APPENDIX A COHESION It is important when you are producing material on the iBT TOEFL test that you use a variety of methods of creating cohesion’. You should be sure that you know how to use repeated and rephrased key ideas, pronouns and determiners, and transition expressions to create cohe- sion. Appendix Al; USE REPEATED AND REPHRASED KEY IDEAS One way to make your written and spoken English more cohesive is to use repeated and rephrased key ideas. Look at the following example of repeated and rephrased key ideas used for cohesion Example I think that the most important characteristic in a friend is, honesty. If someone is a friend, then he or she must be honest. I can trust someone only if he or she is truthful. If a friend of mine does not tell me the truth, then he or she can no longer be considered a friend. In this example, the key idea honesty is repeated as honest and rephrased as truthful and truth to make the passage cohesive. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about using repeated key ideas to make your written and spoken English more cohesive. USING REPEATED AND REPHRASED KEY IDEAS FOR COHESION 1. Its important to make your written and spoken English as cohesive as possible. 2. One way to make your written and spoken English more cohesive is to use repeated key ideas. 3. Another way to make your written and spoken English more cohesive is to use rephrased key ideas 4, Repeated and rephrased key ideas are not the only way to make your written and spoken English cohesive. You should use a variety of ways to make your English cohesive. 1 Cohesion is a characteristic of language in which ideas Hlow or attach together smoothly. Appendix A 481482 APPENDIX EXERCISE A1: Fill in the blank in each pair of sentences with one of the words from the box above the pair of sentences to make the sentences cohesive. You should use each answer one time only. chance | competitor | energy | outcome | pleases | shocked | speaks 1, Lam happy you have the opportunity to go there, It_________me that you have been given such a 2. She is quite a dynamic speaker. She always _____ with a great amount of 3. The results of the competition were entirely unexpected. The —____ was by the ‘acts | brief | determined | positive | problems | remarks | resolved 4. The lawyer made a short statement, His ___ were quite 5. The problems are not insurmountable. The ______ can be 6. If you look at his actions in a negative way, you might say that he is stubborn. Conversely, if you look at the way he —______ina_______ way, you might say that he is ‘answers | complex | eventually | explanation | finish | indicated | succinct 7. She said that she would get it done sometime. She _____ that she would it 8. Ido not want you to ramble on and on in your responses. Your should be 9. You have explained this in an overly simplistic way. You really need a more [ animated | appreciates | concept | discussions | episode | involved | novel | reasons 10. Your idea is quite innovative, It is a 11. This professor seems to welcome lively debate. He 12, Can you explain why you took part in this incident? Can you give me your for being _____in this ________? Appendix AAppendix A2: USE PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS Another way to make your written and spoken English more cohesive is to use pronouns? and determiners? to refer back to previous ideas. Some pronouns and determiners that can be used for cohesion are listed in the following table. PRONOUNS DETERMINERS | ‘SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE: DEMONSTRATIVE | POSSESSIVE DEMONSTRATIVE 1 me mine myself | this my this you |you yours yourself | that your | that he him his himself these his these she her hers herself those her those it it self its we us J ours ourselves our you you yours | yourselves your they | them theirs themselves their Look at the following example showing pronouns and determiners used for cohesion, Example A certain student worked very hard on a project. He did all of the work on it by himself, and his professor was very pleased with this work. In this example, the pronoun He refers to the noun student, the pronoun it refers to the noun project, the pronoun himself refers to the noun students, the determiner his refers to the noun student, and the determiner this refers to the noun work. These pronouns and determiners help to make the passage cohesive. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about using pronouns and determiners to make your written and spoken English more cohesive. USING PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS FOR COHESION 1, {tis important to make your written and spoken English as cohesive as possible. 2. One way to make your written and spoken English more cohesive isto use pronouns to refer back to previous ideas. 3. Another way to make your written and spoken English more cohesive is to use determiners to refer back to previous ideas. 4, Pronouns and determiners are not the only way to make your written and spoken English cohesive. You should use a variety of ways to make your English cohesive. 2 Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. 3 Determiners are words that accompany nouns to identify the nouns. Appendix A 483,