi i hoc j c yu cu trong trng hp ny, sin(.5)i v sin(.5)j khng c ngha i vi MATLAB. Cui cng vi cc k t i v j, nh trong hai v d u trn ch lm vic vi s c nh, khng lm vic c vi biu thc. Mt s ngn ng yu cu s iu khin c bit cho s phc khi n xut hin, trong MATLAB th khng cu nh vy. Tt c cc php tnh ton hc u thao tc c nh i vi s thc thng thng: >> c6 = (c1 + c2)/c3 c6= % T cc d liu trn

8 -7.7782 - 4.9497i >> check_it_out = i^2 check_it_out= -1.0000 + 0.0000i

% Bnh phng ca i phi l -1

trong v d ny ch cn li phn thc, phn o bng khng. Chng ta c th dng hm real v imag kim tra tng phn thc v o. Chng ta c th biu din s phc dng ln v gc (dng cc): M M.ej = a+bi trn s phc c biu din bng ln M v gc , quan h gia cc i lng ny v phn thc, phn o ca s phc biu din di dng i s l: M= = tan-1(b/ a) a = Mcos b = Msin Trong MATLAB, chuyn t dng cc sang dng i s, dng cc hm real, imag, v angle: >> c1 c1= 1.0000 - 2.0000i >> M_c1 = abs(c1) M_c1= 2.2361 >> angle_c1 = angle(c1) angle_c1= -1.1071 >> deg_c1 = angle_c1*180/ pi -63.4349 >> real_c1 = real(c1) real_c1= 1 >> imag_c1 = imag(c1) imag_c1= -2 % Gi li c1

% Tnh argument ca s phc

% Tnh gc ca s phc theo radian

% Chuyn t radian sang % Tnh phn thc

% Tnh phn o

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Chng2
CC C tnh K THUT

Ging nh hu ht cc my tnh k thut, MATLAB a ra rt nhiu cc hm ton hc, k thut thng dng, ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp hng trm cc hm c bit v thut ton, n rt hu ch gii quyt cc vn khoa hc. Tt c cc hm ny c lit k trong online help, cn y ch cp n nhng hm thng dng nht. 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng Cc hm ton hc ca MATLAB c lit k trong bng di y, chng u c chung mt cch gi hm nh v d di y: >> x = sqrt(2)/2 x= 0.7071 >> y = sin(x) y= 0.7854 >> y_deg = y*180/pi y_deg= 45.0000 Nhng lnh ny tm mt gc (tnh bng ) khi bit gi tr hm sin ca n l / 2. Tt c cc hm lin quan n gc ca MATLAB u lm vic vi radian. Bng cc hm: Cc hm thng thng abs(x) acos(x) acosh(x) angle(x) asin(x) asinh(x) atan(x) atan2(x, y) atanh(x) ceil(x) conj(x) cos(x) cosh(x) exp(x) fix(x) floor(x) gdc(x, y) Tnh argument ca s phc x Hm ngc ca cosine Hm ngc ca hyperbolic cosine Tnh gc ca s phc x Hm ngc ca sine Hm ngc ca hyperbolic sine Hm ngc ca tangent L hm arctangent ca phn thc ca x v y Hm ngc ca hyperbolic tangent Xp x dng v cng S phc lin hp Hm cosine ca x Hm hyperbolic cosine ca x Hm ex Xp x khng Xp x m v cng c s chung ln nht ca hai s nguyn xv y

10 imag(x) lcm(x, y) log(x) log10(x) real(x) rem(x, y) round(x) sign(x) sin(x) sinh(x) sqrt(x) tan(x) tanh(x) >> 4*atan(1) ans= 3.1416 >> help atant2 ATAN2 Hm tr v phn o ca s phc Bi s chung nh nht ca hai s nguyn x v y Logarithm t nhin Logarithm c s 10 Hm tr v phn thc ca x Phn d ca php chia x/ y Hm lm trn v s nguyn t Hm du: tr v du ca argument nh: sign(1.2)=1; sign(-23.4)=-1; sign(0)=0 Hm tnh sine ca x Hm tnh hyperbolic sine ca x Hm khai cn bc hai Tangent Hyperbolic tangent % Mt cch tnh xp x gi tr ca pi

