B GIO DC V O TO

I HC HU
TRNG I HC S PHM
- - - - - - - - - - -
TRN TH THU HNG
D TM CNG HNG ELECTRON-PHONON
BNG QUANG HC TRONG DY LNG T
VI TH GIAM GI DNG BN PARABOL
Chuyn ngnh: VT L L THUYT V VT L TON
M s : 60 44 01
LUN VN THC S VT L
Ngi hng dn khoa hc
TS. L NH
Hu, nm 2011
i
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti, cc s
liu v kt qu nghin cu nu trong lun vn l trung thc, c cc ng
tc gi cho php s dng v cha tng c cng b trong bt k mt cng
trnh nghin cu no khc.
Tc gi lun vn
Trn Th Thu Hng
ii
LI CM N
Ti xin by t lng bit n chn thnh v su sc nht n Tin s L
nh, ngi thy vi s quan tm thng xuyn v tn ty, vi tm lng
nhit thnh, gip ti trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu, hng
dn ti hon thnh lun vn ny.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c khoa Vt L v phng
Sau i Hc - trng i Hc S Phm Hu, Ban gim hiu trng Trung
hc ph thng Hng Tr to iu kin thun li, gip ti hon
thnh kha hc v lun vn.
Xin gi li cm n n cc anh ch hc vin cao hc chuyn
ngnh Vt l l thuyt v vt l ton kha XVIII, gia nh, bn b v
ng nghip ng vin, gip ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp v
thc hin lun vn.
Trn Th Thu Hng
iii
MC LC
Trang
Trang ph ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Li cam oan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Li cm n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Danh sch cc hnh v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
M U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chng 1. TNG QUAN V M HNH KHO ST
V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU . . . . . . . . 12
1.1. Tng quan v dy lng t th bn parabol . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.1. Tng quan v dy lng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.2. Ph nng lng v hm sng in t ca in t
trong dy lng vi giam gi dng bn parabol . . 13
1.1.3. Biu thc ca tha s dng i vi tng tc electron-
phonon trong dy lng t vi th giam gi dng bn
parabol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.4. Hamiltonian ca h electron - phonon trong dy lng
t vi th giam gi bn parabol khi c mt in
trng ngoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2. Tng quan v phng php nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.1. L thuyt phn ng tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.2. Phng php chiu ton t c lp trng thi . . . 24
1
Chng 2. KT QU GII TCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1. Biu thc ca tenx dn tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.1. Biu thc tng minh ca tenx dn tuyn tnh 26
2.1.2. Biu thc ca hm dng ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2. Biu thc ca cng sut hp th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.1. Biu thc ca phn t ma trn ca mt dng in 38
2.2.2. Tc hi phc ca electron trong dy lng t th
bn parabol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chng 3. KT QU TNH S V THO LUN . . . 50
3.1. iu kin cng hng electron-phonon trong dy lng t
th bn parabol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2. Kt qu tnh s v tho lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.1. Kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo
tn s ca photon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2. Kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo
tn s c trng ca dy lng t . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.3. Kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo
nhit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
KT LUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
TI LIU THAM KHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
PH LC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2
DANH SCH CC HNH V
3.1 S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng
ngoi ng vi vi nhit 150K (ng mu xanh), 200K
(ng mu ), 250K (ng mu en). . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2 S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng
ngoi vi nhit 97K v
x
= 0, 4
LO
. . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng
ngoi ng vi T = 98K v tn s photon )x = 0.4
LO
(ng mu xanh),
x
= 0.41
LO
(ng mu ). . . . . 54
3.4 S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng
ngoi ng vi T = 110K (ng mu xanh), T = 100K
(ng mu ) vi tn s photon = 31.5 1.6 10
22
/ 54
3.5 S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng
ngoi ng vi = 31.51.610
22
/ (ng mu ), =
401.610
22
/ (ng mu xanh), = 50.51.610
22
/
(ng mu en) nhit 100K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.6 S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo nhit . . . . . 55
3
M U
1. L do chn ti
Ngy nay, vic nghin cu cu trc vi kh in t thp chiu tr
thnh mt mi nhn ca vt l v c quan h rt cht ch vi s pht trin
mnh m, su rng ca cc lnh vc cng ngh. Vi s pht trin cao ca
k thut trong nui tinh th nh epitaxy chm phn t (MBE: Molecules
Beam Epitaxy) v kt ta hi kim loi hu c (MOCVD: Metal - Organic
Chemical Vapor Deposition) [11], ngi ta to ra rt nhiu h bn dn
vi kch thc nm trong khong t 0,1 n 100nm. Ngnh khoa hc v
cng ngh nghin cu, ch to ra cc cu trc ny c gi l ngnh cng
ngh nano. S pht trin ca ngnh khoa hc, cng ngh ny l mt tin
lng tt p cho s pht trin ca cc lnh vc khoa hc, cng ngh th
k 21.
C th k n mt s cu trc thp chiu: cu trc phng hai chiu
nh siu mng hay ging lng t (quantum wells), cu trc mt chiu-
dy lng t (quamtum wires) v cu trc khng chiu-chm lng t
(quantum dots). Trong cc cu trc c kch thc nh v thp chiu nh
trn, cc qui lut lng t bt u c hiu lc, trc ht thng qua s bin
i c trng ph nng lng. Ph nng lng ca cc h in t tr nn
gin on dc theo phng giam gi ca in t. Ngy nay, vic nghin
cu hin tng chuyn ti electron trong trng in t mnh, nghin cu
tnh cht quang trong h in t thp chiu,... ang tip tc c hon
thin.
Trn phng din nghin cu l thuyt, nhng vn trn c gii
quyt theo quan im lng t bng cch s dng nhiu phng php khc
nhau nh l thuyt nhiu lon, phng php phng trnh ng lng t,
4
l thuyt hm Green hoc phng php chiu ton t. V mi phng
php u c u im cng nh nhc im ring ca n nn vic s dng
phng php no tt hn ch c th nh gi tu vo bi ton c th.
Mt trong nhng thnh tu ng k trong vic nghin cu l thuyt v
thc nghim trong nhng nm gn y l nghin cu dch chuyn electron
trong in trng mnh. C nhiu l thuyt lin quan n vn ny, mt
trong nhng l thuyt sm nht nghin cu s chuyn ti trong trng in
t mnh l l thuyt chuyn ti ca Boltzmann. Tuy nhin, do phng php
cn mang tnh bn c in nn kt qu tm c cha tha ng. L do
ca iu ny l do trng mnh lm thay i trng thi lng t v
nng lng ca ht ti.
Trong qu trnh tip tc nghin cu hon thin kt qu, mt vi l
thuyt mi ra i. Baker, khi nghin cu v phng trnh Boltzmann
cho trng mnh, d on s tn ti ca hai nh hng lng t nh l
h qu ca s m rng do hiu ng hi phc v hiu ng gia tc ca trng
khi va chm. c nhiu phng php khc nhau c xut nh: gn
ng tch phn ng ca Feymann, gn ng cn bng lc, gn ng hm
Green, gn ng phng trnh Langevin lng t tng qut, phng php
m phng Monte - Carlo, phng php chiu ton t, ...Trong s nhng
phng php ny, phng php da trn l thuyt phn ng tuyn tnh
ca Kubo, phng php s dng phng php chiu ton t thu c
nhng kt qu ng ch . S dng cc k thut chiu ton t, cc nhm
nghin cu gii quyt thnh cng kh nhiu cc bi ton. Tuy vy, cc
kho st ny a phn dng li vt liu khi v phng php s dng ch
yu l k thut chiu ph thuc trng thi v k thut chiu c lp.
Nm 2000, nhm nghin cu ca Kang N. L., Lee Y. J. v Choi S. D.
5
gii thiu mt k thut chiu mi, gi l k thut chiu c lp trng
thi. Bng vic s dng k thut ny, nhm ca Kang N. L. biu din
c tenx dn ca mt h in t tng tc vi phonon trong gn
ng phn ng tuyn tnh v rng ph cng hng cyclotron trong bn
dn khi Ge [21]. Chng ti hy vng s khai thc c tng minh cc kt
qu v p dng k thut ny vo kho st h in t trong m hnh bn
dn dy lng t vi th giam gi dng bn parabol.
Hin tng cng hng electron-phonon (EPR-electrophonon reso-
nance) lin quan n tnh k d ca mt trng thi trong h mt chiu.
Khi hiu s hai mc nng lng ca electron bng nng lng phonon cng
vi iu kin th t vo ln th s xy ra s cng hng EPR [33][36].
Nu qu trnh hp th LO-phonon c s hp th hoc pht x photon th
ta s c hiu ng cng hng electron-phonon d tm quang hc (Optically
detected electron-phonon resonance-ODEPR)[36]. Hin tng EPR c
bt u nghin cu k t nm 1972 bi Bryskin v Firsov cho trng hp
bn dn khng suy bin t trong in trng mnh. Cho n nay c
mt s cng trnh nghin cu vn ny, chng hn nhm ca Sang Chil
Lee v ng nghip [33]; nhm Se Gi Yu [44].
Vic nghin cu hiu ng EPR/ODEPR trong cc thit b lng t
hin i ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic hiu bit tnh cht chuyn ti
lng t ca ht ti in trong bn dn. Hin tng EPR/ODEPR tng
ng vi hin tng cng hng t (MPR/ODMPR - magnetophonon res-
onance/optically detected magnetophonon resonance) c quan st trc
tip qua vic nghin cu rng vch ph v khi lng hiu dng trong
cng hng electron - cyclotron trong bn dn khi GaAs [20] v trong
bn dn hai chiu GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs. Hin tng ny cho php o c
6
cng tn x i vi cc mc Landau c th, t cung cp thng tin
v bn cht ca tng tc electron-phonon trong bn dn. V vy, nghin
cu hiu ng EPR/ODEPR cng s cho ta thu c cc thng tin ca ht
ti v phonon.
Vic nghin cu hiu ng EPR/ODEPR trong bn dn dy lng t
ang l vn thi s nng hi hin nay, v n s gp phn lm sng t cc
tnh cht mi ca kh electron chun 1 chiu di tc dng trng ngoi,
t cung cp thng tin v tinh th v tnh cht quang ca dy lng
t bn dn cho cng ngh ch to cc linh kin quang in t v quang
t. Chnh v nhng l do trn, chng ti chn ti nghin cu "D tm
cng hng electron-phonon bng quang hc trong dy lng t
vi th giam gi dng bn parabol" lm ti cho lun vn ny.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Mc tiu ca ti l kho st hin tng cng hng electron-
phonon (EPR) v cng hng d tm quang hc electron-phonon (ODEPR)
trong dy lng t vi th giam gi dng bn parabol khi chu tc dng
ca trng ngoi.
3. Ni dung nghin cu
- Thnh lp biu gii tch ca tenx dn tuyn tnh trong bn
dn khi c mt trng ngoi v gii thch ngha vt l ca hin tng
dch chuyn electron gia cc mc nng lng.
- p dng cho m hnh bn dn dy lng t vi th giam gi dng
bn parabol a ra biu thc tng minh ca cng sut hp th.
7
- Kho st s v v th s ph thuc cng sut hp th vo: tn
s trng ngoi, nhit v bin lun cc iu kin cng hng electron-
phonon v cng hng d tm quang hc electron-phonon.
4. Lch s nghin cu ca ti
nc ta, t trc nm 2000 vic nghin cu cc bn dn c cu
trc nano ch yu l v phng din l thuyt ca mt s nhm tc gi
ti Vin Vt l v Khoa Vt l, Trng HKH T nhin thuc HQG H
Ni. Cc nghin cu thc nghim ch yu bt u t 2001 ti mt s trung
tm ln nh Vin Khoa hc vt liu, Vin Vt l k thut thuc H Bch
khoa H Ni. Cc nghin cu l thuyt v cc bn dn thp chiu trong
c dy lng t bn dn nc ta ra i sau 1995, vi cc nhm nghin
cu ca cc tc gi nh GS Trn Thoi Duy Bo (TP. HCM), GS on
Nht Quang, PGS Nguyn Nh t, GS Nguyn Vn Lin (Vin Vt l),
GS Nguyn Quang Bu (HKHTN HQG H Ni). Cc nhm nghin cu
khc nhau quan tm, i su nghin cu cc vn khc nhau. Trong
c th k ra mt s nghin cu trong trong nc gn y nh:
+ Nm 2008 c:
- ThS Trng Hng Nhung vi ti "p dng k thut chiu c lp
nghin cu cng hng cyclotron trong bn dn h lng t vi th
parabol v bn parabol". Trong , ti s dng k thut chiu c lp
tnh cng sut hp th cng hng cyclotron trong bn dn h lng t
th parabol v bn parabol. Cui cng l tch s v so snh vi cc nghin
cu l thuyt khc v vi kt qu thc nghim [12].
- ThS Trn Th Ph vi ti "Nghin cu l thuyt pht hin cng
hng electron-phonon trong h lng t su v hn bng quang hc". S
8
dng ton t chiu tm biu thc hm rng ph, t tm iu kin
xy ra v kho st cc c im ca cng hng electron - phonon (EPR)
cho bn dn h lng t su v hn. Tnh s cho bn dn thc, kho st
c tnh hiu ng ODEPR theo nhit , rng h lng t v theo tn
s ca in trng ngoi [13].
+ Nm 2009 c:
- ThS L Vn Hng vi ti "Nghin cu l thuyt v cng hng
electron-phonon trong dy lng t hnh tr vi th v hn". Trong lun
vn ny s dng phng php ton t chiu c lp trng thi tm biu
thc tenx dn v cng sut hp th trong dy lng t hnh tr th
v hn do tng tc electron-phonon, xc nh iu kin c cng hng
electron-phonon v cc phng php pht hin hiu ng ny [10].
- ThS Nguyn Ngc Hon vi ti "Nghin cu l thuyt cng hng
electron-phonon trong dy lng t hnh tr th parabol". Lun vn s
dng phng php ton t chiu c lp tm biu thc tenx dn v cng
sut hp th t tm iu kin xy ra hin tng cng hng electron-
phonon kho st rng ph v ng cng hng electron-phonon trong
dy lng t hnh tr th parabol theo nhit , kch thc dy v tn s
ca in trng ngoi [8].
- ThS Nguyn nh Hin vi ti "Nghin cu l thuyt v cng
hng electron-phonon trong dy lng t hnh ch nht" s dng
phng php ton t chiu ph thuc trng thi loi II nghin cu
cng hng electron-phonon trong dy lng t hnh ch nht v d tm
quang hc hin tng ny [7].
Tuy nhin, cha c nhm nghin cu no cp n vn d tm
quang hc cng hng electron-phonon trong dy lng t th giam gi
9
dng bn parabol m ti d tin hnh.
nc ngoi, trong nhng nm gn y, hiu ng cng hng electron-
phonon v d tm quang hc cng hng electron-phonon trong h bn dn
thp chiu ang c quan tm nghin cu do tnh thit thc ca vn .
T nhng kt qu ca nghin cu, ta c th thu c nhng thng tin
hu ch lin quan n tnh cht dch chuyn ca bn dn nh: c ch tn
x ca cc ht ti, khi lng hiu dng, tng tc electron-phonon v s
khc nhau v nng lng ca cc electron gia cc mc k nhau trong ni
vng. Ta c th k ra mt s nhm tc gi nghin cu vn k trn:
+ Sang Chil Lee, D tm quang hc hiu ng cng hng electron-
phonon trong dy lng t [37].
+ Sang Chil Lee, Jeong Woo Kang, Hyung Soo Ahn, Min Yang, Nam
Lyong Kang, Suck Whan Ki (2005): D tm quang hc hiu ng cng hng
electron-phonon trong ging lng t [36].
+ Se Gi Yu, Pevzner V. B. v Kim K. W. (1998): Nghin cu cng
hng electron-phonon trong dy lng t hnh tr, tp trung vo nghin
cu s khc nhau v quy tc lc la kho st kh nng pht hin s
giam gi electron trong dy lng t [45].
+ W. Xu, F. M. Peeters and J. T. Devreese: Cng hng electron-
phonon trong h in t chun hai chiu [20].
+ Yu Se Gi, PevznerV. B., and Kim K. W., Stroscio M. A.: Cng
hng electron-phonon trong dy lng t hnh tr [44].
10
5. Phm vi nghin cu
- S dng cc phng php l thuyt phn ng tuyn tnh v phng
php chiu ton t c lp trng thi.
- S dng chng trnh Mathematica tnh s v v th.
6. Gii hn lun vn
- Ch xt n tng tc electron-phonon, b qua cc tng tc cng
loi (electron-electron, phonon-phonon).
- Ch xt thnh phn tuyn tnh ca dn.
- Kho st trng hp phonon quang khng phn cc.
7. B cc lun vn
Ngoi cc phn m u, kt lun, ti liu tham kho, v ph lc, ni
dung ca lun vn gm c ba phn chnh c th hin thnh ba chng.
Chng mt trnh by nhng vn tng quan. Chng tip theo tm biu
thc tenx dn tuyn tnh v cng sut hp th. Chng cui l kt
qu tnh s, v th v tho lun.
11
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V M HNH KHO ST V
PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Chng ny trnh by tng quan v bn dn dy lng t, Hamil-
tonian ca h electron-phonon khi c mt trng ngoi, tha s
dng ca tng tc electron-phonon trong dy lng t th bn
parabol, l thuyt phn ng tuyn tnh v phng php chiu ton
t c lp trng thi.
1.1. Tng quan v dy lng t th bn parabol
1.1.1. Tng quan v dy lng t
Dy lng t l mt cu trc vt liu trong chuyn ng ca in
t b gii hn theo hai chiu kch c nan mt ( thng chn l hng x
v y) , ch chuyn ng t do theo mt chiu cn li (hng z), v th h
in t cn c gi l kh in t mt chiu.
V dy lng t l cu trc mt chiu nn cc hiu ng lng t th
hin r hn trong cu trc lng t hai chiu. Cc kho st l thuyt ch
yu da trn hm sng, ph nng lng thu c nh gii phng trnh
Schodinger vi cc m hnh th giam gi khc nhau. Cc m hnh c
s dng l dy lng t th cao v hn, th parabol, th bn parabol, th
tam gic... Trong gii hn ca ti ny, ta s xt n m hnh dy bn
dn lng t th bn parabol.
12
1.1.2. Ph nng lng v hm sng in t ca in t trong
dy lng vi giam gi dng bn parabol
Theo c hc lng t, chuyn ng ca in t trong cc cu trc
bn dn thp chiu ni chung v cu trc dy lng t ni ring u b
lng t ha.
Mt cch tng qut, nng lng v hm sng ca electron trong dy
lng t thu c bng cch gii phng trnh Schodinger cho electron
(r) +
2m
e

