Fresh-ct tri cy v rau qu l mt phn khc tng i mi v pht trin nhanh ca ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti.

Fresh-ct sn phm c mi ct, ra sch, ng gi, v duy tr vi lnh. H ang trong mt trng thi nguyn v ngay c khi x l ti thiu, h vn trong trng thi ti, sn sng n hoc nu n. Cc Quc T tional ti ct Hip hi Sn xut (IFPA) nh ngha mi-sn phm nh tri cy ct hoc cc loi rau c ct v / hoc bc v v / hoc ct thnh cc sn phm c th s dng 100% l ng gi hoc ng gi sn cung cp cho ngi tiu dng cao, dinh dng, tin li , v hng v trong khi vn duy tr s ti mt ca n. Cng nghip c tnh M cho thy doanh s bn hng ti ct khong $ 11000000000 nm 2000 chim hn 10% tng s tri cy ti v rau th trng, vi dch v bn hng thc phm chim 60% tng s. Bn hng d kin tng 10-15% hng nm trong nm nm tip theo. Mc cht lng an ton i km vi cp trn l rt cn thit cho ngnh cng nghip duy tr tng trng v ct tiu th sn phm ti. Fresh-ct tri cy v rau sn phm khc nhau t tri cy truyn thng cn nguyn vn, v rau qu v ology ca h-physi, x l v cc yu cu lu tr. S ri lon trong m v ton vn t bo l kt qu ca gim ch bin ti ct gim sn xut thi hn s dng sn phm. Conse-quently, ti, ct gim cc sn phm i hi s quan tm rt c bit v tm quan trng ca yu t enzyme v h hp cng nh mi quan tm vi sinh vt c nh hng n an ton. Kin thc v tnh cht ca ti ct tri cy v rau qu c lin quan n trc v sau thu hoch x l, ch bin, ng gi v lu tr l rt cn thit cho ensur-ing lnh ca h v gi tr dinh dng, v pht trin cc th tc hiu qu nht v i mi cng ngh duy tr cht lng ca h p ng nhu cu tiu dng ngy cng tng. Ch n cc yu t th trng v kinh t cng s m bo kh nng ca ngnh cng nghip ny lun cung cp gi tr cho ngi tiu dng, pht trin v thc hin cc cng ngh mi v khen thng nhng ngi tham gia trong chui cung ng. Cun sch ny l mt ngun tham kho ton din lin ngnh cho cc mi ni ti ct tri cy v ngnh cng nghip thc vt. N tp trung vo cc sinh ha c o, Physiological, vi sinh, v cht lng thay i trong ti ct ch bin v bo qun v trn cc thit b ring bit v yu cu ng gi, kinh t sn xut v cn nhc tip th cho sn phm ti ct. Da trn nhng nghin cu su rng trong lnh vc ny trong 10 nm qua, ti liu tham kho ny l ngi u tin bao gm cc vi y cc cng ngh, khoa hc v cc vn tip th lin quan n lnh vc ny, bao gm sn xut, ch bin, sinh l hc, ha sinh, vi sinh, an ton, k thut , cm gic, cng ngh sinh hc, v kinh t. N s c c bit hu ch cho hc vin cao cp v sinh vin tt nghip, cc nh khoa hc thc phm, physiologists thc vt, vi sinh vt hc-, cc nh ha hc, sinh ha hc, k s ha hc, dinh dng, Econ omists nng nghip v sinh hc phn t. Ti bit n vi nhau ca cc tc gi cho kp thi, s tham gia ca h v hp tc cng nh nhiu ngi khc c t vn ca h, ng gp v khuyn khch s pht trin ca cun sch ny Chng 1 Fresh-ct Sn xut: Theo di v xu hng

Edith H. Garrett Chng 2 Cht lng tham s ca tri cy ti ct v sn phm thc vt Adel A. Kader Chng 3 Tng quan v vic ct gim Chu u-Fresh Sn xut Cng nghip Patrick Varoquaux v Mazollier Jrme Chng 4 Cc kha cnh an ton ca Fresh-ct Tri cy v Rau qu William C. Hurst Chng 5 Sinh l hc ca Fresh-ct Tri cy v Rau qu Peter M. A. Toivonen v Jennifer R. DeEll Chng 6 Enzyme Tc dng trn Hng v v texture ca ct-Fresh Tri cy v Rau qu Olusola Lamikanra Chng 7 Vi sinh vt trong sn xut ti ct Gillian M. Heard Chng 8 Enzym vi sinh kt hp vi ct-Fresh Sn xut Jianchi Chen Chng 9 iu tr bo qun ti ct Tri cy v Rau qu Elisabeth Garcia v Diane M. Barrett

Chng 10 ng dng bao b v kh quyn thay i ti, ct tri cy v rau Tareq Al-Ati v Joseph H. Hotchkiss Chng 11 cc-ti ct gim sn xut cng nghip Jennylynd James A. Cng ngh sinh hc v Chng 12 Hng v v hng thm ti ct ca Tri cy v Rau qu John C. Beaulieu v Elizabeth A. Baldwin Chng 13 nh gi cht lng gic ti ct Tri cy v Rau qu Karen L. Bett Chng 14 Tng lai kinh t v th cn nhc Greg Pompelli Chuong 1 GII THIU Fresh-ct sn xut c mt trong nhng mt hng nng nht trong cc ca hng tp ha trong 10 nm qua. Ngnh cng nghip tng ln trn 10 t USD ti M v bn l thc phm-dch v bn hng trong nm 1999, v khng c du hiu ca xu hng chm li (IFPA, 2000). Trong thc t, doanh s bn hng ct v ng gi tri cy ch va mi bt ln khi mt t, v mt hng mi nh c chua ct gim ang xut hin tr li mong mun ca ngi tiu dng thun tin hn trong cuc sng hng ngy ca h. iu g l s tng trng ny mi li xe ct? Trng hp lm cc ngnh cng nghip n t, v nhng g ang c trn th trng nh hng nh hng n s pht trin tip tc ca ngnh cng nghip? Trng hp khng x l c nhng tng cho sn phm mi, v theo di nhng g lm cc b vi x l thc hin xy dng thnh cng? Chng ny s bao gm lch s, xu hng hin nay v nhng vn nh hng n-ti ct gim sn xut cng nghip. SIZE CNG NGHIP

Theo Hip hi Sn xut Marketing (PMA), kch c ca ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti c $ 76000000000 trong bn hng cho nm 1999, bao gm c dch v thc phm v doanh s bn l (PMA, 2000; Kaufman v cng s, 2000.). Sn phm ti lun lun l ph bin vi ngi tiu dng v nhng hng v tuyt vi, cht lng dinh dng t nhin v ti mt. Trong thc t, Hoa K B Nng nghip (USDA) bo co rng sn xut tiu th M tng t 284 bnh qun u ngi nm 1990 ln 319 cho mi u ngi vo nm 1998 (al Kaufman v cng s, 2000.). Ti-CUT SN XUT Tt c nhng thuc tnh ny ging nhau, cng vi thun tin nht, tip tc li xe bn hng cho cc mt hng c o mi ct. Quc t ti ct Hip hi Sn xut (IFPA) nh ngha mi ct sn xut l "bt k tri cy hoc thc vt hoc s kt hp c th cht b thay i t hnh thc ban u ca n, nhng vn cn trong trng thi ti" (IFPA v PMA, 1999, p. 5). IFPA s c lng M ct ngt sn xut th trng vo khong $ 10-12000000000 doanh s bn hng trong nm 2000, vi doanh thu dch v thc phm chim khong 60% tng s (IFPA, 2000). ng gi x lch c tng sao trong cc ca hng tp ha trong thp k qua, v, vi tri cy v rau qu bao gm ct, loi ny c c tnh bng IFPA tip tc tng trng doanh s bn hng trong th trng bn l ca M 10-15% mt nm cho sau nm nm. Cc loi doanh thu dch v thc phm M ang kh khn o nhng theo c tnh ca IFPA tng 3-5% mt nm trong nm nm ti. SN XUT C Hu c c trng tri cy v rau qu cng l mt phn ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut mi c s tng trng mnh m trong nhng nm 1990. Th loi ny bao gm c hng ha ton v ti ct sn phm. Vic to ra mt c tnh khong 4 t USD doanh s bn hng nm 2000 (PMA, 2000), ngnh cng nghip sn xut hu c c d bo c mc tng 7% mi nm doanh s bn hng trong ba nm ti. Mt ln na, ngi tiu dng ang tm kim khe mnh, la chn thay th hng v cho ba n ca mnh, v hu c ti ct Duce-pro p ng cc tiu ch ny. Khi s sn c ca sn phm hu c tng, chi ph sn xut u gim, lm cho sn phm ny mt gi c phi chng phc v trong nh hng v bn trong cc ca hng tp ha thng thng. Fresh-ct x lch hu c hin nay c sn trn th trng. thc hin xy dng thnh cng? Chng ny s bao gm lch s, xu hng hin nay v nhng vn nh hng n-ti ct gim sn xut cng nghip. Theo Hip hi Sn xut Marketing (PMA), kch c ca ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti c $ 76000000000 trong bn hng cho nm 1999, bao gm c dch v thc phm v doanh s bn l (PMA, 2000; Kaufman v cng s, 2000.). Sn phm ti lun lun l ph bin vi ngi tiu dng v nhng hng v tuyt vi, cht lng dinh dng t nhin v ti mt. Trong thc t, Hoa K B Nng nghip (USDA) bo co rng sn

xut tiu th M tng t 284 bnh qun u ngi nm 1990 ln 319 cho mi u ngi vo nm 1998 (al Kaufman v cng s, 2000.). CI TIN TRONG HOT NG K t nhng nm 1940, sn xut cng ty ngh ra cch duy nht ct v ng gi sn phm bn. Ban u, mt s bn tm c s dng ra sn xut, trong khi nhng ngi khc s dng cc chu k quay kh vo my git cho bc sy. Ice c s dng trong bn tm nc lnh sn xut, v th s, ng gi c cung cp t hn tion-bo h khng b nhim bn trong qu trnh phn phi. Ngnh cng nghip xy dng nhiu trang thit b ca mnh nh sn xut gia tng trong nhng nm 1970 t s tng trng doanh s bn hng dch v thc phm, nhng thc s i mi trng hp vi s gia tng s lng cc nh hng trong nhng nm 1980. Ci thin T CHC CNG NGHIP Nhiu tin b cng ngh xy ra trong nhng nm 1980 v 1990 l ngnh cng nghip ny tr thnh t chc thng qua cc hip hi thng mi ca h, cc IFPA. Cc nh cung cp tham gia vo asso thng mi-ciation v tham gia vo mt chng trnh pht trin thng mi hng nm cc thit b bn cc thit b v mng li vi b x l. Din n ny trao i cng ngh mi gip thc y ngnh cng nghip pha trc v nng cao cht lng v an ton ca sn phm ti ct. Cng nghip nghin cu cho thy nhiu bc mi ci thin tui th v con-vinced ngnh cng nghip ny tp trung vo lm lnh nh l bc quan trng nht trong qu trnh sn xut. Cc cu thn ch tr thnh "u bc lnh, th tt hn sn phm hon tt." Trong cc din bin khc, i mi thit b chnh l ci thin cc tiu chun sn xut mi ct bao gm mng nc tm ng ca, nng cao ct cho mt lot cc kch c ct, my sy tin tin , my ng gi t ng, t ng thit b v sinh, thit b gim st in t. Mi tin b k thut tng tc sn xut nhng do mi bot-tlenecks. V vy, c phong tro tng i vi t ng ha cao hn v iu khin in t ca ngnh cng nghip. Ngy nay, vic thit k cc hot ng ct ngt trung tm v an ton thc phm v v sinh, lm lnh tuyt vi, tc sn xut cao hn thng qua vic t ng ha, nng cao cht lng v truy xut ngun gc sn phm. Cng nghip nghin cu cho thy nhiu bc mi cho k cuc i dch v thc phm NHU CU Trong gia nhng nm 1970, nh hng nhn thy mt c hi tuyt vi tit kim chi ph lao ng bng cch chuyn i-ing cho sn phm ti ct thun tin. p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca McDonald's v cc chui thc n nhanh khc, ngi trng v ch bin xy dng v kinh doanh rau dip thi nh hnh ty ct nh vo mt niche ng gm trong ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti sng (Lawn v Krummert, 1995). Vo gia nhng nm 1980, c s tng trng to ln trong cc nh hng Bc M. Salad thanh tr thnh cn st mi nht vi ngi tiu dng. Ngay sau , tri cy ti

v rau l ni sn xut ng hp trn thanh x lch trn khp nc M. mt ngnh cng nghip sng to Kin, McDonald ca Tng cng ty quyt nh h mun loi b salad thanh trong cc ca hng ca mnh gim thiu ri ro an ton thc phm cho ngi tiu dng. Cng ty yu cu nh cung cp ca n cho mt salad ti c thc hin v ng gi trong lb-5. ti m c th ng gi trong khay phc v n bn trong cc ca hng ca mnh. Pha trn vi nhau theo hng ha ng gi nim phong kn mt khng phi l mt thc t ph bin vo thi , nhng s thnh cng ca salad ca McDonald ng chui nh hng khc cung cp cc sn phm tng t. y cng l thi gian khi ph n bt u lm vic bn ngoi gia nh vi s lng ln, v gia nh c thu nhp hai cm thy thi gian khng hong bt u tm kim thun tin hn trong cuc sng ca h. Ct v ng gi sn phm ph hp vi nhng nhu cu hon ho, nhng ngnh cng nghip mi ct vo thi gian khng th cung cp cht lng ph hp v thi hn s dng y cho th trng bn l. Lm th no-bao gi ht, nhng tr ngi ny sm c khc phc. CI THIN CHT LNG C Mc d sn phm ti ct c bn l t nhng nm 1940, n khng hon ton thnh cng, bi v cht lng l khng th on trc v hn s dng hn ch. Ban u, b vi x l s dng din vin-off, mn sn phm, hng ha cht lng th hai cho vic ct gim sn xut. Ngoi ra, in lnh l ngi ngho trong c phn phi, v ng gi ph hp khng c pht trin. Do nhu cu cho sn phm tt hn vi thi hn s dng cn ln t cc khch hng dch v thc phm, nhng n lc ca ngnh cng nghip c tp trung vo ci tin cht lng. iu Mt b x l bit - thch thc hng u ca h l ngn chn cc sn phm t chuyn mu nu sau khi c ct. Sn phm xut hin l tp trung chnh cho o lng cht lng vo thi im , v b vi x l thy rng lm lnh mt mnh s khng iu khin s i mu v khuyt tt c th nhn thy khc. Thay vo , h phi bt u vi cc sn phm lnh mnh liu, th tc x l nh nhng trong khi ch bin v ng gi tt hn. Hm nay, b vi x l ang tp trung vo tm quan trng ca pht trin hng v tng cng cung cp tt hn sn sng n cc sn phm. Ngi trng bt u cung cp hng ha cht lng cho b vi x l u tin, v mi trang b-ment quy trnh c gii thiu nh l khng kh kh v tm nc nh nhng. Mt s th nghim vi b vi x l ra ha hc hoc cc b phim n c trnh mu nu, nhng t l thp trong ci thin khng bin minh cho nhng chi ph b sung. Ci tin bao b tr thnh bc tip theo trong cc nhim v gii quyt nhng thch thc ny cht lng. CNG NGH MI B Trong nhng nm 1940, trong nhng ngy u ca ti ct gim sn xut, ng gi, bao

gm cc giy gi giy bng knh trn khay tng cho cc sn phm nh xa lach trn hoc x lch (Hold-erfield, 1946). Giy bng knh, styrene v nha khc c s dng bc u sp l trong gia thp nin 1950 California sn xut cc lnh vc gim trng lng vn chuyn v ko di thi hn s dng. Trong nhng nm 1960, ngi trng rau bt u gi rau dip u. C hai sn phm vn cn ph bin ti cc th trng bn l hin nay (Anderson, 2000). Bc tip theo cho nhng ngi trng rau c ct v li bng tri Th trng trc khi ng gi chng trong ti nha vn chuyn n b bin pha ng. thc hnh ny vn thc hin ngy hm nay, v ngi trng thm ch cn lm sch v ng gi rau dip li trong thng ln cho l hng x l trn ton quc. Vo gia nhng nm 1980, ngnh cng nghip ti ct nh v phn tn M, v cc nh cung cp bao b khng tp trung n lc nghin cu v b phim ang pht trin specifiCally s dng vi ct gim sn xut. cng ty chu u, tuy nhin, c cng c v pht trin h thng thit b, bao b cng nghip ca h di chuyn v pha trc. Mi bao b cng khng phi l d dng tm thy ti M vo nhng nm 1980, bi v poly-ethylene phim l ch th phim trn th trng m bo qun c th sn xut v cha n cc iu kin x l th. Ban u, b vi x l s dng ti c thit k cho cc loi thc phm khc nh tht g ty v cc loi tht khc. S ra i ca my ng gi t ng trong cui nhng nm 1980 ht hi s pht trin ca bao b mi v sng to m gii quyt vn cht lng v gip khi ng ti ct thnh th chnh v cc knh phn phi. Vi s ra i ca my ng gi t ng ct-ti sn xut trong cui nhng nm 1980, ngnh cng nghip nha nhy vo hnh ng thit k vt liu cho sn phm ti ct. Phim cng ty tm kim cc polyme mi v quy trnh sn xut to ra b phim thong kh m c th chy trn cc my mc t ng. Cc cng ty nh Mobile, Exxon v Amoco polyme mi c cung cp t cc sn phm du kh v bc vo th trng hiu r hn nhu cu ca ngnh cng nghip. My t ng v nhng b phim ny mi kt hp cho php b vi x l khi ng nh hn, ti xch mang nhn hiu cho cc sn phm ti ct mi trong nhng nm 1990. Nm 1995, Hip hi ng gi linh hot (FPA) cho bit trong cuc kho st hng nm ca h v chuyn i bao b l ln u tin, sn xut vt qua bao b y t nh cc sn phm s mt cho cc c s sn xut ca h (FPA, 1995). c tnh $ 90.000.000 trong bn hng M (bao b cc chin lc, 1999), bao b cho sn xut s l sn phm s mt trong nm nm tip theo, tr li bo co trong cuc iu tra 2000 (FPA, 2000). Chuong 6 Hiu ng enzyme v hng v v texture ca Tri cy ti ct v Rau qu

Olusola Lamikanra

NI DUNG Gii thiu Lipoxygenase S ph bin v chc nng nh hng ca Lipoxygenase trn Aroma trung gian lo ha v Lipoxygenase C ch khng v Hng v Lipoxygenase hp cht v hp cht Phenolic Lipoxygenase trong Tri cy v Rau qu Mng ty Apple Bng ci xanh da chut c chua Kiwi Strawberry Melon Peroxidase Peroxidase-trung gian phn ng S ph bin v tnh n nh nh hng ca peroxidase trn chn v gi i nh hng ca peroxidase v phn ng Nh my Quc phng peroxidase, xc tc Browning Peroxidase trong Tri cy v Rau qu Mng ty c rt da chut Apple Bng ci xanh Peach Mango Orange Pear Melon Du Zucchini Squash Tri cy v rau khc Polyphenol oxidase Ph bin v phn phi Polyphenol oxidase-trung gian phn ng Browning nh hng ca oxidase Polyphenol v C ch c ch m thc vt Quc phng ca Polyphenol oxidase-trung gian phn ng Browning Polyphenol oxidase trong Tri cy v Rau qu Apple da chut Rau dip Mango48 Nm Melon Pear Prunus Qu da Enzym pectic Lm mm ca Tri cy v Rau qu Polygalacturonaza Lyases Pectinesterase

Pectic enzyme trong Tri cy v Rau qu Kiwi Apple Peach Mango Melon Pear c chua Kt lun Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU Enzyme v cht thng c t trong khoang khc nhau ca t bo, v chuyn giao ca h ang tch cc quy nh. Ct ca sn xut loi b vic bo v t nhin ca lp biu b v ph hy cc compartmentation ni b m gi h sepa sut. S thay i u tin quan st trc quan trn b mt ct ca m thc vt l kh ca lp u tin ca cc t bo b hng v mt cho mt thm vi lp subtending ca cc t bo (Kolattukudy, 1984). M gin on tng tnh thm v pha trn ca cc enzym v cc cht nn c nu khng c lp trong khng bo. S gia tng conse-quent trong hot ng enzim c th gy ra deterorations gic nh s i mu, ngoi hng v v mt cng. M ct tri cy ti v rau qu, do , d h hng hn v d b lo ha, so vi cc c quan cn nguyn vn t h thu c. V mng i cng gy nn nhng thay i trao i cht m bao gm cc qu trnh cha lnh vt thng (Picchioni v cng s, 1994;. Ramamurthy et al. Nm 1992; Bernards v cng s, 1999).. Chng ny l mt nh gi ca, s xut hin chc nng, phn phi v ti sn ca mt s enzyme c th nh hng ng k hng v v kt cu ca sn phm ti ct. Cc enzym chnh ph ang lipoxygenase,, oxidase peroxidase polyphenol v cc enzym pectic. Cc phn ng lin quan enzym v cc iu kin c tim nng nh hng n hot ng ca h trong tri cy ct v car-bn cng c tho lun.

Ph bin v chc LIPOXYGENASE

Lipoxygenase (linoleate: oxy oxireductase-EC 1.13.11.12) (LOX) hin din trong hu ht

cc m thc vt, v trong s hin din ca oxy, xc tc qu trnh oxy ha ca polyunsaturated axit bo (PUFA) c cha mt, cis-1 cis, 4 - pentadiene cu trc. Cc thut ng thng c chp nhn cho cc isozyme LOX ph bin nht l nh sau: LOX I, trng by cc vt kim pH cho hot ng ti a v im isoelectric ca khong 5,7; LOX II, vi cc hot ng pH ti u v im isoelectric khong 6,5 v 6,25, respec-tively; v LOX III, vi pH ti u hot ng rng trung vo pH 7 v isoelectric 6,15 im (Siedow, nm 1991; Boyes v cng s, 1992.). Trong khi c ba LOX loi c th c mt trong cc nh my nh: ht cy h u (Siedow, 1991), mt s loi LOX c nhiu u th trong nhng ngi khc, chng hn nh LOX II ti Kiwi (Boyes et al., 1992), mng ty (Gavanthorn v quyn hn, 1989), da leo (Feussner v Kindl nm 1994; Wardale v Lambert, 1980), c chua (Bonnet v Crouzet, 1977) v to (Kim v Grosch, 1979). LOX ti chuyn i acid linoleic u tin cho 13-hydroperoxide dn xut, LOX 2 mu 9hydroperoxide hp cht trong khi LOX III sn lng mt hn hp ca hydroperoxides. LOX loi II v III, vi s c mt ca axit bo v oxy ha tan, ng oxy ha carotenoids (Lebedev v cng s, 1978;. Canfield v Valenzuela, nm 1993; Ueno et al, 1982.) V cht dip lc (Cheour et al, 1992. ; Zhuang v cng s, 1994, 1997).. LOX II c kch hot bi canxi, trong khi LOX III l c ch canxi (Siedow, 1991). Trong a tht to, tri cy giu canxi v / hoc pht pho thp hn LOX ni dung (Marcelle, 1991). Kato et al. (1992) bo co s xut hin ca mi LOX (LOX IV, V, VI) trong l mm u tng ny mm. LOX V, VI u tin sn xut 13 (S)hydroperoxy-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienioc acid (13S-HPOD) nh l mt sn phm phn ng ca acid linoleic, trong khi LOX IV sn xut c hai 13S-HPOD v 9 (S)-hydroperoxy-10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadienoic acid. Tt c ba isozyme c pH Optima l 6,5, khng c hot ng pH 9.0 v a thch linolenic acid linoleic n nh l cht nn. Lin hp axt hydroperoxy (HPO) sn xut bi tri qua s trao i cht xc tc LOX bi lyase hydroperoxide (HPO lyase). HPO lyase xc tc tch ca HPO aldehyt, chng hn nh cis-3-noneal v hexanal t HPO acid linoleic v cis-3-, cis-6-nonadienal v cis-3-linolenic acid hexenal t HPO (et al Grun., Nm 1996; Wardale v Galliard, 1975). Bn cnh hydroperoxidation, hnh thnh cc oxoac-id v ketodienes c xc tc bi LOX (Vick v Zimmerman, 1980;. Sanz v cng s, 1993). Hydroperoxide isomerase cng c th xc tc cho isomerization ca oxit-hydroper nh l mt con ng phn ng trung gian (Vick v Zimmerman, 1976). HPO lyase l mt enzyme membrane-based/bound hin din trong mt lng nh trong m thc vt. Trn c s cc c trng b mt, lyase HPO c phn thnh ba loi: 9-HPO lyase, 13 HPO-lyase v lyase HPO khng c hiu (Perez v cng s, 1999a.).