% Yu cu gip i vi hm atan2

four quadrant inverse tangent ATAN2(Y, X) is the four quadrant arctangent of the real parts of the elements of X and Y. -pi <= ATAN2(Y, X) <= pi see also ATAN. >> 180/pi*atan(-2/ 3) ans= -33.69 >> 180/pi*atan2(2, -3) ans= 146.31 >> 180/pi*atan2(-2, 3) ans= -33.69 >> 180/pi*atan2(2, 3) ans= 33.69 >> 180/pi*atan2(-2, -3) ans= -146.31 Mt s v d khc: >> y = sqrt(3^2 + 4^2) % Tnh cnh huyn ca tam gic pitago 3-4-5 y= 5 >> y = rem(23,4) % 23/4 c phn d l 3 y= 3 >> x = 2.6,y1 = fix(x),y2 = floor(x),y3 = ceil(x),y4 = round(x)

11 x= 2.6000 y1= 2 y2= 2 y3= 3 y4= 3 >> gcd(18,81) ans= 9 >> lcm(18,81) ans= 162 % 9 l c s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81

% 162 l bi s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81

V d: c lng chiu cao ca ngi nh Vn : Gi thit bit khong cch t ngi quan st n ngi nh l D, gc t ngi quan st n ngi nh l ; chiu cao ca ngi quan st l h. Hi ngi nh cao bao nhiu? Gii php: Ta biu din kch thc nh hnh 2.1: (khng thy) Hnh 2.1 Ngi nh c chiu cao l H + h, H l chiu di ca mt cnh ca tam gic, chiu di ny c th tnh c bng cng thc quan h gia gc v cnh ca tam gic: tan() = T ta c chiu cao ca ngi nh l h + H = h + D.tan() Nu h =2meters, D =50meters, v l 60o, MATLAB s a ra kt qu l: >> h = 2 h = 2 >> theta = 60 theta = 60 >> D = 50 D = 50 >> buiding_height = h+D*atan(theta*pi/180) buiding_height = 54.3599

V d s suy gim do phn r

12

Vn : S phn r phn t polonium c chu k phn r l 140 ngy, tc l sau 140 ngy th lng poloniun cn li l 1/2 lng ban u. Hi nu ban u c 10 grams polonium, n s cn li bao nhiu sau 250 ngy? Gii quyt: Sau 1 chu k phn r hoc 140 ngy, cn li 10x0.5 = 5 grams; sau 2 chu k phn r hoc 280 ngy, cn li 5x0.5 = 10x(0.5)2 = 2.5grams, t ta c kt qu nm trong khong 5 v 2.5 grams, v ta c cng thc tnh phn cn li sau khong thi gian bt k:
khi lng cn li = khi lng ban u x(0.5)thi gian/ chu k v d thi gian l 250 ngy, v kt qu MATLAB a ra l: >> initial_amount = 10; % Khi lng ban u >> half_life = 140; % Chu k phn r >> time = 250; % Thi gian tnh khi lng >> amount_left = initial_*0.5^(time/half_life) amount_left= 2.9003 V d tnh ton v li xut Vn : Bn ng mua t mi vi gi 18,500 dollars. Ngi bn t a ra hai gii php v ti chnh l: th nht, tr 2.9% li xut ca s tin trn trong vng 4 nm. Th hai l tr 8.9% li xut ca s tin trn trong vng 4 nm v gi bn c gim i mt khon l 1500 dollars. Hi vi gii php no th bn mua c t vi gi r hn? Gii php: S tin tr hng thng l P, trn tng s tin l A dollars, t s li xut hng thng l R, tr trong M thng: P=A Tng s tin phi tr s l: T = PxM Gii php MATLAB a ra l: >> format bank % Dng dng hin th ngn hng >> A = 18500; % Tng s tin >> M = 12*4; % S thng phi tr li >> FR = 1500; % Tin gim gi ca nh my >> % Gii php th nht >> R = (2.9/100)/12; % T l li xut hng thng >> P = A*(R*(1+R)^M/((1+R)^M - 1)) % Khon tin phi tr hng thng P= 408.67 >> T1 = P*M % Tng gi tr ca t T1= 19616.06 >> % Gii php th hai >> R = (8.9/100)/12; % T l li xut hng thng >> P = (A-FR)*(R*(1 + R)^M/((1+R)^M - 1)) % Tin phi tr hng thng P= 422.24 >> T2 = P*M % Tng gi tr ca t T2=

