1l1LL l C8LlCA1lCnS CPA1L8 1 CLnL8AL 8CvlSlCnS

1136 An obllgaLlon ls a [urldlcal necesslLy Lo glve Lo do or noL Lo do

!u8lulCAL nLCLSSl1? [urldlcal Lle connoLes LhaL ln case of noncompllance Lhere wlll be legal
sancLlons
- An obllgaLlon ls noLhlng more Lhan Lhe duLy of a person (obllgor) Lo saLlsfy a speclflc demandable clalm
of anoLher person(obllgee) whlch lf breached ls enforceable ln courL
-A conLracL necessarlly glves rlse Lo an obllgaLlon buL an obllgaLlon does noL always need Lo have a
conLracL
klnuS Cl C8LlCA1lCn lrom Lhe vlewpolnL of sancLlon"
(a) ClvlL C8LlCA1lCn LhaL deflned ln ArLlcle 1136 an obllgaLlon lf noL fulfllled when lL becomes
due and demandable may be enforced ln courL Lhrough acLlon based on law Lhe sancLlon ls
[udlclal due process
(b) nA1u8AL C8LlCA1lCn deflned ln ArLlcle 1423 a speclal klnd of obllgaLlon whlch cannoL be
enforced ln courL buL whlch auLhorlzes Lhe reLenLlon of Lhe volunLary paymenL or performance made by
Lhe debLor based on equlLy and naLural law (le when Lhere ls prescrlpLlon of duLy Lo pay sLlll Lhe
obllgor pald hls dues Lo Lhe obllgee Lhe obllgor cannoL recover hls paymenL even Lhere ls prescrlpLlon)
Lhe sancLlon ls Lhe law buL only consclence had orlglnally moLlvaLed Lhe paymenL
(c)MC8AL C8LlCA1lCn Lhe sancLlon ls consclence or morallLy or Lhe law of Lhe church (noLe lf a
CaLhollc promlses Lo hear mass for 10 consecuLlve Sundays ln order Lo recelve 1000 Lhls obllgaLlon
becomes a clvll one)8 lrom Lhe vlewpolnL of sub[ecL maLLer (a)8LAL C8LlCA1lCn Lhe obllgaLlon Lo
glve(b)L8SCnAL C8LlCA1lCn Lhe obllgaLlon Lo do or noL Lo do (eg Lhe duLy Lo palnL a house or Lo
refraln from commlLLlng a nulsance)
C lrom Lhe afflrmaLlveness and negaLlveness of Lhe obllgaLlon (a)CSl1lvL C8 Alll8MA1lvL
C8LlCA1lCn Lhe obllgaLlon Lo glve or Lo do(b)nLCA1lvL C8LlCA1lCn Lhe obllgaLlon noL Lo do (whlch
naLurally lnludes noL Lo glve)
u lrom Lhe vlewpolnL of persons obllged sancLlon"
(a)unlLA1L8AL where only one of Lhe parLles ls bound (eg laLo owes SocraLes 1000 laLo
musL pay SocraLes)
(b)8lLA1L8AL where boLh parLles are bound (eg ln a conLracL of sale Lhe buyer ls obllged Lo
dellver) may be(b1) reclprocal(b2) nonreclprocal where performance by one ls nondependenL
upon performance by Lhe oLher LLLMLn1S Cl C8LlCA1lCnS)AC1lvL Su8!LC1 (CredlLor / Cbllgee) Lhe
person who ls demandlng Lhe performance of Lhe obllgaLlon b)ASSlvL Su8!LC1 (uebLor / Cbllgor)
Lhe one bound Lo perform Lhe pre sLaLlon or Lo fulflll Lhe obllgaLlon or duLy c)8LS1A1lCn (Lo glve Lo
do or noL Lo do) ob[ecL sub[ecL maLLer of Lhe obllgaLlon conducL requlred Lo be observed by Lhe
debLor d)LlllClLn1 CAuSL Lhe !u8lulCAL 1lL whlch blnds Lhe parLles Lo Lhe obllgaLlon source of Lhe
obllgaLlon 8LS1A1lCn (Cb[ecL)11C ClvL dellvery of a Lhlng Lo Lhe credlLor (ln sale deposlL pledge
donaLlon)21C uC covers all klnds of works or servlces (conLracL for professlonal servlces)3nC1 1C