Cc c trng c cht xc nh thnh phn hng thm ca cc sn phm thc vt nhiu, mc d cc hnh ng c th ca LOX. S hnh thnh ca cc aldehyd chui di bin ng ca C9 C6 v lan rng trong tri cy v rau qu (Kim v Grosch nm 1981, Gray v cng s,. Nm 1999; Perez v cng s, 1999a) v tin thu c nhanh chng khi t bo thc vt b gin on trong s hin din ca oxy.. Siedow (1991) m t hai con ng trao i cht cho HPO (Hnh 6.1). Mt lin quan n hot ng ca lyase HPO vo sn phm LOX, 13-thu-peroxylinolenic acid, dn n s hnh thnh cc acid hexanal v 12-oxo-cis-9dodecenoic. Sau l sau isomerized vo acid 12-oxo-trans-10-dodecenoic n nh hn, cn c gi l traumatin hoc nh Traumatin c bit l bt chc mt s tc dng sinh l kt hp vi lm b thng trong cc m thc vt, gy divi "vt thng ni tit t."- sion v hnh thnh m so sau ny. N cng c th c chuyn i thnh cc axit phi sinh ca mt qu trnh oxy ha nonenzymatic ca phn na aldehyde. Chn Thng acid cng xut hin

Hnh 6.1 "lipoxygenase ng" cho cc sinh tng hp acid jasmonic, traumatin v acid chn thng tm l t cc sn phm lipoxygenase, 13-hydroperoxylic acid (Siedow, 1991).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

c tham gia vo phn ng nh my lm b thng. Con ng th hai c khi xng bi cc cyclase hydroperoxide enzyme (HPC) c xc tc s hnh thnh ca 8 - [2 (cis2'-pentenyl)-3-oxo-cis-4-cyclopentenyl] octanoic acid, thng c gi l 12 - oxophytodienoic acid. Hp cht ny phc v nh l tin thn cho s hnh thnh cc axit jasmonic cng c xut l mt promoter ca lo ha nh my v c dn truyn tn hiu lin quan n cy trng. HIU QU CA LIPOXYGENASE v c ch lo ha v khng Tng LOX hot ng l mt tnh nng ph bin trong m thc vt hoa gia. Cc xc tc

ca cis, cis-1 ,4-pentadiene cu trc c lin quan n vai tr quan trng ca LOX trong lo ha t bo thc vt. iu tr cho rng tr hon s khi u ca lo ha, chng hn nh vic b sung cc cht chng oxy ha cytokinin hoc gim mc ca LOX ni sinh lin quan n kim sot khng c iu tr (Siedow, 1991). S c ch s chm tr LOX chn v lm mm trong o (Wu v cng s, 1999.) V Kiwi (Chen et al., 1999). LOX hot ng cng c tng quan vi s pht trin t bo thc vt (McLeod v Poole, Nm 1994;. Tanteeratarm et al, 1989), cng nh tc nhn gy bnh (Avdiushko v cng s, 1993a;. Gardner, nm 1991; Ohta et al, 1990) v cn trng (Avdiushko v cng s, 1997;.. Duffey v Stout, 1996; thaler et al, 1996). c ch khng. C ch bo v lin quan l cc d ha hn na cc sn phm oxy ha thnh axit jasmonic v methyl jasmonate, l thnh vin ca mt chui dn truyn tn hiu trong t bo chuyn tn hiu n ht nhn v la chn biu hin gen kch hot (Gardner, Nm 1991; Feussner v Kindl nm 1994; Avdiushko v cng s, 1993a).. Tng LOX xy ra ng thi vi s gim st trong linolenic v linoleic acid v tng s cc axit bo trong cc nh my da chut tim virus Colletotrichum lagenarium hoc hoi t thuc l (Avdiushko v cng s, 1993b.). S tham gia ca LOX trong bnh tance-resis ca Kiwi c chng minh bng cc hot ng LOX tng trong Botrytis cinerea qu tim phng (McLeod v Poole, 1994). Linoleic acid v LOX sn phm ca acid linoleic cng c ch s ny mm v pht trin ca Botrytis cinerea lt c rt (Hoffman v Heale, 1989). Gorst v Spiteller (1988) pht hin mt lng ln cc hp cht khng bo ha LOX-oxy ha acid bo, 10-hydroxy-octadeca-8, 12 - dienoic acid v acid 10-hydroxyoctadeca-8enoic, trong homogenates dch nc ca du ty va hi. Cc hp cht ny hot ng c nm c v xut hin c tham gia vo c ch t v ca nh my. LIPOXYGENASE trung gian v cc hp cht hng v AROMA Aroma hp cht trong sch-ct tri cy v rau qu v s tham gia ca LOX trong biogenesis hng v c xem xt trong chng 12. Hng v sn xut bi LOX ng ni chung l hot ng g, tr khi c kch hot bi ngm hoc tn thng t bo (Gardner, 1989). Min ph cp tin trung gian trong cc phn ng mng thit hi sinh hc (Eskin et al., 1977), v mt h bi ca cc axit bo t do kt qu t thy phn lipid (Biale, 1975). Trong chic hoa sp l (Brassica oleracea L., nhm Botrytis), LOX trung gian tng t l pht-to-protein lipid xy ra thng qua trung gian gc t do (Voisine et al., 1991). Trong mng phong b t rau bina (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloro-plasts, LOX xc tc phn hy nhanh chng ca hydroperoxides acid bo (Blee v

Joyard, 1996). Axt bo l s lng cc tin cht d bay hi ln ca com-pound chu trch nhim v hng thm ca cc sn phm cy trng. hng v tiu biu c to ra bi LOX c chng minh bng cch x l LOX chit xut t to bin xanh (Enteromorpha intestinalis) vi acid linolenic (Kuo et al, 1996.). Ti nh to, xanh, da leo, xoi v hng liu to c tm thy trong bin ng tp trung. Vic b sung LOX nghin u xanh cng gy ra mi v v hng thm thay i m t nh l "chui cn xanh", "c", "rm" v "amoniac" (Williams v cng s, 1986.). LOX ng gp vo cc v chua trong nhuyn. Lactones c hng v quan trng ca o v m c sn xut thng qua hot ng LOX (Crouzet v cng s, 1990;. Sevenants v Jennings, 1966). LOX sn phm ng t rau dip (Letuca sativa L.) l ch yu cis-3-hexenal, cis-3hexenol v cis-3-hexenyl-acetate (Charon v cng s, 1996.). c homogenates tiu xanh v chung, vic b sung cc acid linoleic tng ln ng k mc hexanal va hexanol, trong khi mc cis-3-hexenal va-2 trans-hexenal c tng cng ng k bng cch cho thm acid linolenic (Luning et al., 1995). Trong nm (Agaricus bisporus), mt mi quan h r rng tn ti gia vic sn xut ca 1-octen-3-ol v cc hot ng LOX (Belinky et al, 1994.). LIPOXYGENASE v cc hp cht phenolic Cc hp cht phenolic c ch LOX hot ng v c tim nng ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha LOX qua trung gian ca carotenoid trong rau qu (Oszmianski v Lee, 1990). echin Ct-v epicatechin c tim nng c ch cao nht, v acid p-coumaric v ferulic trin lm hiu qu thp nht c ch. Nhn chung, flavans hin th hiu ng cao nht tip theo flavonols c ch v cc hp cht phenolic acid. Nh vy, s tp trung ca phenolics xut hin c mt tng quan cao vi cng tc phng chng ty trng carotene. Cc c ch c ch LOX c v l do gim trung gian gc t do c hnh thnh trong lipoxygenation (Takahama, 1985). LIPOXYGENASE trong rau qu Apple Khng bo ha chui thng cht d bay hi este xut hin pht sinh trong to ch bng con ng LOX (Rowan v cng s, 1999.). Mt cuc iu tra ca cc sinh tng hp ca R-octane v R-5-cis-1 ,3 octene-diol, hai khng sinh t nhin trong to v l sau khi p

dng cc cht nn v cht chuyn ha c nhn LOX LOX-c ngun gc cho thy rng hu nh tt c cc tin cht p dng c mt phn chuyn thnh R-octane1,3-diol (Beuerle v Schwab, 1999). Cc dn xut acid linolenic, vn cn cha 12,13-cis tri phiu tng gp i v octanol dn xut oxy-chc nng ha ti carbon 3 l tin cht hiu qu nht ca cc 1,3-diol. Mi quan h gia ni dung khong sn, sinh tng hp ethylene v cc hot ng LOX trong to "Jonagold 'l mt trong tri cy giu canxi v / hoc pht pho c thp hn LOX hot ng, 1-aminocyclo-propane-1carboxylic acid (ACC) ni dung v pht thi ethylene , trong khi tri cy giu kali v / hoc magi vi tng i cao K / Ca c mt hot ng LOX cao hn, mc pht thi ACC v ethylene. Cc ni dung khong sn tri cy l mt tc nhn tc ng ln LOX hot ng v h thng hnh thnh ethylene vi mt hiu qu v dung lng lu tr (Marcelle, 1991).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Mng ty Mng ty LOX ch s dng axit linoleic monolinolein v l vt cht nhng hot ng thp, hoc di-tri-linolein cht. enzyme ny c mt hot ng pH ti u l 5,5-6,0 v n nh pH 4,5-8,0 khi bo qun 2 C (Ganthavorn v quyn hn, 1989). Ganthavorn et al. (1991), da theo tnh cht ng hc bc nht ca bt hot nhit, cho rng LOX isozyme trong mng ty khng c stabilities nhit khc nhau. Tuy nhin, Pizzocaro et al. (1988) quan st mt m hnh hai pha nhit tivation-inac v nhit tng i n nh trong mng ty LOX so vi LOX chit xut t u, c rt v zucchini. Bng cai xanh Nhit lm dng trong qu trnh lu tr v x l kt qu bng ci xanh trong gim poly-axit bo khng no (PUFAs) ni dung v hot ng LOX v lm tng phn ng acid thiobarbituric cht so vi nhng ngi bo qun 2 C (Zhuang v cng s, 1994, 1997.). iu tr ca bng ci xanh u nhng vo nc nng (45 C trong 14 pht), tuy nhin, kt qu trong lu gi tt hn v cht dip lc v ni dung protein ha tan trong khi bo qun 20 C. iu tr ny cng lm gim LOX v chlorophyllase hot ng (Kazami et al., 1991). PH ti u ca bng ci xanh Hoa con LOX xy ra 5,5-6,0 (Zhuang et al, 1994.).

c thay i khng kh lu tr ng gi (MAP) (7,5% kh CO2 v O2 11,2%) ca bng ci xanh dip lc t tng chic hoa (CHL) v gim LOX-suy thoi gy ra ca C-18 PUFA (Zhuang v cng s, 1994.). Thay i trong hot ng LOX nc ha tan trong MAP v mu nonpacked theo mt xu hng tng t nh PUFA. LOX hot ng, PUFA C18, C18 PUFA hydroperoxides, axit bo tng s, thiobarbituric acid phn ng cht (TBA-RS) v CHL cng tng n hoa hoa gia bng ci xanh trong thi gian bo qun sau thu hoch hoa n bng ci xanh ti 5 C. Thiu bao b nguyn nhn lm gim ng k m, PUFA, LOX hot ng, CHL v ha tan protein, v tng thiobar-bituric cht acid phn ng (TBA-RS) (Zhuang v cng s, 1995.). Da chut Min ph v polysomes kt ng gp cho LOX tng hp, v cc isozyme c t trong khoang khc nhau ca t bo thc vt. Qu da chut thng c s dng nh mt m hnh chit xut v nh v cc bo quan (Feussner v Kindl nm 1994; Wardale v Lambert, 1980). Trong vic xc nh v tr ni bo v cu trc lin kt organellar cc hnh thc LOX trong c th lipid, microsomes v cytostol, Feussner v Kindl (1994) qu-strated rng LOX isozyme xy ra trong cc khoang khc nhau ca t bo thc vt. Cc tnh cht xc tc ca c th-lipid v LOX microsomal trong da chut cng c tm thy s c khc nhau. PH ti u cho c th lipid-LOX l 8.5, trong khi ca LOX micosomal l 5,5. Wardale v Lambert (1980) quan st hot ng LOX cao nguyn sinh da chut cn nguyn vn t cc m c v v tht qu da chut. t khng bo nguyn vn v gim hot ng xy ra sau v LOX thm thu hn t cc m c tm t. Vic hu ht cc cht hot ng cho LOX da chut l linoleic acid (100%), acid linolenic (77%) v acid arachidonic (23%) c pH ti u v thng perature-l 5,5 v 40 C, tng ng. Canxi, EDTA, dithiothreitol, imidazol, cysteine v axit P-chloromercuribenzoic khng c ch hot ng LOX da chut.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Kiwi LOX Kiwi cha t nht mt loi II LOX. Cc enzyme l tng i n nh nhit, tang vt

hot ng cao hn so vi cc loi qu khc (et al Boyes, 1992.). Cc axit bo ch yu trong qu Kiwi chn c palmitic (16:00), stearic (18:00), oleic (18:01), linoleic (18:02) v linolenic (18:03). hot ng LOX c th tng quan vi s gim cng ca hoa qu bo qun 20 C. 0 C, tuy nhin, LOX l c ch ng k n di 30% ca nhng ngi trong tri cy c lu tr 20 C, v chn chm (Chen et al., 1999). Cc h s pH ca LOX Kiwi l mt trong hai pH cc i (6,2 v 7,6-8,0) xy ra khi linoleic acid l cht nn. Linolenic acid gy ra mt s thay i trong hot ng cao im n 5,75 v 7,4-7,7. LOX ti a hot ng ca qu xy ra ti 36-46 C. Da gang Cantaloupe da (Cucumis Melo reticulatus) cho thy khng c hot ng LOX trong mesocarp trung (mesocarp) m ca tt c cc k hn khng ging nh trong cc mesocarp-hypodermal (di da) (Lester, 1990). Linolenic acid linoleic v trong m di da v ton vn mng huyt tng cng gim 30 ngy sau khi n. Trong cc m di da, xut hin LOX ng vai tr quan trng trong s lo da cantaloupe bi vic sn xut cc peroxit t acid bo t do, do , kt qu trong bation-pertur ca mng t bo. Enzym hot ng tng vi chn v lo ha. LOX hot ng trong qu trnh phn bo da cantaloupe v thi gian m rng pht trin cng cao hn so vi tri cy trng thnh. Trong ngt lai (Cucumis Melo inodorus Naud.), LOX hot ng xy ra trn c hai-hypodermal v trung bnh mesocarp m (Lester, 1998). Cc m hypodermal-mesocarp, tuy nhin, cho thy hot ng cao hn so vi cc m trung mesocarp trong tri cy trng thnh. s khc bit nh vy trong hot ng LOX c th c quy cho s khc bit trong s pht trin ca cc m v trong tnh trng thiu nc m. Homogenizing tht ca da cantaloupe LOX kch hot v hot ng lyase HPO v lm thay i thng tin hng thm ng (Wyllie v cng s, 1994.). LOX hp cht c ngun gc t nh cis-2-hexenol c sn xut ng thi vi mt s mt mt ng k cc este. Nhit v pH Optima cho LOX trong cantaloupe l 20 C v 7, tng ng (Lester, 1990). Hybrid ngt LOX ch c mt nh cao hot ng pH 6,8 v nhit ph thuc vi cc hot ng cao hn tem cao peratures. Tng LOX hot ng trng hp vi nhng thay i sinh l trong mng lipid huyt tng lai ngt cng xy ra vi mt s mt mt dn n tnh ton vn mng (Lester, 1998). Du LOX v HPO lyase trong du ty (Fragaria ananassa Duch X.) Tri cy c t ch yu

 phn micosomal (Perez v cng s, 1999a.). Linolenic acid l mt cht nn thch cho LOX du ty, hnh thnh 13 - v 9-hydroperoxides trong t l 70:30. HPO lyase trong du ty s tch 13-hydroperoxides ca acid linoleic (13 hot ng% tng i) v acid linolenic (100 hot ng% tng i) to thnh hexanal v 3-cis-hexenal, tng ng. Mt nh hng bt li ca vic iu tr hng v du ty ozone trn xy ra vi mt lng kh thi gim cc este d bay hi trong tri cy ozonated (Perez v cng s, 1999b.).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

C chua LOX-do chuyn i v cc nhm acyl linolenoyl alpha-linolenoyl bo hexanal v hexenal (cis-3-hexenal v-2 trans-hexenal), tng ng, trong thi gian ngm cc loi tri cy c chua rt nhiu ng gp vo s kt hp ca cc hp cht d bay hi xc nh c chua hng v (Gray v cng s, 1999.). Hnh thnh cc C6 aldehyt t C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) tin thu c bng cch tun t mt h thng enzyme lin quan n LOX (m u tin oxygenates v tr-9) tip theo l mt h thng phn ct hydroperoxide l, tuy nhin, c th cho cc 13-hydroperoxy v tr (Gallard v Matthew, 1977). LOX v activ HPO lyase-du khch v c xc nh trong phn microsomal, mt vin sau microsomal (PMP) v phn cytosolic ca c chua cho thy hnh thc microsomal ca LOX c s gia tng ln nht trong hot ng, vi s pht trin qu gia cc-trng thnh xanh v my ct giai on (Riley et al, 1996.). Hot ng t chi nh l tri cy chuyn sang mu , khng ging nh lyase HPO, trong cc hot ng phn microsomal thng tr trong tt c cc giai on pht trin. HPO lyase trong c chua l khng nhy cm vi pH trong khong 6-8 v khng th hin bt k thay i ng k trong hot ng vi s chn. Ha tan LOX hot ng cng chim u th trong cc phn s PMP ca tri cy cho tt c cc giai on pht trin. i vi cc phn phn on subcellular, LOX hot ng l cao hn pH 6 hn so vi pH 7 v pH 8 tt c cc giai on pht trin (Riley et al, 1996.). Peroxidase Peroxidases (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) l cht xc tc st-porphyrin hu c c phn phi rng ri trong cc nh my v dng nh l thnh phn bnh thng ca t bo thc vt nht. Hu ht cc thay i hng v tri cy nguyn v unblanched v rau qu c th

c tng quan vi hot ng POD, v c mt mi quan h thc nghim gia cc hot ng peroxidase cn d, ngoi hng v v off-mi trong thc n (Burnette, 1977;. Loaiza-Velarde et al, Nm 1997; Cano v cng s, 1998).. Thay i xy ra trong cc hot ng POD ngi b thng v ti ct tri cy v rau qu ng gp ng k cht lng sn phm ca h (Svalheim v Robertsen nm 1990; Loaiza-Velarde v cng s, 1997;. Lamikanra v Watson, 2001). PHN NG peroxidase trung gian Phn ng xc tc bi enzyme POD thng peroxidatic, oxidatic, catalatic v hydroxy (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). Phn ng peroxidatic l quan trng nht. Cc c ch ca phn ng c bn lin quan n mt hnh ng oxy ha bng cch mt hnh ban u ca mt trung gian phc tp vi mt ngi chp nhn hydro. Vic chuyn giao hydro t cc nh ti tr mt cht kt qu trong mt ln th hai phc tp lin ha gii trc khi ti to ca cc enzyme POD v s hnh thnh ca mt sn phm phn ng. Phn ng c th c tm tt nh sau: ROOH + AH2 H2O + ROH + A ROOH c th c HOOH hoc mt s peroxide hu c khc, AH2 l nh ti tr hydro trong cc hnh thc gim, v A l nh ti tr hydro dng oxy ha. Cc nh ti tr khu phc hp hydro v oxy ha univalent hai bc trung gian xy ra:

POD + H2O2 Complex ti Complex I + AH2 Complex II + AH Complex II + AH POD + A Peroxidative phn ng c th din ra theo cch ca mt s phn ng trung gian lin. Mc d hnh ng enzyme xut hin c kh nng tin hnh theo cch ca con ng heterolytic (Dixon v Webb, 1964), hot ng peroxidase c th c xc tc bi cc gc t do v chm pht trin do n xc thi gc (Adak v cng s, 1997.). Enzyme POD cng c th tng cng trit ti sn nht rc (Staehelin et al., Nm 1992; Wang, 1995). pH v nhit ti u cho hot ng peroxidase ph thuc vo ngun gc ca enzyme. PH ti u c th khong 1,8-8,5 (Lee v Tu,

Nm 1995; Rodrigo v cng s, 1996;. Otter v Polle, 1997). Nhit ti u dng nh l 25-60 C (Koshiba v Matsuyama, nm 1993; Campos v cng s, 1996.), Nhng c nhng trng hp c bo co trong hot ng peroxidase tng theo con ngditions (Scott, 1975; Cano et al. , 1998). Ph bin v N NH Peroxidases xy ra c dng ha tan v b rng buc trong tri cy v rau qu (Sanchez v cng s, 1993;. Brzyska v cng s, 1992; DaSilva v cng s, 1990;.. Ingham v cng s, 1998.). Cc POD isoelectric im m khc nhau 3,5-9,5 bng chng s tn ti ca c hai dng cation v anion ca POD thc vt (McLellan v Robinson, 1983). Bound POD thng km theo cc tng tc ion cc thnh t bo trong t bo nguyn vn (Giordani, 1977;. Thompson v cng s, 1998), v c th khc bo quan nh ty th v ribosome (Hideg v cng s, 1991;. RAA, 1973) . Ti sn ca POD rng buc khc vi ca POD c lp vi phn ha tan ca t bo (Penon et al, 1970.). POD enzym trong rau qu thng c tnh n nh cao vi nhit v, v iu ny, chng thng c s dng nh l cc ch s x l nhit hiu qu trong rau qu ch bin. Nhit n nh v ti to ti sn ca POD thng chu nh hng ca vic h ang trong trng thi ha tan hay b rng buc. Ionically POD rng buc hn nhit n nh trong xoi v cam (Khan v Robinson, nm 1993; McLellan v Robinson, 1984) trong tng phn vi nhng pht hin cho to POD (al khun mu v cng s, 1987.). Trong l, tuy nhin, c hai POD ha tan v ionically rng buc c nhit khng n nh vi ch khong 2% trong nhng hot ng enzim gc cn li sau 2 pht 80 C (khun mu v cng s, 1989.). Nhit ngng hot ng ca peroxidase l phi tuyn. S suy gim ln trong hot ng c quan st trong cc giai on ban u ca mt qu trnh nhit nht nh, nhng t l ngng hot ng sau thay i cho mt qu trnh chm hn nhiu (Clemente, nm 1998; Quyn hn v cng s, 1984.). Tnh cht hai pha ca bt hot nhit ca enzyme c lin quan n s hin din ca isozyme vi stabilities nhit khc nhau trong cc loi rau (Yamamoto v cng s, 1962.). Ti sinh ca POD sau ngng hot ng nhit ca cc enzym t Brussels v ci bp (McLellan v Robinson, 1981), to (khun mu et al., 1987), Kiwi (Prestamo, 1989) v xoi (Khan v Robinson, 1993) xy ra. POD hon ton bt hot sau khi x l nhit 20-10 pht ca sp l 80110 C (Bottcher, 1975; Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981), v n ch mt 15 pht lm gim hot ng POD ca mnh bng 98% 50 C (Lee et al, 1984.). A chu nhit isozyme trong sp l c trch nhim t hn 5% hot ng POD ca n, tuy nhin, phi mt hn 30 pht lm gim hot ng n 50% 50 C (Lee v Pennesi, 1984). Regen-eration sau ngng hot ng nhit ca Brussels khng c quan st cho phn lp POD

isoenzymes (McLellan v Robinson, 1987A). Arroyo et al. (1999) khng bt hot POD trong rau dip, c chua, mng ty, sp l, rau bina, hnh kt hp vi p lc cao v phng php tr liu nhit thp. Phng php iu tr sc nhit (rang-ing t 45 C trong 120 giy n 55 C trong 60 giy), tuy nhin, gy ra mt s gim xung trong khong 30% trong POD hot ng t letuce tng bng tri (Loaiza-Velarde et al, 1997.). Cc v tr v cc loi enzyme POD trong m thc vt c m t bi kVAR al-et atskhelia. (1997). Nh my v c phn thnh hai loi (Welinder, 1992). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX; lp ti), m l t thc vt v cystol lp lc, c phn bit vi POD cy c in (loi II) isozyme bi s khc bit ng k trong c cu chnh ca h. APX l mt POD H2O2-nht rc m s dng nh l mt nh ti tr ascorbate in t trong thc vt v to (Miyake v Asada, nm 1996; Asada, 1992). APX xy ra trong hai ng dng v ni a ha t bo ca n. Mt ng v ca APX c bn a ho trong lp lc v c tm thy c hai hnh thc (tAPX) thylakoid v to thnh mt ha tan trong stroma (sAPX). tAPX dn sch cc H2O2 l photoproduced trong thylakoids. Cc hnh thc khc ca APX c bn a ha trong t bo, v chc nng ca n dng nh l nht rc ca H2O2 sn xut trong bo tng (Miyake v Asada, 1996). Trong qu trnh pht trin cy trng, hot ng APX c quy nh bi ni dung ascorbate. B thng, nh trong ti ct ch bin, thng dn n s gia tng sinh tng hp ascorbate v ni dung (Diallinas v cng s, 1997;. OBA et al, 1994.). C in, tit thc vt POD c chung 50-95% trnh t tng ng trong siu h ca POD (loi II) c phn cng n lp III (Welinder, 1992). V guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) thng c s dng nh mt cht nn gim, cc men ny cng c gi l POD guaiacol-loi. Hu ht cc tit POD cy trng l glycosylated (Johansson v cng s, 1992.). Khng ging nh POD guaiacol l c im c trng rng i vi cc nh ti tr in t v tham gia vo nhiu qu trnh sinh l, chng hn nh sinh tng hp ca lignin v ethylene, ascorbate vt POD nhy cao cho ascorbate l nh ti tr in t (Asada, Nm 1992;. Amako et al, 1994) v c c th trong vai tr sinh l ca n trong nht rc c kh nng gy hi H2O2 (Dalton v cng s, 1998) v cc gc t do (Wang, 1995).. Trong s hin din ca cht flavonoid, guaiacol POD c th tham gia nht rc H2O2 c in vivo v in vitro bng xc tc qu trnh oxy ha H2O2 ph thuc ca flavonoids. Trong phn ng POD flavonol-guaiacol, ascorbate c tim nng ti sinh flavonols bng cch gim cc sn phm oxy ha (Yamasaki v cng s, 1997.). Cc nhy cm ca POD ascorbate cht th thiol (Chen v Asada, 1992), p chloromercuriben--zoate (Amako v cng s., 1994) khc so POD guaiacol. Phc tp, ti c hnh thnh bi APX trong mt ng phn ng peroxidatic POD l cc k khng n nh v nhanh chng c chuyn n phc tp II m khng c s b sung ca mt

nn gim (Patterson et al., 1995), trong khi POD guaiacol c c trng bi n nh phc tp I. HIU QU CA peroxidase v s chn v lo ha Mt chc nng quan trng ca POD c lin quan n vai tr ca n trong hnh ng indole acetic acid oxy ha (IAA), do n tham gia trong cc quy nh tng trng (Acosta v cng s, 1986;. Grambow, 1986). Peroxidases c coi l ch s ca s chn v lo ha (Haard, 1973;