13 20267.47 >> Diff = T2 - T1 Diff= 651.41 Nh vy ta c gii php th nht gi r hn gii php th hai. V d: Vn nng acid Vn : Nh mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut b phn ca vt c ti mt nh my t ng, b phn c nhng trong nc lm ngui, sau nhng trong bn ng dung dch acid lm sch. Trong ton b ca qu trnh nng acid gim i khi cc b phn c ly ra khi bn acid v khi nhng b phn ca vt c vo bn th mt lng nc cn bm trn vt c khi nhng b trc cng vo theo v khi nhc ra khi bn mt lng acid bm theo vt. m bo cht lng th nng acid phi khng c nh hn mt lng ti thiu. Bn hy bt u vi nng dung dch l 90% th nng ti thiu phi l 50%. Lng cht lng thm vo v ly i sau mi ln nhng dao ng trong khong t 1% n 10%. Hi bao nhiu b phn c th nhng vo b dung dch acid trc khi nng ca n gim xung di mc cho php?

Gii php:
Ban u nng acid l initial_con = 90% = acid/ (acid + water) sau ln nhng th nht nng acid cn: con = = = = acid l lng acid ban u trong dung dch, water l lng nc ban u trong dung dch, lost l lng phn trm nc thm vo. S acid cn li trong dung dch sau ln nhng th nht l: acid_left = Ngha l, khi nhng ln th hai nng dung dch s l: con = = = Tip tc qu trnh ny, sau n ln nhng, nng acid l: con = Nu nng acid cn li l mc ti thiu chp nhn c, s ln nhng cc i s l mt s nguyn bng hoc nh hn n: n=

14 Trong MATLAB gii php s l: >> initial_con = 90 initial_con= 90 >> min_con = 50 min_con= 50 >> lost = 0.01; >> n = floor(log( initial_con/min_con)/log(1+lost)) n= 59 Nh vy c th nhng 59 ln trc khi nng acid gim xung di 50%. Ch hm floor dng lm trn s n xung s nguyn gn nht, v dy ta cng c th dng hm logarithm c s 10 v logarithm c s 2 thay cho hm logarithm t nhin trn. -------------------oOo----------------------

chng 3
NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH Ca s lnh (comand) ca MATLAB c rt nhiu nhng c im cn ch , mt s chng c gii thiu chng trc, v sau y chng ta tm hiu r hn v chng. 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB Cc d liu v bin c to ln trong ca s lnh, c lu trong mt phn gi l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB. Mun xem tn bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB ta dng lnh who: >> who Your variables are: D buiding_height h theta

Cc bin ny c dng trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh. xem chi tit hn v cc bin ta dng lnh whos: >> whos Name D buiding_height h theta Size 1x1 1x1 1x1 1x1 Bytes 8 8 8 8 Class array array array array

double double double double

15 Grand total is 4 elements using 32 bytes Mi bin c lit k vi kch c ca n, s bytes s dng, v cc lp ca chng (class), trong v d c bit ny, cc bin u l s n, c chnh xc hai s sau du phy. Lnh whos c bit c ch khi nghin cu n phn mng v cc kiu d liu khc. Ngoi cc hm ny, trong mc Show Workspace trong bng chn file to ra ca s GUI gi l Workspace Browser, n cha cc thng tin tng t nh lnh whos. Thm na n to cho bn kh nng xo, lm sch cc bin m bn chn. Ca s ny cng c th to bng cch nhn nt Workspace Browser, trn thanh cng c ca ca s lnh. Nh trnh by trn, lnh clear c th xo bin t khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB. V d: >> clear h D % Xo cc bin h v D >> who Your variables are: buiding_height theta