uC conslsLs of refralnlng from dolng some acLs (ln followlng rules and regulaLlons)8equlslLes of re
sLaLlon / Cb[ecL 1)llclL (lf llllclL lL ls vold)2)posslble (lf lmposslble lL ls vold)

3)deLermlnaLe or deLermlnable (or else vold)4)pecunlary value
-ln!u8? wrongful acL or omlsslon whlch causes loss or harm Lo anoLher
-uAMACL resulL of ln[ury (loss hurL harm)
1137 CbllgaLlon arlses from (1) law (2) conLracLs (3) quaslconLracLs (4) acLs or omlsslons punlshed
by law (3)quasldellcLs(1) LAW
(CbllgaLlon ex lege) lmposed by law lLself musL be expressly or lmplledly seL forLh and cannoL be
presumed See ArLlcle 1138
(2) CCn18AC1S
(CbllgaLlon ex conLracLu) arlse from sLlpulaLlons of Lhe parLles meeLlng of Lhe mlnds / formal
agreemenL musL be complled wlLh ln good falLh because lL ls Lhe law" beLween parLles nelLher parLy
may unllaLerally evade hls obllgaLlon ln Lhe conLracL unless a)conLracL auLhorlzes lL b)oLher parLy
assenLs
noLe arLles may freely enLer lnLo any sLlpulaLlons provlded Lhey are noL conLrary Lo law morals good
cusLoms publlc order or publlc pollcy See ArLlcle 1139
(3) CuASlCCn18AC1S
(CbllgaLlon ex quaslconLracLu) arlse from lawful volunLary and unllaLeral acLs and whlch are
enforceable Lo Lhe end LhaL no one shall be un[usLly enrlched or beneflLed aL Lhe expense of anoLher 2
klnds
a negoLlorum gesLlo unauLhorlzed managemenL 1hls Lakes place when a person volunLarlly Lakes
charge of anoLher's abandoned buslness or properLy wlLhouL Lhe owner's auLhorlLy
b SoluLlo lndeblLl undue paymenL 1hls Lakes place when someLhlng ls recelved when Lhere ls no rlghL
Lo demand lL and lL was unduly dellvered Lhru mlsLake See ArLlcle 1160
(4) uLLlC1S
(CbllgaLlon ex maleflclo or ex dellcLo) arlse from clvll llablllLy whlch ls Lhe consequence of a crlmlnal
offense Covernlng rules1erLlnenL provlslons of Lhe 8C and oLher penal laws sub[ecL Lo ArL 2177 Clvll
CodeArL 100 8C Lvery person crlmlnally llable for a felony ls also clvllly llable2ChapLer 2
rellmlnary LlLle on Puman 8elaLlons ( Clvll Code )31lLle 18 of 8ook lv of Lhe Clvll Code on damages
See ArLlcle 1161
(3) CuASluLLlC1S / 1C81S
(CbllgaLlon ex quasldellcLo or ex quaslmaleflclo) arlse from damage caused Lo anoLherLhrough an acL
or omlsslon Lhere belng no faulL or negllgence buL no conLracLual relaLlon exlsLs beLween Lhe parLles
See ArLlcle 1162
1138 CbllgaLlons from law are noL presumed Cnly Lhose (1) expressly deLermlned ln Lhls code or (2) ln
speclal laws are demandable and shall be regulaLed by Lhe precepLs of Lhe law whlch esLabllshes Lhem
and as Lo whaL has noL been foreseen by Lhe provlslons of Lhls code
- unless such obllgaLlons are Lx8LSSL? provlded by law Lhey are noL demandable and enforceable
and cannoL be presumed Lo exlsL
- 1he Clvll Code can be appllcable suppleLorlly Lo obllgaLlons arlslng from laws oLher Lhan Lhe Clvll Code
lLself