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Scott, 1975; Vamos-Vigyazo et al, 1981).. Cc cm ng ca isoenzymes POD trong lo ha etylen gy ra, l mt phn ng thng gp cy trng ca C. sativus, cc loi khc ca Cucumis v cc chi khc ca Cucurbitaceae (al Abeles v cng s, 1989.). Trong qu chn xung hang, POD v isozyme oxidase IAA c cng c vi s trng thnh ng h gressing, trong khi trong tri cy nonclimacteric, ni ethylene khng thay i ng ch trong qu trnh chn, ch c nng IAA oxidase isozyme tng, trong khi nng isoenzyme POD gim (Vamos-Vigyazo , 1981). Trong o pht trin, hai POD nh hot ng tng ng vi hai giai on ca tng cn (Flurkey v Jen, 1978). Vai tr ca POD trong suy thoi thnh t bo ca c chua c chng minh bi Araujo (1985). p dng cc POD cht bao gm IAA, NADH, KI v Na2SO3 dn n vic tng gim cn ca c chua chn m. 7-Hydroxy-2 ,2-dimethyl-2 ,3-dihydrobenzofuran c ch phn hy m. POD tng hot ng v ni dung IAA gim trong khi pht trin v senes cence-ca ci bp Trung Quc, bp ci v rau bina (Zhang v Zong, 1988). Trong con ngi i, POD hot ng gia tng cc m bt giy ln sn khu, xung hang ca s chn. Trong mt cch song song, s lng ca cc protein chit gim t preclimacteric qu chn hoc hoa gia. Thay i trong ba isozyme POD xut hin c lin quan n qu trnh chn (Marin v Cano, 1992). Cc hot ng ca POD v phyllase-chloro trong v ca qu xoi chn mu xanh l cy cng c khong mt na ca tri cy chn vng (Ketsa et al, 1999.). Thay i trong hot ng POD tng ng vi cc xung hang v bt u ca lo ha trong to "Golden Delicious" (Gorin v Heidema, 1976). Hot ng ti a POD c th cng xy ra ti "mu xanh l cy nh" v "mu xanh l cy ln" chn on ca du ty (Civello et al, 1995.). Kinetin, mt cytokinin lin quan n h hp v ethylene sn xut, tuy nhin, khng c tc dng xc tc vo POD da cantaloupe (Lamikanra v

Watson, 2000). Guaiacol POD hnh nh l lp POD chnh tham gia vo lignification ca thnh t bo, dation degra-ca IAA, sinh tng hp ca ethylene, cha lnh vt thng v chng li tc nhn gy bnh (Gazaryan v cng s, 1996; Kobayashi v cng s, 1996..).

HIU QU CA peroxidase v phn ng phng th NH MY POD c cho l quan trng trong mt lot cc phn ng bo v cy trng chng li tc nhn gy bnh. S tham gia trong c ch bo v thc vt POD c lin quan n vai tr ca n trong con ng trung gian shikimate trong tng hp ca cc axit amin thm, acid acetic indole (auxin), axit cinnamic (tin thn ca phytoalexin phenylpropanoid), coumarin v lignins (Biles v Martyn, 1993 ). enzym khc tham gia vo con ng shikimate, nh PAL, isomerase chalcone, polyphenol oxidase v dehydrogenase Shikimate, cng c kt hp vi c ch bo v thc vt hoc lo ha. POD hot ng tng nhanh hn trong kh nng chu hn so vi da chut hypoco d b-tyls sau khi tim phng vi cc tc nhn gy bnh Clasdoporium cucumerinum Ellis v Arth. (Svalheim v Robertsen, 1990) v Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. v Hals. (Hammerschmidt v Kue, 1982). Cc m hnh ca isozyme c gy ra bi nhim nm hoc thn mm khng tng t nh m hnh ca isozyme gy ra bi b thng. enzyme POD t muskmelon, da hu, da chut cm ng vi C. langenarium c tm thy l khng nguyn v electrophoretically tng t (Smith v Hammerschmidt, 1988). Tuy nhin, da trn s bt lc ca ethylene to ra sc khng, v s bt lc ca thiosulfat bc tng tnh nhy cm, Biles

et al. (1990) kt lun rng POD khng xut hin chi mt vai tr trong vic hn ch pht trin bnh, da chut trong C. lagenarium h thng, mc d hnh ng ethylene vn xut hin l cn thit cho s pht trin tn thng v lo ha. Tc nhn gy bnh v vt thng do hot ng-POD c chng minh trong tri cy v rau qu (Biles v Martyn, nm 1993; Mohan v cc cng s, 1993;. Madi v Katan, nm 1998; Mayer v Harel, 1979; Miyazawa v cng s, 1998; Moran, nm 1998; Sutha et al, 1996)... Lu tr n nh xut hin c lin quan n POD hot ng trong cc loi rau ct. Baardseth v Slinde (1980) bo co mt s tng quan gia cuc sng thi hn s dng ca cc loi rau ct v POD v catalase (CAT) hot ng. Thy in (Brassica napus L.), trong c

lu tr lu di n nh trng thi ct, c hot tnh cao ca POD v CAT lin quan n ct c rt vi POD trung v hot ng ca CAT. Hot ng ca POD v CAT tng i thp Brussels. Ngoi cc hot ng tng i ca cc enzym trong cc-bng car, Thy in cng c s tin cao nht ca axit ascorbic mi mg protein. Ascorbic acid, hot ng nh mt cht kh v cht ni sinh cc chui h hp m cung cp cho ATP, cng c th ng gp ng k vo s n nh ca Thy in ct gim. Tng cng hot ng POD cng c tng quan vi lignification, protein lin quan n pathogenisis, glycoprotein hydroxyproline giu v suberization (Biles v Martyn, 1993). POD hot ng, c bit l APX hot ng, c th l du hiu ca stress oxy ha trong m thc vt (Gueta-Dahan v cng s, 1997;. Kampfenkel et al, 1995.). hot ng POD trong du ty , da v rau dip cng ngh c ch nh ca cc cp tng i ca qu trnh xy ho trong cc sn phm ti ct (Lamikanra v Watson, 2000). Peroxidase, xc tc BROWNING Kh nng ca POD ng gp cho nu enzyme c lin quan n mi quan h ca mnh chp nhn mt lot cc nh ti tr hydro, chng hn nh polyphenol (Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997). H c th xi ha catechin (Lopez-Serrano v Ros-Bacelo, 1997), cc dn xut acid hydoxycinnamic v flavans (Robinson, nm 1991;. Nicholas et al, 1994) v flavonoid (Miller v Schreier, 1985, Richard v Nicolas, 1989, Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997). Hai c ch c th c xut cho POD xc tc cc phn ng ha nu. Mt lin quan n cc th h ca H2O2 trong qu trnh oxy ha ca mt s hp cht phenolic c s dng nh trong mt hnh ng peroxidatic bnh thng tip tc xi ha cc phenol, trong khi th hai lin quan n vic s dng cc hnh thc hp cht Quinonic nh l cht nn ca POD. C hai c ch cho thy s hin din ca enzyme polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) s tng cng POD qua trung gian cc phn ng ha nu (Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997). POD xi ha (+) catechin nng thp H2O2 thng qua s hnh thnh ca ti phc tp v phc tp II. Trong phn ng ny, (+) catechin cng l mt o diphenol-tuyt vi gim phc tp II (Lopez-Serrano v Ros-Barcelo, 1997). Peroxidase trong rau qu Apple POD hot ng tng ln vi chn ca to vi mt nh cao trong hot ng xung

quanh sn khu xung hang ca chn trong v v m bt giy (Prabha v Patwardhan, 1986; Kumar v Goswami, 1986). Hot ng cng tng ln trong thi gian lu tr atmocu kim sot (Gorin v Heidema, 1976) v dng nh trong thi gian lu tr lnh thng thng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

to, mc d cc bin th xy ra vi ging cy trng (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). Cc mu isozyme khc nhau gia cc ging cy trng v c th c s dng phn bit ging cy trng (Barnes, Nm 1993; Manganaris v Alston, 1993). Mng ty C bn isozyme im isoelectric (pI) ln hn chn chim u th trong POD mng ty. Cc phn phn on c tnh axit hn c tm thy trong cc tip gio (Quyn hn v cng s, 1984.). Ti u hot ng ca mng ty xanh POD xy ra pH 7. Cc regen enzyme-erated sau khi phi chu nhit gia 90 v 125 C trong thi gian ngn. Mng ty ti sinh t POD hot ng ti a ca n sau khi b lu tr su ngy 25 C (Rodrigo v cng s, 1996, 1997.). Cc phn c bn v c tnh axit cng tng t nh s n nh nhit, mc d cc phn nh c tnh axt l d dng hn ti sinh sau khi x l nhit 70 C (Quyn hn v cng s, 1984.). Bng cai xanh Toivonen v Sweeney (1998) chng minh tm quan trng ca bo v chng oxy ha c cung cp bi POD v superoxide dismutase (SOD) duy tr mu xanh trong bng ci xanh. POD v SOD hot ng c khong 30% cao hn trong "vnh ai xanh", mt ging cy trng c tnh nhy cm vng thp hn so vi ging cy trng d b 'Hong '. T l superoxide dismutase peroxidase hot ng cng thp hn 'Greenbelt.' POD v SOD cng tham gia vo cc peoroxy ha lipid tng cng trong mng t bo b cng thng xy ra hn hn. Vi thi gian v cng ca stress kh hn, hot ng ca SOD v POD gim trong hai ngy u, tng ln trong hai ngy qua su, sau gim xung trong nhng ngy su n tm ca stress hn hn (Yang v Yang,

1998). Khng c s khc bit trong POD, oxidase ascorbate v kt cu gia MAP bng ci xanh ng gi v nonpacked (Barth v cng s, 1993a.). Gim gi acid ascorbic, m, cht dip lc tng s v duy tr mu sc trong bng ci xanh c, tuy nhin, hn khi ng gi trong mt bu khng kh c cha CO2 8% v 10% O2. Barth et al. (1993b) quan st thp hn POD gio hot ng trong bng ci xanh ng gi bng cch s dng mt b phim na thm cao phn t v c lu tr 96 gi 20 C so vi bng ci xanh nonpackaged gio. Ascorbic acid cht dip lc, v duy tr m cng ln hn trong bng ci xanh ng gi. Mt bu khng kh O2 1,5% so vi khng kh bnh thng hot ng c ch rng buc ionically POD trong rau dip tng bng tri (Ke v Saltveit, 1989a). Bao b ca rau dip c lu tr di bu khng kh ny cng c ch ethylene v h hp, gy ra ethylene pht trin ti ch nu v PAL v indoleacetic acid (IAA) hot ng, v n lm gim hm lng phenolic tan trong rau. Tip xc vi m rau dip CO2 tng cao ionically rng buc POD khng ha tan v ionically rng buc hot ng oxidase IAA nhng gim hot ng ha tan oxidase IAA (Ke v Saltveit, 1989b). Vic s dng mt cm bin sinh hc ethanol di kim tra bao gm cc chromatogen mt v c nh enzym (POD v ru oxidase) pht hin nhng thay i cht lng khng kh trong bao b khng ng thit k chnh sa m kt qu mc O2 thp gy tn hi hoc li dng nhit c bo co Smyth et al. (1999). Cc cm bin sinh hc c hiu qu trong pht hin thng tch thp O2 MAP mu ca bng ci xanh ct, sp l, rau dip v cc gi ci bp bm nh.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

C rt S i mu trn b mt c rt ct xy ra ng thi vi mc tng ca phenolics ha tan, POD lignin, lyase amoniac phenylalanine (PAL) v syrin-galdazine oxidase (SOX) hot ng theo thi gian. Hi nc iu tr v stor tip theo tui ti 2 C lm chm s i mu b mt bng cch c ch s trao i cht phenylpropanoid. Ha tan phenolic v isocoumarin sn xut, hnh thnh lignin b c ch, v POD, PAL v SOX b bt hot trong c rt ct c iu tr (al Howard v cng s, 1994.). Trong mt nghin cu xc nh nhng tc ng ca mt ethylene hp th v lu tr 2 C vo s i mu b mt v nhng thay i phenolic trong MAP c rt, lignin hnh cng xy ra v tng ng vi s pht trin ca s i mu trng trong lu tr. Ct kch thch PAL v POD hot

ng, v c cc hot ng enzyme vn tng cao trong thi gian lu tr (Howard v Griffin, 1993). Da chut Ant POD isozyme t qu da chut thay i nhiu trong cht nn c trng ca h, nhng u tin phn ng vi cc amin thm (Miller et al, 1990.). Trong rau bina, s xung cp ca cht dip lc xut hin c iu chnh thng qua con ng peroxidase-hydro peroxide, m m vng porphyrin, do to nn mt hp cht khng mu (Yamauchi v Watada, 1991). An isozyme anion trong bp ci vi mt im isoelectric (pI) ca 3,7 v tng i n nh nhit, trong khi mt isozyme cation, pI 9,9, c d dng hn bt hot bi nhit (McLellan v Robinson, 1987b). Nhit thp lm gim hot ng lu tr nu v PAL nhng khng c hiu lc t ngy POD hot ng trong ci bp bm nh (Takahashi v cng s, 1996.). Mango Mt s isozyme POD c trch ra t xoi. Khan v Robinson (1994) bo co bn POD isozyme-anion hai v cc cation hai khc. Cc isozyme anion c trng lng phn t cao hn l 40 v kDa 44, tng ng, so vi isozyme cation vi trng lng phn t ca 22 v kDa 27 (Khan v Robinson, 1994). Marin v Cano (1992) tm thy ba isoenzymes ca POD trong chit xut t xoi 'Smith' m di chuyn v pha cc dng pH 8.3. Cc mu isoen-zyme ca POD ca cht chit xut t xoi 'Lippens' ng k khc nhau, hin th-ing bn bng tn di chuyn nhanh hn ngoi ba ban nhc c trng ca tri cy xoi 'Smith ". Pulp POD hot ng tng vi mc chn trong xoi (Marin Cano v nm 1992; Prabha v Patwardhan, 1986). Da gang Da hot ng da POD xut hin ph hp vi iu ca peroxidase ascorbate da trn cc cht c ch ascorbate khi guaiacol c s dng lm cht nn v c ch bi mercaptoethanol-, L-cysteine v p-chloromercuribenzoate (Lamikanra v Watson, 2000, 2001). Nhit hot ng ti u cho enzyme da cantaloupe l 50-55 C. Cc enzyme c n nh nhit di 40 C v 50 C cho n 10 pht. Trn 90% tng s hot ng b mt 80 C trong vng 5 pht. Cc Optima pH rng, 5,5-7,5 50 C v 6-7 30 C, l du hiu ca s hin din

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

ca nhiu hn mt isozyme POD trong tri cy (Lamikanra v Watson, 2000). Hai bn in di POD bng vi trng lng phn t xp x 240 v 170 kDa, tng ng, bao gm su tiu n v c tnh axit (pI 5,1-6,1) c mt ti da (Lamikanra v Watson, 2001). POD hot ng trong cantaloupe ct gim l inhib-ited bi acid ascorbic. Hiu qu c ch xut hin c lin quan n mt phc tp ascorbatePOD trung gian. Cc ascorbate-POD trin lm c tnh chng oxy ha c lin quan n du vt ng yu t ion kim loi. iu ny tng cng chng oxy ha bo v ti sn carotene v ko di thi hn s dng sn phm. Honeydew da hu v POD trin lm cc hot ng ti u khong pH 7 v 6.5, tng ng. Trong khi trc y hot ng ti a ca n 50 C, POD trong da hu l tng i n nh nhit cao hn so vi da ngt, da v qu kiwi, v c nhit hot ng ti u trong khong 70 C (Lamikanra v Watson, cha xut bn). Da cam Da cam c cha mt POD tim n, m xc tc qu trnh oxy ha ca mt s tri cy ca ++ thnh phn cu to ca H2O2. Mn c yu cu cho cc hot ng ca POD nh oxidase mt vi O2 (Bruemmer v cng s, 1976.). Trong h thng H2O2 peroxidase, cc constit phn ng nht hp cht axit ascorbic uent c, caffeic v gentisic. Quercetin l tr trong kho nghim ny, khng ging nh POD t mt s loi tri cy v rau qu (Hemeda v Klein, ++ 1991). Trong O2 v Mn h thng, acid ascorbic v catechol v p-phenylene

diamine tr. Trong nc cam, tuy nhin, POD hot ng l rt thp, apparently v ni dung H2O2 thp ca qu (Bruemmer v cng s, 1976.). Cation v anion POD vi cc gi tr khc nhau, pI gia 4.5 v 9.0 v trng lng phn t 22-44 kDa cng c phn lp t cam (Clemente, 1998). ao POD hot ng thay i vi ba giai on pht trin trong o. Cc hot ng POD ha tan l cao nht trong mesocarp v exocarp giai on II, v thay i isoenzymatic trong nhng m ny tng ng vi qu trnh chuyn i t isoenzymes cation, ch yu giai on I, n isoenzymes anion giai on III. Cc hot ng peroxidase ionically rng buc trong nhng m ny l cao nht giai on I (Sanchez-Roldan et al., 1990). Cc v qu trong cc drupes tr thnh lignified, trong khi mesocarp vn mnh-enchymatous vi pht trin cy n qu. Axit POD t v qu trong lignifying cng tng t nh ca mesocarp nhiu tht. v qu trong c mt s lng ln hn v s POD c bn hn so vi mesocarp (Abeles v Biles, 1991). L S nh hng ca ngy thu hoch v s xut hin ca chng ri lon sinh l trong qu l c th lin quan n cc h thng nonenzymic v enzym chu trch nhim v d ha ca cc loi oxy hot ng. L (cv. 'Hi ngh') thu hoch by ngy sau khi thi gian l tng cho thu hoch thng mi duy tr mt hot ng POD i lin quan n nhng thu hoch v thi gian, nhng APX tng 2,5 ln. Concommitantly, hot ng ca SOD v CAT gim khong gp nm ln v gp i, tng ng, khi tri cy c

chn trng thnh hn, cho thy mt tim nng cao hn cho s tch t cc c t bo O2-v HO, tng ng (Lentheric et al, 1999.). POD hot ng khng u dis22 tributed trong tht ca ging qu l, v mc khng ng nht khc mi cy trng (Vamos-Vigyazo v Nadudvari-Markus, 1982). Ni a ha ca POD vo phn ht di ng c kt hp vi pht trin sclereid. Khong dinh dng trong qu su sc c th thay i s trao i cht lignin bi nh hng n ization, a phng v, do , vic kim sot trao i cht ca POD (Ranadive v Haard, 1972). POD mu isozyme trong qu l c trng c th, v iu ny c th c s dng quan n vic xc

varietal-identi (Santamour v Demuth, 1980; Hudina et al, 1996.). Pear POD ang tch cc tham gia vo phn ng enzym nu ca n (Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997), mc d mc POD khng th c s dng nh mt ch bo ca mu nu tim nng (Vamos-Vigyazo v Nadudvari-Markus, 1982;. Zhang v cng s, 1994). Du Du qu hot ng gim ng k POD vi chn hoa qu, v enzyme c tm thy ch yu dng mng kt (Civello et al, 1995.). enzyme ny cho thy s n nh thp nhit, v hot ng ca enzym ti a xy ra 30 C v pH 6.0. Hai isozyme POD c bn ca khi lng phn t 58,1 v 65,5 kDa c pht hin ti cc k hn khc nhau ca cc loi qu bi Civello et al. (1995). Lopez-Serrano v Ros-Barcelo (1995, 1996, 1997), tuy nhin, tm thy mt isozyme POD c bn ca isoelectric im cao trong qu du ty chn qu trnh, l thnh phn duy nht ca tnh a hnh POD trong ton b tri cy. isozyme ny c kh nng oxy ha phenol ch c s hin din ca H2O2 v thiu cresolase, catecholase v cc hot ng lacaza. Zucchini Squash Thun ha nhit lnh trong qun th c tham gia vo cc hot ng ca POD, cng vi mt s enzyme nht rc gc t do. S pht trin ca cc triu chng tn thng lnh zucchini b (Cucurbita pepo L.) c lu gi ti 5 C b tr hon bi preconditioning cc tri cy nhit 15 C trong hai ngy (Wang, 1995). Nhit iu tr preconditioning n p gia tng hot ng peroxidase v gim s suy gim ca hot ng CAT trong b trong thi gian lu tr tip theo 5 C. SOD hot ng cng vn cn cao hn trong iu kin nhit b hn trong bng qun khng c iu tr trong lu tr. Cc hot ng ca reductase ascorbate gc t do, peroxidase ascorbate v reductase dehydroascorbate ban u sau khi lu tr tng t bn n tm ngy v gim xung sau kim sot v tri cy precondi-tioned, nhng hot ng enzyme tng ln n mt mc ln hn v vn cao hn trong tri cy preconditioned hn trong iu khin (Wang, 1996). Tri cy v rau khc isozyme POD trong c rt, c chua, qu kiwi, sp l, u xanh v ci nga c bao gm ba v su isozyme, tng ng trong c rt (36-70 kDa) v c chua (38-62 kDa), mt trong sp l (70 kDa), hai trong qu Kiwi (45-43 kDa) v mt lot cc isozyme (36-120

kDa) trong ci nga (Prestamo v Manzano, 1993). Ascorbic acid c ch hot ng POD trong chit xut. Polyphenol oxidase xut hin v pht Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) l bao gm mt nhm cc enzyme protein phc tp ng xc tc qu trnh oxy ha ca cc hp cht phenolic sn xut sc t mu nu ct hoc b h hng b mt ca tri cy v rau qu. thc vt, PPO ch yu l nm trong lp lc mng thylakoid (Sherman v cng s, 1991;. Hind et al. 1995) v c th tn ti trong trng thi hot ng hoc trng thi n (Mayer v Harel, 1979). Cc tin cht protein ca enzyme c cha cc trnh t nhm mc tiu cn thit nhp khu vo lp lc v a vo trong mng thylakoid (Sommer v cng s, 1994.). Lax v Cary (1995) bo co rng PPO c tng hp nh protein tin thn c mt chui qu cnh vn chuyn vo lc lp, nhng c v thiu t cho c th nhm mc tiu vo cc mng thylakoid. S phn b ca PPO trong cc phn khc nhau ca tri cy v rau qu cng nh t l ca cc enzym ht rng buc v ha tan vi k hn khc nhau ng k. Bo co v s phn b ca PPO trong to, v d, c v khng ph hp. Mc d hin din trong tt c cc phn ca qu, mt s bo co (Harel v cng s, 1964;.. Stelzig et al, 1972) ch ra mc ng k cao hn trong v hn l trong tht, trong khi nhng ngi khc (Klein, 1987;. Janovitz et al, 1989) c tm thy PPO cao hn trong v no hn so vi v. Murata et al. (1993) chng minh rng cc enzyme PPO trong nm ch yu l ging to a ho gn li v arily th hai gn da. Trong qu trnh chn, nng ca ht enzym gim vi s xut hin ng thi ca mt phn ha tan. Trong qu to chn, ni khng bo chim hu ht cc t bo, PPO c pht hin immunochemi-Cally gn thnh t bo c s dng cc khng th chng to PPO. Trong cc t bo ca tri cy cha trng thnh v nui cy m, PPO c pht hin trong cc bo quan khc vi cc khng bo, c l trong plastid (Murata v cng s, 1997.). Lm r cc loi nc p t qu l c thc tin, khng c cc hot ng tically PPO, v PPO hot ng vn gn nh hon ton vo bt giy (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). Trong l xanh, PPO l ch yu nm ccchlo roplasts (Golbeck v Cammarata, 1981; Chazarra et al, 1999.).