2
[E U(r)](r) = 0, (1.1)
trong , U(r) l th nng tng tc Coulomb gia electron v trng
mng tinh th, m
e
l khi lng hiu dng ca in t. Trong lun vn
ny chng ta gi s electron chuyn ng t do theo phng z v b giam
gi trong mt phng (x,y). T , th nng U c phn thnh hai thnh
phn
U(r) = U(x, y, z) = U(x, y) +U(z),
trong U(z) = 0 do electron t do theo trc z. V chuyn ng ca
electron theo trc z c lp vi chuyn ng trong mt phng (x, y) nn
phng trnh (1.1) c th tch thnh hai phng trnh:

z
(z) +
2m
e

2

z
(z) = 0 (1.2)

x,y
(x, y) +
2m
e

2
(
x,y
U(x, y))(x, y) = 0, (1.3)
trong (z) v
z
ln lt l hm sng v nng lng ca electron theo
phng z; (x, y),
x,y
ln lt l hm sng v nng lng ca electron
trong mt phng (x, y).
Theo c hc lng t, phng trnh (1.2) c nghim:
13

z
=

2
k
2
z
2m
e
; (z) =
1

L
z
e
ik
z
z
,
vi k
z
, L
z
ln lt l thnh phn vect sng

k v di ca dy theo
phng z. Phng trnh (1.3) cho nghim l
x,y
v (x, y) vi dng c th
ph thuc vo dng ca th nng U(x, y).
Trong trng hp bi ton ca chng ta, in t ch chuyn ng theo
mt phng (ta chn l phng z) v b gii hn theo hai phng cn li
(ta chn l phng x,y) bi th nng giam gi bn parabol c dng:
U(x) =
_

_
khi x<0
1
2
m
2
x
x
2
khi x>0,
(1.4)
U(y) =
_

_
khi y < 0
1
2
m
2
y
y
2
khi y > 0
(1.5)
Ph nng lng ca h in t chuyn ng trong cu trc ny c
dng tng qut l:
E = E
k
z
,n
x
,n
y
=

2
k
2
z
2m
e
+E
n
x
,n
y
(1.6)
v hm sng c dng:
(x, y, z) =
_
1
L
z
e
ik
z
z
(x, y), (1.7)
V hai phng x v y l c lp nhau nn nng lng v hm sng ca
in t b giam gi trong mt phng (x,y) c th vit di dng:
E
n
x
,n
y
=
n
x
+
n
y
, (1.8)
(x, y) =
n
x
(x)
n
y
(y). (1.9)
Bng cch gii hai phng trnh Schodinger cho in t:

n
x
(x) +
2m
e

2
_

n
x

1
2
m
2
x
_

n
x
(x) = 0, (1.10)
14

n
y
(y) +
2m
e

2
_

n
y

1
2
m
2
y
_

n
y
(y) = 0 (1.11)
(xem ph lc 1) ta tm c biu thc ca
n
x
(x),
n
y
(y),
n
x
v
n
y
nh
sau:
E
n
x
,n
y
=
n
x
+
n
y
=
x
(2n
x
+
3
2
) +
y
(2n
y
+
3
2
) (1.12)
(x, y) =
n
x
(x)
n
y
(y)
= C
n
x
C
n
y
.e
[(Axx)
2
+Ayy)
2
]
2
H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y) (1.13)
=
_
m
e

(
x
.
y
)
1
2
.2
2(n
x
+n
y
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)!
_1
2
e

m
2
(
x
x
2
+
y
y
2
)
H
2n
x
+1
_
_
m
x

_1
2
x
_
.H
2n
y
+1
_
_
m
y

_1
2
y
_
(1.14)
Vy ph nng lng v hm sng ca in t chuyn ng trong dy lng
t vi th giam gi dng bn parabol c dng:
E
k
z
,n
x
,n
y
=

2
k
2
z
2m
+
n
x
+
n
y
=

2
k
2
z
2m
e
+
x
(2n
x
+
3
2
) +
y
(2n
y
+
3
2
) (1.15)
(x, y, z) =
0
e
ik
z
z
(x, y) =
n
x
(x)
n
y
(y)
0
e
ik
z
z
=
1

L
z
C
n
x
C
n
y
e

_
(Axx)
2
+(Ayy)
2
2
_
H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)e
ik
z
z
=
1

L
z
_
m
e

(
x

y
)
1
2
.2
2(n
x
+n
y
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)!
_1
2
e

me
2
(
x
x
2
+
y
y
2
)
H
2n
x
+1
_
_
m
e

_1
2
x
_
.H
2n
y
+1
_
_
m
e

_1
2
y
_
e
ik
z
z
, (1.16)
trong ta t
A
x
= (
m
e

)
1
2
, A
y
= (
m
e

)
1
2
.
15
1.1.3. Biu thc ca tha s dng i vi tng tc electron-
phonon trong dy lng t vi th giam gi dng bn
parabol
Khi nghin cu cc tnh cht ng, tc tn x electron-phonon,...
ca cc cu trc bn dn thp chiu, tha s dng G l i lng rt quan
trng. Trong cc cng trnh nghin cu trc y, n gin cho tnh
ton, ngi ta cho tha s dng l mt hng s khng thay i. Tuy nhin,
cc nghin cu gn y cho thy rng tha s dng l mt i lng phc
tp. i vi mi loi vt liu, hnh dng vt liu hoc i vi cc phonon
khc nhau s c tha s dng khc nhau. Cho nn, i vi cc bi ton
tn x, ta cn phi thit lp c biu thc tng qut ri sau p dng
tnh i vi tng trng hp c th.
xc nh biu thc ca tha s dng, ta a ra tch phn bao ph
G c cho bi cng thc sau:
G = [ e
iqr
[ ),
trong , [ ) =

(x, y, z) v [ ) =

(x, y, z) l cc hm sng c dng

nh (1.16). Thay biu thc ca hm sng (1.16) vo G ta thu c kt
qu
G =
_

0
dxdydz
1
L
z
e
ik
z
z
C
n
x
C
n
y
e

_
(Axx)
2
+(Ayy)
2
2
_
H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)
e
i(q
x
x+q
y
y+q
z
z)
e
ik
z
z
C
n
x
C
n
y
e

_
(Axx)
2
+(Ayy)
2
2
_
H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)
=
_

0
1
L
z
e
i(k
z
+q
z
k
z
)z
dz
C
n
x
C
n
x
_

0
exp
_
iq
x
x (A
x
x)
2
_
H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)dx
C
n
y
C
n
y
_

0
exp
_
iq
y
y (A
y
y)
2
_
H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)dy
16
= G
1
G
2
G
3
(1.17)
S dng ph lc 2 ta thu c biu thc ca G
1
, G
2
v G
3
nh sau:
G
1
=
1
L
z

k
z
+q
z
,k
z
G
2
= C
n
x
C
n
x
_

0
exp[iq
x
x (A
x
x)
2
]H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)dx
=

A
x
C
n
x
C
n
x
2
2n
x
+2
(2n
x
+ 1)!exp(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)
n
x
n
x
L
2(n
x
n
x
)
2n
x
+1
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)
G
3
= C
n
y
C
n
y
_

0
exp[iq
y
y (A
y
y)
2
]H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)dy
=

A
y
C
n
y
C
n
y
2
2n
y
+2
(2n
y
+ 1)!exp(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)
n
y
n
y
L
2(n
y
n
y)
2n
y
+1
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)
trong L
m
n
(u) l a thc Laguerre v n
x
n
x
, n
y
n
y
.
Tha s dng I c xc nh bi biu thc
[G[
2
=
k
z
+q
z
,k
z
I
=
k
z
+q
z
,k
z
_
1
L
z

A
2
x
C
n
x
C
n
x
C
n
y
C
n
y
2
2n
x
+2
2
2n
y
+2
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)!
(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)
n
x
n
x
(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)
n
y
n
y
exp(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)exp(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)
L
2(n
x
n
x
)
2n
x
+1
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)L
2(n
y
n
y
)
2n
y
+1
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)
_
2
, (1.18)
trong
I =
_
1
L
z

A
2
x
C
n
x
C
n
x
C
n
y
C
n
y
2
2n
x
+2
2
2n
y
+2
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)!
(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)
n
x
n
x
(
q
2
y
4A
2
)
n
y
n
y
exp(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)exp(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)
17
L
2(n
x
n
x
)
2n
x
+1
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)L
2(n
y
n
y
)
2n
y
+1
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)
_
2
. (1.19)
1.1.4. Hamiltonian ca h electron - phonon trong dy lng
t vi th giam gi bn parabol khi c mt in trng
ngoi
Xt mt h in t khng tng tc vi nhau m ch tng tc vi
phonon trong mt dy lng t t trong in trng ngoi bin thin
theo thi gian c dng

E(t) =
3

l=1
E
l
e
it
e
l
,
vi e
l
, E
l
v ln lt l vect n v, bin v tn s vng ca in
trng theo phng l.
Hamiltonian ton phn ca h electron-phonon trong biu din lng
t ha ln th hai c xc nh bi biu thc [24], [28]
H(t) = H
eq
+H
int
(t), (1.20)
trong H
eq
v H
int
(t) tng ng l phn cn bng v khng cn bng
ca Hamiltonian.
Gi [) v [

) l trng thi ca electron trc v sau khi tng tc vi

phonon trong dy lng t. Nu b qua tng tc gia cc ht cng loi
th Hamiltonian cn bng ca h bao gm Hamiltonian ca h electron,
phonon t do c dng cho H
d
v Hamiltonian tng tc electron - phonon
khng cho H
eph
, chng c dng [30]
H
eq
= H
d
+H
eph
= H
e
+H
ph
+H
eph
, (1.21)
18
H
e
=

a
+

,
H
ph
=

q
b
+
q
b
q
,
H
eph
=

,q
C

(q)a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
), (1.22)
Trong cc biu thc trn, H
e
v H
ph
l cc Hamitonian ca h electron
v h phonon t do; trong a
+