-Speclal laws refer Lo all oLher laws noL conLalned ln Lhe Clvll Code
1139 CbllgaLlons arlslng from conLracLs have Lhe force of law beLween Lhe conLracLlng parLles and
should be complled wlLh ln good falLh
CCn18AC1 meeLlng of mlnds beLween Lwo persons whereby one blnds hlmself wlLh respecL Lo Lhe
oLher Lo glve Lo do someLhlng or Lo render some servlce governed prlmarlly by Lhe agreemenL of Lhe
conLracLlng parLles

vALlu CCn18AC1 lL should noL be agalnsL Lhe law conLrary Lo morals good cusLoms publlc order and
publlc pollcy
-ln Lhe eyes of law a vold conLracL does noL exlsL and no obllgaLlon wlll arlse from lLC8LlCA1lCnS
A8lSlnC l8CM CCn18AC1S prlmarlly governed by Lhe sLlpulaLlons clauses Lerms and condlLlons of
Lhelr agreemenLs
-lf a conLracL's pre sLaLlon ls unconsclonable (unfalr) or unreasonable even lf lL does noL vlolaLe morals
law eLc lL may noL be enforced LoLally
-lnLerpreLaLlon of conLracL lnvolves a quesLlon of law CCMLlAnCL ln CCCu lAl1P compllance or
performance ln accordance wlLh Lhe sLlpulaLlons or Lerms of Lhe conLracL or agreemenL lALSlllCA1lCn
Cl A vALlu CCn18AC1 only Lhe unauLhorlzed lnserLlons wlll be dlsregarded Lhe orlglnal Lerms and
sLlpulaLlons should be consldered valld and subslsLlng for Lhe parLled Lo fulflll
1160 CbllgaLlons derlved from quaslconLracLs shall be sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of chapLer 1 LlLle 17 of
Lhls book
CuASlCCn18AC1 [urldlcal relaLlon resulLlng from lawful volunLary and unllaLeral acLs by vlrLue of
whlch boLh parLles become bound Lo each oLher Lo Lhe end LhaL no one wlll be un[usLly enrlched or
beneflLed aL Lhe expense of Lhe oLher (See ArLlcle 2142) (1)nLCC1lC8uM CLS1lC [urldlcal relaLlon
whlch Lakes place when somebody volunLarlly manages Lhe properLy affalrs of anoLher wlLhouL Lhe
knowledge or consenL of Lhe laLLer owner shall relmburse Lhe gesL or for necessary and useful expenses
lncurred by Lhe laLLer for Lhe performance of hls funcLlon as gesL or(2)SCLu1lC lnuL8l1l someLhlng ls
recelved when Lhere ls no rlghL Lo demand lL and lL was unduly dellvered Lhrough mlsLake obllgaLlon Lo
reLurn Lhe Lhlng arlses on Lhe parL of Lhe reclplenL (eg lf l leL a sLore keeper change my 300 blll and by
error he glves me 360 l have Lhe duLy Lo reLurn Lhe exLra 60)
1161 Clvll obllgaLlons arlslng from crlmlnal offenses shall be governed by Lhe penal laws sub[ecL Lo Lhe
provlslons of ArLlcle 2177 and of Lhe perLlnenL provlslons of ChapLer 2 rellmlnary ln Puman 8elaLlons
and of 1lLle 18 of Lhls book regulaLlng damages
Covernlng rules1erLlnenL provlslons of Lhe 8C and oLher penal laws sub[ecL Lo ArL 2177 Clvll
CodeArL 100 8C Lvery person crlmlnally llable for a felony ls also clvllly llable2ChapLer 2
rellmlnary LlLle on Puman 8elaLlons ( Clvll Code )31lLle 18 of 8ook lv of Lhe Clvll Code on damages
-Lvery person crlmlnally llable for a felony ls also crlmlnally llable (arL 100 8C)C8lMlnAL LlA8lLl1?