Cc tu chn khc ca hm clear chng ta c th tm hiu thm bng lnh help: >> help clear CLEAR Clear variables and functions from memory. CLEAR removes all variables from the workspace. CLEAR VARIABLES does the same thing. CLEAR GLOBAL removes all global variables. CLEAR FUNCTIONS removes all compiled M-functions. CLEAR MEX removes all links to MEX-files. CLEAR ALL removes all variables, globals, functions and MEX links. CLEAR VAR1 VAR2 ... clears the variables specified. The wildcard character '*' can be used to clear variables that match a pattern. For instance, CLEAR X* clears all the variables in the current workspace that start with X. If X is global, CLEAR X removes X from the current workspace, but leaves it accessible to any functions declaring it global. CLEAR GLOBAL X completely removes the global variable X. CLEAR FUN clears the function specified. locked by MLOCK it will remain in memory. If FUN has been

CLEAR ALL also has the side effect of removing all debugging breakpoints since the breakpoints for a file are cleared whenever the m-file changes or is cleared.

16 Use the functional form of CLEAR, such as CLEAR('name'), when the variable name or function name is stored in a xu. See also WHO, WHOS, MLOCK, MUNLOCK. Cui cng, khi lm vic trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, n thng thun tin ghi hoc in mt bn sao cng vic ca bn, lnh diary ghi d liu ngi dng a vo v ca s lnh v a ra file vn bn dng m ASCII c tn l diary trong th mc hin ti. >> diary frame >> diary off % ghi d liu vao file frame % kt thc lnh diary v ng file

Khi ca s lnh c chn, chn print... t bng chn file in mt bn ca ca s lnh, bn c th dng chut la chn phn mnh mun ghi, chn Pint Selection... t bng chn file, in mt phn vn bn la chn. 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu nh cc bin MATLAB c th ghi v gi li d liu t file trong my tnh ca bn. Mc Workspace as... trong bng chn file m hp chun hi thoi ghi tt c cc bin hin ti. Ging nh vy, trong mc Load Workspace trong bng chn file m hp hi thoi gi li tt c cc bin m ta ghi li t khng gian lm vic trc, n khng lm mt cc bin ny trong khng gian lm vic hin ti. Khi ta gi li cc bin, m cc bin ny trng tn vi cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, n s thay i gi tr ca cc bin theo gi tr ca cc bin gi ra t file. Nu bng chn file khng thun tin hoc khng p ng c nhng yu cu ca bn, MATLAB cung cp hai lnh save v load, n thc hin mt cch mm do hn, trong trng hp c bit, lnh save cho php bn ghi mt hoc nhiu hn mt bin tuy theo s la chon ca bn. V d: >> save Cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong file MATLAB.mat >> save data

cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong fle data.mat. >> save data erasers pads tape -ascii

Ghi cc bin erasers, pads, tape trong dng m ASCII 8 s trong file data. File dng m ASCII c th sa i bng bt c chng trnh son tho vn bn no, ch rng file ASCII khng c phn m rng .mat. >> save data erasers pads tape -ascii -double

Ghi cc bin erasers, pads, tape dng ASCII 16 s trong file data. Lnh load cng dng vi c php tng t. 3.3 Khun dng hin th s Khi MATLAB hin th kt qu dng s, n tun theo mt s quy nh sau:

17 Mc nh, nu kt qu l s nguyn th MATLAB hin th n l mt s nguyn, khi kt qu l mt s thc th MATLAB hin th s xp x vi bn ch s sau du phy, cn cc s dng khoa hc th MATLAB hin th cng ging nh trong cc my tnh khoa hc. Bn c th khng dng dng mc nh, m to mt khun dng ring t mc Preferences, trong bng chn file, c th mc nh hoc nh dng xp x ti du nhc. Chng ta dng bin average_cost ( trong v d trc) lm v d, dng s ny l: Lnh ca MATLAB format short format long format short e format long e format short g format long g format hex format bank format + format rat Average_cost 50.833 50.83333333333334 5.0833e+01 5.083333333333334e+01 50.833 50.83333333333333 40496aaaaaaaaaab 50.83 + 305/ 6 Ch thch 5 s 16 s 5 s vi s m 16 s vi s m chnh xc hn format short hoc format short e chnh xc hn format long hoc format long e h c s 16 hai s h 10 dng, m hoc bng khng dng phn s

Mt ch quan trng l MATLAB khng thay i s khi nh li khun dng hin th c chn, m ch thay i mn hnh thay i. ---------------oOo-----------------