(a

) l ton t sinh (hy) electron trng

thi [) vi nng lng E

; b
+
q
(b
q
) l ton t sinh (hy) phonon c nng
lng
q
v q l vect sng ca phonon; C

(q) l yu t ma trn tng

tc electron-phonon v c dng:
C

(q) = [C
q
e
iqr
[

) = C
q
I

(q), (1.23)
vi C
q
l hng s tng tc in t ph thuc vo loi phonon v I

(q)
l tha s dng ca electron trong dy lng t.
Hamiltonian tng tc ph thuc vo trng ngoi bin thin theo
thi gian c cho bi [40]
H
int
(t) =
i

E(t)

J. (1.24)
S dng gi thit on nhit, ngha l tng tc c mc vo ti thi
im t , biu thc Hamiltonian tng tc c thm tha s e
at
, vi
a +0. Lc (1.24) tr thnh
H
int
(t) =
i

e
i t
J

, (1.25)
vi = ia.
19
1.2. Tng quan v phng php nghin cu
1.2.1. L thuyt phn ng tuyn tnh
Xt mt i lng ng lc A. Gi tr trung bnh theo tp hp thng
k ca A c xc nh bi
< A >=

n=1
< A
n
>=

n=1
T
R
A
n
(t), (1.26)
trong T
R
A l vt ca nhiu ht ca ton t A v
n
(t) l ton t ma
trn mt . Gi s rng ban u, khi cha c in trng ngoi, h
trng thi cn bng nhit ng c ton t mt l
eq
. Khi c mt in
trng ngoi ph thuc thi gian, ton t mt c khai trin thnh
hai thnh phn
(t) =
eq
+
int
(t), (1.27)
trong
int
(t) l ton t mt ca h khi c nhiu lon.
Phng trnh Liouville cho ton t mt c dng:
i
(t)
t
= [H(t), (t)] L(t)(t), (1.28)
vi L(t) l ton t Liouville ton phn c nh ngha bi L(t)X
[H(t), X], vi X l ton t tuyn tnh bt k. Ton t Liouville cng c
th phn thnh hai phn L(t) = L
eq
+ L
int
(t), tng ng vi cc thnh
phn H
eq
, H
int
(t) v L
eq
= L
d
+ L
v
tng ng vi H
d
, V . Thay H(t) =
H
eq
+H
int
(t), (t) (1.27) vo (1.28) sau khai trin cc s hng vi ch
rng ton t mt cn bng khng ph thuc thi gian ta thu c
biu thc:
i

eq
t
+i

int
(t)
t
= [H
eq
,
eq
]+[H
int
(t),
eq
]+[H
eq
,
int
(t)]+[H
int
(t),
int
(t)].
(1.29)
20
Do ton t mt cn bng khng ph thuc thi gian
i

eq
t
= 0 = [H
eq
,
eq
]
nn phng trnh (1.29) tr thnh
i

int
(t)
t
= [H
int
(t),
eq
] + [H
eq
,
int
(t)] + [H
int
(t),
int
(t)]. (1.30)
Trong biu din Dirac, [29] ton t mt dng c nh ngha
nh sau:

D
int
(t) = e
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)e

H
eq
t
. (1.31)
Tip tc ly o hm hai v phng trnh (1.31) v ch n (1.29)
ta thu c kt qu (xem Ph lc 3):
i

D
int
(t)
t
= e
iHeqt

[H
int
(t),
eq
]e

iHeqt

+e
iHeqt

[H
int
(t),
int
(t)]e

iHeqt

. (1.32)
p dng tnh cht c chng minh Ph lc 4, mt ton t A khng
ph thuc thi gian tha mn A

(t)[
t=0
= 0 th:
e
i

H
eq
t
Ae

H
eq
t
= e
i

L
eq
t
A,
ta c:
i

D
int
(t)
t
=e
i

L
eq
t
L
int
(t)
eq
+e
i

L
eq
t
L
int
(t)
int
(t).
Tch phn hai v ca phng trnh trn t n t vi iu kin
D
int
(t)[
t
=
0:

D
int
(t) =
1
i
_
t

e
i

L
eq
t
1
L
int
(t
1
)
eq
dt
1
+
1
i
_
t

e
i

L
eq
t
1
L
int
(t
1
)
int
(t
1
)dt
1
.
i bin s t
1
= t u
1
v cc cn ly tch phn ta c:

int
(t) =
1
i
_

0
e

L
eq
u
1
L
int
(t u
1
)
eq
du
1
+
1
i
_

0
e

L
eq
u
1
L
int
(t u
1
)
int
(t u
1
)du
1
.
21
Vit li biu thc trn i vi
int
(t u
1
):

int
(t u
1
) =
1
i
_

0
e

L
eq
u
2
L
int
(t u
1
u
2
)
eq
du
2
+
1
i
_

0
e

L
eq
u
2
L
int
(t u
1
u
2
)
int
(t u
1
u
2
)du
2
.
Thay
int
(t u
1
) vo biu thc ca
int
(t), ta c:

int
(t) =
1
i
_

0
e

L
eq
u
1
L
int
(t u
1
)
eq
du
1
+
1
(i)
2
_

0
du
1
_

0
du
2
e

L
eq
u
1
L
int
(t u
1
)e

L
eq
u
2
L
int
(t u
1
u
2
)
eq
+
1
(i)
2
_

0
du
1
_

0
du
2
e

L
eq
u
1
L
int
(t u
1
)e

L
eq
u
2
L
int
(t u
1
u
2
)
int
(t u
1
u
2
).
Tip tc thay biu thc
int
(t u
1
u
2
) cho n
int
(t u
1
u
2
... u
n
)
ta c biu thc khai trin ca ma trn mt n s hng th n

int
(t) =

n=1
1
(i)
n
_

0
du
1
_

0
du
2
...
_

0
du
n
e

L
eq
u
1
L
int
(t u
1
)
e

L
eq
u
2
L
int
(t u
1
u
2
) ...
e

L
eq
u
n
L
int
(t u
1
u
2
... u
n
)
eq
=
(1)
(t) +
(2)
(t) +... +
(n)
(t), (1.33)
trong ,
(n)
(t) cha n ln ton t L
int
(t).
Trung bnh theo tp hp thng k ca thnh phn th k ca ton t
mt dng in

J c dng:
J
k
)
ens
=

n=1
_
J
(n)
k
_
=

n=1
T
R
J
k

(n)
(t), (1.34)
trong , k = x, y, z, ...) l k hiu trung bnh thng k v J
k
l ton t
dng ca h electron c vit di dng khai trin theo cc ton t dng
22
mt electron nh sau:
J
k
=

,
(j
k
)
,
a
+

, (1.35)
vi (j
k
)
,
= [j
k
[).
Ta tm s hng bc nht ca trung bnh dng in bng cch thay
biu thc (1.35) v biu thc khai trin ca
int
(t) trong (1.33) vo (1.34).
Ta c
_
J
(1)
k
_
ens
= T
R
J
k

(1)
(t) = T
R
_
J
k

1
i
_

0
du
1
e
iL
eq
u
1
/
L
int
(t u
1
)
eq
_
.
(1.36)
Do
L
int
(t u
1
)
eq
= [H
int
(t u
1
),
eq
]
v
H
int
(t u
1
) = (
i

)J
l
E
0
e
i (tu
1
)
nn
J
(1)
k
)
ens
=
1
i
T
R
_
J
k
_

0
dt
1
e

iLeqt
1

E
0
e
i (tt
1
)
J
l
,
eq

_
=
1

T
R
__

0
dt
1
e

iLeqt
1

E
0
e
i (tt
1
)
J
k
[J
l
,
eq
]
_
=
1

T
R
_

eq
[( L
eq
)
1
J
k
, J
l
]E
0
e
i t
_
. (1.37)
y ta p dng tnh cht hon v vng trn ca vt: T
R
A[B, C] =
T
R
ABC ACB = T
R
CAB CBA = T
R
C[A, B] (xem Ph lc 5).
Nu t: E( ) = E
0
e
i t
v

kl
( ) =
i

T
R
_

ed
[( L
eq
)
1
J
k
, J
l
]
_
th (1.37) tr thnh
J
(1)
k
)
ens
=
kl
()E( ). (1.38)
23
i lng
kl
() c gi l tenx dn tuyn tnh ng vi thnh phn
J
(1)
k
)
ens
ca mt dng trung bnh.
Thay biu thc ca J
k
(1.35) vo ta c biu thc tng qut ca
tenx dn

kl
() =
i

lim

(j
k
)

(j
l
)

( ), (1.39)
trong
A

( ) = T
R

eq
[( L
eq
)
1
a
+

, a
+

]. (1.40)
1.2.2. Phng php chiu ton t c lp trng thi
Php chiu ton t c Mori a ra ln u tin nm 1965 [32] vi
mc ch p dng l thuyt v hm tng quan ca Kubo [27] khc
phc mt kh khn c bn m cc l thuyt v qu trnh khng thun
nghch thi mc phi, l tnh phn k ca cc s hng trong khai
trin ca cc i lng ng lc khi h chu tc dng ca trng ngoi.
tng ca phng php chiu ton t m Mori a ra l bt k
mt i lng ng lc A(t) no cng c th vit c di dng
A(t) = (t).A+A

(t), A

(t) =
_

0
(t s).f(s)ds, (1.41)
trong , (t) c xc nh bi php bin i Laplace, f(t) l hm ngu
nhin m t tnh ngu nhin ca tng tc. Khi hnh chiu ca mt
vect G ln trc A c xc nh bi
PG = (G, A

)(A, A

)
1
A, (1.42)
vi A

l lin hp Hermite ca A, k hiu (A, B) biu din hm tng quan

ca hai ton t A v B. Phng trnh ny xc nh mt ton t tuyn tnh
Hermite P trong khng gian Hilbert tha mn iu kin P(1 P) = 0. T
24
ta nh ngha tch v hng trong s hng u tin ca (1.41) l hnh
chiu ca A(t) ln trc A, v s hng th hai A

(t) l thnh phn thng

gc vi n, c th l
(t) = (A(t), A

)(A, A

)
1
, A

(t) = (1 P)A(t). (1.43)

Nh vy, (t) m t s din tin theo thi gian ca hnh chiu ca i
lng A(t).
Tip theo phng php chiu ton t ca Mori, mt lot k thut
chiu c gii thiu gii quyt nhiu bi ton khc nhau [16], [17],
[18], [19], [25], [35], [39]. Trong ti ny, chng ti s dng k thut chiu
ton t c lp trng thi [21] m nhm Kang N. L. gii thiu nm
2000. Cc ton t chiu c lp trng thi c nh ngha nh sau:
PX = X)J
k
/J
k
),

P = 1 P, (1.44)
trong J
k
l thnh phn theo phng k ca vct mt dng

J,

J =

j
,
a
+

, (1.45)
vi

j l vct mt dng mt in t. y ta s dng k hiu trung

bnh tp hp i lng X
X) T
R

0
[X, J

], (1.46)
vi
0
l ton t mt cn bng, T
R
X l k hiu php ly vt i lng
X.
25
Chng 2
KT QU GII TCH
Chng ny s trnh by phn tnh ton gii tch hm dng ph,
phn t ma trn ca mt dng in theo phng giam gi ca
dy lng t th bn parabol t tnh ton gii tch v thu
c biu thc tng minh ca cng sut hp th.
2.1. Biu thc ca tenx dn tuyn tnh
2.1.1. Biu thc tng minh ca tenx dn tuyn tnh
Ten x dn tng qut c dng:

k,l
() =
i

lim
D
e
0
+
T
R

eq
[( L
eq
)
1
J
k
, J
l
]
=
i

lim
D
e
0
+
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
), (2.1)
vi = +iD
e
, D
e
0
+
.
Tc dng (P +

P) v pha bn phi thnh phn ( L
eq
)
1
J
k
ca
biu thc trn ta thu c
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
= [ L
eq
(P +

P)]
1
J
k
= [ L
eq

P) L
eq
P]
1
J
k
. (2.2)
Ta c (AB)
1
= A
1
+A
1
B(AB)
1
nn (2.2) c vit li di dng
[ L
eq

P) L
eq
P]
1
J
k
= [ L
eq

P) L
eq
P]
1
J
k
= ( L
eq

P)
1
J
k
+ ( L
eq

P)
1
L
eq
P[( ) L
eq
P]
1
J
k
,
(2.3)
26
trong :
( L
1
eq
= ( )
1
J
k
( )
1
L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
J
k
, (2.4)
P[( ) L
eq
P]
1
J
k
= P( L
eq
)
1
J
k
= ( L)
1
J
k
)
J
k
J
k
)
. (2.5)
Thay (2.4) v (2.5) vo (2.3) thu c:
( L
eq

P) L
eq
P]
1
J
k
=
J
k


L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
J
k

+ ( L
eq

P)
1
L
eq
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
)
J
k
J
k
)
(2.6)
T (2.2) v (2.6) rt ra
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
=
J
k


L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
J
k

+ ( L
eq

P)
1
L
eq
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
)
J
k
J
k
)
(2.7)
Mt khc, do

PJ
k
= (1 P)J
k
= J
k
J
k
)
J
k
J
k
)
= 0 (2.8)
nn s hng th hai trong v phi ca phng trnh (2.7) bng khng. Khi
:
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
=
J
k

+ ( L
eq

P)
1
L
eq
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
)
J
k
J
k
)
(2.9)
Ly trung bnh hai v ca phng trnh trn

( L
eq
)
1
J
k
_
=
J
k
)

+
( L
eq

P)
1
L
eq
J
k
)
J
k
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
)
(2.10)
v s dng Ph lc 4, ta c:
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
) =
J
k
)

_
1
1

_
L
eq
J
k
)
J
k
)
+
L
eq

P( L

P)
1
L
eq
J
k
)
J
k
)
__
.
1
(2.11)
27
Thay L
eq
= L
d
+ L
v
, trong L
d
v L
v
l hm Liouville tng ng vi
Hamiltonian H
d
, H
v
vo (2.11) ta thu c
( L
eq
)
1
J
k
) =
J
k
)