lnCLuuLS(a)8LS1l1u1lCn resLoraLlon of properLy prevlously Laken away Lhe Lhlng lLself shall be
resLored even Lhough lL be found ln Lhe possesslon of a Lhlrd person who has acqulred lL by lawful
means savlng Lo Lhe laLLer hls acLlon agalnsL Lhe proper person who may be llable Lo
hlm(b)8LA8A1lCn Cl 1PL uAMACL CAuSLu courL deLermlnes Lhe amounL of damage prlce of a
Lhlng senLlmenLal value eLc(c)lnuLMnlllCA1lCn lC8 CCnSLCuLn1lAL uAMACLS lncludes damages
suffered by Lhe famlly of Lhe ln[ured parLy or by a Lhlrd person by reason of Lhe crlme
LffecL of acqulLLal ln crlmlnal case a when acqulLLal ls due Lo reasonable doubL no clvll llablllLy b
when acqulLLal ls due Lo exempLlng clrcumsLances Lhere ls clvll llablllLy c when Lhere ls preponderance
of evldence Lhere ls clvll llablllLy
1162 CbllgaLlons derlved from quasldellcLs shall be governed by Lhe provlslons of chapLer 2 LlLle 17 of
Lhls bookand by speclal laws
CuASluLLlC1 (culpa aqulllana) an acL or omlsslon by a person whlch causes damage Lo anoLher glvlng
rlse Lo an obllgaLlon Lopay for Lhe damage done Lhere belng faulL or negllgence buL Lhere ls no pre
exlsLlng conLracLual relaLlon beLween parLles (SeeArLlcle 2176)8LCulSl1LSaomlsslonbnegllgence
c damage caused Lo Lhe plalnLlff ddlrecL relaLlon of omlsslon belng Lhe cause and Lhe damage belng
Lhe effecLeno preexlsLlng conLracLual relaLlons beLween parLleslaulL or negllgence conslsLs ln Lhe
omlsslon of LhaL dlllgence whlch ls requlred by Lhe naLure of Lhe obllgaLlon and correspondswlLh Lhe
clrcumsLances of Lhe person Llme and of Lhe place


8ASlSuLLlC1S CuASluLLlC1S
1 ln1Ln1 Crlmlnal / mallclous negllgence
2 ln1L8LS1 AffecLs u8LlC lnLeresL AffecLs 8lvA1L lnLeresL
3 LlA8lLl1? Crlmlnal and clvll llablllLles clvll llablllLy
4 u8CSL punlshmenL lndemnlflcaLlon
3 CCM8CMlSL CannoL be compromlsed Can be compromlsed6 CulL1 roved beyond reasonable
doubL reponderance of evldence
CPA1L8 2 nA1u8L Anu LllLC1 Cl C8LlCA1lCnS
1163 Lvery person obllged Lo glve someLhlng ls also obllged Lo Lake care of lL wlLh Lhe proper dlllgence
of a good faLher of a famlly unless Lhe law or Lhe sLlpulaLlon of Lhe parLles requlres anoLher sLandard of
care
-Speaks of an obllgaLlon Lo care of a uL1L8MlnA1L Lhlng (LhaL ls one whlch ls speclflc a Lhlng ldenLlfled
by lLs lndlvlduallLy) whlch an obllgor ls supposed Lo dellver Lo anoLher
-8eason Lhe obllgor cannoL Lake care of Lhe whole class/genus uu1lLS Cl uL81C8
-reserve or Lake care of Lhe Lhlngs due
ulLlCLnCL Cl A CCCu lA1PL8 a good faLher does noL abandon hls famlly he ls always ready Lo
provlde and proLecL hls famlly ordlnary care whlch an average and reasonably prudenL man would do
ueflned ln Lhe negaLlve ln ArLlcle 1173
AnC1PL8 S1AnuA8u Cl CA8L exLraordlnary dlllgence provlded ln Lhe sLlpulaLlon of parLles
lAC1C8S 1C 8L CCnSluL8Lu dlllgence depends on Lhe naLure of obllgaLlon and corresponds wlLh Lhe
clrcumsLances of Lhe person Llme and place** uebLor ls noL llable lf hls fallure Lo dellver Lhe Lhlng ls
due Lo forLulLous evenLs or force ma[eure wlLhouL negllgence or faulL lnhls parL
uellver Lhe frulLs of a Lhlng
uellver Lhe accesslons/accessorles
uellver Lhe Lhlng lLself
Answer for damages ln case of nonfulflllmenL or breach