S1KI`C 1IlOKY

A 1heory of LveryLhlng
A Slngle Lheory LhaL can explaln Lhe
worklng of Lhe whole unlverse
MAS1L8 LCuA1lCn
1lnLegeraLe Lhe lorces of naLure
2Solve Lhe mysLery of Lhe blrLh of our unlverse
nLW1Cn'S Classlcal hyslcs
MaLhemaLlcally descrlblng Lhe moLlon of bodles under sysLem of
forces
1hree Laws of MoLlon
newLon's lorce of CravlLy
newLon unlfled Lhe celesLlal ob[ecLs wlLh Lhe LerresLrlal ob[ecL
LlnsLeln's Speclal relaLlvlLy 1heory
2LlghL ls always propagaLed ln empLy space wlLh a
deflnlLe veloclLy speed n whlch ls lndependenL of
Lhe sLaLe of moLlon of Lhe emlLLlng body
11he laws of physlcs are Lhe same wherever you are
1he laws of physlcs are Lhe same wherever you are
1hls means LhaL an experlmenL carrled ouL ln a movlng
Lraln wlll glve Lhe same resulLs as when lL ls performed
ln a lab lurLhermore lf Lhere were no wlndows on Lhe
Lraln and lL was movlng aL a consLanL speed Lhere ls no
experlmenL LhaL you could do Lo see wheLher or noL lL
was acLually movlng
mph
3 mph
9 mph

new

old
+
Lraln
Common Sense hyslcs
v
llghL
3 mph
v
llghL

new

old

new

old
+
Lraln _____________
1 +
old

Lraln
/v
llghL
2
Welrd hyslcs
1lme ullaLlon
1lme dllaLlon can arlse from
11he relaLlve veloclLy of moLlon
beLween Lwo observers
21he dlfference ln Lhelr dlsLance from
a gravlLaLlonal mass
1wln aradox
Lnergy conLenL of a mass 'm' aL resL
As an ob[ecLs speed approaches Lhe speed of llghL from an
observers polnL of vlew lLs mass appears Lo lncrease Lhereby
maklng lL more and more dlfflculL Lo acceleraLe lL from wlLhln Lhe
observers frame of reference
LorenLz ConLracLlon
uecrease ln lengLh deLecLed by an observer ln ob[ecLs LhaL Lravel aL any non
zero veloclLy relaLlve Lo LhaL observer
L ls Lhe lengLh observed by an observer
ln relaLlve moLlon wlLh respecL Lo Lhe
ob[ecL
ow CravlLy acLually works??
Ceneral 8elaLlvlLy
LlnsLeln dlscovered LhaL speed of llghL ls klnd of cosmlc speed
llmlL noLhlng can exceed Lhe veloclLy of llghL
LlnsLeln LhoughL of a 4 dlmenslonal fabrlc of space Llme Lo
explaln whaL ls CravlLy
eavy ob[ecLs llke sLars and planeLs creaLes curvlng of space Llme
fabrlc ls LhaL whlch creaLes whaL we feel as gravlLy
Speed of gravlLy ls equal Lo speed of llghL