Chng 4
Script M_files

Mt vn n gin l, yu cu ca bn ti du nhc ca MATLAB trong ca s lnh l nhanh v hiu qu. Tuy nhin v s lnh tng ln, hoc khi bn mun thay i gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu bin v thc hin li mt s lnh vi gi tr mi, nu c nh lp li ti du nhc ca MATLAB th s tr ln bun t, do vy MATLAB cung cp mt gii php cho vn ny l: n cho php bn thay th cc lnh ca MATLAB bng mt file vn bn n gin, v yu cu MATLAB m file v thc hin lnh chnh xc nh l nh ti du nhc ca MATLAB ti ca s lnh, nhng file ny gi l script file, hoc n gin l M_file. Danh t "script" ch rng thc t MATLAB c t file kch bn tm thy trong file. Danh t "M_file" ch rng tn script file phi kt thc bng phn m rng l '.m' nh v d example1.m. to mt script M_file, chn New trong bng chn file v chn M_file. Th tc ny s to ra mn hnh son tho, v bn c th nh c cc lnh ca MATLAB trong . V d di y l cch lnh trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh trc: function example1 % example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh h = 2 theta = 60 D = 50; building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180)

18 Bn c th ghi v lu gi file nybng cch chn Save t bng chn file. Khi bn ghi ln file ch phi nh tn file trng vi tn hm (example) khng cn nh vo phn m rng, MATLAB t gn vo cho n. Khi t du nhc ta c th nh: >> example1 h= 2 theta= 60 building_height= 54.3599 Khi MATLAB din gii cc trng thi ca example1 trn, n s c ni k hn chng sau, nhng mt cch ngn gn, MATLAB dng cc trng thi ca bin MATLAB hin ti v to ln cc lnh ca n, bt u bng tn M_file. Ngha l, nu example1 khng phi l bin hin ti, hoc mt lnh MATLAB xy dng ln, MATLAB m file example1.m (nu n tm thy) v tnh gi tr cc lnh tm thy ch khi chng ta vo cc thng s chnh xc ti du nhc ca ca s lnh. Nh thy lnh trong M_file truy cp n tt c cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, v tt c cc bin trong M_file tr thnh mt phn ca khng gian lm vic. Bnh thng cc lnh c trong M_file khng c hin th nh l n c tnh trong ca s lnh, nhng lnh echo on yu cu MATLAB hin th hoc lp li lnh i vi ca s lnh nh chng ta c v tnh. Tip theo bn c th on c lnh echo off lm g. Ging nh vy, lnh echo lp li bi chnh n lm thay i chnh trng thi ca n. Vi c im ny ca M_file bn c th thay i li ni dung ca file, v d bn c th m M_file example1.m thay i li cc gi tr ca h, D, hoc theta, ghi li file v yu cu MATLAB tnh li lnh trong file. Thm na, bng cch to M_file, cc lnh ca bn c lu trn a v c th ng dng v sau khi bn cn. Nhng ng dng ca ch dn ca MATLAB gip chng ta hiu c khi dng script file nh trong example1.m, ch dn cho php bn lu gi cng cc lnh trong script file, v vy bn nh c nhng lnh lm g khi bn nhn li file sau y. Thm na, du chm phy ng sau cu lnh khng cho hin th kt qu, t bn c th iu chnh script file a ra nhng kt qu cn thit. V nhng ng dng ca script file, MATLAB cung cp mt s hm c bit c ch khi bn s dng trong M_file: Cc hm M_file disp(ans) echo input keyboard pause pause(n) waitforbuttonpress Hin th cc kt qu m khng hin tn bin iu khin ca s lnh lp li cc lnh ca script file S dng du nhc a d liu vo Trao iu khin tm thi cho bn phm Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn mt phm bt k Dng li n giy Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn chut hoc phm.