_
1
1

_
L
eq
J
k
)
J
k
)
+
L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
L
d
J
k
)
J
k
)
+
L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
J
k
)
J
k
)
__
1
. (2.12)
t:
C
k
= L
eq
J
k
)J
k
)
1
(2.13)
D
k
( ) = L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
L
d
J
k
)J
k
)
1
(2.14)
E
k
( ) = L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
J
k
)J
k
)
1
(2.15)
Trong biu thc trn, C
k
, D
k
( v E
k
( ) c gi l cc tha s tn x.
Tenx dn tng qut thu c t vic thay (2.13), (2.14) v (2.15) vo
(2.12) ng thi ch n (2.1) c dng

k
() =
i

lim
D
e
0
+
J
k
)
C
k
D
k
( )
k
( )
. (2.16)
T ph lc 13 ta thu c biu thc ca cc tha s tn x nh sau:
C
kl
=

(2.17)
D
kl
( ) = 0 (2.18)

kl
( ) =
T
R

eq
[L
v
J
l
, ( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
J
k
]
J
k
)
(2.19)
Gi s tng tc l kh yu nn
eq
=
d
+
v

d
. Do

kl
( ) =
T
R

d
[L
v
J
l
, ( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
J
k
]
J
k
)
(2.20)
thu c biu thc tng minh ca tenx dn (2.16), ta phi tnh
c biu thc ca hm dng ph (2.20). mc tip theo ta s tin
hnh cng vic .
28
2.1.2. Biu thc ca hm dng ph
Ta c
J
k
) = T
R

eq
[J
k
, J
l
], (2.21)
trong
J
k
=

,
(j
k
)
,
, J
l
=

,
(j
l
)

a
+

(2.22)
nn
J
k
) =

,
(j
k
)

(j
l
)

(f

). (2.23)
Do L
eq

P = L
eq
(1

P nn (2.20) c th khai trin thnh
J
k
) = T
R

d
[L
v
J
l
, ( L
eq
)
1
L
v
J
k
]
= T
R

d
[L
v
J
l
, ( L
d
)
1
L
v
J
k
]
+ T
R

d
[L
v
J
l
, ( L
d
)
1
L
2
v
( L
v
)
1
J
k
]
T
R

d
[L
v
J
l
, ( L
d
)
1
L
v
J
k
], (2.24)
trong ta xt n c im P(L
v
J
k
) = L
v
J
k
)J
k
J
k
)
1
= 0 do
L
v
J
k
) = 0, L
eq
= L
d
+ L
v
v ch xt n s hng bc hai ca th tn
x.
Thay (2.22) v (2.23) vo (2.24) ta c
(f

)
kl
( ) = T
R
_

d
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
d
)
1
L
v
a
+

]
_
(2.25)
Mt khc da vo ph lc 9 ta c:
L
v
a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
)[C

(q)a
+

(q)a
+

],
L
v
a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
)[C

(q)a
+

(q)a
+

]
29
nn
(f

)
kl
( ) = T
R
_

d
_

(b
q
+b
+
q

)(C

(q

)a
+

(q

)a
+

),
( L
d
)
1

(b
q
+b
+
q
)(C

(q)a
+

(q)a
+

)
__
(2.26)
Khai trin (2.26) vi cc ch :
( L
d
)
1
b
q
a
+

= G
+
,
(q)b
q
a
+

( L
d
)
1
b
+
q
a
+

= G

,
(q)b
q
a
+

vi G

,
(q) = ( E

+E

q
)
1
. Ta c 16 s hng sau
(f

)
kl
( ) =
+

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

] (1)
+

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (2)

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (3)

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (4)
+

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

] (5)
+

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (6)

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q

a
+

, b
q
a
+

] (7)

q,

C
,
(q)C

,
(q

)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q

a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (8)
30

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

] (9)

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (10)
+

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

] (11)
+

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (12)

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q

a
+

, b
q
a
+

] (13)

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q

a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (14)
+

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G
+
,
(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q

a
+

, b
q
a
+

] (15)
+

q,

C
,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
+
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] (16)
.
Ta nhn thy rng, cc s hng (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15) ln
lt bng cc s hng (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16) nu thay b
q
bng b
+
q
, G
+
,
(q) bng G

,
(q) v G
+
,
(q) bng G

,
(q).
Trong 16 s hng ny, c 8 s hng l (1), (3), (6), (8), (9), (11), (14),
(16) cho ng gp bng khng. Thc vy, xt s hng (1):
T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

]
= T
R

d
b
q
b
q
[a
+

, a
+

] +T
R

d
[b

q
, b
q
]a
+

a
+

= T
R

d
b
q
b
q
a
+

a
+

[a

, a

] +T
R

d
b

q
, b
q
[a
+

a
+

]a

+ T
R

d
[b
q

,b
q
]a
+

a
+

(2.27)
Do [a
1
, a
2
] = [a
+
1
, a
+
2
] = 0 v a
1
a
2
) = a
+
1
a
+
2
) = 0 nn
T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

] = 0
i vi cc s hng cn li, ta tin hnh bin i vi mt s ch v cc
31
h thc giao hon ca ton t sinh-hy in t (phonon) v cc h thc
v tr trung bnh thng k nh sau:
+ Ton t sinh-hy in t:
T
R
=
d
a
+

= f

,
T
R
=
d
a

a
+

= T
R

d
[a

, a
+

]
+
a
+

= (1 f

)
,
,
trong f

l hm phn b Fermi-Dirac ca in t trng thi [ ).

+ Ton t sinh-hy phonon:
T
R
=
d
b
+
q

b
q
= N
q

qq

T
R
=
d
b
q
b
+
q
= (1 +N
q
)
qq
,
trong N
q
= exp[(
q
/k
B
T 1)]
1
l hm phn b Bose-Einstein ca
phonon c nng lng
q
. Ch rng, ph ca phonon l hm chn i
xng qua trc tung nn
q
=
q
v N
q
= N
q
. V th V c tnh Hermite
nn C
+

(q) = C

(q). By gi ta s i vo tnh cc s hng cn li.

* S hng (2):
(2) =

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

]
=

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
(b
q
b
+
q
[a
+

, a
+

]
+ [b
q
, b
+
q
]a
+

a
+

)
=

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
(b
q
b
+
q
a
+

,
b
q
b
+
q
a
+

+
q

q
a
+

a
+

)
=

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)
_
(1 +N
q
)
q,q
f

(1 +N
q
)f

+
q,q
(1 f

_
32
= 0 (2.28)
Do ta xt qu trnh dch chuyn gia ba mc , v nn

= 0. Thc hin tnh ton tng t ta c cc s hng (5), (12) v (15)

c gi tr bng khng.
* S hng (4):
(4) =

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
[b
q
a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

]
=

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
(b
q
b
+
q
[a
+

, a
+

]
+ [b
q
, b
+
q
]a
+

a
+

)
=

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)T
R

d
(b
q
b
+
q
a
+

b
q
b
+
q
a
+

+
q

,q
a
+

a
+

)
=

q,

,
(q

)C
,
(q)G

,
(q)
(1 +N
q
)f

(1 +N
q
)f

+f

(1 f

)
=

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2
G

(q)(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

) N
q
f

(1 f

)
Tnh ton tng t tm biu thc ca cc s hng (7), (10) v (13) nh
sau:
(7) =

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2
G
+

(q)N
q
f

(1 f

) (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
(10) =

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2
G

(q)(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

) N
q
f

(1 f

)
(13) =

q,
[ C

(q) [
2
G
+

(q)N
q
f

(1 f

) (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
Thay cc kt qu va tm c vo biu thc hm dng ph, ta c
(f

)
kl
( )
=

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2

_
(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
E

+E

N
q
f

(1 f

)
E

+E

q
33
+
N
q
f

(1 f

)
E

+E

+
q

(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
E

+E

+
q
_
+

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2

_
(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
E

+E

N
q
f

(1 f

)
E

+E

q
+
N
q
f

(1 f

)
E

+E

+
q

(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
E

+E

+
q
_
= SH1 +SH1 +SH3 +SH4 +SH5 +SH6 +SH7 +SH8, (2.29)
trong ta thay
G

() = [ E

+E

q
]
1
G

() = [ E

+E

q
]
1
.
Nh vy, ta va vit c biu thc ca hm dng ph theo cc hm
phn b ca in t v phonon. Ta nhn thy rng, di tc dng ca in
trng ngoi, cc in t chuyn mc v km theo c s pht x hoc
hp th phonon. Mi s hng trong (2.29) th hin mt qu trnh tng
tc gia cc ht v s dch chuyn electron gia cc mc. Chng hn vi
s hng th t, f

(1 f

) th hin qu trnh mt electron trng thi

ban u chuyn ln trng thi trung gian . C ch ny km theo hp
th mt phonon c nng lng
q
v pht x mt photon. pht x mt
phonon nng lng . Trong , s hng (1 +N
q
) xut hin nh l iu
kin pht x phonon. Mu s th hin qu trnh chuyn mc tun theo
nh lut bo ton nng lng, ngha l E

= E

+
q
+ . [C
,
(q)[
2
th
hin trng thi trung gian b nhiu lon bi tng tc vi cc phonon
[22], [23], [28]. Cc s hng cn li cng c th gii thch hon ton tng
t, ngha l cc electron hp th hoc pht x mt photon c nng lng
ri dch chuyn gia cc mc c bn , v mc trung gian km theo
hp th hoc pht x mt phonon c nng lng
q
. Ta c th lp bng
v v s cc qu trnh chuyn mc gia cc trng thi nh sau:
34
SH Chuyn mc nh lut BTNL Phonon
q
Photon
1 E

q
= E

pht x pht x
2 E

+
q
+ = E

hp th hp th
3 E

+
q
+ = E

pht x hp th
4 E

+
q
+ = E

hp th pht x
5 E

q
= E

pht x pht x
6 E

q
= E

hp th hp th
7 E

q
= E

pht x hp th
8 E

q
= E

hp th pht x
Tip theo ta s tnh phn o ca hm dng ph (2.29).
Hm dng ph (2.29) ph thuc vo = +iD
e
(D
e
0
+
) nn n
l mt i lng phc v ta c th phn tch thnh

kl
( ) = A() +iB(),
vi B() = Im(
kl
( )) v A() = Re(
kl
( )) tng ng c gi l hm
tc dch chuyn nh cng hng (hm dch vch ph-lineshift function)
v hm rng ca ph hp th (hay tc hi phc-relaxation rate).
tm c dng c th ca A() v B() ta s dng ng nht thc Dirac
lim
s0
+
(x is)
1
= P(
1
x
) +i(x), (2.30)
trong P(x) l hm ly gi tr chnh Cauchy ca x, cn (x) l hm
Delta-Dirac. Ln lt tnh cc s hng trong (2.29) ri ly phn thc v
phn o ca chng. Chng hn i vi s hng SH1(2.29), ta tnh nh sau:
SH1(2.29) =
(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
E

+E

q
= (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

) lim
s0
+
( E

+E

q
) ia
1
= (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)
_
P[( E

+E

q
)
1
]
35
+ i( E

+E

q
)
_
T ta c:
Im [SH1(2.29)] = (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)( E

+E

q
)
Re [SH1(2.29)] = (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)P[( E

+E

q
)
1
]
Cc s hng cn li trong (2.29) c tnh tng t, cui cng ta thu
c cc biu thc ca hm tc dch chuyn nh cng hng:
(f

)A() =

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2

_
[(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

) N
q
f

(1 f

)]P
1
( E

+E

q
)
+ [N
q
f

(1 f

) (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)]P
1
( E

+E

+
q
)
_
+

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2

_
[(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

) N
q
f

(1 f

)]P
1
( E

+E

q
)
+ [N
q
f

(1 f

) (1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

)]
1
E

+E

+
q
_
(2.31)
v hm rng vch ph:
(f

)B() =

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2

_
[(N
q
+ 1)(1 f

)f

N
q
(1 f

)f

]( E

+E

q
)
+ N
q
(1 +f

)f

(N
q
+ 1)(1 f

)f

]( E

+E

+
q
)
_
+

q,
[ C
,
(q) [
2

_
[(N
q
+ 1)(1 f

)f

N
q
(1 f

)f

]( E

+E

q
)
+ [N
q
(1 f

)f

(N
q
+ 1)(1 f

)f

]( E

+E

+
q
)
_
.
(2.32)
36
Biu thc ca tenx dn lc ny l:

kl
() =
i

(j
k
)

(j
l
)

(E

) A() iB()
=
i

(j
k
)

(j
l
)

(f

)[ (E

) A() +iB()]
[ (E

) A()]
2
+ [B()]
2
(2.33)
T ta c:
Re[
kl
()] =
1

(j
k
)

(j
l
)

(f

)B()
[ (E

) A()]
2
+ [B()]
2
.
(2.34)
p dng gn ng Lorentz[34], ngha l ta gi s hiu ng tn x l rt
yu v chp nhn gn ng B

() B

(E

), khi s ng gp ca
A() cho Re[
kl
()] s rt yu so vi (E

) nn c th b qua. Lc
ny, B() c gi l tc hi phc v (2.34) c vit li nh sau:
Re[
kl
()] =
1

(j
k
)

(j
l
)

(f

)B()
[ (E

)]
2
+ [B()]
2
(2.35)
Nh vy, bng cch s dng php chiu ton t c lp trng thi
v phng php thng k lng t, ta xc nh c biu thc tng
qut cho tenx dn tuyn tnh khi c mt in trng ngoi. Trong mc
tip theo ta xy dng c biu thc tng minh ca cng sut hp th
electron trong dy lng t th bn parabol.
2.2. Biu thc ca cng sut hp th
Khi c sng in t phn cc phn cc tuyn tnh vi bin E
l
v
tn s t vo h th gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut hp th c cho
bi biu thc:
P() =
E
2
0
2
Re[
kl
()], (2.36)
37
trong ta t E
l
= E
0
v k,l l cc phng bt k.[38]
Ta nhn thy rng, tnh c cng sut hp th ta phi chn
phng ca trng ngoi v phng ca ca dng in sau tnh phn
t ma trn ca mt dng mt ht (j
k
)

v tc hi phc B

().
iu ny ph thuc vo cc t trng ca dy lng t (hm sng, ph
nng lng, tha s dng) v phng ca dng in (thng qua biu thc
ca mt dng (j
k
)

).
Cng sut hp th khi tnh thnh phn tenx dn theo phng
trc x (trc giam gi) l:
P() =
E
2
0
2
Re[
xx
()]
=
E
2
0
2
(
1

[ (j
x
)

[
2
(f

)B()
[ (E

)]
2
+ [B()]
2
. (2.37)
Trong cc mc di y, chng ta s i vo kho st trng hp c th
cho dy lng t th bn parabol vi mt dng mt ht c tnh theo
chiu trc chiu trc x (j
x
)

(chiu giam gi).