arl Schwarzschlld predlcLed Lhe exlsLence of 8lack oles
A black hole ls an ob[ecL so compacL LhaL noLhlng can escape lLs
gravlLy noL even llghL MaLhemaLlcally a black hole ls an ob[ecL of zero
slze and lnflnlLe denslLy (buL flnlLe mass) a slngularlLy
Schwarzschlld radlus or evenL horlzon provldes an effecLlve slze for a
black hole because noLhlng can escape from lnslde
k
grav
2GM]c
2
LlecLromagneLlc lorce
1Maxwell unlfled LlecLrlclLy and MagneLlsm
2LlecLromagneLlc force ls bllllons Llme sLronger
Lhan gravlLy
Maxwell LquaLlons
unlflcaLlon of Lhe forces
unlflcaLlon of Weak and
LlecLromagneLlc forces has
been demonsLraLed
LlecLroweak force!
Lnergy
CurrenLly roblng Lhls Lnergy
unlflcaLlon of Lhe forces
unlflcaLlon of Weak and
LlecLromagneLlc forces has
been demonsLraLed
LlecLroweak force!
Lnergy
CurrenLly roblng Lhls Lnergy
unlflcaLlon of Lhe forces
Lnergy
CurrenLly roblng Lhls Lnergy
1wo 8lC quesLlons
1 When does gravlLy unlfy?
2 WhaL breaks Lhe
LlecLroweak force?
CarLeslan coordlnaLes
olnLs ln 3dlmenslonal
space are represenLed
maLhemaLlcally by Lhelr
CarLeslan coordlnaLes x y z
8ene uescarLes
13913
1lme ls Lhe fourLh dlmenslon
1lme
1 8equlred by relaLlvlLy Lo be a
dlmenslon
2 8equlred along wlLh Lhree
spaLlal dlmenslons Lo speclfy
Lhe locaLlon of an evenL
AlberL LlnsLeln
18791933
A flfLh dlmenslon?
W ollsh maLhemaLlclan aluza showed
ln 1919 LhaL gravlLy and
elecLromagneLlsm could be unlfled ln a
slngle Lheory wlLh 3 dlmenslons
uslng LlnsLeln's Lheory of gravlLy
1heodor aluza
18831934
All elecLromagneLlc waves can be LhoughL of as
vlbraLlons of Lhls flfLh dlmenslon 1he quesLlon ls
Why canL Lhe flfLh dlmenslon be seen? 1he
answer ls LhaL lL ls very small curled up ln a clrcle
1
cenLlmeLers
CuanLum Mechanlcs
CuanLum Lheory dlscovers Lwo new forces
1SLrong nuclear forceshold nucleus of all aLoms LogeLher
2Weak nuclear forces8adloacLlvlLy and uecay
SubaLomlc parLlcles lnLeracL by exchanglng lnLegerspln
boson" parLlcles 1he varled lnLeracLlons correspond
Lo exchange of bosons wlLh dlfferenL characLerlsLlcs
Force Strength Carrier Physical effect
Strong nuclear 1 Gluons Binds nuclei
Electromagnetic .001 Photon Light, electricity
Weak nuclear .00001 Z
0
,W