Polyphenol oxidase trung gian BROWNING PHN NG PPO hnh ng thng kt qu trong vic hnh thnh cc quinon d phn ng sau c th phn ng vi cc nhm amin v sulfhydryl ca protein v enzym cng nh vi cc cht nn khc, chng hn nh cc dn xut axit chlorogenic v flavonoid (catechin, anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanidins, flavonols v cc dn xut acid cinnamic ). Nhng phn ng ph c th mang li nhng thay i v c tnh vt l, ha hc v dinh dng

v cng c th nh hng n cc c tnh cm quan ca tri cy v rau qu. Quinon cng gp phn vo s hnh thnh sc t mu nu bng cch tham gia trong cc phn ng trng hp v ngng t vi cc protein (Shahidi v Naczk nm 1995; Mayer v Harel, 1979; Mathew v Parpia, 1971; Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). enzyme PPO c phn loi da trn c trng b mt. Chng bao gm monophenol monooxygenase, cresolase hoc tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), diphenol oxi-dase, catechol oxidase hay diphenol oxy oxireductase (EC 1.10.3.2) v lacaza hoc p-diphenol oxy oxireductase (EC 1.10.3.1). Hnh thnh cc o-quinon t monophenols, v d, tin thu c bng cch monophenolase (creolase) xc tc hydroxy o-diphenols tip theo diphenolase (catecholase) xc tc oxi-dation ca o-phenol oquinon (Hnh 6.2). BH2 l vit tt ca mt pound o-diphenolic-com. Cc hot ng u tin cho thy mt khong thi gian tr (Chazarra v cng s, 1999;. Perez-Gilabert v Garcia-Carmona, 2000) c gii thch bi c tnh n cc bc chem-ical ca tyrosinase hnh ng l cn thit sn xut-o diphenol (Cabanes et al., 1987), trong khi cc hot ng catecholase cho thy khng c hin tng chuyn i chm (PerezGilabert v Garcia-Carmona, 2000). Ty thuc vo cc phenol, o-quinon cng cho thy s khc bit rt ln trong s n nh, v cng mu khc nhau t mt trong nhng phenol n khc (Lee v Jaworski, nm 1988;. Rouet-Mayer v cng s, 1990). Hnh ng ca PPO trn cht nn c kt qu trong gim hot ng, mt s mt mt ca ng t cc trang web hot ng ca PPO, v sa i ca mt hoc nhiu d lng histidine rng ligand ng (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995). o, l, chui PPO khng c hot ng creolase (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995). -Quinones cng c th ng gp vo suy thoi PPO tng tc ca anthocyanins thnh cc sn phm khng mu. Cc c ch degra-dation lin quan n vic PPO v catechol trong mt qu trnh tun t (hnh 6.3). C tm anthocyanins, v d, ang nhanh chng xung cp do phenolases s c mt ca catechin v axit chlorogenic (Sakamura et al, 1966.). PPO chit xut t qu du ty v catechin-D vi nhau cng gy ra mt 50-60% trong cc sc t anthocyanin sau 24 gi nhit phng (Wesche-Ebeling v Montgomery, 1990).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

B thng v gy ra cc hot ng sn xut ethylene PAL r rng bi cc c ch ring bit (Abeles v cng s, 1992;. Lopez-Galvez v cng s, 1996;. Hyodo v Fujinami, Nm 1989; K v Saltveit, 1989a). PAL l enzyme xc tc cam kt u tin v bc hn

ch tc , s trao i cht phenylpropanoid trong sn xut cht xc tc phenolase oxidizable (Ke v Saltviet, 1989a; Martinez v Whitaker, 1995). PPO c kch hot nh l mt kt qu ca s ri lon ca t bo v ton vn khi ni dung ca cc plasid v khng bo c trn ln. Gy thng tch cho r rng u tin gy ra s gia tng hot ng PAL, v do , s gia tng cht oxidizable.

HIU QU CA polyphenol oxidase v thc vt v c ch M Active PPO xut hin c mt trong tt c cc sinh vt quang hp v thc hin mt s chc nng cn thit trong cc nh my, bao gm c ngn chn cc loi cn trng v nm gy bnh (Manibhushanrao v cng s, 1988;. Hoagland, nm 1990; Sherman v cng s, 1995.). Cc downregulation antisense kt qu biu hin thanh lp v gy ra PPO trong tibility-hypersuscep vi mm bnh trong c chua, cho thy vai tr quan trng cho qu trnh oxy ha phenol PPO trung gian trong vic bo v cy trng (Thipyapong v Steffens, 1997). Tng cng cc hot ng ca PPO, POD, LOX, chitinase v alphaglucosidase cng c pht hin trong l da chut trong vng ln cn ca cc tn thng gy ra bi cc mm bnh hoc ng dng pht pht (Avdiushko v cng s, 1993b.). Bng chng v s tham gia PPO trong rn e ca patho-Gens trong tri cy v rau qu khc bao gm to (Sharma v Kaul, 1996), nm phng (Jolivet v cng s, 1998.), Ht tiu v c tm (Ouf et al, 1998.).

S c ch trung gian polyphenol oxidase PHN NG BROWNING ng k cc nghin cu v cc iu kin theo PPO hnh ng ny l c ch hoc chm pht trin trong cc h thng thc phm v trn cc hp cht c tc dng inhibitive v hot ng PPO c thc hin. Cht c ch nu PPO xc tc c th hot ng bng cch kt hp cc ng phn ng. Mt s hp cht ngn nga melanosis bi hnh ng gim trc tip trn PPO (Kahn v Andrawis, 1986; Sayavedra-Soto v Mongomery, 1986), bng cch gim o-quinon diphenols (nguyn Golan-Goldhirsh v Whitaker, 1984, Richard-Qun et al, 1992) hoc Cu2 + cho Cu + (al Hsu v cng s, 1988) do s tng tc vi s hnh thnh ca cc sn phm o-quinone.. (Embs v Markakis, 1965; Sanchez-Ferrer et al. 1989) hoc bng cch gim s hp thu ca O2 cho phn ng (Embs v Markakis, 1965;. Chen v cng s, 1991a). Mt s thuc c ch phn ng xc tc PPO c th hot ng bi nhiu hn mt c ch. Thiol hp cht, v d, c th hot ng bng cch gim Cu2

PPO trang web hot ng + cho Cu + l d dng hn mt t PPO (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995), nhng hnh ng c ch trc tip trn PPO (Dudley v Hotchkiss, nm 1989; Robert et al, 1996. ), gim quinone-o (Kahn, 1985; Richard-Qun et al, 1992) hoc bng cch to phc vi quinon hnh thnh cc hp cht khng mu (Richard et al, 1991;.. Richard-Qun et al, 1992).. Ascor-giam bt hnh vi nh mt tc nhn lm gim t hiu qu hn cysteine (Janovitz-Klapp et al., 1990) v chuyn i o-quinon tr li tng ng o ca h-diphenols. N cng bt hot PPO trc tip, v trong s hin din ca cc mc thp ca ng, aerobically c th ph hy d lng histidine ca PPO, gii phng ng bng mt c ch gc t do (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995). Sodium erythorbate cho thy khng c tc dng c ch PPO, nhng n phng chng nu l do gim quinon hnh thnh trong phn ng enzym tr li cc hp cht phenolic gc (Gopalan v cng s, 1999.). Benzoic acid, kojic acid [5-hydroxy-2(hydroxymethyl)--pyrone] axit v cacboxylic cinnamic ca lot cng c chng minh cho thy tc dng c ch PPO trong tri cy v rau qu (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981; Chen et s, 1991b).. Hiu qu c ch canxi xut hin c lin quan n vic bo tn cu trc mem-brane hoc c ch trc tip ca PPO. Thn mu nu trong rau dip c th c gim bng cch ra gc a vi cc gii php clorua canxi l 0,3 M, 0.1 mM 2,4 -. Acid dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) hoc M 0,5 acetic acid (Thomas-Barberan et al, 1997). Canxi cng gy ra s st gim 60% trong hot ng PAL nhng khng c nh hng ng k v s tch t ca cc hp cht phenolic. Khng ging nh acid acetic m khng th phc hi c ch hot ng PAL, 2,4-D c mt s c ch 60%. N cng c tc dng inhibitive v sinh tng hp cc hp cht phenolic. Mt hn hp gim v dung dch axt acetic cng c th c s dng ngn nga s i mu mng rau dip (Castaner et al., 1996). Cysteine, resorcinol, EDTA v axt citric cng c hiu qu trong cng tc phng chng rau dip nu trong lu tr. Kahn (1985) th hin s bt lc ca thy phn casein v albumin huyt thanh b c ch nm (Agaricus bisporus) hot ng PPO. L-Lysine, glycine, L-histidine v Lphenylalanine ( tng hiu qu) c ch activ-ITY ln n 60%; L-cysteine l 0.4 mM c ch hon ton. Glycine, diglycine v triglycine (theo th t tng) c hiu qu trong vic gim mc cui cng ca melanin mu c hnh thnh bi cc hnh ng ca PPO nm trn dehydroxyphenylalanine. iu tr nm vi hexylresorcinol-4 c bo co to ra s i mu ca nm-phng. S kt hp ca 4,5 erythorbate natri%, 0,1% cysteine HCl v 100 ppm EDTA, iu chnh pH 5.5, c kh hiu qu trong vic ngn nga nu (Sapers et al.,

1995). Monophenolase v cc hot ng diphenolase ca PPO nm l c ch bi agaritine [-N-(-L (+)-glutamyl)-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine]. Hiu qu c ch l khng nhiu nh tropolone nhng l tng ng vi cc acid L-mimosine v benzoic, v mnh hn axit azeliac (Cabanes et al, 1996.). Agaritine, mt hp cht phong ph v c trng t cc chi Agaricus cng loi b cc enzyme to ra o-quinon. N nh vy c th c cho rng agaritine ng mt vai tr trong c th trong quy ch ni sinh ca hot ng PPO nm v nng o-quinone (Espin v cng s, 1998a.). Sau y l mt nh gi gn y (Beaulieu v Gorny, 2002) v hiu qu ca mt s hp cht chng nu trn tri cy ti ct. Ascorbic acid c tm thy c hiu qu hn trong vic ngn nga acid erythorbic b mt mu nu trong 'Winesap' v 'Red Delicious' to cm c lu tr 24 gi nhit phng, v 1% acid citric nng cao hiu qu ca h (Sapers v Zoilkowski, 1987). Browning hn ch hiu qu trong lu tr (4,4 C) chn khng ng gi lt carambola c iu tr bng 1 hoc 2,5% acid citric cng vi 0,25% acid ascorbic (Weller v cng s, 1997.). Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate v ascorbic acid phng php iu tr-2-triphosphate cng gim nu trong phch cm to "Red Delicious 'trong 24 gi nhit phng (Sapers et al., 1989). to 'Fuji' lt iu tr bng 2% acid ascorbic khng c mu nu ng k hoc mt cht lng hnh nh cho n 15 ngy, khi bo qun 10 C trong O2 0,25 kPa (Gil v cng s, 1998.). Canxi, kt hp vi acid ascorbic (c hai thng p dng nh chm 1%), c hiu qu cao trong vic ngn nga s i mu ca qu to ti ct

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

(Ponting et al, 1972.) V l (Gorny v cng s, 1998;. Rosen v Kader, 1989). Browning chm trong hi 'Bartlett' di chn v 'd'Anjou' l c iu tr bng erythorbate natri, CaCl2 v 4-hexylresorcinol sau 14 ngy k t ngy lu tr 4 C, tuy nhin, ti ct 'Bosc' qu l v nhiu b khng phn bit mu nu-inhib itor iu tr (Sapers v Miller, 1998). Mt nhng sau ct vi 0,01% 4-hexylre-sorcinol, acid ascorbic 0,5% v 1% canxi lactate m rng thm cuc sng ca 'Anjou, 'Bartlett v qu l' Bosc 'lt cho 15 n 30 ngy (Dong v cng s, 2000.). to "Red Delicious 'lt iu tr bng mt dip chng nu kt hp (4-hexylresorcinol, isoascor-BIC acid, N acetylcystein v calcium propionate) v c t chc ti 5 C duy tr cht lng hnh nh trong nm tun, nhng vi sinh vt phn hy l hin nhin sau khi bn tun (Buta et al.,

1999). Phn tch ca cc axit hu c v cc loi ng chnh cho thy rng cc slices c iu tr vi cc kt hp ca cc hp cht chng nu gi li cp cao hn ca axit malic v khng c s suy gim lng ng trong lc 5 v 10 C, ch ra rng cht lng cao c duy tr trong thi gian lu tr. Browning gim ng k ti ct lt chui x l bng axt citric (0,5 M) v N-acetylcysteine (0,05 M) c lu tr ti 5 C hoc 15 C trong vng by ngy, v khng c su vi sinh vt c quan st trong by ngy lu tr (Moline et al, 1999.). Mt s kt hp ca geenan-Jerzy Dudek 0,5% v 0,5% acid citric cng c ch nu trong lu ct nh 'Granny Smith' v to 'Red Delicious' cho 7-9 ngy ti 3 C (Tng v Hicks, 1991). Khi cysteine c s dng nh mt cht c ch enzym nu trn qu to ct lt (Walker v c mu, 1964) hay qu l (Sapers v Miller, 1998), hng nht, off-mu com-pao c hnh thnh do phenol ti sinh vi s hnh thnh mu sc su ( Richard-Qun et al, 1992).. Nu hnh off-mu sc c th c ngn chn, cysteine c th chng minh l mt thay th hiu qu bisulfites, bi v cysteine l mt axit amin t nhin c GRAS tnh trng s dng nh l mt iu bt (M s ca Lin bang Regu-lations 21:184.1271 v 21 : 184,1272). Browning c gim xung ch mt ngy 0 C trong "Golden Delicious" qu to ti ct c iu tr bng cysteine 0,1% (Nicoli et al., 1994). Thiu hiu qu ca vic iu tr cysteine l do qu trnh oxy ha trong cc gi v c c th do nng thp c p dng. Gn y, Gorny et al. (2000) bo co rng mt dip sau ct (pH 7) ca axt ascorbic 2%, canxi 1% lactate, cng vi 0,5% (w / v) cysteine ng k ko di thi hn s dng ca cc lt qu l 'Bartlett "bi mt c ch ca cng slice v ngn nga ct b mt mu nu. Ngi tiu dng khng th phn bit gia cc lt qu l c iu tr bng cc gii php bo qun v kim sot lt qu l. Sau 10 ngy k t ngy lu tr trong khng kh 0 C, 82% ngi tiu dng nh gi iu tr lt qu l c chp nhn trong xut hin, v 70% nh gi hng v c chp nhn. Khi s dng kt hp vi acid ascorbic, 4 hexylresorcinol- c bo co l mt cht c ch rt hiu qu ca mt ct nu trn nhiu loi tri cy ti ct, bao gm c to v l c bit (Dong v cng s, 2000;. Luo v Barbosa-Cnovas, 1996, 1997; Moline v cng s, 1999;.. Monslave-Gonzalez v cng s, 1993; Sapers v Miller, 1998). Gia 1 v ppm 7 / hexylresorcinol d-4 l cn thit ngn chn nu trn qu l ti lt ct, lu tr ln n 14 ngy 2-5 C (ng et al, 2000.). Mc d hexylresorcinol-4 c hiu qu trong vic ngn nga mt ct lt qu l mu nu trong sch-ct, n khng phi l hin ang xem xt GRAS ca FDA v c th khng hin ang c s dng thng mi trn cc sn phm tri cy ti ct. Tuy nhin, 4hexylresorcinol cng c th truyn t mt off-hng v khng th chp nhn cc sn

phm tri cy.

Polyphenol oxidase trong rau qu Apple Hydroxycinnamic dn xut acid (caffeoyl, coumaroyl v feruloyl) l nhng phenolics quan trng nht trong cc ging to vo ngy o hn (Amiot et al, 1992.). Apple qu c c trng bi mt u th ca axit chlorogenic hoc axit 5'caffeoylquinic. Flavan-3ols (catechin v procyanidins) l quan trng th hai. S tin tng i ca cc hp cht ny c tng quan vi PPO gy ra mu nu-ing trong to (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981;. Amiot et al, 1992). Cc hp cht phenolic v polyphenol oxidase (PPO) hot ng trong cc loi tri cy ca 11 ging to, trc v sau khi bm tm, cho thy mc ca mu nu lin quan cht ch vi s lng phenol (cht dn xut hydroxycinnamic v flavan-3ols) b xung cp. Trng thnh dng nh khng nh hng ng k s pht trin ca mu nu (Amiot et al., 1992). Prabha v Patwardhan (1986), tuy nhin, lu rng trong qu trnh chn, PPO lm tng hot ng trong cc m v nhng gim trong tht qu. Barrett et al. (1991) bo co rng nhng thay i v tr subcellular ca PPO xy ra trong thi gian lu tr kh quyn kim sot (CA) ca to 'ngon'. Nhng thay i xy ra sm hn nhng qu to c lu tr trong iu kin CO2 cao (2,5-6% O2, 8-12% CO2) hn so vi bnh thng c lu tr di iu kin CA (2% O2, 3% CO2). PPO cc phn phn on thu c bng cch ly tm mc 4000 g v 100.000 g gim, trong khi ha tan v 200 g phn s tng ln vi lu tr. m hnh isozyme ca PPO cng a dng trong cc phn phn on khc nhau subcellular. Da chut PPO hot ng trong qu da chut ch hin din trong da, khng ging nh hot ng POD ca tri cy ch n l hin ti trong da v xc tht, mc d POD hot ng cao hn trong da. C hai enzym trong Optima da chut pH trin lm gn 7,0 nhng cuc trin lm Optima nhit khc nhau v thermostabilities (Miller v cng s, 1990.). PPO hot ng tng quan vi kh nng chng nm mc mai (Yun et al, 1995.) V Pseudoperono-spora cubensis trong da chut (Li et al., 1991).

Rau dip Ethylene PAL gy ra hot ng l mt yu t d bo tt p ca cuc sng ti ct lu tr rau dip (Couture v cng s, 1993.). PPO enzyme trong rau dip vi mt trng lng phn t khong 56 kDa nhanh chng b xi ha axit chlorogenic (5-caffeoyl quinic acid) v (-) - epicatechin. PH ti u ca chlorogenic acid oxidase v (-) cc hot ng oxidaseepicatechin c 4,5 v 7,8, tng ng, v c hai hot ng c n nh trong khong pH 6-8 ti 5 C trong 20 gi (Fujita et al, 1991.). Heimdal et al. (1994), tuy nhin, thy rng PPO quang trong cc m v mch mu ca rau dip c trng lng phn t c ngun gc khong 150 v 136 kDa, tng ng. Cc enzyme trong cc m mch mu v quang trong rau dip c phn loi nh l mt 1,2-benzenediol: oxidoreductase oxy (EC 1.10.3.1). Ngoi ra, hai ban nhc PPO-hot ng (40 v kDa 46), c th tiu n v ca enzym, c tm thy trong cc m c mch ch. im isoelectric cho PPO rau dip l 3.6. PPO gy ra mu nu ca rau dip c th tng quan

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

vi ni dung phenolic ha tan (Ke v Saltveit, 1989b). Cc m quang c mt ni dung cao hn phenolic hn m midrib. i vi c hai loi t bo, tng hot ng PPO xy ra trong lu tr. Cc m quang trong rau dip, tuy nhin, dng nh thch nghi tt hn cho ti ct ch bin (Castaner et al, 1999.). Kim sot kh quyn c cha khng kh + CO2 11% gy ra tn thng m v hot ng gy ra PAL trong m tng bng midrib rau dip. Thng tch triu chng bao gm vt mu nu (mu nu ca m biu b) v chm m khu vc biu b (pitting) mt vi mm ng knh. R xy ra trong mi trng CO2 cao ti 5 C khng tng trong ni dung phenolic, nhng mu nu khng pht trin cho n khi m c chuyn giao cho khng kh 25 C. Rau dip m tip xc vi 1,5% ca O2 + 11% CO2 gim hot ng PAL v ha tan thp hn hm lng phenolic hn so vi rau dip tip xc vi khng kh + CO2 11% (Ke v Saltveit, 1989b). Cc PPO c ch hot ng nh ca O2 thp xut hin c lin quan n s c ch ca hnh ng ethylene, tip vin tc ng trn s trao i cht phenolic v cc hot ng oxidase IAA (Ke v Saltveit, 1989a). Mt mi trng CO2 cao c ch hot ng cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase trong rau dip, c l do c ch sn xut ca cc hp cht phenolic (Siriphanich v Kader, 1985). Tuy nhin, tnh nhy cm vi CO2 thng tch khc nhau vi cy trng. 'Climax' rau dip trng by cc

triu chng tn thng nghim trng hn CO2 hn 'Salinas' v 'Winterhaven' ging (Siriphanich v Kader, 1986). Trung bnh chn khng ng gi (MVP) trong 80 m polyethylene c ch enzym nu trn lu tr 10 ngy ti 5 C. Khi ng gi trong 80 O2%, CO2 20% (80/20), nhiu mu nu xy ra SL3-ti (59 m nhiu lp p n ng b phim) hn trong cc ti polyethylene. Ascorbic acid ni sinh khng hiu qu nh l mt cht chng oxy ha trong vic tr hon nu (Heimdal et al, 1995.). Cc sinh l ban u cc thuc tnh ca tm ging rau dip ('Calmar', 'El Toro,' 'bin xanh', 'Thi Bnh Dng,' 'Monterey,' 'Salinas 88,' 'Salinas 86-13,' v 'Nerone') v ba giai on trng thnh (cha trng thnh, trng thnh v overmature) khng tng quan vi cht lng lu tr khi ch bin rau dip c gi trong khng kh hoc khng kh cng vi ethylene cho 1-4 ngy trc khi khng kh lu tr ti 2,5-20 C. Tuy nhin, ethylene gy ra PPO v PAL hot ng v cng ng k nu corre-lated vi cht lng hnh nh cui cng ca rau dip ethylene c iu tr ti thiu x l, sau 6-10 ngy k t ngy lu tr (Couture v cng s, 1993.).

Mango C v nh bo tr cht lng ca xoi ti, ct gim nhiu hn lin quan n s kt hp c bit ca cc cht chng nu hn l to ra bu khng kh thay i bn trong gi. S kt hp ca cc cht chng nu kt qu trong mt gim suy thoi nu v xoi ti ct c lu tr 10 C v c nhiu hiu qu hn so vi nhng ng dng ring (GonzalezAguilar v cng s, 2000.). Phng php iu tr c cha 4-hexylresorcinol v kali sorbat, hoc acid D-isoascorbic gim thay i mu sc v vi khun pht trin v khng nh hng n c tnh cm quan ca xoi ti ct.

Nm Nm c th mu nu enzyme nng trong x l v lu tr v c th khng p ng tt vi iu tr bng thuc c ch chm nu. Ra v

p dng cc th trng yu lm tng thm mau hng, ch yu l do kt qu ca s hp th

nc trong thi gian iu tr m tng mt mi trng ni b thun li cho vi khun pht trin (Sapers et al, 1995.). Tng mu nu ca nm nhit lu tr cao hn cng xy ra do nh hng trc tip ca nhit hot ng ca enzym. Catechol oxidase hot ng trong nm nt 15 C l gn nh gp i ti 10 v 5 C (Rai v cng s, 1989.). Cc m da c tyrosinase hot ng ln hn v nng protein cao hn v phenol hn so vi cc m tht (Burton v cng s, 1993.).

Da gang Lamikanra v Watson (2001) xc nh rng ni dung PPO cc da cantaloupe b tng i yu so vi nhng ngi trong to v rau dip. Ca tri cy ni dung ca cc hp cht phenolic oxidizable cng khng ng k. iu ny gii thch vic thiu phn ng ng k nu trong da cantaloupe ct (Lamikanra et al, 2000.).