Khi lnh ca MATLAB khng kt thc bng du chm phy, kt qu ca lnh c hin th trn ca s lnh cng vi tn bin. i lc n thun tin khi khng cho hin tn bin, trong MATLAB ta dng lnh disp thc hin vic ny: >> h h= 2 >> disp(h) 2 % Cch truyn thng hin kt qu

% Hin kt qu khng c tn bin

19 gip bn son tho script file khi tnh ton cho nhiu trng hp, lnh input cho php bn to cu nhc vo d liu c an ton. V d example1.m vi nhng phn c sa: function example1 % example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh h = 2 theta = 60 D = input( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: ) building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180) chy file ny: >> example1 h= 2 theta= 60 Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60 D= 60 building_height= 64.8319 v d trn ta g vo s 60 v n Enter. Nhng lnh sau s tnh vi gi tr ca D l 60. Ch rng hm input c th dng vi cc php ton khc ging nh i vi cc hm thng thng khc, hm input cng chp nhn i vi bt c kiu biu din s no, v d ta vo mt s l: +5. >> example1 h= 2 theta= 60 Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: sqrt(1908)+5 D= 48.6807 building_height= 52.9783 xem nhng tc ng ca lnh echo, ta dng chng trong script file: echo on function example1 % example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh h = 2 theta = 60 D = input( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: ) building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180) echo off

20 chy chng trnh ta c: >> example1 % example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh h = 2 h= 2 theta = 60 theta= 60 D = input( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: ) Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60 building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180) building_height= 64.8319 echo off Nh bn thy trong trng hp ny, lnh echo lm cho kt qu kh c hn, nhng ngc li lnh n c th rt c ch khi g ri nhiu script file ng dng. ------------------oOo-------------------

Chng 5
QUN L Tp MATLAB cung cp mt s cc hm file h thng v cc lnh cho php bn lit k tn file, xem, v xo M_file, hin th v thay i th mc cha n. Mt s tng kt cc lnh c wa ra trong bng di y. Thm vo bn c th xem v sa ng dn ca MATLAB (matlabpath). Nhng ng dn ny ch cho MATLAB ni cha script file v hm M_file trong my tnh ca bn. C rt nhiu trng hp cc hm trong MATLAB l cc M_file n gin c cha trong a, nhng MATLAB thng bo khng bit hm ny, nh vy do n khng tm c ng dn ca MATLAB, bn cn phi thay i li ng dn: Cc hm h thng file addpath dir1 cd p = cd cd path delete test.m dir d = dir edit test exist(cow,file) exist(d,dir) filesep fullfile Thm th mc dir1 vo bt u ca ng dn Hin th th mc hin thi Gn th mc lm vic hin thi cho bin p Thay i th mc a ra bng ng dn Xo M_file test.m Danh sch tt c cc file trong th mc hin thi Tr li file trong th mc hin thi trong cu trc bin d M test.m son tho, ging nh Open trong bng chon file Kim tra s tn ti ca file cow.m trong ng dn Kim tra s tn ti ca th mc d trong ng dn Tch file nh\ trong Windows95 v NT, : trn Macintosh To tn file vi ng dn y

21 inmem ls MATLABrc.m MATLABroot path pathdef.m pathsep pwd rmpath dir1 startup.m tempdir tempname type test what which test Danh sch hm M_file, gi ra t b nh Ging nh dir MATLAB ch khi ng script M_file, thc hin trc khi startup.m Tr ng dn th mc cho chng trnh thc hin MATLAB Hin th hoc sa ng dn ca MATLAB (MATLABpath) Hm M_file, ni m mmatlabpath l ng Chia ng dn cho matlabpath Ging nh cd B i th mc dir1 t ng dn matlabpath script M_file thc hin khi MATLAB khi ng Tn ca th mc tm thi Tn ca file tm thi Hin ra M_file test.m trong ca s lnh Tr li danh sch tt c M_file v MAT_file trong th mc hin thi Hin th ng dn th mc n test.m