2.2.1. Biu thc ca phn t ma trn ca mt dng in
Phn t ma trn ca mt dng in theo phng x c xc nh
theo cng thc
(j
x
)

=
ie
m

n
x
,n
y
,k
z
[

x
[
n
x
,n
y
,k
z
). (2.38)
Thay biu thc ca hm sng vo ta th tch thnh 3 s hng
(j
x
)

=
ie
m

k
z
[
k
z
)
n
y
[
n
y
)
n
x
[

x
[
n
x
) (2.39)
=
ie
m

J
1
J
2
J
3
(2.40)
Ln lt tnh cc thnh phn J
1
, J
2
, J
3
:
38
+ Tnh J
1
, J
2
:
J
1
=
k
z
[
k
z
) =
k
z
,k
z
J
2
=
n
y
[
n
y
) =
n
y
,n
y
+ Tnh J
3
:
J
3
=
n
x
[

x
[
n
x
) (2.41)
Xt

x
[
n
x
) = C
n
x

x
_
exp
_

(A
x
x)
2
2

H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)
_
= C
n
x
_
(A
x
)
2
xexp
_

(A
x
x)
2
2

H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)
+ exp
_

(A
x
x)
2
2

2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)
_
(2.42)
p dng h thc
H

2n+1
(t) = 2(2n + 1)H
2n
(t)
2tH
2n+1
= H
2n+2
(t) +H

2n+1
(t)
ta thu c

x
[
n

x
) = C
n
x
_

A
2
x
2
exp
_

(A
x
x)
2
2

H
2n
x
+2
(A
x
x)
+ 2
_
1
A
2
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1)exp
_

(A
x
x)
2
2

H
2n
x
(A
x
x)
_
=
_
2n
x
+ 1
2
(A
2
x
)
_
C
n
x+2
exp
_

(A
x
x)
2
2

H
2n
x
+2
(A
x
x)

+ 2
_
1
A
2
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1)

2n
x
_
C
n
x
exp
_

(A
x
x)
2
2

H
2n
x
(A
x
x)

(2.43)
Do
J
3
=
n
x
[

x
[
n
x
)
=
_
2n
x
+ 1
2
(A
2
x
)
2n
x
+1,2n
x
+2
+ 2
_
1
A
2
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1)

2n
x

2n
x
+1,2n
x
39
Thay gi tr ca J
1
, J
2
, J
3
vo (2.39) ta thu c biu thc ca phn t
ma trn ca mt dng in theo phng giam gi nh sau
(j
x
)

=
ie
m

k
z
,k
z

n
y
,n
y
_
_
2n
x
+ 1
2
(A
2
x
)
2n
x
+1,2n
x
+2
+ 2
_
1
A
2
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1)

2n
x

2n
x
+1,2n
x
_
(2.44)
2.2.2. Tc hi phc ca electron trong dy lng t th bn
parabol
Nu t:
F
1
=

q,
[ C

(q) [
2
[(1+N
q
)(1f

)f

N
q
(1f

)f

]( E

q
)
F
2
=

q,
[ C

(q) [
2
[N
q
(1f

)f

(1+N
q
)f

(1f

)]( E

+
q
)
F
3
=

q,
[ C

(q) [
2
[(1 +N
q
)f

(1 f

) N
q
f

(1 f

)]( E

q
)
F
4
=

q,
[ C

(q) [
2
[N
q
f

(1f

)(1+N
q
)f

(1f

)](E

+
q
)
_
th biu thc ca tc hi phc (2.32) c vit li nh sau
(f

)B() = F
1
+F
2
+F
3
+F
4
(2.45)
trong E

= E

= E
k
z
,n
x
,n
y
E
k
z
,n
x
,n
y
v E

= E

=
E
k
z
,n
x
,n
y
E
k
z
,n
x
,n
y
. thu c biu thc tng minh ca tc hi
phc, ta phi tnh c yu t ma trn tng tc electron-phonon C

(q),
C

(q) v cc s hng F
1
, F
2
, F
3
, F
4
.
Yu t ma trn tng tc ph thuc vo hm sng ca in t chuyn
ng trong dy lng t c dng
C

(q) = C
q
I

(q) = C
q
[ e
iqr
[ )
C

(q) = C
q
I

(q) = C
q
[ e
iqr
[ )
40
Nn
[C

(q)[
2
= [ C
q
[
2
[[e
iqr
[)[
2
= [ C
q
[
2
[G
n
x
,n
x
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)[
2
[G
n
y
,n
y
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)[
2

k
z
,k
z
q
z
[C

(q)[
2
= [ C
q
[
2
[[e
iqr
[)[
2
= [ C
q
[
2
[G
n
x
,n
x
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)[
2
[G
n
y
,n
y
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)[
2

k
z
,k
z
q
z
,
trong
G
n
x
,n
x

(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)
= C
n
x
C
n
x

_

0
exp[iq
x
x (A
x
x)
2
]H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)dx
=

A
x
C
n
x
C
n
x

2
2n
x
+2
(2n
x
+ 1)!exp(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)
n
x
n
x

L
2(n
x
n

x
)
2n
x
+1
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)
(2.46)
G
n
y
,n
y

(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)
= C
n
y
C
n
y

_

0
exp[iq
y
y (A
y
y)
2
]H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)dy
=

A
C
n
y
C
n
y

2
2n
y
+2
(2n
y
+ 1)!exp(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)
n
y
n
y

L
2(n
y
n

y
)
2n
y
+1
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)
(2.47)
vi n
x
n
x
(n
x
), n
x
n
x
, n
y
n
y
(n
y
) v n
y
n
y
.
tnh tc hi phc c cho bi phng trnh (2.32) i vi tng
tc electron-phonon, ta phi xt cc phn t Fourier ca th nng tng
tc tn x vi mi loi phonon khc nhau. Trong lun vn ny s kho st
i vi phonon quang dc.
Phonon quang dc c th nng tn x c cho bi
[C(q)[
2
=
e
2

LO
2
0
V
(
1

0
)
1
q
2

+q
2
z
, (2.48)
41
trong V l th tch ca h;
0
,

ln lt l hng s in mi tnh v
hng s in mi cao tn. Gi s phonon khng tn sc (
LO
const) v
q
2
z
q
2

nn khi th tn x c dng nh sau

[C(q)[
2

e
2

LO
2
0
V
(
1

0
)
1
q
2
z
=
H
V
1
q
2
z
,
y ta t
H =
e
2

LO
2
0
(
1

0
)
Tip theo, ta s tnh cc s hng trong (2.45).
+ Tnh s hng F
1
:
F
1
=

q,
[ C

(q) [
2
[(1+N
q
)f

(1f

) N
q
f

(1f

)]( E

q
)
Thc hin vic chuyn t tng sang tch phn [38]

q
(...)
V A
x
A
y
16
3
_
+

(...)dq
z
_
+
0
u

1
2
x
du
x
_
+
0
u

1
2
y
du
y

(...) =

n
x
,n
ny
,k
z
(...)
L
z
2

n
x
,n
y
_
+

(...)dk
z
,
trong u
x
=
q
2
x
2A
2
x
v u
y
=
q
2
y
2A
2
y
. Ta c
F
1
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
_
+

1
q
2
z
dq
z

_
(1 +N
q
)(1 f

)
_
_
1 +exp
_
(

2
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
_
N
q
f

_
1
_
1 +exp
_
(
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
__

_

q
E
n
x
n
y
+E
n
x
n
y

2
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+

2
k
2
z
2m

_
+
0
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)

1
2
[ G
n
x
,n
x
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
) [
2
d(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)

_
+
0
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)

1
2
[ G
n
y
,n
y
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
) [
2
d(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
).
42
Xt hm
g(q
z
) =
q
E
n
x
n
y
+E
n
x
n
y

2
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+

2
k
2
z
2m

, (2.49)
Hm g(q
z
) = 0 khi q
z
1,2
= M
1
k
z
vi
M
1
=
_
k
2
z
+
2m

2
(
q
E
n
x
n
y
+E
n
x
n
y
)
_
1/2
.
Suy ra,
dg(q
z
)
dq
z
=

2
m

(k
z
+q
z
)
dg(q
z1
)
dq
z1
=

2
m

M
1
;
dg(q
z2
)
dq
z2
=

2
m

M
1
S dng tnh cht ca hm Delta
(g(q
z
)) =

i
(q
z
q
zi
)
[ g

(q
zi
) [
, (i = 1, 2),
_
f(x)(x a)dx = f(a)
vi q
zi
l nghim ca phng trnh g(q
z
) = 0 ta c
F
1
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
1
M
1
_
+

1
q
2
z
dq
z

_
(1 +N
q
)(1 f

)
_
1 +exp
_
(
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
N
q
(1 f

)
_
1
_
1 +exp
_
(

2
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
_
_

_
q
z
(M
1
k
z
)

_
+
0
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)

1
2
[ G
n
x
,n
x
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
) [
2
d(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)

_
+
0
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)

1
2
[ G
n
y
,n
y
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
) [
2
d(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)
+
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
1
M
1
_
+

1
q
2
z
dq
z

_
(1 +N
q
)(1 f

)
_
1 +exp
_
(
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
43
N
q
(1 f

)
_
1
_
1 +exp
_
(

2
(k
z
+q
z
)
2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
_
_

_
q
z
(M
1
k
z
)

_
+
0
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)

1
2
[ G
n
x
,n
x
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
) [
2
d(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)

_
+
0
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)

1
2
[ G
n
y
,n
y
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
) [
2
d(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
).
Tip tc p dng tnh cht ca hm Delta
_
f(x)(x a)dx = f(a) thu
c
F
1
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
1
M
1
_
1
(M
1
k
z
)
2
+
1
(M
1
+k
z
)
2

_
(1 +N
q
)f

_
1 +exp
_
(

2
M
2
1
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
N
q
(1 f

)
_
1
_
1 +exp
_
(

2
M
2
1
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
_
_
N
11
N
12
,
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
1
(M
1
k
z
)
2
+
1
(M
1
+k
z
)
2
E
1
M
1
N
11
N
12
Tch phn N
11
c dng
N
11
=
_
+
0
u

1
2
x
[ G
n
x
,n
x
(u
x
) [
2
du
x
, (2.50)
vi u
x
=
q
2
x
2A
2
x
.
Thay [ G
n
x
,n
x
(u
x
) [
2
c xc nh bi phng trnh (2.46) vo (2.50)
ta c
N
11
=

A
x
[ C
n
x
[
2
[ C
n
x
[
2
2
4n
x
+4
2
2(n
x
n
x
)
[(2n
x
+ 1)!]
2

_

0
exp(u
x
)(u
x
)
2(n
x
n
x
)
1
2
[ L
2(n
x
n
x
)
2n
x
+1
(u
x
) [
2
(2.51)
p dng tch phn
_
+
0
e
x
x

1
2
L

n
(x)L

m
(x) =
( +n + 1)
2
( +m+ 1)( +
1
2
)(m+
1
2
)
n!m!( + 1)(
1
2
)

3
F
2
(n, +
1
2
,
1
2
; + 1,
1
2
m; 1),
44
trong
3
F
2
(a, b, c; d, e; x) l chui siu bi suy rng c dng
3
F
2
(a, b, c; d, e; x) =

i=0
(a)
i
(b)
i
(c)
i
(d)
i
(c)
i
x
i
i!
vi (a)
i
l k hiu Pochhammer c nh ngha bi (a)
i
= (a+i 1)!/(a
1)!. Nn (2.51) c vit li nh sau
N
11
=

A
x
[ C
n
x
[
2
[ C
n
x
[
2
2
4n
x
+4
2
2(n
x
n
x
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
x
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
x
+
1
2
)(2n
x
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1), 2n
x
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
x
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
x
+ 1); 1
_
Hon ton tng t ta c
N
12
=
_
+
0
u

1
2
y
[ G
n
y
,n
y
(u
y
) [
2
du
y
=

A
y
[ C
n
y
[
2
[ C
n
y
[
2
2
4n
y
+4
2
2(n
y
n
y
)
(2n
y
+ 1)!

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
y
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
y
+
1
2
)(2n
y
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
y
+ 1), 2n
y
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
y
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
y
+ 1); 1
_
,
Trong ta t n
x
= n
x
n
x
v n
y
= n
y
n
y
.
Lc ny ta c th vit (2.50) nh sau
F
1
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
(
1
(M
1
k
z
)
2
+
1
(M
1
+k
z
)
2
)
E
1
M
1
N
11
N
12
(2.52)
45
vi
M
1
=
_
k
2
z
+
2m

2
(
q
E
n
x
n
y
+E
n
x
n
y
)
_
1/2
E
1
= (1 +N
q
)(1 f

)
_
1 +exp
_
(

2
M
2
1
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
N
q
f

_
1
_
1 +exp
_
(

2
M
2
1
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
_
N
11
=

A
x
[ C
n
x
[
2
[ C
n
x
[
2
2
4n
x
+4
2
2(n
x
n
x
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
x
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
x
+
1
2
)(2n
x
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1), 2n
x
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
x
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
x
+ 1); 1
_
N
12
=

A
y
[ C
n
y
[
2
[ C
n
y
[
2
2
4n
y
+4
2
2(n
y
n
y
)
(2n
y
+ 1)!

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
y
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
y
+
1
2
)(2n
y
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
y
+ 1), 2n
y
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
y
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
y
+ 1); 1
_
.
Lp li tnh ton hon ton tng t ta c biu thc ca s hng F
2
, F
3
, F
4
.
F
2
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
(
1
(M
2
k
z
)
2
+
1
(M
2
+k
z
)
2
)
E
2
M
2
N
21
N
22
, (2.53)
trong
M
2
=
_
k
2
z
+
2m

2
( +
q
E
n
x
n
y
+E
n
x
n
y
)
_
1/2
(2.54)
E
2
= N
q
(1 f

)
_
1 +exp
_

_
M
2
2

2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)

_
1
46
+ (1 +N
q
)f

_
1 (1 +exp
_
(
M
2
2

2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)

)
1
_
N
21
=

A
x
[ C
n
x
[
2
[ C
n
x
[
2
2
4n
x
+4
2
2(n
x
n
x
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
x
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
x
+
1
2
)(2n
x
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1), 2n
x
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
x
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
x
+ 1); 1
_
N
22
=

A
y
[ C
n
y
[
2
[ C
n
y
[
2
2
4n
y
+4
2
2(n
y
n
y
)
(2n
y
+ 1)!