L pH ti u cho PPO bo co t nhiu l 4,3-7,0 (et al Espin nm 1997;. Saddiq v cng s, 1994;. Zhou v Feng, nm 1991; Haruta v cng s, 1999.). enzyme ny cho thy hot ng monophenolase (Espin et al, 1997.), v s hin din ca PPO ht rng buc trong qu l c chng minh bng cc mu nu gim trong lc v ly tm cc loi nc p qu l (Sapers, 1992). Bc sut-hn ch trong c ch phn ng monophenolase trong qu l v to dng nh l mt cuc tn cng i lc ht nhn ca nguyn t oxy thuc nhm hydroxyl nguyn t cacbon v tr-4 trn cc nguyn t ng ca trang web hot ng ca enzyme (Espin et s, 1998b).. Catechol, 4-methyl catechol v dopamine l PPO l cht tt, nhng monohydroxy cht cho thy khng c hot ng (Siddiq v cng s, 1994.). enzyme ny c th c kho nghim mt phng php specto-trc quang lin tc bng cch s dng p-hydroxyphenyl axt prpionic (PHPPA) vi 3-methyl2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) (Espin et al, 1997.). Tht mu nu gy ra bi iu tr CO2 c cht ch lin quan ti PPO v PAL hot ng trong qu l 'Niitaka' (Park, 1999). PPO, PAL v 4 hydroxylase cinnamate-(CA4H) hot ng trong xc tht l cao hn ng k trong tri cy c lu tr trong O2 2% + 2,5% hoc 5% CO2 hn khng kh hoc O2 2% ti 5 C, nhng khng c s khc bit trong cc hot ng enzyme 0 C. Ni dung tng phenolics trong tht tng ln ng k vi bu kh quyn lm giu CO2.

Da Cc isozyme PPO chnh t da dng nh l mt tetramer ca tiu n v ging ht nhau, mi ln vi mt khi lng phn t l 25 kDa. Cc chui amino acid ca isozyme ny cho thy s hin din ca mt hm lng cao ca acid glutamic, glycine v serine v ni dung mc thp ca lu hunh cha cc axit amin. Cc PPO khng cho thy hot ng creolase, v cc cht nn thch c diphenols. Ascorbic acid v L-cysteine l cht c ch mnh da PPO (Das v cng s, 1997.). Mt ri lon sinh l thng do lnh hoc acid gibberellic (GA-3) x l ton b da l mu nu bn trong ca tri cy c gi l blackheart

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

hoc ni sinh nu ti ch. iu ny ch yu l do qu trnh oxy ha ca cc hp cht phenolic xc tc bi PPO to thnh cc sn phm mu nu. Nhit thp hoc GA-3 tng ng k PPO v PAL hot ng v ni dung ca catechol, chlorogenic acid v acid caffeic (Chu, Tn, 1992). Mi quan h gia ni dung PPO v kch thc qu vi tnh nhy cm vi mu nu bn trong da "Smooth Cayenne ' c chng minh bi Botrel et al. (1993). Tri cy d b nu ha ni b l nhng ngi trong nhm ln th hai (15001799 g) v trng lng v nhng hin th cc hot ng PPO cao nht. Cc loi tri cy nh nht l nhng ngi t nht l nhy cm. Hoa qu nht chng nu ni b c mt hm lng cao ca cc hp cht phenolic v cc hot ng POD cao. X l nhit ca tri cy trong mt lng p (32-50 C trong 24 gi) tip theo l lu tr trong mt cn phng lnh 15 C gim PPO, POD, ascorbic acid, chua v t l h hng. Ngm qu trong nc nng (55 C trong 10 pht) tip theo l lu tr 15 C cng lm gim s pht trin ca mt mt mu nu nhng do ni b ca cng v trng lng trong cc giai on sau ca lu tr (Selvarajah v cng s, 1998.). Tri cy Prunus PPO t nm Prunus loi tri cy (o, mai, hnh nhn, qu mn v anh o) cho thy khong pH ti u 4-5,5, v cc enzym khng xy ra trong mt hnh thc tim n (Fraignier et al, 1995.). Nhiu hnh thc hot ng xy ra nh l kt qu ca s phn gii protein ca mt dng chnh. Trong iu kin bin tnh, cc hot ng v proteolyzed hnh

thc chnh l tng ng, monome s 63 v 43 kDa. Peach enzyme PPO hnh vi ch yu vo cu hnh orthodihydroxy vi khong pH ti u ca 4,0-6,0 (Reyes v Luh, 1960; Haruta v cng s, 1999.). Mt s tng quan gia kiu gen tn ti cho ni dung o phenolic v nu enzyme (Gradziel v Wang, 1993). Bn isozyme PPO vi stabilities nhit khc nhau c phn lp t o trai ao chua. Khng c cc isozyme hot ng monophenolase, v chng khc nhau c trng ca h cho mt vi diphenols (Wong v cng s, 1971a.). Trong mt nghin cu xc nh nh hng ca cht c ch phloroglucinol PPO v resorcinol trn tion trai ao chua o PPO xc tc-oxida ca methylcatechol-4, Wong et al. (1971b) xc nh rng trong khi PPO xc tc s hnh thnh ca 4-methyl-quinone-o, n khng ng mt vai tr trong phn ng vi resorcinol, phloroglucinol, d catechin-hoc orcinol. Phn ng gia phenol, 4-methyl-o quinone- sn xut mu nu din ra nonenzymatically. Chlorogenic acid ni dung gim nhanh chng trong nu enzyme, nhng nhy cm nu dng nh mnh m hn na tng quan vi s tin ban u ca flavan-3-ols trong mt s ging cy trng mai. Chlorogenic v cc acid neochlorogenic, (+)-catechin v (-) epicatechin-, v Rutin (hoc quercetin-3-rutinoside) l nhng hp cht phenolic ln trong m (Radi v cng s, 1997.). Pectic enzym lm mm tri cy v rau enzim pectic nhn c s ch ng k v s tham gia ca h trong qu trnh chn v lm mm cc thnh phn vch t bo. Duy tr cng l mt tham s cht lng quan trng trong tri cy ti ct v sn phm thc vt (Agar v cng s, 1999;. Gorny

v cng s, 1999;. Ji v Gross, 1998; Senesi v Pastine, 1996). vt liu pectic c to thnh t chui t 1-4 n v acid D-galacturonic lin kt thng c este ha vi mc khc nhau vi methanol. Cc men ny c th c lin kt ngang trong nhiu cch khc nhau, v chng th hin mt lot cc solubilities t ha tan cao, rng ri cc phn t lin kt cho ca protopectin bn a d dng ha tan trong chui ngn, cnh ca trng lng phn t thp (El-Ashwah et al. , 1977; Legentil v cng s, 1995; Martin-Cabrejas et al, 1995)... Pectins l nhng thnh phn quan trng ca thnh t bo v phin knh trung bnh trong cc nh my cao hn. H ch yu l tuyn tnh -1 ,4-galacturonan chui vi mt s nhm carboxyl este ha. Cc dy chuyn l b gin on bi lin kt 1, 2 - D lng rhamnose, v covalently ngoi quan arabinose v galactose l -1 arabinan-,5 v -1 ,4-chui bn galactan lin kt vi rhamnose, tng ng (Pressey, 1986). S tin tnh cht, tng i ca phn nhnh ti pectin khc nhau t mt ngun khc (Fischer et al, 1994;. Massiot v cng s, 1988;. Hoff v Castro, 1969; Ross v cng s, 1993.). Nhnh ca galacturonan cc thng xy ra nhiu hn trong cc bc tng t

bo hn so vi phin knh trung bnh (Fischer et al, 1994;. MacDougall v cng s, 1997;. Gi v cng s, 1975.). axit cacboxylic min ph trong axit glacturonic tham gia vo cc mi lin kt gia cc phn ng vai tr nh qua cu c nh hng n t bo thnh sc mnh. Canxi xut hin c tham gia vo vic hnh thnh cc cy cu gia cc phn do s tng tc vi cc nhm Vit cacboxyl ca axit pectic polymer to thnh mui khng ha tan to thnh lin kt ion gia cc phn t pectin (Kohn, 1969; McFeeters v Fleming, 1991). Pectin xy ra hu ht cc nguyn liu thc vt, c bit trong m nh v tri cy, v l mt thnh phn ch yu ca thnh t bo. Pectin phn t tham gia vo lin kt ngang polysaccharides khc v cc protein trong t bo (Cutsem v cng s, 1993;. K v cng s, 1995.). Cc t bo trong tri cy v rau qu c kt ni thng qua cc phin knh gia l pectinous trong t nhin. Pectin tc ng vng chc cho nh my c quan bng cch cung cp kt dnh thnh t bo juxtaposed trong phin knh trung bnh (Chen v cng s, 1998a;. Crooks v Grierson, 1983; Luza v cng s, 1992;.. Rihouey et al, 1995). Mt trong nhng thay i r rng nht xy ra trong qu trnh lm mm cc loi tri cy v rau qu l tin b v ha tan depolymerization ca ph pectic-lp trng (Aspinall, 1980; McNeil v cng s, 1984;. Bacic et al, 1988.). Cc ion canxi v cc enzym pectic vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh lm mm. C mt s cch m theo cc ion canxi c th nh hng lm mm. Mt canxi t gia phin knh c th lm gim cc mi lin kt ion gia cc phn t pectin (Femenia et al., Nm 1998; Hng v cng s, 1995;.. Tandon v cng s, 1984), v thay i cng ion, dn n thit hi canxi, c th lm gim hot ng qun l ca mnh trn hydrolase vch t bo (Almeida v Huber, 1999), gim turgor t bo (Stow nm 1993;. Mignani et al, 1995) v, do , tnh cht ca n n nh trn mng (Shackel v cng s, 1991;. Picchioni et al, 1995).. Cell turgor quy nh vic cng thng m, nh hng n kt cu vng chc. Enzyme phn hy pectins trong c chua nh hng n s tin tng i ca canxi lin kt vi pericap cc, nhau thai v gel nhu m (Burns v Pressey, 1987). C hai loi chnh ca cc enzyme chu trch nhim v s xung cp pectin trong rau qu. y l nhng depolymerases (polygalacturonaza v pectic lyase) v pectinesterase, cn c gi l pectinmethylesterase, pectase hoc pectinmethox ylase-. Depolymerizers thy phn cc lin kt glycosidic (hydrolases) hoc ph v chng bng cch loi b- (lyases). Pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11) xc tc de-esterifica-tion ca pectin.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 6,4 chia ca tri phiu glycosidic trong pectin do thy phn (polygalacturonaza) v loi b- (pectate lyase v pectin lyase) (Pilnik v Voragen, 1989).

Polygalacturonaza Poly--1 ,4-galacturonide glycanohydrolase, thng c gi l onase-polygalactur (PG), thy phn lin kt glucosidic nh trong hnh 6.4. Polygalactur-onases c c th cho galactoronans de este ha. T l v mc thy phn l ph thuc vo mc este ha pectin (Jain v cng s, 1990;. L-Cam et al. 1994). Polygalacturonases c th c phn loi vo endozymes rng ngu nhin tch tri phiu ca cc axit pectic glycosidic v polygalacturonates trong phn t ti cc -1, 4 lin kt v exozymes rng xc tc thy phn tng bc ca acid galacturonic t cui nonreducing ca chui. Endopolygalacturonases (EC 3.2.1.15) xy ra trong tri cy v si nm nhng khng c trong nm men hay vi khun (Baldwin v Pressey, Nm 1988; Hadfield v cng s, 1998; Kawano et al, 1999)... Exopolygalacturonases (EC 3.2.1.67) xy ra trong nm, vi khun v thc vt (Bartley v u gi, 1982; Downs et al. Nm 1992;. Konno v cng s, 1986; Tae et al, 1997).. Nhn chung, endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) enzyme ti khon cho hu ht cc hot ng polygalacturonaza trong tri cy chn (Brady, 1987; Downs v cng s, 1992;.. Nogata et al, 1993), mc d c hai endo-exo-enzym v ang hot ng trong mt s loi tri cy chn (Bartley v u gi, 1982; Nogata et al, 1993).. Endo-PG xut hin xc tc ha tan ca pectins trong cc t bo tip theo l thy phn xa hn bng cch PG-exo (Pressey v Avants, 1973, 1976). Mt s loi tri cy mm ng k trong qu trnh chn (v d, l, o a khi) cha khng ch endo-PG m cn exo-PG. tri cy khc (v d, to v o trai ao chua) c cha ch exo-PG, ph hp vi c im mm chm. mc thp ca PG-exo c tm thy trong nhiu m thc vt v lu tr (Pressey, 1986).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

LYASES Poly (methoxygalacturonide) lyase (pectin lyase; EC 4.2.2.10) v pectate eliminase xuyn (pectate lyase; EC 4.2.2.2) tch nhng lin kt -1 ,4-galacturonosidic bi loi b xuyn ca hydro trn carbon 5 ca acid galacturonic vi oxy trn tri phiu glycosidic. Mt tri phiu CC cha bo ha c to ra gia 4 - v 5-v tr ca cc d lng acid galacturonic vo cui nonreducing ca on pht hnh (Hnh 6.4). tri phiu glycosidic trong pectin rt nhy cm vi phn ng ny. Pectin lyase depolymerizes este ha cao pectin carboxyl bng cch chia cc mi lin kt glycosidic bn cnh nhm cacboxyl methyl este ha bng loi b-, trong khi cc cuc tn cng pectate lyase mi lin kt glycosidic cnh mt nhm cacboxyl t do. Hu ht lyases Tuy nhin, c th cho galacturonans este ha (Bruchlmann, nm 1995; Chen et al. 1998b). Cc enzym l hu nh ch t cc vi sinh vt, mc d c nhng du hiu cho thy s xut hin t nhin trong mt s loi tri cy (Albersheim v Killias, 1962; Medina-Escobar v cng s, 1997).. Lyases sn xut khng bo ha monome sp xp li cc acid 2-keto-uronic (Glover v Brady, 1995; Renard et al, 1991; Rng v cng s, 1994..). PECTINESTERASE Pectinesterase (PE), cn c gi l hydrolase pectin-pectyl, xc tc cc lation-demethy ca pectin este ha (Hnh 6.5). Nhng enzym thy phn c bit cc nhm methylester ca cc v tr C6 ca acid galacturonic v ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s suy thoi ca thnh t bo thc vt bc cao, lm cho polymerized pectin cao d b suy thoi hn na bi PG (Fischer v Bennett, 1991). V d, trong c chua, tin x l ca bc tng vi tinh tng PE kt xut t tt c cc giai on chn u nhy cm vi PG (Koch, 1989). Ging c chua chn sm cng cho thy PG cao hn v hot ng PE tt c cc giai on, so vi cc ging chn mun, ni PG v lm tng hot ng PE trong qu trnh chn (Young, nm 1995; Thakur v

Hnh 6,5 Fragment ca phn t pectin v cc im ca cuc tn cng ca enzim pectic (Pilnik v Voragen, 1989).

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Pandey, 1999). Khng ging nh PG, PE l thng hin din trong s lng ln trong tri cy cha chn (Tucker v Grierson, 1982). PE cng c th chun b mt cht nn cho cc hot ng lyase pectate. enzyme ny c c th cho este polygalacturonide v s khng thy phn este methyl nongalacturonide hoc nhng ngi trong galacturonans chui ngn n mt mc ln. Chng c kch hot bi cc cation hoa tri hai hoc monovalent nng cao v c tm hot ng ti u ca pH 5-8 (Pressey, 1977). S phn b ca cc nhm methoxy r rng nh hng n tc phn ng ca enzyme. nhm methoxy gip vi nhm carboxyl min ph c loi b vi mt tc nhanh hn nhng ngi bn cnh d lng este ha trn cc phn t pectin (MacMillian v Sheiman, 1974). PE hot ng presum-ably yu cu mt nhm carboxyl min ph bn cnh mt nhm este ha trong chui galacturonide v tin tuyn tnh nh cc nhm methoxy c loi b trong chui pectin cho n khi tc nghn mt l t. Khi ca cc nhm t do carboxyl c nh vy l kt qu ca hnh ng PE (Contreras-Esquivel v cng s, 1999;. Grasdalen v cng s, 1996;. Hou v Chang, 1997; Kohn v cng s, 1985.).

Pectic enzym c trong rau qu Apple Cc hot ng sinh l t bo enzyme tng xung cp trong to c PE, exo-PG, -galactosidase v -1, 4 glucanase (Pollard, 1975; u gi nm 1993; Abeles v Takeda, 1990). Endo-PG vng mt trong qu. iu ny lm cho c ch ca s chn khc nhau t loi tri cy nh o v l, trong endo-exo v PG-c hin din trong tri cy trng thnh. Lm mm cc m v no ca to chn thng c c trng bi s mt mt ca d lng galactose t thnh t bo v tng pectin ha tan. Apple PG exo-c pH ti u ca 4,5-5, b c ch bi EDTA v citrat v c kch hot bi Ca2 v, n mt mc thp hn, bi SR2. Cc enzyme trong c mt trng lng phn t khong 58 kDa, lm gim cc ch phm t bo v to tng, releas-ing thp trng lng phn t acid uronic v cn polyuronide (Bartley, 1978). Soft-ening to trong qu trnh bo qun lnh c i km vi PG gia tng v cc hot ng Cx (Mahajan, 1994). Trn cy, tuy nhin, qu trnh

ny xy ra ng thi vi s gim st trong hot ng Cx (Abeles v Takeda, 1990). Dung mi hu c chit xut t to c ch -galactosidase (Dick v cng s, 1984;. Lidseter et al, 1985.). Cc hp cht ny c ch -galactosidase c xc nh l axit chlorogenic, catechin v glycosides quercetin (Dick v cng s, 1985.). -Galactosidase trong to c cho l chu trch nhim v s mt mt ca d lng galactose l kt qu ca s thy phn ca galactan ca thnh t bo s cp. polyuronide ha tan c ngun gc t khu vc gia phin knh ca bc tng (u gi, 1993). Ha tan ca polyuronides l hot ng suy thoi chnh c tng quan vi lm mm nhng tri to (Bartley v u gi, 1982). -Galactosidase hot ng tng ln, v t bo ni dung tng galactose gim trong qu trnh lm mm ca 'Lodi,' 'McIntosh,' 'Golden Delicious "v" quc York' to. S gim tng Tose-galac c, tuy nhin, t nht l trong 'Lodi,' trong c cc hot ng -galactosidase thp nht. 'York Imperial,' m lm mm chm nht, cho thy cc hot ng -galactosidase cao nht trong lu tr (Wallner, 1978). Vic thiu s tham gia ca PG nh l mt yu t quyt nh trong vic lm mm ca to cng c xut (Kang v cng s, 1999;. Yoshioka v cng s, 1992.). Kang et al. (1999) c tm thy

PG khng c pht hin trong qu trnh lm mm ca 'Fuji' v cc cy to "Tsugaru. cc hot ng ha tan enzyme tham gia th t gim dn l -mannosidase> -arabinosidase> -galactosidase> -galactosidase trong lm mm ca to 'Fuji', trong khi cc hot ng nm trong th t ca -galactosidase> -arabinosidase-mannosidase> > -galactosidase trong qu trnh lm mm ca to "Tsugaru. Trong , -galactosidase hot ng tng nhanh c hai ging. Yoshioka et al. (1992) cng pht hin khng c hot ng lm mm ca PG trong to v xut de-este ha ca polyuronides vi mt mc cao hn l methoxylation depolymerization ca polyuronides trong bilization-Solu ca polyuronides trong qu trnh chn ca qu. to chiu x (20 krd) tng tc phn hy pectin v lm tng hot ng gy ra lm mm PE sm ca tri cy (Flores et al, 1971.). Hai hnh thc PE c mt trong to. Chng khc nhau c v ph v trng lng phn t. khi lng phn t ca h l 55 v kDa 28, tng ng, v hnh thc nng hn l n nh ln n 40 C. Ti u hot ng trong khong pH 6,5-7,5 (et al Castaldo, 1989.). Lu tr ca to 38 C trong bn ngy v lu tr tip theo l 0 C gim mm ca to "Golden Delicious" mc d mc c th so snh PE vi nhm iu khin tri cy, cho thy vic thiu s tham gia ca PE trong qu trnh chn to v lm mm khi lm nng trc (Klein

v cng s, 1995.). X l nhit cng c ch hot ng PG nhng khng phi l ca PE. Vo cui thi k chn, to nng gi li nhiu pectin ha tan v c crisper hn iu khin (Lurie v Klein, 1991). Kiwi Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) cung cp mt gii php thay th hu ch cho c chua, trong hc lm mm tri cy. Sau khi thu hoch, c mt thi gian di, trong hu ht cc loi qu lm mm xy ra. Tinh bt xung cp v thay i thnh t bo xy ra, bao gm ha tan pectin, mt galactose t cc chui bn pectin, gim trng lng phn t ca xyloglucan v thnh t bo sng. th nghim ko t v nghin cu siu cu trc ch ra rng mt s mt mt ca t bo-t bo bm dnh gia phin knh xy ra vo cui lm mm tri cy (MacRae v Redgwell, 1992). Sutherland v cc cng s. (1999) bo co cc u th ca pectin so vi cellulose cng xy ra vo lc gn nm phin knh gia cc khng gian gia cac t bao ca mt s ging cy trng kiwi. Mang in tch m nhm v, n mt mc thp hn, d lng acid galacturonic c u tin nm gn thnh t bo / mng kt-phn. Cellulose vn cn nguyn vn trn vch t bo tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh chn tri cy, trong khi phn phi cc xyloglucan c ri rc khp tng sau ny trong qu trnh chn. Kiwi trng thnh cho thy s st gim nhanh chng cng sau khi thu hoch vo khong 2,5 kgf, sau lm mm chm li ng k. Cc v ngoi lm mm nhanh hn so vi cc ct li ca tri cy (MacRae v cng s, 1989;. Wegrzyn v MacRae, 1992). Wang et al. (1995a) bo co hai giai on ca s mm ha trong qu Kiwi 'Qinmei. Giai on u, giai on lm mm nhanh chng, lin quan n suy thoi tinh bt, vi amylase l enzyme ch cht c lin quan. Nc khng ha tan pectin v cellulose dng nh gim, v cc hot ng ca PG v Cx tng ng k trong giai on th hai khng c thay i trong PE. Hu ht cc galactose thnh t bo dng nh b mt trc khi ha tan pectic trong qu trnh chn (Redgwell v Percy, nm 1992; Redgwell v Harker, 1995), r rng l do mt h thng enzyme endo--galactosidase (Ross v cng s, 1993.).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Endo-PG hot ng tng trong thi gian lm mm Kiwi, nhng hnh ng ca n mt mnh khng th gii thch qu trnh ha tan pectin (Redgwell et al, 1991.). Miceli et al. (1995) pht hin ra rng t bo thay i tng trong cv lm mm ca Kiwi. Hayward c km theo mt s gim xung trong tng c cu polysaccharides do, c bit, gim s tin ca pectin v hemixenluloza. ngha cc bin th v cht lng ch yu l do s gia tng trong pectins methyl ha cao v mt mt mt trong protopectins. S tin ca arabinose, xylose v acid uronic trong thnh t bo polysaccharides cng thay i ng k trong qu trnh chn (Miceli v cng s, 1995.). -Galactosidase trong chn qu Kiwi bao gm mt s ng dng c bn vi trng lng phn t khc nhau gia 33 v 67 kDa. Cc hot ng ti u ca cc enzyme cho p-nitrophenyl--galactopyranoside-D xy ra pH 3,2, nhng s thay i pH 4,9 cho mt galactan tinh ch t qu Kiwi thnh t bo. Cc enzyme, l c th i vi d lng galactosyl trong cu hnh-, pht hnh galactose t nhiu thnh phn polysaccharide Kiwi -tng, bao gm c vt cht thnh t bo, pectin ha tan trong Na2CO3, galactan trng lng phn t cao, xyloglucan v galactoglucomannan. N tn cng cui ca chui bn nonreducing galactose, tch d lng galactose duy nht c th c gn vo cc v tr 2, 3, 4 hoc 6 ca aglycone (Ross et al., 1993). Nhng mt mt ca thnh t bo-galactose lin kt v ha tan pectin trong qu Kiwi khng th c tng quan (Wegrzyn v MacRae, nm 1992; Redgwell v Harker, 1995). Tuy nhin, kh nng ca -galactosidase gy ra ha tan ca pectin v gim d lng galactosyl ca galactans lin kt vi cellulose mt phn c th gii thch nh th no qu lm mm c lp ca hot ng PG (Gallego v Zarra, 1998). Nhanh chng lm mm ca Kiwi xy ra trong p ng iu tr ethylene xut hin c khi xng bi mt cm ng ca hot ng pectinesterase, gy tng de-este ha ca pectins thnh t bo, tip theo l s suy thoi ca pectin ha tan. Ethylene iu tr cng gy ra mt s gia tng nh trong hot ng PG trong ening tri cy mm, trong khi galactosidase- (EC 3.2.1.23) hot ng vn khng i (Wegrzyn v MacRae, 1992). Pectin ha tan, mt galactose v thnh t bo sng xy ra trong qu Kiwi l cc tnh nng chung ca thay i thnh t bo m khng phi l phng php iu tr c th sau thu hoch ethylene (Redgwell v Percy, 1992). p dng CaCl2 lm gim hot ng PG, dn n s xung cp di ca protopectin, mt s gia tng nh trong pectin ha tan trong nc v tri cy vng chc hn (Wang v cng s, 1995b;. Xie v cng s, 1996.). Mango Lm mm ca xoi gy ra mt mt r rng tng d lng galactosyl v deoxyhexosyl, cc ch sau s suy thoi ca cc thnh phn pectin ca thnh t bo. Nhng mt mt ca