ng n ca MATLAB l danh sch ca tt c cc th mc lu tr cc file ca MATLAB. Hn na, nu bn to mt th mc ca M_file th ng dn ca n phi c thm vo matlabpath, nu khng th MATLAB khng th truy cp n cc file ca bn c, tr khi file t trong th mc hin thi. xem MATLAB s dng matlabpath nh th no, hy xem trng hp c m t trong bng sau:(Khng thy) ng dn ca MATLAB Khi bn g >> cow, MATLAB s lm nh sau: (1) Kim tra nu cow l mt bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, nu khng th... (2) N kim tra nu cow l mt hm c xy dng, nu khng th... (3) N kim tra nu mt tn M_file cow.m tn ti trong th mc hin thi, nu khng th... (4) N kim tra nu cow.m tn ti bt c ni no trn ng dn ca MATLAB bng cch tm kim ng dn. Khi no s ph hp c tm thy th MATLAB chp nhn n. V d nh cow tn ti nh mt bin trong khng gin lm vic ca MATLAB, th MATLAB khng dng hm hoc bin c tn l cow. V vy bn trnh khng nn to bin c tn trng vi tn hm nh: >> sqrt = 1.2; >> sqrt(2); Nhng lnh trn s to ra li, bi v sqrt y khng phi l hm tnh cn bc hai, n l bin c gi tr l 1.2. Th tc ng dn cn c dng khi lnh load c dng. u tin MATLAB tm kim trong th mc hin ti, sau n tm theo ng dn ca MATLAB n file d liu. Thc t th tc tm kim ca MATLAB phc tp hn l trnh by trn rt nhiu v MATLAB dng rt nhiu file c phn m rng l .m . Hm M_file c th cha nhiu hn mt bin, th mc trong matlabpath c th c th mc con gi l private, v MATLAB cung cp chng trnh hng i tng vi cc ton t nh ngha li M_file trong th mc con, bt u bng k t @. Nu tt c nhng c im ny c cng thm vo bng trn th n s y hn, nhng s rt kh hiu. Nu bn mun nghin cu thm v phn ny th xem cc ti liu cung cp trong a CD. Nu bn c M_file hoc MAT_file cha trong th mc khng phi trong ng n ca MATLAB v khng trong th mc hin ti, MATLAB khng th tm thy chng. C hai gii php cho vn ny l:

22 (1)_To th mc thit k thnh th mc hin ti, dng lnh cd hoc pwd t trong bng trc. (2)_Cng thm th mc thit k trong ng dn ca MATLAB . Cui cng n rt d dng khi ta s dng phng php duyt qua cc ng dn (path browser) hoc cc lnh trong ca s lnh path v addpath. dng path browser, ta chn set path t bng chn file hoc nhn chut trn nt path browser trn thanh cng c ca ca s lnh. Lm nh vy ta s c mn hnh ging nh hnh 5.1: Ging nh thit k cc GUI, n lin quan trc tip khi ta s dng. ng dn matlabpath c hin th bn tri, th mc con nm trong ng dn c chn nm bn tri, cn cc nt thay i ng dn nh thm ng dn mi (add to path), loi b ng dn (remove from path) pha trn. ghi li s thay i ta chn save path t bng chn file ca ca s path browser trc khi ng GUI.

Hnh 5.1 path browser trong MATLAB 5.2 Ca s path browser trong MATLAB 5.0 khng khc lm so vi MATLAB 5.2, ch yu l cc nt thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.2 th n t trn nh cn MATLAB 5.0 n c t bn phi. ghi li s thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.0 trc khi ng GUI ta nhn nt save settings.

23

Hnh 5.2 path browser trong MATLAB to Student 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng Khi khi ng MATLAB, n to ra hai script M_file l matlabrc.m v startup.m, trong atlabrc.m i cng MATLAB, v nhn chung l khng c sa n. Cc lnh trong M_file to mt cu hnh mc nh v kch c ca ca s v v tr ca n, cng nh cc c im mc nh khc trong Windows95, WindowNT. ng dn mc nh c to bng cch gi script file pathdef.m t matlabrc.m. Trong cc phn, cc lnh trong matlabrc.m kim tra s tn ti ca script M_file startup.m trong ng dn ca MATLAB nu n tn ti, cc lnh trong n c thc hin. S la chn M_file startup.m cha cc lnh c nhng c im ring i vi MATLAB. V d n rt thng thng nu ta thm mt hoc hn cc lnh path hoc addpath trong startup.m chn thm cc th mc vo trong ng dn ca MATLAB. Ging nh vy, mc nh hin th khun dng s c th thay i c nh format compact. Nu bn c mn hnh cn bng xm, lnh graymon s c ch khi to mc nh ho cho ch ny. Hn na, nu bn v th c cc kiu mc nh ring th mt s gi ti colordef c th xut hin trong startup.m. Khi startup.m l mt file chun trong script M_file, th khng mt lnh no c th thay th c trong n. Tuy nhin ta c th thay th lnh quit trong startup.m. ----------------oOo-----------------