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
y
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
y
+
1
2
)(2n
y
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
y
+ 1), 2n
y
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
y
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
y
+ 1); 1
_
.
F
3
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
(
1
(k
z
M
3
)
2
+
1
(k
z
+M
3
)
2
)
E
3
M
3
N
31
N
32
, (2.55)
trong
M
3
=
_
k
2
z

2m

2
(
q
E
n
x
n
y
+E
n
x
n
y
)
_
1/2
(2.56)
E
3
= (1 +N
q
)f

_
1
_
1 +exp
_

_
M
2
3

2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
_
+ N
q
(1 f

)
_
1 +exp
_
(
M
2
3

2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)

_
1
,
N
31
=

A
x
[ C
n
x
[
2
[ C
n
x
[
2
2
4n
x
+4
2
2(n
x
n
x
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!
47

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
x
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
x
+
1
2
)(2n
x
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1), 2n
x
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
x
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
x
+ 1); 1
_
,
N
32
=

A
y
[ C
n
y
[
2
[ C
n
y
[
2
2
4n
y
+4
2
2(n
y
n
y
)
(2n
y
+ 1)!

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
y
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
y
+
1
2
)(2n
y
+
3
2
)
3
F
2
_
(2n
y
+ 1),
2n
y
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
y
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
y
+ 1); 1
_
,
trong n
x
= n
xn
x
v n
y
= n
yn
y
.
F
4
=
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
(
1
(k
z
M
4
)
2
+
1
(k
z
+M
4
)
2
)
E
4
M
4
N
41
N
42
, (2.57)
vi
M
4
=
_
k
2
z

2m

2
( +
q
E
n
x
n
y
+E
n
x
n
y
)
_
1/2
(2.58)
E
4
= N
q
f

_
1
_
1 +exp
_

_
M
2
4

2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
_
+ (1 +N
q
)(1 f

)
_
1 +exp
_
(
M
2
4

2
2m

+E
n
x
n
y
E
F
)
_
1
N
41
=

A
x
[ C
n
x
[
2
[ C
n
x
[
2
2
4n
x
+4
2
2(n
x
n
x
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
x
+ (2n
x
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
x
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
x
+
1
2
)(2n
x
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
x
+ 1), 2n
x
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
x
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
x
+ 1); 1
_
48
N
42
=

A
y
[ C
n
y
[
2
[ C
n
y
[
2
2
4n
y
+4
2
2(n
y
n
y
)
(2n
y
+ 1)!

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
2

_
2n
y
+ (2n
y
+ 1) + 1
_
(2n
y
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)(
1
2
)
(2n
y
+
1
2
)(2n
y
+
3
2
)

3
F
2
_
(2n
y
+ 1), 2n
y
+
1
2
,
1
2
; 2n
y
+ 1,
1
2
(2n
y
+ 1); 1
_
.
Thay (2.52) (2.53) (2.55) (2.57) vo (2.45) ta thu c biu thc ca tc
hi phc khi xt tng tc electron-phonon quang phn cc nh sau
B() =
1
f

_
F
1
+F
2
+F
3
+F
4
_
=
1
(f

)
HA
x
A
y
L
z
32
3

n
x
,n
y
__
(
1
(k
z
M
1
)
2
+
1
(k
z
+M
1
)
2
)
E
1
M
1
+ (
1
(kz M
2
)
2
+
1
(kz +M
2
)
2
)
E
2
M
2
_
N
21
N
22
+
_
(
1
(kz M
3
)
2
+
1
(kz +M
3
)
2
)
E
3
M
3
+ (
1
(kz M
4
)
2
+
1
(kz +M
4
)
2
)
E
4
M
4
_
N
31
N
32
,
_
(2.59)
Thay vo biu thc ca cng sut hp th ta c
P() =
E
2
0
2

,
[(j
x
)

[
2
(f

)B()
[ (E

)]
2
+ [B()]
2
=
E
2
0
2

,
e
2

2
m
2
e
_
2n
x
+ 1
2
A
4
x

2n
x
+1,2n
x
+2
+ 4
_
1
A
2
x
2
_
2
(2n
x
+ 1)
2
2n
x

2n
x
+1,2n
x
_

(f

)B()
[ (E

)]
2
+ [B()]
2

kz,kz

n
y
,n
y
(2.60)
49
Chng 3
KT QU TNH S V THO LUN
Trong chng ny biu thc cng sut hp th trong bn dn dy
lng t th bn parabol s c tnh s v v th. S ph thuc
cng sut hp th vo cc thng s nhit , tn s ca trng
ngoi v tn s giam gi c kho st chi tit.
3.1. iu kin cng hng electron-phonon trong dy
lng t th bn parabol
Cc hiu ng cng hng nh cng hng electron - phonon, cng
hng t phonon v cc hiu ng d tm cng hng trong cu trc bn
dn thp chiu ni chung v cu trc bn dn dy lng t ni ring c
ngun gc l do tn x cng hng electron gy ra bi s hp th v pht
x phonon.
Cc hm Delta trong biu thc (2.32) biu din nh lut bo ton
nng lng trong cc qu trnh chuyn mc ca electron. T biu thc
ca hm Delta, ta rt ra c iu kin cng hng electron-phonon khi
khng chu tc dng ca trng ngoi ( = 0) l E

=
LO
, ngha l
in t hp th hoc pht x mt phonon quang c nng lng
LO
bng
hiu hai mc nng lng E

th xut hin s dch chuyn gia cc trng

thi [) v [). Khi c in trng ngoi ( ,= 0), iu kin cng hng
electron-phonon l E

=
LO
. Trong m hnh chng ta ang kho
st, iu kin cng hng ny c dng:
E

=
LO
(3.61)
50
Do ta xt bin vng Brillouin th nht nn trong biu thc nng lng
ta ly k
z
= k
z
. V vy iu kin ny c vit li nh sau:

x
(2n
x
2n
x
) +
y
(2n
y
2n
y
) =
LO
Di tc dng ca in trng ngoi c tn s khc nhau s xut
hin hin tng cc nh cng hng dch so vi cc nh ban u.
chnh l hiu ng d tm cng hng. Nh vy, khi c trng d, s nh
cng hng s tng ln.
3.2. Kt qu tnh s v tho lun
Trc ht, ta lp chng trnh tnh ton trong khai bo tt c
cc gi tr ca hng s nh in tch e = 1.6 10
19
C v khi lng hiu
dng ca in t m

= 6.006 10
32
kg, hng s Planck = 6.625
10
34
/(2) Js, hng s Boltzmann k
B
= 1.3806610
23
J/K, hng s in
mi
0
= 13.5, thm in mi cao tn

= 10.9, thm in mi tnh

= 12.9, nng lng mc Fermi

F
= 0.051.610
19
J, tn s phonon
quang dc
LO
= 5.556 10
12
Hz, tn s giam gi
y
= 5.556 10
12
Hz...
Khai bo bin T-nhit , L
z
-kch thc dy lng t, -tn s in trng
ngoi. Khai bo cc tr s lng t theo cc phng: n
x
n
y
, n
x
n
y
, n
x
n
y
.
Thit lp cc hm s nh hm ph nng lng ca in t trng
thi c vect sng k v hm phn b phonon N
q
. Cui cng l biu thc
cng sut hp th.
Ta ln lt kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s
photon, tn s in t theo phng giam gi v nhit .
51
3.2.1. Kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s
ca photon
th trn hnh 3.1 ch ra s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo
tn s trng ngoi vi cc gi tr tng dn ca nhit . Khi tng dn
nhit th s nh cng hng khng thay i m ch lm thay i
cao ca cc nh cng hng, khi nhit tng th cao ca nh cng
hng cng tng. iu c ngha l nhit khng lm nh hng n
hiu ng d tm cng hng electron -phonon. Ta c th nhn thy bng
gii tch, rng trong i s ca cc hm Delta - Dirac m t s bo ton
nng xung lng khng c cha nhit .
10 15 20 25 30
0
5. 10
6
0.00001
0.000015
Nang luong photon meV
C
o
n
g
s
u
a
t
h
a
p
t
h
u

d
v
b
k

Hnh 3.1: S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng ngoi ng vi vi

nhit 150K (ng mu xanh), 200K (ng mu ), 250K (ng mu en).
20 40 60 80
0
5. 10
33
1. 10
32
1.5 10
32
2. 10
32
Nang luong photon meV
C
o
n
g
s
u
a
t
h
a
p
t
h
u

d
v
b
k

Hnh 3.2: S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng ngoi vi nhit

97K v
x
= 0, 4
LO
.
52
th hnh 3.2 m t s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn
s trng ngoi ng vi nhit 97K trong trng hp dch chuyn n
x
=
n
y
= 1, n
x
= n
y
= 2, n
x
= n
y
= 3 (dch chuyn theo c hai phng x
v y). Tn s giam gi
x
= 0, 4
LO
. Kt qu cho thy trong khong nng
lng (tn s) photon kho st, ng cong biu din cng sut hp th
xut hin cc nh cng hng m ti s hp th xy ra mnh nht.
Trong , ta thy rng, nh th nht ng ti v tr = 36, 25meV tha
iu kin =
LO
tng ng vi s dch chuyn ni vng.
Ngoi ra, khi tn s photon thay i th trong th cn xut hin
nhiu nh cng hng khc nhau. Cc nh ny tng ng vi s hp th
cc photon vi gi tr tn s khc nhau tha mn iu kin cng hng. S
d nh vy l v c nhiu cch in t dch chuyn gia hai trng thi
qua mt trng thi trung gian gia. Tt c cc dch chuyn ny u tha
mn nh lut bo ton nng lng vi s pht x photon hoc phonon.
ng vi mi nh cng hng ta s c mt tn s photon tha mn mt
trong cc iu kin cng hng sau:
E

= 2
x
+ 2
y
=
LO
E

= 2
x
+ 2
y
=
LO
E

= 4
x
+ 4
y
=
LO
3.2.2. Kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s
c trng ca dy lng t
By gi ta s kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo
trng ngoi vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca tn s giam gi c trng cho
dy theo phng x (
x
). Kt qu c biu din trn hnh v sau
53
20 40 60 80
0
5. 10
33
1. 10
32
1.5 10
32
2. 10
32
2.5 10
32
Nang luong photon meV
C
o
n
g
s
u
a
t
h
a
p
t
h
u

d
v
b
k

Hnh 3.3: S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng ngoi ng vi T = 98K

v tn s photon )x = 0.4
LO
(ng mu xanh),
x
= 0.41
LO
(ng mu ).
T hnh 3.3 ta nhn thy rng, khi tn s photon thay i, nh cng
hng khng dch chuyn v tr cn cc nh khc c s dch chuyn tng
i r rt. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi l thuyt ang kho st. V
iu kin cng hng l =
LO
nn khi thay i th
LO
vn khng
thay i. i vi cc nh cng hng cn li ph thuc vo chnh lch
hai mc nng lng E

, E

v E

nn s dch chuyn. lm r s dch

chuyn ny c th quan st hai hnh 3.4 v hnh 3.5.
7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
0
5. 10
22
1. 10
21
1.5 10
21
2. 10
21
2.5 10
21
Tan so giam giu meVh
C
o
n
g
s
u
a
t
h
a
p
t
h
u

d
v
b
k

Hnh 3.4: S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng ngoi ng vi T =

110K (ng mu xanh), T = 100K (ng mu ) vi tn s photon = 31.5 1.6
10
22
/
Kt qu cho thy rng c s dch chuyn nh cng hng khi tn s
c trng
x
thay i. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do trong
54
cc i s ca hm Delta c cha tn s c trng ca trng ngoi. Bn
cnh , ta nhn thy rng s dch chuyn ny khng phi l tuyn tnh.
Nh vy trong dy lng t th bn parabol, tn s c trng
x
(
y
) l
mt i lng rt quan trng c trng cho m hnh v quy nh cc hiu
ng lng t xy ra.
7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
0
1. 10
21
2. 10
21
3. 10
21
4. 10
21
5. 10
21
6. 10
21
7. 10
21
Tan so giam giu meVh
C
o
n
g
s
u
a
t
h
a
p
t
h
u

d
v
b
k

Hnh 3.5: S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng ngoi ng vi =

31.5 1.6 10
22
/ (ng mu ), = 40 1.6 10
22
/ (ng mu xanh), =
50.5 1.6 10
22
/ (ng mu en) nhit 100K.
3.2.3. Kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo nhit