,W
-
Radioactivity
Gravity 10
-38
Graviton? Gravitation
Why we cannoL walk Lhrough a wall??
All known parLlcles fall lnLo elLher
18oson
2lermlon
8osons are parLlcles LhaL LransmlL forces 8osons possess whole
lnLeger spln lermlons( elecLron p n) possess Z lnLeger spln Many
bosons can occupy Lhe same quanLum sLaLe aL Lhe same Llme8uL only
one fermlon can occupy a glven sLaLe aL a glven Llme1haL ls why Lwo
sollds cannoL pass Lhrough each oLher
SLandard model of physlcs
1hoLons are Lhe force carrlers of
elecLromagneLlc fleld
2W and Z bosons medlaLe Weak
nuclear lorces
3Cluons medlaLe SLrong nuclear
lorces
4lggs boson whlch ls responslble Lo
glve mass Lo all Lhe parLlcles
now a 8lg quesLlon arlses how gravlLy acLs aL subaLomlc level??
roLons neuLrons
%o make a proton:
We bind :5 q:arks oI Q +
and down q:ark oI Q -.
%he total charge is
+ + (- + !
%o make a neutron:
We bind down q:arks of Q -
with :5 q:ark of Q + to get:
(- + (- + ( 0 !
So, it all works out ! But, yes, we have
FRACTIONALLY CHARGED PARTICLES!
ggs Mechansm
1he SLandard Model of parLlcle physlcs posLulaLes a
parLlcle called Lhe lggs boson whose lnLeracLlons
glve rlse Lo all mass
W uurlng an earller epoch of our unlverse all Lhe known
elemenLary parLlcles were massless
W 1he lggs boson Lrlggered a phase LranslLlon
(as when waLer freezes lnLo lce) whlch caused all
parLlcles lnLeracLlng wlLh Lhe lggs boson Lo become
masslve
W 1he W and Z bosons and Lhe fermlons are masslve
because Lhey lnLeracL wlLh Lhe lggs boson
W 1he phoLon and gluon remaln massless because Lhey
do noL lnLeracL dlrecLly wlLh Lhe lggs boson
9roducng L|ementary 9artc|es
Causlng parLlcle colllslons powerful enough Lo produce
a lggs boson requlres an enormous and powerful
parLlcle acceleraLor Lhe Large adron Co||der (LC)
Classlcal hyslcs (187)
Speclal 8elaLlvlLy (193)
fasL
CuanLum Mechanlcs (193)
small
Ceneral 8elaLlvlLy (1913)
heavy
CuanLum lleld 1heory (194's)
SLrlng 1heory ?
?
SLrlng Lheory
W All elemenLary parLlcles of naLure are dlfferenL
vlbraLlons of mlcroscoplc loops of sLrlng
elecLron
1
13
cm
1
33
cm
SLrlng Lheory unlfles quanLum mechanlcs wlLh gravlLy and
can reproduce all known elemenLary parLlcles
WhaL are exLra dlmenslons good for?
W Can unlfy Lhe forces
W Can explaln why gravlLy ls weak
W Can break Lhe elecLroweak force
W Can explaln uark MaLLer (Lhe mysLerlous maLLer
whlch comprlses 23 of Lhe unlverse)
W Can explaln uark Lnergy (Lhe mysLerlous enLlLy
whlch comprlses 7 of Lhe unlverse)
W Can explaln fermlons and neuLrlno masses
SLrlng Lheory predlcLs Lhe exlsLence of LxLra dlmenslons of Space
LxLra dlmenslons are dlfflculL Lo vlsuallze ll
W AnoLher plcLure exLra dlmenslons are Loo small
for us Lo observe Lhey are 'curled up' and compacL
1he LlghLrope walker only sees
one dlmenslon back forLh
1he anLs see Lwo dlmenslons
back forLh and around Lhe
clrcle
Lvery polnL ln spaceLlme has curled up exLra
dlmenslons assoclaLed wlLh lL
Cne exLra dlmenslon ls a
clrcle
Lvery polnL ln spaceLlme has curled up exLra
dlmenslons assoclaLed wlLh lL
Cne exLra dlmenslon ls a
clrcle
1wo exLra dlmenslons can be
represenLed by a sphere
Lvery polnL ln spaceLlme has curled up exLra
dlmenslons assoclaLed wlLh lL
Cne exLra dlmenslon ls a
clrcle
1wo exLra dlmenslons can be
represenLed by a sphere
Slx exLra dlmenslons can be
represenLed by a Calabl?au
space
LxLra dlmenslons are dlfflculL Lo vlsuallze lll
W ?eL anoLher plcLure Lhe 8raneworld scenarlo
- We are Lrapped on a
3dlmenslonal spaLlal
membrane and cannoL move
ln Lhe exLra dlmenslons
- CravlLy spreads ouL and
moves ln Lhe exLra space
- 1he exLra dlmenslons can
be elLher very small or
very large
llndlng exLra dlmenslons aL colllders l
Looklng for parLlcles we can'L see
- We know LoLal energy of colllslon
- We measure energy of parLlcles we see
- Check Lo see lf Lhey maLch up!
- lf noL mlsslng energy
We search for mlsslng energy
SlmulaLlon of gravlLon producLlon wlLh
mlsslng energy
llndlng exLra dlmenslons aL colllders ll
8raneworld scenarlo ll LxLra dlmenslons are curved
- aluzaleln parLlcles are
gravlLons
- roduce gravlLons ln Lhe lab
- CravlLons decay Lo ordlnary
parLlcles whlch we see
number of parLlcles produced
Lnergy