24

chng 6
cc php ton vi MNg Tt c mi s tnh ton u duy tr mt im l c s dng n cc s n, gi l scalars. Php ton c lin quan n scalars l cc php ton c bn, nhng mt lc no , php ton phi lp li nhiu ln khi tnh trn nhiu s. gii quyt vn ny, MATLAB nh ngha thao tc trn mng d liu. 6.1 Mng n Gi s ta xt hm y=sin(x) trong mt na chu k ( x 0 ) trong khong ny s im gi tr ca x l v tn, nhng ta ch xt nhng im cch nhau mt khong gi tr l 0.1 nh vy s cc gi tr ca x l m c. T ta c mng cc gi tr ca x l x= 0, 0.1, 0.2,..., Nu ta dng my tnh k thut tnh th ta c tng ng cc gi tr ca y, t ta c mng ca y x y 0 0 0.1 0.31 0.2 0.59 0.3 0.81 0.4 0.95 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.95 0.7 0.81 0.8 0.59 0.9 0.31 0

trong mng x cha cc phn t x1, x2, ..., x11 trong mng y cha cc phn t y1, y2, ..., y11 Trong MATLAB to nhng mng ny rt n gin; v d to hai mng trn ta nh cc lnh sau vo du nhc ca MATLAB: >> x=[0 .1*pi .2*pi .3*pi .4*pi .5*pi .6*pi .7*pi .8*pi .9*pi pi] x= Columns 1 through 7 0 0.3142 0.6283 0.9425 1.2566 1.5708 1.8850 Columns 8 through 11 2.1991 2.5133 2.8274 3.1416 >> y = sin(x) y= Columns 1 through 7 0 0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 Columns 8 through 11 0.8090 0.5878 0.3090 0.0000 Kt qu trn ta c mng ca y gm cc phn t tng ng l sine ca cc phn t ca x, y MATLAB ngm hiu l ta tnh sine ca tng phn t ca x. to mng, ta t cc phn t ca mng vo gia hai du ngoc vung "[...]"; gia hai phn t ca mng c th l du cch hoc du phy "," 6.2 a ch ca mng trn mng x c 1 hng, 11 ct hay c th gi l vector hng, mng c di 11 +) truy nhp n cc phn t ca mng ta dng cc ch s th t ca phn t trong mng v d x(1) l phn t th nht ca mng, x(2) l phn t th hai ca mng... >> x(2) ans= % phn t th nht ca mng

25 0.3142 >> y(5) % phn t th 5 ca mng ans= 0.9511 +) truy nhp n nhiu phn t ca mng, v d ta truy nhp t phn t th nht n phn t th nm ca mng x: >> x(1:5) ans= 0 0.3142

0.6283

0.9425

1.2566

Truy nhp t phn t th 7 n phn t cui ca mng y: >> y(7:end) ans= 0.9511

0.8090

0.5878

0.3090

0.0000

Truy nhp t phn t th ba n phn t th nht ca mng y: >> y(3:-1:1) ans= 0.5878 0.3090 0 v d trn 3 l phn t th 3, 1 l ch phn t u tin, cn -1 l gi tr cng (v tr phn t sau bng v tr phn t trc cng vi -1) Truy nhp n cc phn t trong khong t phn t th 2, n phn t th 7, v tr ca phn t sau bng v tr ca phn t trc cng vi 2, ca mng x: >> x(2:2:7) ans= 0.3142

0.9425

1.5708

To mng gm cc phn t th 1, 2, 8, 9 ca mng y: >> y([8 2 9 1]) ans= 0.8090 0.3090 0.5878 0 Nu ta truy nhp vo cc phn t ca mng m th t cc phn t tng u vi 1, ta c th nh lnh: >> x(1:3) ans= 0

0.3142

0.6283

6.3 Cu trc ca mng Vi mng c s lng phn t t th ta c th nhp vo trc tip, nhng vi mng c s lng ln cc phn t th ta dng mt trong hai cch sau: +) To mt mng bt u l phn t 0, sau bng phn t trc cng vi 0.1, phn t cui l 1, tt c cc phn t ca mng c nhn vi : >> x= (0:0.1:1)*pi