0 200 400 600 800 1000

0
2. 10
27
4. 10
27
6. 10
27
8. 10
27
1. 10
26
Nhiet doK
C
o
n
g
s
u
a
t
h
a
p
t
h
u

d
v
b
k

Hnh 3.6: S ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo nhit

Hnh 3.4 m t s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo nhit
ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca tn s photon. ng mu xanh ng
55
vi = 4.2310
13
Hz, ng mu en ng vi = 6.0410
13
Hz v ng
mu ng vi = 6.04 10
13
Hz.
T th ta nhn thy rng trong khong T 100K, cng sut hp
th khng ph thuc tn s photon v c gi tr khng i. Khi nhit
tng ln th cng sut hp th tng ln. Trong , cng sut hp th ng
vi tn s b th c gi tr ln hn.
56
KT LUN
Bng cch s dng phng php chiu c lp trng thi tm biu
thc gii tch tenx dn, tc hi phc v cng sut hp th; t
kho st s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s trng ngoi cng
nh cc thng s vt l ca h v hiu ng d tm cng hng electron-
phonon cho dy lng t th bn parabol, lun vn thu c cc kt
qu sau:
1. T biu thc ca hm dng ph c cha hm phn b electron v
phonon, tc hi phc c tnh ton tng minh trong trng hp dy
lng t th bn parabol.
2. T biu thc gii tch ca tc hi phc, chng ti xc nh c
biu thc ca tenx dn v cng sut hp th ri p dng tnh s, v
th trong trng hp tng tc electron-phonon quang cho trng hp
tuyn tnh. Kho st hiu ng d tm cng hng electron-phonon da vo
s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo tn s ca trng ngoi ng vi
cc gi tr nhit khc nhau. Kt qu cho thy, khi c in trng ngoi,
ph hp th xut hin cc nh cng hng vi c im l khi tn s in
trng ngoi tng th cng sut hp th gim. cao ca cc nh cng
hng ph thuc vo nhit nhng v tr ca cc nh cng hng tc l
tn s in trng ti xut hin cng hng th khng ph thuc vo
nhit .
3. Lun vn kho st c s ph thuc ca cng sut hp th vo
tn s giam gi i vi dy lng t th bn parabol. Kt qu cho thy
rng cng sut hp th ph thuc mnh vo tn s giam gi. T c th
thy rng, tn s giam gi quy nh tnh cht v cc hiu ng xy ra trong
57
cu trc dy lng t.
4. Cc kt qu nghin cu trn s c ngha hn khi cc i lng c
th kho st c bng thc nghim. Tuy nhin, ng tic l hin nay vn
cha c kt qu thc nghim c th so snh.
5. Lun vn c th m rng trong trng hp tng tc gia electron
vi cc phonon khc nhau nh phonon m, phonon p in; hoc p dng
cc phng php chiu khc tip cn bi ton ny; hoc p dng cho
cc m hnh thp chiu, cc vt liu bn dn khc...
6. Cc kt qu l thuyt u c tnh s v v th bng phn
mm Mathematica kho st v phn tch. Nhng kt qu thu c gp
phn gii thch nhng c ch xy ra do tng tc electron-phonon trong
dy lng t di tc dng ca trng ngoi v cung cp cc thng tin v
cc tnh cht ca dy lng t bn dn cn thit cho cng ngh ch to
cc linh kin in t bng vt liu nan hin nay.
58
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
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l thng k, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni.
2. Nguyn Quang Bu, H Huy Bng (2001), L thuyt trng lng t
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3. Nguyn Quang Bu, Quc Hng, V Vn Hng, L Tun (2004),
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4. V Hong Trn Chu (2007), Cng hng cyclotron khi c mt tng
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phonon trong dy lng t hnh ch nht, Lun vn thc s, H S
phm Hu, H Hu.
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S Phm Hu, H Hu.
59
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11. Nguyn Ngc Long (2002), Vt l cht rn, NXB i hc Quc gia
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12. Trng Th Hng Nhung (2008), p dng k thut chiu c lp
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vn Thc s, H S Phm Hu, H Hu.
14. Nguyn Th L Thu (2006), Nghin cu p dng chuyn ti lng t
cho siu mng bn dn pha tp, Lun vn Thc s Vt l, Trng H
S Phm Hu, H Hu.
60
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23. Kang N. L., Shin D. H., Yi S. N. and Choi S. D. (2005), "Prediction
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25. Kim J. G., Choi S. D. and Kang N. L. (2002), "Theory of conductivity
and scattering factor-function in quasi two-dimensional system based
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26. Kim J. G., Sug J. Y., Lee Y. J., Jo S. G. and Choi S. D. (2002), "Op-
tical transition for a quasi-two-dimensional system with an electron-
phonon interaction", Phys. Rev. B. (66), pp. 73107-73111.
27. Kubo B. R. (1957), "Statistical-mechanical theory of irreversible pro-
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28. Lee H. J., Lee Y. J, Yi S. N and Ahn H. S. (2001), "Theory of intra-
band optical absorption in a continued Fraction Formalism Utilizing
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29. Lee H. J. et. al. (2002), "Calculation of the nonlinear optical con-
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30. Lee S. C., Kang J. W.et. al. (2005), "Optically detected Electron -
phonon Resonance effects in quantum wells",Phys. E., (28), pp. 402 -
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31. Lee J. H. et. al. (2002), "Calculation of the Nonlinear Optical con-
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32. Mori H. (1965), "Transport. Collective motion, and Brownain mo-
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33. N. Mori, H. Momose, and C. Hamaguchi (1992), "Magnetophonon
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64
Ph lc P.1
PH LC 1
*Gii phng trnh (1.46)
Thc hin php i bin s
=
_
mk
x

2
_1
4
.x( > 0) (P.1)
Khi
(x) () (P.2)

(x) =
d
dx
=
d
dx
=
d
dx
d
d
=
_
mk
x

2
_1
4 d
d
(P.3)

(x) =
d
2

dx
2
=
d
dx
_
d
dx
_
=
d
dx
d
d
__
mk
x

2
_1
4 d
d
_
=
_
mk
x

2
_1
2 d
2

d
2
(P.4)
Thay vo phng trnh (1.46) ta c:
_
mk
x

2
_1
2

() +
2m

2
_
E
1
2
k
x
_

2
mk
_
.
2
_
() = 0

() +
_
2E

2
_
() = 0 (P.5)
trong

x
=
_
k
x
m
(P.6)
t:
2E

x
=
x
( khng c th nguyn) Khi (P.5) tr thnh

() + (
x

2
)() = 0 (P.7)
Ta s dng phng php tim cn gii (P.7):
Do 0 < + nn min m + gi l min tim cn.
Khi +th
2

x
, do (P.7) c vit li

()
2
() = 0
Ph lc P.2
Phng trnh ny c dng nghim tng qut l:

() = C
1
.e

2
2
+C
2
.e

2
2
(P.8)
V hm sng phi hu hn nn C
1
= 0,

= C
2
.e

2
2
. Vy nghim ca
(P.7) c dng
() =

.u() = C
2
.e

2
2
.u() (P.9)
Ch rng khi = th u() nhng khng nhanh hn

0.
Do u() c bc hu hn. T (P.9) ta c:

() = C
2
.e

2
2
u() +C
2
.e

2
2
.u

()

() = C
2
.e

2
2
.u() +C
2
.
2
.e

2
2
u() C
2
..e

2
2
u

()
C
2
.e

2
2
.u() +C
2
.e

2
2
u

() (P.10)
Thay (P.10) vo (P.7) ta c phng trnh theo u() nh sau
u

() 2u

() + (
x
)u() = 0 (P.11)
Ta s i gii phng trnh (P.11) tm u().
V u() l mt a thc c bc hu hn nn n c th c vit li di
dng
u() =

k
x
=0
a
k
.
k
.
Nn
u

() =

k
x
=0
a
k
.k
x
.
k1
=

k
x
=1
a
k
.k
x
.
k1
u

() =

k
x
=0
a
k
.k
x
.(k
x
1)
k2
=

k
x
=2
a
k
.k
x
.(k
x
1)
k2
. (P.12)
Ph lc P.3
Thay vo phng trnh (P.11) ta c:

k
x
=0
a
k
.k
x
.(k
x
1)
k2
2

k
x
=0
a
k
.k
x
.
k
+ ( 1)

k
x
=0
a
k
.
k
= 0

k
x
=2
a
k
.k
x
.(k
x
1)
k2
+

k
x
=0
(
x
1 2k
x
)a
k

k
= 0.
(P.13)
+ Xt thnh phn

(...) th nht trong phng trnh trn:

t k

x
= k
x
2 k
x
= k

x
+ 2 nn

k
x
=2
a
k
.k
x
.(k
x
1)
k2
=

x
=0
a
k

x
+2
.(k

x
+ 2).(k

x
+ 1)
k

k
x
=0
a
k
x
+2
.(k
x
+ 2).(k
x
+ 1)
k
(P.14)
Phng trnh (P.13) c vit li tng ng

k
x
=0
_
a
k
x
+2
.(k
x
+ 2).(k
x
+ 1) + a
k
(
x
1 2k
x
)
_

k
x
= 0
a
k
x
+2
.(k
x
+ 2).(k
x
+ 1) = a
k
(
x
1 2k
x
)
a
k
x
+2
=
2k
x
+ 1
x
(k
x
+ 2)(k
x
+ 1)
a
k
x
.
y l cng thc truy hi tnh cc h s. V u() l a thc c bc hu
hn nn k b gii hn. Gi s rng k
max
= 2n + 1 vi (n=0,1,2,3...). Khi
k
x
= k
max
th:
_

_
a
k
xmax
,= 0
a
k
xmax
+ 2 = 0
(P.15)
2k
xmax
+ 1
(k
xmax
+ 2)(k
xmax
+ 1)
a
k
xmax
= 0
2(2n + 1) + 1 = 0
= 4n + 3 (P.16)
Ph lc P.4
Do
x
= 2E/
x
nn ta c
E
x
=
n
x
=
x
_
2n
x
+
3
2
_
(n
x
= 0, 1, 2, 3, ...) (P.17)
Lp li tnh ton tng t ta thu c ph nng lng ca in t theo
phng Ox
E
y
=
n
y
=
y
_
2n
y
+
3
2
_
(n
y
= 0, 1, 2, 3, ...) (P.18)
Vy ph nng lng ca in t chuyn ng trong dy lng t c th
parabol

n
=
n
x
+
n
y
=
x
(2n
x
+
3
2
) +
y
(2n
y
+
3
2
) (P.19)
*Nhn xt: Nng lng ca in t chuyn ng trong h th b lng
t ha theo phng Ox v Oy (c c trng bi cc s lng t n
x
, n
y
).
*Tm hm sng
n
(x),
n
(y):
Nh trn, ta ch xt phng trnh (1.46) v kt qu thu c t (P.31)
hon ton tng t.
Thay (P.16) vo (P.11) thu c
u

() 2u

() + 2(2n + 1)u() = 0 (P.20)

c dng l mt phng trnh Hermite c nghim u() l a thc Hermite
u() = H
2n+1
() = (1)
2n+1
e

2 d
2n+1
d
2n+1
e

2
= e

2 d
2n+1
d
2n+1
e

2
. (P.21)
Thay biu thc ca u() vo (P.9) ta c
() =
n
() = C
2
e

2
2
H
2n+1
(). (P.22)
Chun ha hm sng ny vi ch iu kin trc giao ca a thc Hermite
l
_
+

2
H
2
n
()d =

n.2
n
.n! (P.23)
Ph lc P.5
Ta c iu kin chun ha hm sng
_
[()[
2
_

2
mk
x
_1
4
d = 1
C
2
2
_

2
mk
_1
4
_
e

2
H
2n+1
()d = 1
C
2
= C
n
x
=
_
_
mk
x

2
_1
4

2
2n
x
(2n
x
+ 1)!
_1
2
(P.24)
Vy

n
x
() =
_
_
mk
x

2
_1
4

2
2n
x
(2n
x
+ 1)!
_1
2
.e

2
2
H
2n
x
+1
() (P.25)

n
x
(x) =
_
_
mk
x

2
_1
4

2
2n
x
(2n
x
+ 1)!
_1
2
.e

_
mkx

2
_1
2
x
2
2
.H
2n
x
+1
_
_
mk
x

2
1
4 _
x
_
(P.26)
Hay

n
x
(x) = C
n
x
.e

(Ax)
2
2
H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x) (P.27)
trong
A
x
=
_
mk
x

2
_1
4
=
_
m
2

2
x

2
_1
4
=
_
m
x

(P.28)
Tng t ta gii phng trnh (1.11) v thu c hm sng in t nh
sau

n
y
(y) = C
n
y
e

(Ay)
2
2
H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y)
=
_
_
mk
y

2
_1
4

2
2n
y
(2n
y
+ 1)!
_1
2
.e

_
mky

2
_1
2
y
2
2
.H
2n
y
+1
_
_
mk
y

2
1
4 _
y
_
(P.29)
trong
A
y
=
_
mk
y

2
_1
4
=
_m
2

2
y

2
_1
4
=
_
m
y

(P.30)
Ph lc P.6
T (P.26) v (P.29) ta c

n
(x, y) =
n
x
(x)
n
y
(y)
= C
n
x
C
n
y
.e

[(Axx)
2
+Ayy)
2
]
2
H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
y
+1
(A
y
y) (P.31)
=
_
m

(
2
x
)
1
2
.2
2(n
x
+n
y
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)!
_1
2
e

m
2
(
x
x
2
+
y
y
2
)
H
2n
x
+1
_
_
m
x

_1
2
x
_
.H
2n
y
+1
_
_
m
y

_1
2
y
_
(P.32)
Vy ph nng lng v hm sng ca in t chuyn ng trong dy lng
t b hm bi th bn parabol l

n
(k
z
) =

2
k
2
z
2m
+
n
=

2
k
2
z
2m
+
x
(2n
x
+
3
2
) +
y
(2n
y
+
3
2
) (P.33)
Hm sng
(x, y, z) =
0
e
ik
z
z

n
(x, y) =
n
x
(x)
n
y
(y)
0
e
ik
z
z
(P.34)
=
1

L
z
_
m

(
x

y
)
1
2
.2
2(n
x
+n
y
)
(2n
x
+ 1)!(2n
y
+ 1)!
_1
2
e

m
2
(
x
x
2
+
y
y
2
)
H
2n
x
+1
_
_
m
x

_1
2
x
_
.H
2n
y
+1
_
_
m
y

_1
2
y
_
e
ik
z
z
(P.35)
PH LC 2
+Tnh G
1
:
G
1
=
_

0
1
L
z
e
i(k
z
+q
z
k
z
)z
dz =
k
z
+q
z
,k
z
(P.1)
+Tnh G
2
,G
3
:
G
2
= C
n
x
C
n
x
_

0
exp[iq
x
x (A
x
x)
2
]H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)H
2n
x
+1
(A
x
x)dx (P.2)
Xt thnh phn
exp[iq
x
x A
2
x
x
2
] = exp
_
(A
x
x
iq
x
2A
x
)
2

q
2
x
4A
2
x
_
= exp(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)exp(X
2
), (P.3)
Ph lc P.7
vi X = (A
x
x
iq
x
2A
x
). Do
G
2
= C
n

x
C
n
x
1
A
x
exp(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)
_

0
e
X
2
H
2n

x
+1
(X+
iq
x
2A
x
)H
2n
x
+1
(X+
iq
x
2A
x
)dX
(P.4)
Tch phn trn c dng
_

0
dXe
X
2
H
m
(X +a)H
n
(X +b) = 2
n

m!b
nm
L
nm
m
(2ab) (P.5)
p dng cho G
2
ta c
G
2
=

A
x
C
n
x
C
n
x
2
2n
x
+2
(2n
x
+ 1)!exp(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)(
q
2
x
4A
2
x
)
n
x
n
x
L
2(n
x
n
x
)
2n
x
+1
(
q
2
x
2A
2
x
)
(P.6)
Tnh ton hon ton tng t i vi G
3
ta thu c
G
2
=