galactose xut hin c gii hn trong phn chelator-tan ca pectin tng, trong khi mt deoxyhexose c v l hn phn b u gia cc vng pectin. Cc phn pectin ha tan trong chelator l depolymer-ized dn v tr nn polydisperse (Muda v cng s, 1995.). Cc mesocarp bn trong ca qu l nh nhng hn so vi bn ngoi mi giai on trng thnh (Mitcham v McDonald, 1992). Cell ng tng trung tnh, c bit arabinosyl, rhamnosyl v cn galactosyl, gim ng thi vi mt kch thc gim hemixenluloza v hot ng PG gia tng trong qu trnh chn (Mitcham v McDonald, 1992). -Galactosidase hot ng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

cng tng, trong khi PE hot ng gim lin tc trong thi gian lm mm (Abu-Sarra v Abu-Goukh nm 1992; Ketsa et al, 1998.). Abu-Sarra v Abu-Goukh (1992) bo co gim trong hot ng PE ca ba ging xoi ('Kitchner', 'Tin s Knight "v" AbuSamaka') vi chn v c th gim hot ng PE tng quan vi lm mm tt hn so vi PG . Cc ging cy trng xoi cng rn 'Keitt, "lin kt lng lo hn nhiu pectin ha tan trong chelator, tch ly thm polyuronides retaines pectin ha tan v tng s hn giai on chn mui hn so vi trng cc cng ty t' Tommy Atkins. C hai ging c hot ng PG tng t m tng vi chn. S lng v trng lng phn t ca thnh t bo hemixenluloza gim vi chn trong c hai ging (Mitcham v McDonald, 1992). Tng s lng canxi c gii phng vo tht tri cy nh l chn tin b. iu ny cng gp phn lm mt cu trc v lm mm h qu (Tandon v Kalra, 1984). -Galactosidase dng nh ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic lm mm ca con ngi-i. Lm mm ca qu xoi chn l cht ch hn lin quan n thay i trong hot ng -galactosidase hn l PG v cc hot ng PE (Ketsa et al, 1998.). Chit xut tri cy ca chn 'Harumanis' xoi c cha mt s glycosidases v glycanases. Trong s cc glycosidases, -D-galactosidase xut hin l quan trng nht. Mango -galactosidase c t nht ba ng dng: -galactosidase I, II v III, vi r rng Km gi tr cho pnitrophenyl-galactoside-D l 3,7, 3,3 v 2,7 mM. ACTIV-du khch v ti u c pH 3,2 cho -galactosidase I v II v pH 3,6 cho -galactosidase III (Ali et al, 1995.). Kho lnh (4 C) lm gim mm ca tri cy. p lnh tri cy c cha hm lng cao ca ammonium oxalate pectin ha tan trong nc v t tan trong kim pectin hn so vi tri cy nonchilled. Tng ng, PG v cc hot ng -galactosidase c gim, v PE l tng so vi tri cy nonchilled (Saichol et al, 1999.). Roe v Bruemmer (1981) bo co

tng trong c hai PG v cc hot ng Cx trong xoi c lu tr 4 o C, v rng hot ng Cx tng quan tt hn vi lm mm hn so vi PG. PE hot ng cng gim theo thi gian. Trong xoi p lnh 'Keitt', nc v gim pectin ha tan trong kim v amoni tng oxalat pectin ha tan nh tri cy tr nn mm mi. S suy gim trong pectin ha tan trong kim, din ra t t trong tri cy lnh, cng tng quan vi s mt mt ca cng. Da gang Mt cng tht trong da cantaloupe (Cucumis Melo reticulatus) xy ra vi nhng sa i ca polysaccharides pectic v hemicellulosic, v mt s mt mt rng khng cellulose ng trung lp. Tng ha tan v gim kch thc phn t ca polyuronides xut hin cho c khng lin quan n hot ng PG (Gross v Sams, 1984; Lester v Dunlap, 1985; McCollum v cng s, 1989.). Luo v cng s. (1996), tuy nhin, tng quan tng PG vi sn xut ethylene v lm mm tri cy vo trng muskmelon ca Hetao. Gim kch thc ca hemicelluloses c i km vi tng ng trong thnh phn trung lp vi xylose l ng thng tr. Xylose cng chim u th trong cc polyme nh hn c tm thy trong da hu da trong qu trnh chn (McCollum v cng s, 1989.). Glucose c th, tuy nhin, ngn chn sn xut PG trong c th (Zhang et al., 1999a). Thay i trong hot ng glycosidaza nhiu trong cc m mesocarp din ra vi s chn v mm (Fils-Lycaon v Buret, nm 1991; Ranwala et al, 1992.).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Glycosidaza ca mesocarp da c th c phn loi thnh ba nhm da trn cc m hnh c th ca h trong qu trnh pht trin activitiy qu v chn. Nhm th nht (A) bao gm cc -galactosidase-D, -D mannosidase v -L-arabinofuranosidase. c th ca h gim cc hot ng trong qu trnh chn. Trong nhm th hai (B), -D-galactosidase, D-glucosidase v cho -L-arabinopyranosidase gia tng hot ng SPE-cific vo cui chn v overripening. Nhm th ba (C) c to thnh ch -xylosidase-D, c hot ng vn khng i t trc cho n khi chn giai on chn. S gia tng ln trong galactosidase-D, -L-arabinopyranosi dase-v tng gii hn trong -glucosidase-D xy ra trong giai on cui ca qu trnh chn, c th lm suy gim cc chui bn arabinogalactan trn phn pectic ca thnh t bo tri cy (Fils-Lycaon v Buret, 1991).

Qu da hu rt giu mannosidase- v -N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, v thay i thnh t bo ca h xut hin t r rt hn trong muskmelons (Nakagawa v cng s, 1988.). isozyme PG ng mt vai tr quan trng trong tri cy sau thu hoch su bnh gy ra bi vi-Bial. Tm isozyme PG, vi PI khc nhau, 3,7-8,6, c c lp trong Phomopsis cucurbitae nhim tri cy (Zhang v cng s, 1997.). Cc isozyme ni bt nht endoPG hot ng, mt trng lng phn t l 54 kDa, mt pI ca 4.2 v hot ng mt pH ti u ca 5 (al Zhang v cng s, 1999a.). Mt trong 14 PG isozyme c kh nng sn xut bi Fusarium solani c pht hin trong m muskmelon nhim (Zhang v cng s, 1999b.). Cc isozyme endo-PG c trng lng phn t l 38 kDa v pI l 9,5. L Endo v PG-exo c mt trong qu l (Pressey v Avants, 1976). S tng endo-PG hot ng trong qu trnh chn tng quan vi vic gim trng hp ca pectin trong qu v pht hnh uronic acid trong tri cy (Pressey v Avants, 1976; Bartley v cng s, 1982.). Yoshioka et al. (1992) thy rng de-este ha ca polyuronides vi mt mc cao ca methoxylation ch yu chu trch nhim v ha tan ca polyuronides trong vic lm mm ca qu l. Cc c tnh mm ca qu l, tuy nhin, thay i vi cy trng. Mt so snh cc hot ng enzyme trong cv l lm mm ca Trung Quc. 'Yali' (Pyrus bretschneideri) tri cy, Nht Bn cv l. 'Nijisseiki' (P. pyrifolia) v l chu u "La France" v "Bartlett (P. communis) ca Ning et al, (1997). Th hin s khc bit l ging cy trng c th. Nhanh chng tng ca PE v cc hot ng PG v pectins tan trong nc xy ra vi mt s gim xung trong pectins HCl tan trong trong "La France" v "Bartlett 'tri cy, trong khi nng enzym v tng pectins tan trong nc khng xy ra vi mc tng t trong 'Yali' v 'Nijisseiki' tri cy. Cc ging cy trng sau ny cng gim nh trong pectin ha tan trong HCl. Cellulase hot ng gia tng trong "La France" v "Yali 'tri cy, trong khi ca n l tng nh trong qu trnh chn trong' Nijisseiki 'v' Bartlett 'tri cy. Ahmed v Labavitch (1980) khng tm thy Cx hot ng trong qu trnh chn Bartlett qu l. Yamaki v Matsuda (1977) bo co endo-PG isozyme vi Optima pH 5.5 v 7.0 trong l phng ng (P. serotina). Cc isozyme PG trung tnh tng vi chn v do lm -glucosidase. Hai isozyme PG c mt trong chn 'D'Anjou (Pyrus communis L.) l. Mt trong nhng chui pectate thy phn ngu nhin vi pH ti u l 4,5, trong khi PG chnh xc tc mt loi b tng bc ca cc n v monomer t

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

nonreducing kt thc ca cc phn t cht nn. iu ny endo-PG m tang vt cao i lc vi pectate c pH ti u l 5,5 v c kch hot bi Ca2 v SR2 (Pressey v Avants, 1976). Ba ng dng ca -galactosidase cng xut hin c c ch ring bit regulatory trong qu trnh chn v mm lng ca qu l 'D'Anjou. -Galactosidase o bng thnh t bo cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh chn 20 C ba khu vc trng by ring bit ca hot ng thnh t bo -galactosidase t 8,6-8,7 pH, pH 7,1-7,7 v pH 5,6-5,7. Cc hot ng ca cc nhm c bn gim t t pI, trong khi nhm pI trung tnh gim mnh sau khi t nh bn ngy. Cc hot ng ca nhm pI axit l ban u thp, u n tng ln vi s chn (et al Perdue, 1998.). Hai chung loi polyuronides, cc loi ch yu l mt homogalacturonan (HGA) c gim trng lng phn t khi chn, c tm thy trong qu l 'Bartlett. Cc loi khc bao gm heteropolymers bao gm cc khon tin khc nhau ca rhamnose, arabinose v galactose. Glycosyl-lin kt phn tch ca polyuronide-arabinosyl cho kt qu ch ra mt rhamnogalacturonan I-nh polysaccharide vi ln, cao chui nhnh pha araban (RG-I). C khng xut hin c mt mi lin kt gia HGA v RG-I, nhng rt nhnh araban RG-I trong qu trnh chn qu l dng nh b suy thoi vi nhiu tn tht ban u ca cc chui bn arabinose ca n (Dick v Labavitch, 1989). PG, galactosidase- v mannosidase hot ng cng tng theo lm mm ca qu l 'Bartlett (Ahmed v Labavitch, 1980). ao Peach lm mm dng nh kt qu ch yu t hot ng PG. Trai ao chua ging vn cn cng ty khi chn ch trin lm exo-PG, trong khi freestones m pht trin mt mesocarp mm trong qu trnh chn cho tng exo-PG v cc hot ng endo-PG (Downs v Brady, 1990), cng nh cellulase (Cx) hot ng (Hinton v Pressey, 1974). s tng quan ny cho rng cc mm m rng ca m mesocarp o a khi c lin quan n s hin din ca endo-PG hot ng (Pressey v Avants, 1978). Cx, exo-v endo-PG hot ng l rt thp trong giai on preclimacteric ca o a khi, v gia tng ng k ch xy ra sau khi tng ethylene. Trong qu trnh pht trin cy n qu, cellulase v hot ng exo-PG cao giai on u tin ca s tng trng nhanh, trong khi endo-PG lm tng hot ng trong giai on tng trng nm ngoi, khi qu t c kch thc cui cng ca n v s chn bt u (Zanchin v cng s, 1994. ; Bonghi et al. Nm 1998; Ruzzon et al, 1998).. Endo--1, 4 glucanase (Egase) xut hin chi mt vai

tr chnh trong qu trnh tng trng sm v lc bt u lm mm, trong khi PG c th tham gia trong qu trnh tan chy (Bonghi v cng s, 1998;. Ruzzon et al, 1998.). Propylene phng php iu tr gim EGase hot ng trong giai on u ca s pht trin cy n qu, nhng sau tng cng ng k hot ng ca enzym ny vi s khi u ca tng tc chn v cui cng mt cng (Bonghi et al, 1998.). iu ny quan st v s hin din ca hai ng dng (pI 6,5 v 9,5) cho rng cc gen khc nhau EGase hot ng trong thi gian u v cui giai on pht trin trong qu o. Cc ng v vi pI cao hn chim u th trc trong khi pht trin chm. -1 ,4-Galacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) cng tham gia vo lm mm ca "xc tht tan chy" o trong cc giai on sau ca qu trnh chn, gy ra s ph hy thnh t bo c cha polyme di, tp hp pectin mng, trong khi li cc polyme thnh t bo c ngn, tp hp pectin dy cn nguyn vn (Fishman v cng s, 1993.). Orr v Brady (1993) bo co rng cc m hnh tch t

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

hot ng ca endo-PD trong o khc nhau t quan st thy trong c chua, nhng cng ging nh c chua, PG endo-khng phi l yu t quyt nh duy nht thay i kt cu. Mt mc nh ca hot ng c pht hin trong qu l ng k hn so vi qu cha chn mm trng thnh, trong hot ng t c pht hin. Trong tri cy rt mm mi vi cc nhn vt "nng chy mm", tuy nhin, hot ng ca enzyme tng mnh. Cellulose preclimacteric hot ng trong tri cy l do hnh thc phn t mt (pI 6,5). Hai hnh thc chnh c mt giai on postclimacteric (pI 6.5 v 9.5, sau ny l ph bin nht). Endo-PG c mt giai on preclimacteric trong hai hnh thc phn t (pI 5.2 v 8.4). giai on postclimacteric, hnh thc c tnh axit bin mt, v hot ng l do c quyn vi hnh thc 8,4 pI. Exo-PG hot ng giai on preclimacteric l hin nay l mt trong nhng hnh thc (pI 4.9). Mt gim trong hot ng ca cc hnh thc axit xy ra giai on postclimacteric ng thi vi s xut hin ca cc ng v khc (pI 8,8) (Tonutti et al, 1994.). Cc hnh thc phong ph thm cc men tiu ha l mt polypeptide c trng lng phn t l 66 kDa v vi mt d tha ng k c bn trnaxit amino acid (Downs v cng s, 1992.). Nhit lu tr nh hng n hot ng ca enzym pectic v cng tri cy o. cng gim nhanh hn nhit thp hn. Ban u lu tr 1 C fol-lowed bng 20 C cng gy ra s gim st trong PE v tng hot ng PG trong thi gian lu tr v chn

(Salmeron v Artes, 1991). Cc kt cu ngho m t nh l "woolliness" l dng nh gy ra bi s c thay i bng cch c ch polymer pectic hot ng PG m khng nh hng n hot ng PE. Lnh-tri cy c lu tr cho thy hot ng PG thp hn, m c th gy ra h thp hm lng pectin ha tan trong nc v natri cacbonat ha tan pectin lm tng ni dung. PE hot ng c v khng b nh hng bi kho lnh (Choi v Lee, 1999; Sonego et al, 1998.). S khi u ca s c len c th b tr hon, v mc nghim trng ca n c th gim c tip xc vi ethylene mc 1 hoc 10 ml / L, v iu ny khng nh hng n lm mm tri cy. Sonego et al. (1998) bo co hot ng PG khng pht hin c trong tri cy kim sot qu trnh bo qun 0 C, nhng hot ng PG c gy ra bi ethylene 0 C v tng cng nm n 10 ln, sau khi chuyn giao n 20 C. Tuy nhin, ni dung PG protein khng b nh hng bi iu tr ethylene. PE ni dung v hot ng, trong tng ln trong kho lnh, cng khng b nh hng bi iu tr ethylene. qu o 'Yumyeong' c lu tr 0 C, c hoc khng c mt bu khng kh mod-ified (MA, s dng phim polyethylene, dy 0,03 mm), trong vng bn tun tip theo l mt thi k chn 20 C cho thy mt thiu mi quan h gia PE hot ng v ni dung pectin ha tan trong EDTA vi wooliness. Gim woolliness xy ra vi MA lu tr v xut hin c da trn s gia tng pectin ha tan trong nc v gim natri cacbonat pectin ha tan bi hot ng PG tng (Choi v cng s, 1997.). Chang et al. (1999) gn y chng minh s tham gia ca mt lot cc enzym trong t l cc loi tri cy o lm mm bng cch s dng mt ging cy trng nhanh chng lm mm ('Mibaekdo') v ging cy trng chm, lm mm ('Yumyung'). H nhn thy cc hot ng ca PG ha tan v -tng-rng buc c tng t c hai ging. Hot ng ca galactosidase ha tan v -tng-kt-, -galactosidase, arabinosidase- v mannosidase- c chnh-nhn c ly mc cao trong c hai ging, trong khi nhng ngi ca -glucosidase v xylosidase- l thp trong thi gian lm mm. Tuy nhin, hot ng cao hn galactosidase ha tan-, -arabinosidase v mannosidase- c quan st thy cy trng "Yumyung 'lin quan n 'Mibaekdo.' 'Yumyung' qu trng by bc tng t bo thp hn gii hn -galactosidase v

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

-arabinosidase hot ng hn 'Mibaekdo trong sut mm. Cc -mannosidase -tngrng buc cc hot ng cng tng t nh trong c hai ging, nhng -tng--

galactosidase rng buc cao hn cy trng "Mibaekdo 'hn so vi ging cy trng" Yumyung.

C chua Hu ht cc cng vic bo co v qu trnh chn v lm mm cc loi tri cy c trn c chua, bi v loi qu ny cung cp s thay i r rng nht v mu sc t xanh sang , chn thng nht mt cch d dng v lun c th c t chc bng cch s dng du morpho-hp l v l mt ngun giu cc enzyme pectic. S mm lng ca c chua cng c xem xt (Gray v cng s, 1992;. Gross, 1990; Giovannoni v cng s, 1992;. Kramer v cng s, 1989;. Pressey, 1986). Cc ngun thc vt giu nht ca PG l qu c chua chn. Preclimacteric c chua c hm lng rt thp ca PG-exo v khng pht hin c endo-PG (Pressey, 1987). Nh tri cy bt u i mu, lm tng hot ng PG. Endo-PG xut hin lc bt u chn v tng mnh trong qu trnh chn. Trong c chua chn, mc ca PG-endo l khong 600 ln cao hn so vi cc PG-exo trong tri cy mu xanh l cy (Pressey, 1986) v tr thnh mt protein quan trng trong tri cy chn (Brady v cng s, 1982).. PG accumu-lation song song pectin suy thoi v lm mm tri cy. Do , endo PG- c lin quan n nh l mt yu t quyt nh chnh ca s xung cp pectin v lm mm tri cy c chua (Huber, 1983; Grierson, 1985; Brady v cng s, 1987;.. Giovannoni v cng s, 1989). PG hot ng l cao nht trong locule tng ngoi ca cc m v sau cc bc tng bn trong v locule m nhau thai. Nhng enzym ny khng c trong ni dung locular. Hot ng u tin xut hin trong nhau thai v sau pht trin c bn trong v bn ngoi cc bc tng locule nh l s thay i trong ly lan mu sc cho v (Pressey, 1977). Cc su mu trong c chua c lin quan vi mc PG cao. Khng c kh nng tch ly ca PG sm trong qu trnh chn depolymerize pectin xut hin kt qu t thc t l PG lng ng trong qu trnh chn sm c thng nht v in thoi di ng (Brady et al., 1987). C t s tng quan gia cc t bo enzyme tng khc xung cp v tc ca qu c chua lm mm (Tigchelaar v cng s, 1978;. Wallner v Walker, 1975). PE v d, tng severalfold trong qu trnh chn, v mt s isozyme tn ti, vi mt l isozyme chi phi (Pressey v Woods, 1992), nhng khng c mi tng quan gia cng v pectinase trong c chua. Mt s yu t khc gp phn lm mm trong c chua, v c ng k bng chng cho thy PG mt mnh khng th c s dng nh mt yu t quyt nh ca lm mm. Cellulotic enzym phn hy xenluloza v hemixenluloza, v s tin ca cc enzym ny c c tng quan vi lm mm (Pressey, 1977; Huber, 1983). Endo-PG-

ph thuc vo thy phn pectin c th to ra cc phn t c kh nng nh hng n oligosaccharide kha cnh khc ca qu trnh lm mm (Brady v cng s, 1987;. Bennett v DellaPenna, 1987, Baldwin v Pressey, 1988). iu ny bao gm vic sn xut ethylene ca on thnh t bo (Baldwin v Pressey, 1990). Trong tri cy rt chn, pectin depolymerization c th l do r r ca cc hp cht canxi chelating nh citrate v malat vo khng gian min ph tn-th. PG hnh ng trong ng nghim l b hn ch bi s hin din ca canxi trong thnh (Brady v cng s, 1987.). S dng mt t bin gen pleiotropic, rin, c nhiu khi cc kha cnh ca qu trnh chn bao gm tng hp PG, v chn mt gen khc PG theo mt promoter cm ng, Giovannoni et al. (1989) chng minh rng accumu-lated PG khng c nh hng ng k lm mm tri cy, s tin ha ethylene hoc mu sc

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

pht trin, mc d vai tr ca n nh l yu t quyt nh chnh trong suy thoi t bo pectin tng. iu ny quan st c th, tuy nhin, l kt qu ca cc hiu ng pleiotropic ca rin rng c ch thng thng PG-thay i gy ra khi chng xy ra trong cc tri cy thng thng (Langley v cng s, 1994;. Fenwick et al, 1996.). Ba isozyme PG chnh vi nhng c tnh vt l khc nhau c xc nh trong c chua (Ali v Brady, 1982). Cc isozyme c chung ch c mt triu-polypep, nhng khc nhau v glycosylation v thnh phn ca cc n v khng hot ng (Moshrefi v Luh, 1983; Pressey, 1984). Trong qu trnh chn sm, mt ng v PG (PG1 S lt) ca mately 110 xp kDa-pht trin. Nh tri cy pht trin tip tc, hai ng dng nh hn (PG2a v PG2b) khong 42 v kDa 46, tng ng, tch ly (Brady v cng s, 1982.). C hai u c cng mt im isoelectric (9.4), trong khi PG1 S lt c mt pI ca 8.6. PG1 S lt l cng nhiu hn so vi PG2 thermostable (Knegt v cng s, 1988;. Pogson v Brady, 1993). S tin tng i ca isozyme PG rt khc nhau. PG1 S lt c cho l mt phc tp ca PG2a hoc PG2b vi mt polypeptide hn na bit n nh l chui v c th c chia nh n nng sut PG2 v tiu n v - mt t l 1:1 (Hobson v Grierson, 1993). N c ngh lm mm cc xy ra t s kt hp ca PG2 vi hnh thc- mu PG1 S lt. PG1 S lt ni dung xut hin c tt hn tng quan vi qu trnh ngm (Brady v cng s, 1985;. Pogson v Brady, 1993). Mt glycoprotein chuyn i khng c hiu, c kh nng chuyn i PG2a v PG2b vo PG1 S lt, l a

ho trong thnh t bo thc vt c tinh ch (Pressey, 1994). Thy phn kim PG1 S lt kt qu trong bn pht hnh ca PG2. iu ny cho thy chuyn i l cc phn t lin quan (Pressey, 1986). Vic chuyn i tinh khit cng c th c phn ng vi cc enzyme PG2 to thnh mt loi enzyme tng t nh PG1 S lt (Knegt et al, 1988.). V vy, c chua lm mm xut hin c lin quan n s tng tc gia cc polypeptide PG2 v chuyn i cc peptide bt ng hnh thnh cc enzyme hot ng sinh l PG1 S lt. Lm lnh, lm mm lin quan, tuy nhin, c nhiu lin quan n hot ng PE. Marangoni et al. (1995) chng minh rng trong khi lm mm tri cy nonchilled cng c tng quan vi chit xut PG1 S lt hot ng, lm lnh, kt hp lm mm tng quan vi hot ng khai thc ban u cao hn PE. Nhng mt mt ca turgor t s chuyn nc vo thnh t bo PE i c xut c trch nhim lm mm nh l mt kt qu ca vic lm lnh. Mt s bo co lin quan hot ng PG vi thi hn s dng v kh nng sng st ca qu. Thp cp PG tng trng lng phn t trung bnh ca pectin v ci thin cng trong sut qu trnh chn (Murray v cng s, 1993;. Young, nm 1995; Poole, 1993). H cng lm cho tri cy t d b tn thng c hc v nt (Schuch et al, 1991.). Tri cy vi PG gim cng tng kh nng chng Geotrichum candidum v Rhizopus stolonifer, nm thng ly nhim chn tri cy (Kramer v cng s, 1992.). KT LUN Sinh ha v nhng hu qu sinh l ca ti ct ch bin c lin quan n cc m b thng xy ra. Vic tiu hy cc t bo b mt v cng thng chn thng ca cc m c bn gy ra phn ng dn n deteriorations cm gic nh l s i mu, ngoi hng v v mt cng. Nhiu yu t c kh nng nh hng n tnh cht, mc hot ng enzim, hiu qu ca cc hng v v kt cu

