d

U
11
Z
11

11

10

00

10

11

00

11

10

10

10

00

10

11

01

11

10

a = 00

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0
1
1

1
1

1
1

0
0

0
0
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

0
0

0
0

0
0
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

b = 10
00
1
0

c = 01

1
0

1
0

01

01

01

Leve

1
0

1
0

1
0

0
1

01

1
0

1
0

H3.6 hnh li gii m

1
0

11
10

1
0

1
0

\
01

01

01

01

01

00

00

00

00

1
0

01

01

d=
11

00

00

01

01

01

1
0

1
0

nh ngha metric Hamming tch lu ca mt ng ti thi im ti l tng cc metric Hamming dc theo

ng . Nu hai ng cng dn n 1 trng thi cng mt im th ng no c metric tch lu thp
hn s c chn . mi thi im ti ,c 2K-1 trng thi ,trung bnh c 2 ng dn n 1 trng thi .Gii m

Viterbi bao gm vic tnh metric ca 2 ng v loi b mt ng .Vic tnh ton ny c thc hin cho
2K-1 nt mi thi im

a=
00

t=
1

00

t=
2

11

b=
10

t=
1

Bc 1
Ch c hai kh nng thu c 00
11
Thu c

Sai

t nhnh sai

bt =1

b1 =1

bt = 1

b1 =1

10

Phn sai

Bc 2:
C 4 kh nng :
00
00
00 11
11 10
11 01

a=
00
b= 10
c=
01
d=
11

t1

Thu c
10
10
10
10

t2

1
1

t=1

Sai
10
10
10
10

t3

1
0
2

bt 1, bt3
bt1, bt4
bt2
bt1 ,bt3,bt4

a=
00
b=
10
c=
01
d=
11

t1

T nhnh sai
b2=1
b2=1
b2=0
b2=2

t2

t3

Phn sai
P2=2
P2=2
P2=1
P2=3

t4

Bc3
C 8 kh
nng :
00 00
00 00
00 11
00 11
11 10
11 10
11 01
11 01

Thu c
00
11
10
01
11
00
01
10

10 10 00

Sai thm
0
2
1
1
2
0
1
1

T nhnh sai
0
2
1
1
2
0
1
1

P2

2
1
1
3

Phn sai
2
4 (loi)
3
3
3 (loi)
1
4 (loi)
4 (loi)

Sau bc 3 kt hp vi vic loi tr cc ng dn c cc phn sai ln ta s loi ch cn 4 kh nng

Bc 4
C 8 kh nng Thu c
:
00 00 00
00
00 00 00
11

Sai thm
1
1

10 10 00
10

1
1

P3

Phn sai
2

Trng thi mi

3
3

00
10

4
4

00
10

00 11 10
11
00 11 10
00

2
0
0
2

5
3

01
11

1
3

01
11

11 11 01
01
11 11 01
10
11 10 00
10
11 10 00
01

Nhn xt :
Sau bc 4 ta rt ra nhn st :
Ti trng thi 00 c hai ng dn

Ti trng thi 10 c hai ng dn

Ti trng thi 01 c hai ng dn

Phn sai
00 00 00 00

00 11 10 11

4 (loi)

00 00 00 11

00 11 10 00

4 (loi)

00 11 01 01

5 (loi)

11 10 00 10

Ti trng thi 11 c hai ng dn

00 11 01 10

11 10 00 01

Chn c hai n v c
metric bng nhau
3

Bc 5:

Sang bc 5 ta cn cc ng nh sau:
00 00 00 00

00 00 00 11

11 10 00 10

00 11 01 10

C 8 kh nng :

Thu c

00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 11
00 00 00 11 10
00 00 00 11 01

Sai thm
2
0

10 10 00 10
11

1
1

11 10 00 10 11
11 10 00 10 00

0
2

00 11 01 10 01

phn sai

P4

P5
3

Trng thi mi

Chn

5
3

00
10

loi
c th

4
4

01
11

c th
c th

1
3

00
10

chn
c th

01

c th

00 11 01 10 10

1
t1

t2

t3

11

t4

c th

t5

a = 00

b= 10

c = 01

d = 11

Bc 6:

Sang bc 6 ta cn li cc ng :
C 8 kh nng :
11 10 00 10 11 00
11 10 00 10 11 11

Thu c

10 10 00 10 11 01

Sai thm

P4

1
1

11 10 00 10 00 10
11 10 00 10 01 00

2
0

00 11 01 10 01 11

P5

Trng thi mi

Chn

2
2

00
10

chn
chn

5
3

01
11

loi
chn

00

loi

00 11 01 10 01 00

00 11 01 10 10 01
00 11 01 10 10 10

0
2
t1

t2

t3

10

loi

4
6

01
11

chn
loi

t4

t5

t6

a = 00
b= 10

c = 01

d = 11

Bc 7:
Sang bc 7 ta cn li cc ng :
C 8 kh nng :
11 10 00 10 11 00
11 10 00 10 11 11
11 10 00 10 00 10

Thu c

10 10 00 10 11 01
11

Sai thm

P6

P7

2
0

4
2

Trng thi
mi
00
10

Chn
c th
chn
chn

11 10 00 10 00 01

00 11 01 10 01 11
00 11 01 10 01 00

0
2

00 11 01 10 10 01
00 11 01 10 10 10

1
1

t1

t2

t3

t4

3
4

4
6
4
4

3
t5

t6

01
11
00
10
01
11

chn
c th
loi
loi
loi

t7

a = 00

b= 10

c = 01

d = 11

Bc 8:
Sang bc 8 ta cn li cc ng :
C 8 kh nng :
11 10 00 10 11 00 10

Thu c

Sai
thm

P7

P8

Trng thi
mi

Chn
loi

00
11 10 00 10 11 00 10
11

1
1

10 10 00 10 11 01 11
10

5
2

0
2

10 10 00 10 11 00 11
10
10 10 00 10 11 00 11
01

1
1

11 10 00 10 11 11 10
11
10 10 00 10 11 11 10
00

2
0

2
4
4
4
5
3

00
10

loi
chn
loi

01
11

chn
chn

00
10

loi
chn

01
11

11 10 00 10 11 11 01
01
11 10 00 10 11 11 01
10
t1
a = 00

b= 10

c = 01

d = 11

t2

t3

t4

t5

t7

t7

t8

Bc 9:

Sang bc 6 ta cn li cc ng :

C 8 kh nng :

Thu c

Sai thm

P8

P9

2
0

6
4

1
1

5
5

11 10 00 10 11 00 11 10 11
11 10 00 10 11 00 11 10 00

0
2

2
4

11 10 00 10 11 11 01 10 01
11 10 00 10 11 11 01 10 10

1
1

4
4

11 10 00 10 11 11 10 11 00
11 10 00 10 11 11 10 11 11
11 10 00 10 11 11 10 00 10
11 10 00 10 11 11 10 00 01

10 10 00 10 11 01 11
10 11

Trng thi
mi
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
11

Chn
loi
c th
loi
loi
chn
c th
chn
chn