A
y
C
n
y
C
n
y
2
2n
y
+2
(2n
y
+ 1)!exp(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)(
q
2
y
4A
2
y
)
n
y
n
y
L
2(n
y
n
y
)
2n
y
+1
(
q
2
y
2A
2
y
)
(P.7)
PH LC 3

D
int
(t) = e
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)e

H
eq
t
(P.8)
o hm hai v theo thi gian ta c:
i

int
(t)
t
=i
_
i

H
eq
e
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)e

H
eq
t
+e
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)
t
e

H
eq
t

e
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)H
eq
e

H
eq
t
_
=e
i

H
eq
t
H
eq

int
(t)e

H
eq
t
+e
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)H
eq
e

H
eq
t
+ie
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)
t
e

H
eq
t
=e
i

H
eq
t
[H
eq
,
int
(t)] e

H
eq
t
+ie
i

H
eq
t

int
(t)
t
e

H
eq
t
Ph lc P.8
Thay biu thc vo ta c
i

int
(t)
t
= e
i

H
eq
t
[H
eq
,
int
(t)] e

H
eq
t
+e
i

H
eq
t
[H
eq
,
int
(t)] e

H
eq
t
+e
i

H
eq
t
[H
int
(t),
eq
] e

H
eq
t
+e
i

H
eq
t
[H
int
(t),
int
(t)] e

H
eq
t
=e
i

H
eq
t
[H
int
(t),
eq
] e

H
eq
t
+e
i

H
eq
t
[H
int
(t),
int
(t)] e

H
eq
t
=e
i

H
eq
t
L
int
(t)
eq
e

H
eq
t
+e
i

H
eq
t
L
int
(t)
int
(t)e

H
eq
t
PH LC 4
T nh ngha ton t Liouville [H
eq
, A] = L
eq
A, ta chng minh vi
ton t Akhng ph thuc tng minh vo thi gian tha mn A

(t)[
t=0
= 0
th
e
iH
eq
t/
Ae
iH
eq
t/
= e
iL
eq
t/
A. (P.9)
Khai trin chui Mac Laurin v tri (P.9) theo thi gian
V T =
+

n=1

n
t
n
(e
iH
eq
t/
Ae
iH
eq
t/
)

t=0
t
n
n!
= B0+B1+B2+ +Bn (P.10)
vi Bi (i = 0, 1, . . . , n) l cc s hng khai trin th i. B0 = A(0),
B1 =

t
(e
iH
eq
t/
Ae
iH
eq
t/
)

t=0
t
=
_
i

e
iH
eq
t/
[H
eq
, A]e
iH
eq
t/
+e
iH
eq
t/
A
t
e
iH
eq
t/
_

t=0
t
=
i

L
eq
At,
B2 =

2
t
2
(e
iH
eq
t/
Ae
iH
eq
t/
)

t=0
t
2
2!
=

t
(
i

e
iH
eq
t/
L
eq
Ae
iH
eq
t/
+e
iH
eq
t/
A
t
e
iH
eq
t/
)

t=0
t
2
2!
=
_
i

_
2
L
eq
L
eq
A
t
2
2!
.
Tng t nh vy ta tm cc s hng cn li. Thay kt qu vo biu thc
khai trin ca v tri,
V T = A(0) +
i

L
eq
At +
_
i

_
2
L
eq
L
eq
A
t
2
2!
+ +
_
i

_
n
L
n
eq
A
t
n
n!
. (P.11)
Ph lc P.9
y cng chnh l khai trin ca v phi. Ta suy ra iu cn chng minh.
PH LC 5
Ta c h thc sau y suy ra t tnh cht hon v vng ca vt
T
R
A[B, C] = T
R
ABC ACB = T
R
CAB CBA = T
R
C[A, B].
(P.12)
S dng kt qu , ta c
T
R
A[B, [C, D]f] = T
R
D[f[A, B], C]. (P.13)
Tht vy,
V T = T
R
A[B, [C, D]f] = T
R
A[B, CDf] A[B, DCf]
= T
R
CDf[A, B] DCf[A, B]
= T
R
Df[A, B]C DCf[A, B]
= T
R
D[f[A, B], C] = V P.
(P.14)
PH LC 6
T Hamiltonian ca h electron-phonon t do
H
d
= H
e
+H
p
=

a
+

q
b
+
q
b
q
, (P.15)
ta suy ra
L
d
a
+

= [H
d
, a
+

]
=

[a
+

, a
+

] +

q
[b
+
q
b
q
, a
+

]
=

(a
+

,
a
+

,
) + 0
= (

)a
+

a
+

.
(P.16)
PH LC 7
Chng minh: L
v
a
+

) = 0.
Ph lc P.10
Thnh phn ton t Liouville L
v
tng tc ng vi thnh phn Hamil-
tonian tng tc electron-phonon V , vi
V =

,
C
,
(q)a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
). (P.17)
Ta c
L
v
a
+

) = T
R
_

eq
__

,
C
,
(q)a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
), a
+

_
, a
+

__
=

,
C
,
(q)T
R

eq
[[a
+

, a
+

](b
q
+b
+
q
), a
+

]
=

,
C
,
(q)T
R

eq
[a
+

a
+

, a
+

](b
q
+b
+
q
)
L
v
a
+

) =

,
C
,
(q)T
R

eq
(a
+

a
+

a
+

+a
+

)(b
q
+b
+
q
)
= 0
(P.18)
do mi s hng c cha mt ton t sinh(hy phonon) nn ly trung bnh
bng 0.
PH LC 8
Vi Hamiltonian v ton t Liouville tng tc nh ph lc 5, ta c
L
v
a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
)(C
,
(q)a
+

C
,
(q)a
+

). (P.19)
Tht vy,
V T = [V, a
+

]
=

,
C
,
(q)
_
(b
q
+b
+
q
)a
+

, a
+

,
C
,
(q)(b
q
+b
+
q
)(a
+

a
+

)
=

(b
q
+b
+
q
)C
,
(q)a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
)C
,
(q)a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
)(C
,
(q)a
+

C
,
(q)a
+

) = V P.
Ph lc P.11
PH LC 9
Chng minh vi Hamiltonian cn bng ca h electron-phonon H
d
,
H
d
=

a
+

l

l
b
+
l
b
l
,
ta c biu thc
L
d
b
q
a
+

= [H
d
, b
q
a
+

] = (

q
)b
q
a
+

, (P.20)
ta c
V T = [H
d
, b
q
a
+

] =

[a
+

, b
q
a
+

] +

l

l
[b
+
l
b
l
, b
q
a
+

]
=

b
q
(a
+

a
+

)
+

l

l
(
l,q
b
l
+b
+
l
.0)a
+

b
q
a
+

b
q
a
+

q
b
q
a
+

= (

q
)b
q
a
+

= V P.
PH LC 10
Ta chng minh
L
d
b
+
q
a
+

= (

+
q
)b
+
q
a
+

. (P.21)
Tht vy, tng t nh trn ta c
V T =

[a
+

, b
+
q
a
+

] +

l

l
[b
+
l
b
l
, b
+
q
a
+

]
=

b
+
q
(a
+

a
+

) +

l

l
(0.b
l
+b
+
l

l,q
)a
+

b
+
q
a
+

b
+
q
a
+

+
q
b
+
q
a
+

= (

+
q
)b
+
q
a
+

= V P.
Ph lc P.12
PH LC 11
Chng minh
T
R

eq
[b
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

] = 0.
Ta c biu thc khai trin giao hon t suy ra t h thc giao hon t ca
cc ton t sinh, hy phonon (b
1
, b
2
) v h thc phn giao hon t ca
cc ton t sinh, hy electron (a
1
, a
2
)
[b
1
a
1
, b
2
a
2
] = [b
1
a
1
, b
2
]a
2
+b
2
[b
1
a
1
, a
2
]
= ([b
1
, b
2
]a
1
+b
1
[a
1
, b
2
])a
2
+b
2
([b
1
, a
2
]a
1
+b
1
[a
1
, a
2
])
= [b
1
, b
2
]a
1
a
2
+b
2
b
1
[a
1
, a
2
].
(P.22)
Suy ra
T
R

eq
[b
q
a
+

, b
q
a
+

] = T
R

eq
[b
q
, b
q
]a
+

a
+

+T
R

eq
b
q
b
q
[a
+

, a
+

]
= 0 +T
R

eq
b
q
b
q
T
R

eq
(a
+

a
+

)
= 0.
PH LC 12
Tm biu thc ca hm dng ph

( ) =
L
eq

P( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
a
+

)
a
+

)
(P.23)
Ta chng minh
T
R

eq
[L
eq

PX, a
+

] = T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, X] T
R

eq
[L
v
X, a
+

]
(P.24)
p dng

P = 1 P, ta c
T
R

eq
[L
eq

PX, a
+

] = T
R

eq
[L
eq
X, a
+

] T
R

eq
[L
eq
PX, a
+

]
= SH1 + SH2.
(P.25)
Ph lc P.13
Thay L
eq
= L
v
+ L
d
v p dng kt qu ph lc 4 ta ln lt tm SH1
v SH2
* Tnh s hng 1
SH1 = T
R

eq
[[H
eq
, X], a
+

]
= T
R

eq
H
eq
Xa
+

eq
XH
eq
a
+

eq
a
+

H
eq
X +
eq
a
+

XH
eq

= SH1.1 + SH1.2 + SH1.3 + SH1.4.

p dng tnh cht hon v vng trn va vt v [
eq
, H
eq
] = 0, ta c th
vit li cc s hng trn thnh
SH1.1 = T
R

eq
H
eq
.Xa
+

= T
R
Xa
+

eq
H
eq
= T
R
Xa
+

H
eq

eq
,
SH1.2 = T
R

eq
.XH
eq
a
+

= T
R
XH
eq
a
+

eq
,
SH1.4 = T
R

eq
a
+

X.H
eq
= T
R
H
eq

eq
a
+

X = T
R

eq
H
eq
a
+

X.
Thay cc s hng vo biu thc ca SH1 v i li th t,
SH1 = T
R
Xa
+

H
eq

eq
XH
eq
a
+

eq

eq
a
+

H
eq
X +
eq
H
eq
a
+

X
= T
R

eq
[H
eq
, a
+

]X X[H
eq
, a
+

]
eq

= T
R

eq
[L
eq
a
+

, X]
= T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, X] +T
R

eq
[L
d
a
+

, X]
= T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, X] +

T
R

eq
[a
+

, X]
(P.26)
* Tnh s hng 2
SH2 = T
R

eq
[(L
v
+L
d
)PX, a
+

]
= T
R

eq
[L
v
PX, a
+

] T
R

eq
[L
d
PX, a
+

],
Ph lc P.14
trong , p dng tnh cht [[A,B],C=[[A,C],B ta c
T
R

eq
[L
d
PX, a
+

] = T
R

eq
[L
d
a
+

, PX]
=

T
R

eq
[a
+

, PX]
=

PX)

_
X)
a
+

)
a
+

_
=

_
X)
J
i
)
J
i
_
=

X)

T
R

eq
a
+

, X].
Suy ra
SH2 = T
R

eq
[(L
v
+L
d
)PX, a
+

]
= T
R

eq
[L
v
PX, a
+

T
R

eq
a
+

, X],
(P.27)
Thay (P.15) v (P.16) vo (P.14) ta chng minh c (P.13)
Ta tnh hm dng ph E

( ). Thay X trong (P.13) bi

( L
eq

P
0
)
1
L
v
a
+

, biu thc (P.12) c vit li

( ) =
T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

T
R

eq
[L
v
P( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
a
+

, a
+

]
a
+

)
= SH1(P.28) SH2(P.28).
(P.28)
Vi SH2(P.28), tc dng ton t P ln cc ton t bn tri n, ta c
SH2(P.28) =
T
R

eq
[L
v
( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
a
+

a
+

a
+

, a
+

]
a
+

)
= L
v
a
+

T
R

eq
[( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
a
+

, a
+

]
a
+

)
2
= 0
Ph lc P.15
do ph lc 5. Vy (P.28) tr thnh

( ) =
T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

)
.
Thay L
eq
Q = L
eq
L
eq
P v p dng ng thc (AB) ta nhn c

( ) =
T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
eq
)
1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

)
+
T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
eq
)
1
L
eq
P( L
eq

P)
1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

)
= SH1(P.29) + SH2(P.29).
(P.29)
Xt gn ng n bc hai ca th tn x (V hay L
v
) th SH2(P.29) = 0.
i vi SH1(P.29), ta thay L
eq
= L
d
+L
v
v p dng ng thc (AB),
SH1(P.29) =
T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
d
) L
v

1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

)
=
T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
d
)
1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

)
+
T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
d
)
1
L
v
( L
eq
)
1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
d
)
1
L
v
a
+

]
a
+

)
,
trong s hng th hai bng khng trong gn ng bc hai ca th tn
x. Vy

) T
R

eq
[L
v
a
+

, ( L
d
)
1
L
v
a
+

]/a
+

). (P.30)
+ Tnh C
kl
: Ta c
C
kj
=
L
eq
J
k
)
J
k
)
Thay L
eq
= L
d
+L
v
vo ta c:
C
kl
=
(L
d
+L
v
)J
k
)
J
k
)
=
L
d
J
k
)
J
k
)
+
L
v
J
k
)
J
k
)
Ph lc P.16
Mt khc da vo ph lc 6 ta rt ra
L
d
J
k
) = (

)J
k
)
Bn cnh
L
v
a
+

(b
q
+b
+
q
)(C
,
(q)a
+

C
,
(q)a
+

). (P.31)
Do b
q
) = 0, b
+
q
) = 0 nn J
v
, J
k
) = 0.
Do
C
kl
= E

.
+ Tnh D
kl
:
D
kl
( ) =

P( L

P)
1
L
d
J
k
)
J
k
)
=
(E

)L
eq

P( L

P)
1
J
k
)
J
k
)
(P.32)
Do

PJ
k
= (1 P)J
k
= J
k
J
l
= 0 nn
D
kl
( ) = 0