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

ct, hoa qu ti v cc sn phm thc vt. Chng bao gm cc iu kin pht trin v thc hnh vn ha, ging cy trng trng thnh v lc thu hoch, thu hoch v x l cc phng php v iu kin bo qun. l iu hin nhin t tng rng s tng trng tip tc ca ngnh cng nghip mi ct s yu cu mt s hiu bit tt hn v nhng thay i enzym v cch chng nh hng n tnh cht cuc sng cm gic v hn s dng ca sn phm ch bin. N cng quan trng l s tng tc ca cc enzym vi cc thnh phn thc phm khc c hiu c tnh c li c th c ti u ha v cc hiu ng

bt li c th c gim thiu. Hu ht cc ti sn bo co v c tnh ca enzym trong com-mon-ct tri cy ti v rau qu c ch bin t sn xut cha ct. Trong khi nhng phc v nh l mt h bi c gi tr ca thng tin cho ngnh cng nghip mi ct, tip tc nghin cu c th ngnh cng nghip s m bo cht lng c ci thin cm gic v hn s dng v nht qun ca ti ct tri cy v cc sn phm thc vt. Vi sinh vt Fresh-ct Sn xut

Gillian M. Heard

NI DUNG Gii thiu Tng Vi sinh vt trong sn xut ti ct Tng s vi Ngun gc ca vi-ti ct Sn xut nhim trn cc trang tri Preharvest Sau thu hoch Trong qu trnh x l nhim Cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt X l thc tin v cht lng nc Ty ra Farm Phn bn Thit hi Lng ma v nhit Trong iu kin ch bin / ng gi Nhit pH qu trnh v sinh bao b Trong iu kin Bn L Cc yu t khc Vi sinh vt hng ca sn phm ti ct nh hng ca tng trng vi sinh vt trn cht lng cuc sng v K Sch ca Salads ti ct c im h hng S ph bin ca sinh vt hng trong cc sn phm ti ct c im ca cc sinh vt Pseudomonads hng v cc loi vi khun axit lactic Related

Enterobacteriaceae

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Vi khun Coryneform Arthrobacter Nm men v Molds Tc nhn gy bnh do thc phm Hip hi cc tc nhn gy bnh do thc phm vi Salads ti ct Tc nhn gy bnh ca quan tm Listeria monocytogenes Tc nhn gy bnh ng rut (Gia nh Enterobacteriaceae) Escherichia Coli Salmonella Shigella Hnh thnh bo t vi khun Staphylococcus aureus Campylobacter Yersinia enterocolitica loi Vibrio loi Aeromonas Virus K sinh trng Pht hin tc nhn gy bnh trong cc sn phm ti ct Biocontrol Biopreservation S dng hp cht khng sinh t nhin Bacteriocins Nh my cht d bay hi t nhin Gy ra khng Tng hp cc Phenolic Lignin Trung-cht chuyn ha v phytoalexin Tng hp cc protein lin quan n Bnh sinh Gy ra khng Kt lun Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU L cht gy nhim vi sinh vt t nhin ca sn phm ti sng v ch bin ti thiu ct ngt sn phm, v nhim pht sinh t mt s ngun, bao gm c mi trng nng nghip, x l sau thu hoch v ch bin (Beuchat, nm 1996; Heard, 1999b). Fresh-ct cc sn phm c bit d b vi khun tn cng v nhng thay i xy ra i vi cc m trong khi ch bin. Ch bin cc hot ng nh ct, bm nh v ct khng ch cung cp c hi cho cc quc gia-cht gy nhim m cn gy thit hi cho tri cy v rau cc m v c cu t bo, dn n r r cc cht dinh dng v cc cht dch ca t bo. Khng ging nh cc loi ch bin, chng hn nh ng bng hoc ng hp, khng c x l nhit c a vo sn xut gim cc qun th vi sinh vt. Fresh-ct cc sn phm cng c ng gi di bu khng kh thay i

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

iu kin v c lu tr trong t lnh cho n 10-15 ngy. iu ny to ra mt mi trng thun li v thi gian cho s pht trin ca sinh vt h hng v vi sinh vt c ngha sc khe cng ng (Ahvenainen, nm 1996; Francis et al, 1999.). MicroorganISMS tc ng n gi tr kinh t ca cc sn phm ti, ct bng cch gim thi hn s dng sn phm, thng qua s h hng, v bng cch t ra mt nguy c i vi sc khe cng ng bng cch gy bnh t thc phm (Doyle, nm 1990; Lund, nm 1992; Brackett, 1994, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, nm 1994, 2000). N c bit n hn mt th k m hoa qu v rau c th hnh ng nh l phng tin cho s bng pht ca bnh nhn. Tuy nhin, cho n gn y, c t quan tm n ti liu bng chng v t l mm bnh t thc phm v sn phm ti. Ngoi ra, dch bnh do thc phm kt hp vi tri cy v rau qu c him khi c ghi nhn (Beuchat, 1998). Sau , s pht trin sinh thi hp l v hot ng ca vi sinh vt vo sn xut v c bit, trn cc sn phm ti, ct gim vn cha c hiu r. kin thc hin ti ch yu l gii hn m t cht lng ca cc loi vi sinh vt phn lp ti thi im h hng hoc sau mt t bng pht bnh do thc phm (Tauxe v cng s, 1997;. Heard, 1999b). Ngoi ra cn thiu l s hiu bit ca chng ta trong nhng yu t nh hng n nhim vi sinh vt v thc dn ha ca sn phm ti sng v ch bin gim ngt, tng tc vi sinh vt trn cc sn phm ny v thay i sinh ha xy ra. cc vi sinh vt lm g pht trin trn v nhng g cc cht chuyn ha c sn xut v lm cc cht chuyn ha gp phn vo qu trnh h hng? Liu s pht trin ca vi khun lm hng

nh pseudomonads v vi khun axit lactic nh hng n tng trng ca cc loi gy bnh? C c ch biocontrol t nhin m c th tr gip trong vic kim sot cc vi? iu ny, nhng thng tin, cng nh kin thc trong nhng yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trn tri cy v rau qu ch bin ti thiu, l cn thit nu chng ta kim sot cht lng v an ton ca cc sn phm ti ct. Mc ch ca chng ny l xem li nhng kin thc hin c trn s a dng ca cc vi sinh ca sn phm ti ct, ngun gc v ngha ca cc loi vi sinh vt chim u th, cc iu kin khuyn khch tng trng vi khun v nhng hu qu ca s tng trng ca vi khun. Ngoi ra, cc khuyn ngh cho nghin cu trong tng lai s c thc hin.

CHUNG Vi sinh vt trong CUT-ti SN XUT TNG vi Tri cy v rau qu b nhim vi sinh vt trong khi trn cy, trong lnh vc, trong qu trnh thu hoch v vn chuyn n th trng v trong qu trnh ch bin v ng gi lo ha. Vi sinh vt c th c mt nh l cht gy nhim c c hi, hoc h c th c c im cho php thc dn ca nh my. H c th gy h hng hoc c th c ngha sc khe cng ng. Do , cc vi sinh kt hp vi ct ngt sn xut rt a dng. Phn ln cc ti liu bo co s xut hin ca cc vi sinh vt trong cc sn phm ny c, tht khng may, ch tp trung vo tng dn s vi khun v cc nhm vi sinh vt, chng hn nh coliform, coliform phn, pectin v cc loi nm men v s lng nm mc. Mc d chng ta bit c tc nhn gy bnh c th xy ra trong cc sn phm ti, ct, hn l tc nhn gy bnh trc tip gim st qun th, coliform thng c s dng nh nhng ch tiu nhim vi tc nhn gy bnh t ngun phn. Tht khng may, nhiu ngi khng gy bnh loi vi khun thng hin din trn b mt ca sn phm ti sng, chng hn nh loi Enterobacter, s cho kt qu tch cc pht hin coliform. l by gi ngy cng tha nhn rng dn s coliform ca nguyn liu v ch bin rau qu ti khng c s dng cho bit nhim vi tc nhn gy bnh phn (Beuchat, 1998, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Tuy nhin, tng coliform tnh v cc xt nghim n gin thc hin, v chng c s dng ca sn phm ti ct cng nghip nh cc ch s v v sinh v cht lng. V l do ny, d liu c tm tt cho mt lot sn phm ti ct v c th hin trong Bng 7.1. S lng sinh vt mesophilic bo co v rau salad ti ct gim ti thi im x l tng t nh cc con s hin nay vo sn xut cha qua ch bin. Vi sinh vt

c tnh trong phm vi cc 101-109 cfu / g, khc nhau vi tri cy v cc loi thc vt (Bng 7.1). Khong 80-90% ca nhng sinh vt ny c bo co l que gram m, m ch yu l pseudomonads. Khong 10-60% ca nhng sinh vt ny l hunh quang, pseudomonads pectin, thay i t 10-20% cc chng phn lp t x lch x nh 20-60% ca pseudomonads hunh quang c phn lp t c rt v endives (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 1994, 2000;. Carlin v cng s, 1989; Nguyn-Cc v Prunier, nm 1989;. Magnusson v cng s, 1990; Bennick v cng s, 1998;. Jayasekara, 1999). pseudomonads hunh quang l nhm chim u th b c lp t rau ng (Jacques v Morris, 1995) rau bina, sp l v c rt (Garg et al., 1990). Mt nghin cu gn y ca cc vi ca gi rau dip xon v mung (Bennick et al., 1998) cng thng bo u th bi pseudomonads. Enterobacteriaceae cng c mt trn rau ti thiu x l, tuy nhin, s hin din ca h thng c tm tt nh coliform hoc phn s lng coliform (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, nm 1994;. Bennick et al, 1998). cc nhm vi sinh vt khc bo co v ct rau ti bao gm nm men v nm mc (Bng 7.1). V d, khun mu c bo co theo dn s khc nhau t 102 cfu / g trn rau dip ct gim ti 108 cfu / g trong gi rau bm nh v c rt thi nh. Trong x lch trn mayonnaise, men dn cao nh 106 c bo co, pH thp hn thin tng trng nm men vi sinh vt khc (Christiansen v King, 1971; Fowler v Clark, 1975; Brocklehurst v cng s, 1983;. Brocklehurst v Lund, 1984 ; Lindroth et al. 1985; Hunter v cng s, 1994).. Vi khun lactic acid c mt trn chn car ti-ct-bn v c bo co xy ra trong qun th khc nhau, t 102 cfu / g trong rau dip xon ct nh 106cfu / g trong rau hn hp (Manzano v cng s, 1995;. Jacxsens et al. 1999). C vi bo co ca cc vi sinh ch yu ca cc sn phm tri cy ti ct. Khng ging nh trn ton b tri cy, sinh trng ca nm mc trn cc sn phm ti, ct khng xut hin nh mt vn ln, v n c th c gi nh rng m cao sn sng n cc sn phm tri cy c th khuyn khch vi khun pht trin nhanh hn v men. Nm popu-lations ca 103-104 c bo co cho tri cy ch bin (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 1994), v qun th vi khun tng s 106 cfu / g c bo co cho (cantaloupe Sapers v Simmons, 1998). iu tra thm chi tit v s xut hin ca cc vi sinh vt trong cc sn phm tri cy ch bin l cn thit. NGUN GC CA vi ca CUT-ti SN XUT nhim vi sinh vt tri cy v rau qu c bo co pht sinh trong qu trnh tng trng, t t, cht hu c, phn hu c, quy trnh thy li, cn trng, ng vt v lin

h vi con ngi, v t sau thu hoch thc hnh, bao gm c ra, ct ta BNG 7,1 Tng s vi sinh vt v qun th vi sinh vt chim u th Groups Hin ti trn Tri cy ti ct v Vegetables1 Dn s vi sinh vt (ng nhp cfu g-1) Fresh-ct nm Tng Acid Lactic v Coliform Count Sn phm (Mesophilic) Count Vi khun Molds Ref. Hng ha c nhn Bng ci xanh chic hoa 6,5 5,92-5,2 Brackett (1989) Bng ci xanh chic hoa 4,7 2,23,3 Mohd-Som et al. (1994) Bng ci xanh chic hoa 4,7 2,1-3,25 Jacques v Morris (1995) Cantaloupe 6,11 - - - Sapers v Simmons (1998) Ti thiu ch bin da 1.05 - ND - Lamikanra et al. (2000) Ct c rt 4.4 - - - Priepke et al. (1976) Carrot gy 4,99-5,77 - ND-3,1 ND-4,25 Garg et al. (1990) si c rt 2,9-1,1 - Chervin v Boisseau (1994) C rt thi nh 6,00-4,00 <2,00 Carlin et al. (1990) Carrot gy 4,98 2,84 ND - Garg et al. (1993) si c rt 4,88-3,52 3,15 Kakiomenou et al. (1996) C rt 5,13 - - - Odumeru et al. (1997) C rt thi nh 2,84-3,85 1,54-2,3 (phn) 1,65-2,69 2,00-2,12 Sinigaglia et al. (1999) Ti thiu ch bin rau ng l rng

3,83-4,82 - - - Carlin et al. (1996) Rau dip xon ct rau ng 4,00 - - - Bennick et al. (1998) Rau dip xon, rau ng (Bm nh) 5,2-2,63 3,0 Jacxsens et al. (1999) Xa lach trn <4,00-> 8,00 <2,00-> 6,00 - - Fowler v Foster (1976) Bp ci (Xa lach trn) 4,07-7,08 - ND-2,4 ND-2,2 Garg et al. (1990) Xa lach trn trn 5,14 - - - Odumeru et al. (1997) Xa lach trn (Dryslaw) 7,32-7,84 - - - Jayasekara (1999) Cn ty ct gim 5,7 - - - Priepke et al. (1976) Ct rau dip 5,3 - - - Priepke et al. (1976) Chun b rau dip cho Caterers 5,6 3,9 Maxcy (1978) Rau dip 5,41 - ND ND Garg et al. (1990) (Tip theo)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,1 Tng s vi sinh vt v qun th vi sinh vt chim u th Groups Hin ti trn Tri cy ti ct v Vegetables1 (tip theo) Dn s vi sinh vt (ng nhp cfu g-1) Fresh-ct Sn phm Tng Count (Mesophilic) Coliform Count Acid Lactic Vi khun Nm men v Khun Ref. Rau dip 6,39-7,69 4,14-5,29 - - Gras et al. (1994) xt nh rau dip 4,85 - - - Odumeru et al. (1997) ch bin rau dip 2,5-6,2 - - - Francis v O'Beirne (1998) X lch x nh 4,28 - <1 2,07 Delaquis et al. (1999) Rau dip salad 7,23-7,61 - - Jayasekara (1999) t chung ct nh Fresh-ct nm 3,5 - - - Izumi (1999) 8,3 - - - Sapers v Simmons

(1998) Khoai ty di 2.00 - - - Gunes et al. (1997) ct lt khoai ty 2,01-2,6 <0,7 <0,7 - Laurila et al. (1998) khoai ty thi nh 5,00 - - - Izumi (1999) Khoai ty salad 5,41-4,98 - - - Jayasekara (1999) Nht Bn si c ci Ta l rau bina 3.9 - - - Izumi (1999) 4,00 - - - Izumi (1999)

Sn phm hn hp

'

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,1 Tng s vi sinh vt v qun th vi sinh vt chim u th hin ti nhm trn Tri cy ti ct v Vegetables1 (tip theo) Dn s vi sinh vt (ng nhp cfu g-1) Fresh-ct Sn phm Tng Count (Mesophilic) Coliform Count Acid Lactic Vi khun Nm men v Khun Ref. Sn sng s dng hn hp salad 7,18 6,60 5,3 - Vescovo et al. (1995) Salad trn 5,35 - - - Odumeru et al. (1997) Rau x lch 4-7 - - - Wright et al. (1976) 1Products c ly mu trc khi lu tr.

2Reported nh tnh Enterobacteriaceae. -Khng phi ly mu. ' v ng gi (Beuchat, 1996). sn ti ct c th c tip tc b nhim trong qu trnh vn chuyn, t cc bc ch bin v trong bao b (Heard, 1999b). Phn ny bn v ngun gc ca nhng vi sinh v nu bt nhng l hng trong kin thc ca chng ti v ni nhim thc s xy ra dc theo dy chuyn sn xut. nhim trn cc trang tri Preharvest Tri cy v rau b nhim trong lnh vc ny trong qu trnh tng trng. Cc thc vt nh c th pht sinh t bn trong nh my, chng hn nh t cc ht ging hoc c hoc t mi trng, trong qu trnh tng trng. Ht ging l mt ngun gy bnh do thc phm nh Bacillus cereus v Salmonella cng nh vi khun v nm gy ra cc bnh sau thu hoch (Portnoy v cng s, 1976;. Maud, 1983; Harmon v cng s, 1987;. O'Mahony et al. Nm 1990; Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Nh vy, l u tin ni ln t ht contaminated cng s b nhim. V d, Morris v Lucotte (1993) bo co dn s tng cng 103 cfu/cm-2 trn l u tin ca mt nh my rau ng xanh. Hu ht nhim xy ra bn ngoi hoc b mt ca cc nh my, mc d trong mt s loi tri cy v rau qu, cc m bn trong c th b xm lc trong giai on u pht trin cy n qu (ICMSF, 1998). Cc loi vi sinh vt chim u th hin nay trn sn phm ti ct (Bng 7.1) cng hin din trong t, nc ti v nng mi trng ni chung. Bng 7.2 tm tt cc ngun nhim vi sinh trong sn xut ct ngt sn xut, theo bo co trong cc ti liu. Khi vi khun cp trc y, pectin v hunh quang, c bit l pseudomonads, l nhng thc vt chi phi ca nhiu sn phm thc vt ti thi im thu hoch. Nhng sinh vt cng nh vi khun coryneform, vi khun acid lactic, nm men v nm mc c ngun gc t khng kh, nc, t v lm nhim cc l v cc b mt bn ngoi ca cc nh my trong qu trnh tng trng (Lund, 1983, 1992; ICMSF, 1998). Cy trng c th b nhim sinh vt h hng t mt s ngun tin ti nng tri. S hin din ca cc cht hu c thi ra trong t nn c

BNG 7,2 Ngun nhim vi sinh vt ca Fresh-ct Salad Sn phm-t cc nng tri v trong qu trnh ch bin Ngun V d sn phm nhim vi Ref. Trn cc trang tri trc v sau thu hoch Chn th vt nui, phn t gia sc (cha qua ch bin phn bn hu c) Rau hng h thc vt v cc mm bnh, vi khun Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Cryptosporidium parvum Tauxe et al. (1997), Nguyn-Cc v Carlin (2000) V sinh thc hnh ca ngi nng dn Thi lt da Vibrio cholerae Ackers et al. (1997) Qu mm xi v da hu ct lt Tc nhn gy bnh Ackers et al. (1997), Lund v Snowden (2000) Cn trng b h hi tri cy v rau qu Hng hoc vi gy bnh Lund (1983) Chi ph qun l h thng thy li C chua nhim vi khun Samish v Etinger-Tulczynska (1963) ng gi thit k Tt c cc kho sn xut - Troller (1983), Coghlan (2000) Thuc tr su (pha ln bng cch s dng nc b nhim)

Hoa qu ti v rau qu, v d, mm xi (chng vi mm bnh) Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Shigella tn ti v tng trng trong thuc tr su, Cyclospora cayetanensis trn mm xi Hertwaldt et al. (1997), Tauxe et al. (1997), Coghlan (2000) Lng ma v nhit Rau Lactic acid s vi khun c t nng, iu kin kh Mundt et al. (1967), Mundt (1970) Rhizospheres Root cy trng nm bo t, pseudomonads Pectolytic, vi h hng Droby et al. (1984), Sands v Hankin (1975) Ht, c rau ng cy Tng s vi Morris v Lucotte (1983) Mm vi khun Salmonella, Bacillus cereus Portnoy et al. (1976), Maud (1983), Harmon et al. (1987), O'Mahony et al. (1990) t, vt liu hu c Rhizospheres Cl. perfringens Lund (1992) Giao thng vn ti-xe ti, pallet, hp, thng - - Khng c bo co * X l nc thi, nc thi Rau vi khun t, Listeria monocytogenes Beuchat (1998), Nguyn-Cc v Carlin (2000)

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,2 Ngun nhim vi sinh vt ca Fresh-ct Salad Sn phm-t cc nng tri v trong qu trnh ch bin (tip theo) Ngun V d sn phm nhim vi Ref. Gi, bi Da chut - Phn coliform Khng c bo co *

Thit b trang tr, bm nh, ct, b mt

Trong qu trnh ch bin Rau Tng s vi v coliform

Garg et al. (1990), Barry-Ryan v O'Beirne (1998) X l v sinh - - Khng c bo co * Nguyn liu thc vt khng G hoc tht vo x lch Tng s vi tng Christiansen v King (1971) Rau dip bao b a dng hn nhiu loi vi sinh vt c trong gi nim phong hn trong cc gi nim phong

S dng chlorine Tt c sn xut s lng Tng gim 1-3 ng nhp Bng ci xanh chm s h hng ca pseudomonads trong cc gi khng kh bin i Magnuson et al. (1990), vua et al. (1991) Garg et al. (1990), Nguyn-Cc v Carlin (1994) Brackett (1989) Ra nc, nc tm c s dng bi nh ng gi cc C chua Tng s vi tng, Salmonella (gy ra mt t bng pht bnh do thc phm) Tamplin (1997)

* C rt t bng chng chng nh hng ca cc yu t ny l ngun nhim, nhng chng thng c gi trong phn nh gi ca Beuchat (1996, 1998), ICMSF (1998) v Heard (1999b).

trnh c, v n c th cung cp mt ngun nhim cho cy trng gn pht trin. V d, pseudomonads pectolytic c hin th tn ti trong t c cha cc rhizospheres ca cy trng trc (Sands v Hankin, 1975). iu ny c th dn n s h hng ca cc v tip theo (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Trong mt bi nh gi bi Lund (1992), c kin cho rng rhizospheres cng c th h tr s sng cn ca clostridia ln n 106cfu / g. Clostridium perfringens c bo co nh l mt loi ph bin rhizospheres. thit b thu hoch c th b nhim cc bo t nm v vi khun, t t v t cc vt cht hu c, sau , contam-inating cy trng mi. V d, Droby et al. (1984) bo co rng c khoai ty b nhim cc bo t nm c ngun gc t l b nhim bnh. ng vt trong nc cng c th ph bin cc sinh vt h hng n vi thc n thc vt (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000). hot ng ca cn trng c khuyn khch bi s hin din ca cc vt cht hu c cn li trong cc lnh vc, v cc cn trng c th ph bin

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

vi sinh vt i vi cy trng khc, dn n nhim (Lund, 1983). Vic s dng cc h thng thy li chi ph c lin quan vi nhim khun ca hoa qu nh c chua. Vi khun xm nhp tri cy qua cc l i (Samish v Etinger-Tulczynska, 1963). Vai tr ca gi lm nhim tri cy v car-bn l khng c bo co trong vic iu tra ti liu v m bo. Gi c th chuyn bi nhim vi nm mc hoc cc bo t vi khun trn b mt ca cc nh my. Tc nhn gy bnh c ngha sc khe cng ng, bao gm c vi khun Listeria monocytogenes, ther-motolerant Campylobacter v mm bnh c hi Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cng c phn lp t t, nc, gia cm v phn ng vt (Geldreich v Bordner, nm 1971, Colburn v cng s, 1990;. Park v Sander, 1992, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000) v tri lao ng trong cc lnh vc. Nng dn v ngi lao ng nng nghip thng cho rng v nguyn liu sn xut l bn trong qu trnh tng trng, v sinh c nhn v v sinh trang thit b khng cn thit. Khng ra tay, x l cht thi trong nc v lm sch khng y cc trang thit b nng nghip c th dn n nhim ca sn xut vi cc sinh vt h hng v c th vi vi sinh vt c ngha sc khe cng ng (Geldreich v Bordner, 1971; Beuchat, 1996, 1998; Brackett, 1999). Qu Hng dn Gim thiu mi nguy vi sinh an ton thc phm cho ti v rau (Hng dn cc ngnh cng nghip, 1998) gn y c cng b bi B Nng nghip M h tr trong vic gio dc nng dn v x l trong sn xut sn xut an ton. Nhng hng dn, dng a ch cc vn v sinh ni trn. X l nc thi hoc nc b nhim vi cc vt liu phn cng l mt ngun tioncontamina. cy Tng t, vic s dng phn bn hu c khng qua x l v ng dng vt liu phn trc tip ca con ngi pht trin c th gy nhim vi tc nhn gy bnh (ICMSF, 1998). Tc nhn gy bnh, bao gm cc thnh vin ca Enterobacteriaciae, vi rt, nguyn sinh ng vt v tuyn trng v L. monocytogenes c th c truyn cho tri cy ti v car-bng biu t cc nc thi v nc thi khng qua x l v vn phn. V d, rau qu nc thi ti tiu c bo co l chu trch nhim v dch bnh t ti Chile v Costa Rica trong nm 1990 (Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Mt s bo co v nhim mm bnh ca qu ti liu ngun gc ca cc tc nhn gy bnh, Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157: H7 v Cryptosporidium parvum, l phn t gia sc chn th (Tauxe et al, 1997.). Mt s iu tra nh hng ca nc thi v dn s vi sinh vt ca rau qu ti tiu c bo co trong vn hc, mc d khng c nhng nghin cu gn y. Sadovski et al. (1978), trong mt nh gi ca cc phng php ti cho cy trng, ghi

nhn s lng coliform ca phn 103cfu/100 g trn da chut ly t l-ti nc thi. Rosas et al. (1984) iu tra cht lng vi khun ca cy trng ti bng nc thi trong mt khu vc ca thnh ph Mexico. Sau thu hoch Tri cy v rau qu c th tr thnh b nhim hn na trong qu trnh thu hoch v sau thu hoch t x l t cc b x l, cc b mt lm vic, ra nc, thng bao b v pallet v xe ti trong khi vn chuyn (Bng 7.2). Thc hnh v sinh khng ng cch c th nh hng n an ton vi sinh ca sn xut trong thi gian thu hoch (Geldreich v Bordner, 1971). Nh v sinh cn cung cp y phng tin ra tay, v nc thi khng c tip xc vi cy trng (Beuchat, 1998). nhim ca cc loi qu nh xat-qu v da hu ct lt c lin quan n hi (et al Ackers nm 1997;. Lund v

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Snowden, 2000). V d, Ackers et al. (1997) bo co cc kt ni c th xy ra gia v sinh ca ngi lao ng nng nghip v dch bnh ca bnh t lin kt vi da thi lt. Ly nhim cho gia cc loi cy trng c th xy ra trong qu trnh x l sau thu hoch v sau thu hoch v hot ng, v nhim vi tc nhn gy bnh c th t tay x l 'hoc t nc ra nhim (Lund, nm 1992; ICMSF, 1998). Kim sot cc bin php bao gm vic s dng nc sch v v sinh ra tri cy v lm sch b mt lm vic, nh kho lnh ng gi v o to cng nhn NN-tural trong sn xut tt v thc hnh v sinh. Trong qu trnh x l nhim Cc ngun chnh gy nhim trong qu trnh ch bin hoa qu ti ct v car-bng c nht c l l mi trng ni chung v thit b nh my ch bin (Bng 7.2). Tuy nhin, hin nay t thng tin c sn ti liu cc ri ro v nhim vi cc sinh vt c nhn giai on ny sn xut. cng nhn Nh my cng l mt ngun c th b nhim bn, nhng khng c bng chng h tr trong cc ti liu. Mt nghin cu tin hnh bi Garg et al. (1990) trong ch bin cc loi rau nh rau dip, bp ci v c hnh thnh lp cc hu v my thi l ngun chnh gy nhim bn. Xem thm thng tin cn thit v nhng vi ca cc nh my ch bin v mc nhim trong mi trng ny. nghin cu trong tng

lai cng cn iu tra vai tr ca s hnh thnh mng sinh hc trong nhim ca cc sn phm ti ct. Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy mng sinh hc hnh thnh trn cc thit b ch bin c th cung cp cc im nhim (Carmichael v cng s, 1999.). Cc thnh phn phi thc vt cng c th l ngun gy nhim vi vi sinh vt dng ti ct gim. Trong trng hp ca pH thp, x lch mc qun o, b vi x l c th kt hp ngt ct tri cy v rau vi tht g, tht hoc hi sn, do increas-ing phm vi ca h vi h hng tim nng v gii thiu nhng sinh vt c ngha sc khe cng ng. Christiansen v King (1971) xem xt sa lt tht, bao gm tht g, tht v tht ln nng. tnh tng cng ca salad ham dao ng 102-106 tnh salad g /, v tnh cho cc mn salad khc cao hn mt cht, ln n 107counts / g x lch. S ng gp ca tht vi vi ca x lch khng phi l iu tra. t c bit v cc vi h hng ca cc mn salad.

YU T NH HNG N TNG TRNG ca vi sinh vt Cc yu t nh hng n s n nh vi sinh vt v cht lng ca rau qu ti c th c ct sim-plified thnh bn loi chnh c lit k di y: 1. Thc cht ti sn ca pH-thc phm, hm lng nc, cht dinh dng v bo v-ing cu trc sinh hc nh da hoc lp biu b 2. Ch bin cc yu t ra, chn, ct, bm nh, ng gi, iu kin nhit trong qu trnh b sung cht bo qun 3. Cc yu t bn ngoi, nhit bo qun v s dng kh quyn i 4. Implicit ti sn ca t l tng trng loi vi sinh vt, nhit v lng khoan dung pH v s tng tc (Heard, 1999b)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Bng 7.3 lin quan n cc yu t ny sn xut tri cy v rau qu, t trang tri thng qua cc sn phm ch bin ng gi, v cc yu t chnh c tho lun di y.

THC HNH X L V CC NNG

iu kin mi trng nh nhit v lng ma, thc hnh nng nghip v tiu chun v sinh trang tri l tt c cng nhn l yu t nh hng n cht lng vi sinh ca sn phm ti. Trong thi gian thu hoch v sau thu hoch lu tr, s vi sinh vt c cho l chu nh hng ca nhit , v sinh ca c s lu tr v vn chuyn v mc thit hi ca sn xut trong thi gian thu hoch (Lund, 1992, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, nm 1994; ICMSF, nm 1998; Brackett nm 1999, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000). ng ngc nhin, mc d cc yu t ny c bo co l c ngha cho vic sn xut an ton ca sn phm ti sng, c rt t ti liu bng chng v tc dng ca h trn cc qun th vi sinh vt, c nhn hin nay trong c thu hoch, pht trin v vn chuyn. Cc ti liu c c tm tt di y.

Cht lng nc Cht lng nc l mt yu t quan trng nh hng n s nhim vi sinh ca sn phm ti sng trong s tng trng. Nc c s dng ti, ra, ra tay, lm mt v cho thuc tr su hoc p dng trn l (Pabrua, 1999). Cc phng php c s dng cho thu li ng k c th nh hng n mc nhim. Sadovski et al. (1978), trong mt nghin cu ca cc thc hnh ca nc thi ti tiu, cho thy nhim c th c min-imized nu c ti nh git c s dng thay v ti phun. nhim vi coliform phn l 38 ln cao trn rau ti bng nc thi vi mt h thng nh git pht hin hn so vi ti bng nc sch, nhng rau ti bng nc b nhim thng qua mt h thng nh git c bao ph bi t b nhim vi dn s ch c 10 ln cao hn kim sot. H cng thy rng c nhiu nguy c nhim nu cy trng c ti bng nc thi ngay trc khi thu hoch thay v trc trong chu k tng trng. Thy li tn s c th nh hng n qun th vi khun ca cy trng trong tng trng. Ludy et al. (1997) thnh lp m gim tn sut ti 2-8 ngy, gim t l thi mm trong u bng ci xanh 30-15% trong mt nm v t 22-10% trong nm khc. S dng nc b nhim chun b thuc tr su cng c lin kt vi cc dch bnh do thc phm. nghin cu gn y ch ra rng cc tc nhn gy bnh Salmonella, Shigella v E. coli O157: H7 c th tn ti v pht trin trong pesti-tr su (Coghlan, 2000) (Bng 7.2). Ra v thu hoch c th tip tc tng dn s vi sinh vt, c bit nu ra nc khng sch (ICMSF, 1998), v lu tr v vn chuyn cc loi cy trng trong nc c th tip tc khuyn khch tng trng ca vi khun. Segall v Dow (1973) bo co nhim vi cc loi Erwinia t Cng ty Phong Hong-ngn chn vn chuyn trong nc. thc hnh nng nghip tt yu cu kin thc v ngun gc v an ton ca nc v, nu

c th, kin thc v dn s vi sinh vt, trnh s dng cc ngun con-taminated. nhiu nc, c quan y t cm vic s dng cc vng nc cha c x l ti. Tuy nhin, nhiu nc, khng c php lut

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,3 Cc yu t nh hng n cc vi sinh vt n nh v cht lng ca Ti thiu Ch bin rau Salads t nng tri n bn l Cc yu t ni ti pH pH ca x lch khc nhau ty thuc vo loi thc vt c s dng, v d, c chua c pH thp, rau dip l pH trung tnh Lng dinh dng x lch c cha mt hn hp a dng hn cc cht dinh dng hn so vi gi duy nht ca cc loi rau Ngoi ra cc thnh phn phi thc vt nh cc sn phm sa, tht, hi sn, v tht g cung cp cht bo v protein Sinh hc cu trc da hoc cc lp biu b ca cc loi rau ti thiu v x l b h hng, do , khng phi l mt tr ngi cho s pht trin ca vi khun sinh l hc ca cc loi rau khc nhau, v d nh, bng ci xanh cu trc rt phc tp, bao gm c chic hoa nn cht v thn vi mt lp biu b sp cc sinh ha, sinh l thay i v tng tc xy ra trong salad trong qu trnh ch bin v lu tr Cc yu t khc khng khun hiu qu ca cc loi rau, v d nh, tc dng ca c rt antilisterial

Tri thc hnh s dng phn bn

 s dng thuc tr su Cc yu t ch bin nhim t x l, gia sc v cn trng thit hi trong qu trnh thu hoch s dng nc b nhim loi thu hoch, hng dn, tc l hoc c kh iu kin ca nh kho ng gi v xe ti Git ra ti thi im thu hoch c th gy nhim rau qu vi cc vi sinh vt ng nc ra trong cc nh my ch bin nn gim ti vi sinh vt (xem nc c sch) Nhit nhit trong qu trnh thu hoch v ct ta v ra ti nng tri chn hoc nu n ca cc nguyn liu nh l m v khoai ty lm gim hoc tiu dit cc t bo thc vt vi sinh vt nhit thp (0-5 C) trong thi hn chun b, ch bin v lu tr s pht trin ca vi sinh vt Cc quy trnh ch hot ng nh ct, bm nh v ct c th lm nhim cc loi rau lp rp x lch c th dn n nhim t qu trnh lao ng v cc b mt lm vic s dng bng pH thp nh kem chua v mayonnaise salad pH thp hn s dng bao b hot ng nh ro cn oxy v nc v ngn nga nhim vi sinh vt (Tip theo)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,3 Cc yu t nh hng n cc vi sinh vt n nh v cht lng ca Ti thiu Ch bin rau Salads t nng tri n bn l (tip theo)

Nhit Cc yu t bn ngoi nhit dao ng trong khi vn chuyn v bn l c thay i kh quyn ng gi khng kh bin i nh hng n s tn ti ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh lu tr Cc yu t tim n chim u th cnh tranh gia cc nhm vi sinh vt, v d nh vi khun axit lactic v pseudomonads mi quan h i khng gia cc nhm vi sinh vt s ng b gia cc nhm vi sinh vt Ngun: Trch t Heard (1999b). Thuc kh trng Ra tri cy v rau qu trong nc sch c th loi b cc sinh vt t b mt, v ngoi ca mt cht kh trng (vic s dng Clo, b mt hoc axit nh axit peroxyacetic) c th t c ct gim thm log 1-2 (Cherry, 1999). Beuchat (1998) xem xt li quy trnh cho vic kh trng b mt ca tri cy v rau qu. Mc d thiu cc d liu phong ph, khoa hc, Beuchat (1998) lm cho mt s kt lun v hiu qu ca phng php iu tr ra, v c bit, vic s dng cc cht kh trng. Hiu qu ca iu tr khc nhau vi nhng iu sau y: 1. Cc loi v pH ca cht ty kh trng, c s dng trong phm vi pH trong h c nhiu hot ng. V d, clo l hiu qu nht pH acid nh, ni m cc loi chim u th v hiu qu nht l hypochlorous acid. 2. Thi gian v loi hnh lin lc-kh trng nh chlorine c hiu qu nht trong vng vi giy u tin iu tr. 3. Nhit nc, nhit ca nc ra nn cao hn so vi sn xut trnh s hp thu ca cc t bo vi khun bng cch m.

4. Cc c tnh ca cc cu trc b mt sn khc nhau c th nh hng tng tc vi cht kh trng. 5. Cc tnh cht ca vi sinh vt-loi t bo v phn ng cng thng nh hng n cht kh trng. Khng tc nhn gy bnh clo thay i, v n khng c bit lm th no cht kh trng hiu qu trong vic tiu dit k sinh trng v vi rt trn tri cy v rau qu. 6. Mc nhim, sn xut b nhim nng phi c ra hai ln, u tin loi b t nng v th hai lm v sinh.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Sn xut cng phi c phi kh sau khi iu tr ngn chn s tng trng ca cc sinh vt cn li. Beuchat (1998) cng ngh cc axit hu c nh axit peroxyacetic v x l ozon ha cho thy tim nng tt nh cht kh trng, nhng cc-tions condi s dng yu cu iu tra thm.

Phn bn Vic la chn phn bn cng c th nh hng n mc nhim. Vic s dng phn bn v c hoc phn c iu tr c th lm gim nguy c cc loi cy trng cht gy nhim-nating vi tc nhn gy bnh (ICMSF, 1998). Vt liu hu c c th nh km vo l bn ngoi ca sn xut, hiu qu enmeshing sinh vt trn b mt. phn b c bo co nh mt ngun ca E. coli O157: H7, v phn gia cm c cha Salmo-Nella spp. (Beuchat, 1996). Thit hi Thng tch ca tri cy v rau qu c th xy ra trong qu trnh tng trng, v d, trong ma , bo. Tri cy v rau qu cng thng tr thnh ngi b thng trong kt qu thu hoch trong bn pht hnh ca cc cht dinh dng v cho php nhp cnh ca vi sinh vt cc m ni b (ICMSF, 1998). Trc khi b thng tch hay thit hi xy ra, hu ht cc vi sinh vt c mt bn ngoi ca tri cy v rau qu v khng th nhp vo cc m bn trong do lp cuticular bao gm cc lp biu b ca cc c quan trn khng nh l, thn v tri cy (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000 ). Ch c thc s tc nhn gy bnh

thc vt c th xm nhp vo cc m ca bing yn v s tri cy v rau qu. Mt khi cc lp cuticular b hng, vi sinh vt c tip xc vi cht lng di ng v m, v tng trng ca vi sinh vt c khuyn khch. Vic pht hnh cc loi nc c cha ng cng khuyn khch cc cuc tn cng ca cn trng, hn na lm tn hi n sn xut v cho php ph bin ca microorgan-ISMS. Do , iu kin x l hp v sinh v nhit mt trong khi vn chuyn cc sn phm thu hoch cc nh my ch bin l cn thit trnh qu nhiu nhim vi sinh vt (ICMSF, nm 1998; Heard, 1999b). S dng thuc tr su hoc s dng cc thc hnh canh tc hu c ngn chn cn trng cng l mong mun lm gim hot ng ca cn trng (Lund v Snowden, 2000).

Lng ma v nhit m p, m t trong thu hoch c bit l lm tng ti trng tng th vi sinh vt ca cy trng nh c chua (al Senter v cng s, 1985.). Lng ma trong qu trnh pht trin ca cc loi rau cng c chng minh l c nh hng n dn s vi khun. Mundt v ng nghip (1967, 1970) nghin cu nhng con s v cc loi vi khun axit lactic trn rau v bo co rng dn s ca nhng sinh vt ny c th s thp v rt kh phc hi trong iu kin kh hn gn. S lng cc loi chim u th, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, t cao nh 104 cfu / g trn rau mu xanh khi lng ma phong ph hn. Nhit cng l mt yu t quan trng nh hng n s lng vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l sau thu hoch. Splittstoesser (1970) quan st thy rng cc loi rau ti nh rau bina v u H Lan, thu hoch v vn chuyn x l theo m p, m t

2002 bi LLC bo CRC iu kin thc hin ln n 107cfu / g tng s vi khun. Nhanh chng vn chuyn cc sn phm di iu kin lnh, nn c khuyn khch gim thiu s pht trin ca vi khun. Mc y v nh hng ca thc hnh nng nghip v cht lng ca tri cy v rau ti c s dng ct gim v tc ng vo sn phm ch bin cui cng vn cha c xc nh. Tuy nhin, bin php kim sot nht nh c th c thc hin gim con-tamination, bao gm c s dng my lnh v nc sch trong oper sau thu hochations. Chi tit iu tra sinh thi l cn thit i vi chng ti xc nh cc loi vi sinh vt quan trng nht hin nay v cc yu t nh hng quan trng nht. Vi bng chng

cho tm quan trng ca thc hnh v sinh ti nng tri, chng ti c th gio dc v o to cng nhn trang tri trong sn xut an ton ca sn phm ti sng cho tt c cc ng dng. IU KIN TRONG X L / B cc yu t nh hng n s sng cn v pht trin ca cc vi sinh ca sn phm ti sng trong cc giai on ch bin l g? Cc loi chim u th ti thi im thu hoch v vn chuyn s khng nht thit chim u th trong qu trnh ch bin, v n c th khng c cc loi ny ban u gy ra cc triu chng h hng (Nguyen-Cc v Prunier, nm 1989; Bennick et al, 1998.) Hoc gy dch do thc phm gy bnh (Beuchat, 1998). Phn-mization iu kin gia hn thi hn s dng ca cc sn phm ny l u tin chnh ca b vi x l, nh vi sinh vt h hng c ngha thng mi ln v s tip tc c nh vy khi th trng m rng trn ton th gii. Hin nay, nhng tr ngi chnh c p dng kim sot s tng trng ca vi sinh vt l vic s dng ca nhit thp v kh quyn sa i. Tht khng may, nhng nh hng ca ch bin, bo qun nhit thp v lu tr i atmo-cu v cc loi c nhn hoc cc nhm vi sinh vt hin din trn cc nguyn liu sn xut vn cha c nghin cu. Chng ti cng thiu thng tin v cc phn ng sinh ha c th h tr cho vic pht trin ca vi sinh vt v tng tc gia cc loi c th xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin nh cc cu trc v tnh cht ni ti ca sn phm c thay i. Phn sau y ch yu l xem xt cc yu t ch bin vtions condi nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong x lch, theo bo co trong cc ti liu. Quy trnh Khi n ti nh my ch bin, hoa qu v rau c ct v bc v. Ct ta cc quy trnh l nhng bc u tin thc hin theo hng gim ti vi sinh ca sn phm bng cch loi b hu ht cc lp bn ngoi b nhim nng. Phn r ca cc loi rau l xanh nh rau ng xy ra thng xuyn trn l xanh bn ngoi hn l trn l mu vng trong (Carlin v cng s, 1995.). Tuy nhin, qu trnh thc t ca vic loi b c th gy nhim ca cc phn n c ca cc loi rau qu, do tng nguy c nhim vi sinh vt trong cc bc tip theo ch bin (Garg v cng s, 1990;. Beuchat, 1998). Do , ra sau khi ct ta v ct c phn vo u-essary loi b vi khun (Sinigaglia et al, 1999.). Ra c th khng phi lun lun loi b cc t bo vi sinh vt, v b vi x l cn phi nhn thc rng cc t bo c th nh km vo cc m ca sn xut. V d, Babic et al. (1996), trong khi kim tra b mt ca l rau bina c ch bin bng cch s dng knh hin vi in t

qut, pht hin ra rng cc vi sinh vt c nhng vo trong cc t bo rau bina b h hng hoc trong cc t bo lin k vi cc m b h hng. Garg et al. (1990) nghin cu s tc ng ca bin v s lng tng vi sinh vt

rau qu bao gm rau dip, bp ci v c hnh. Cc hu v my thi c tm thy l yu t chnh nh hng n mc nhim. Cc tnh hiu kh ca rau dip tng t 1,8 104 cfu / g n 140 104 cfu / g sau khi bm nh. Tng t, tnh hiu kh ca hnh tng t 4,0 103-1,2 105 cfu / g trong qu trnh ct. Gn y, Barry-Ryan v O'Beirne (1998) xc nh rng cc phng php ct cng nh hng n ti trng vi sinh vt ca rau. Vi sinh vt ti lt c rt thi lt bng cch s dng mt li dao co v mt my ct c so snh (c li dao cn v sc nt c s dng trong my). Tng s lng vi sinh vt, coliform, vi khun acid lactic v nm men v nm mc m c tt c cao hn trn lt chun b vi my tnh hn so vi nhng lt ct bng dao co. V d, sau khi c rt c lu tr trong mt ngy, cc tnh hiu kh tng s trn c rt thi mng nh dao co l 5,77 log10 / g, v c tnh vo c rt ct vi mt li dao cn l 6,27 log10 / g. Tuy nhin, nhng nh hng ca li dao my, cn hay sc nt, ch c ngha cho dn s Pseudomo-nas v coliform. Tin b trong cng ngh gim kch thc c th c s dng trong tng lai gim nhim ca cc loi rau. V d, p sut cao cc tia nc v laser CO2 c th c s dng nh cng c ct (Sanguansri, 1997). Kt qu cc phng php trong sch hn v ct gim ti thiu bi th h, v laser CO2 sterilizes mt phn b mt ct. Hiu qu ca cng ngh ny trn cc h sinh thi vi khun ca car ctbn l cha c xc nh. V sinh mi trng Lm th no quan trng l v sinh mi trng v p dng cc nguyn tc v sinh trong ch bin cc loi tri cy v rau qu? Tt c cc b x l ca sn xut trong mi trng ch bin phi m bo mc cao nht v v sinh. Lm sch v v sinh cc b mt thit b v ch bin cng l v cng quan trng ngn nga s tch t ca cn b hu c c th khuyn khch tng trng ca vi sinh vt, hnh thnh cc microcolonies hoc mng sinh hc (Brackett, nm 1989; Carmichael v cng s, 1999.). Cc icance ng, hnh thnh mng sinh hc trong mi trng ch bin l cha c xc nh. cc qu trnh khc, k c ra, c th ng gp vo s vi h hng ca rau qu ch bin, c bit l ni c s dng nc ti ch. Tch t d lng hu c trong nc c th dn n s tng

trng ca vi sinh vt h hng, tng kh nng nhim bn (Brackett, 1992). Ra rau qu bng nc mt mnh ch t c mt nh (1 ng nhp), gim s lng vi sinh vt (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 1994). Nc Clo (100-200 mg / L) c s dng rng ri ra v kh trng hoa qu v rau qu ch bin ti thiu (Ahvenainen, 1996), mc d tc dng ca clo v vi sinh vt gn lin vi cc b mt b hn ch. Nh cp trc y, hiu qu ca phng php iu tr kh trng khc nhau vi cc nng ca cc cht kh trng c s dng, thi gian thc hin rau qu v nhit trong qu trnh ch bin v mc ination-contam ca sn phm vi cht hu c v cc t bo vi khun. Bng 7.4 tm tt mt s bo co ca cc cht kh trng thng dng v hiu qu ca h gim cc qun th vi sinh vt trn tri cy v rau qu ch bin. Hu ht cng nhn tp trung n lc nghin cu ca h v vic gim s dn trong tng s vi sinh vt-chc v L. monocytogenes trong mn salad. N c th t c mt gim log 3 trong tng s trn x lch bng cch s dng 300 mg/l-1 hypochlorite natri (Garg et al., 1990),

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,4 nh hng ca phng php iu tr thng thng ca qun th vi khun Kh Trng v Fresh-ct tri cy v sn phm thc vt (ti cc Thi gian ca iu tr)

Kh trng sn phm iu tr

nh hng v vi sinh vt Count Ref. Clo (300 mg / L min ph) pH 9,4 L rau dip 0,7% s lng cha ra (xp x 107 cfu / g)

Adams et al. (1989) Clo (100 mg / L min ph) pH 5 L rau dip gim 6,22 log Adams et al. (1989) sulfuric acid gim 5,83 log acetic acid gim 5,58 log citric acid gim 5,77 log lactic acid gim 5,6 log axt prpionic gim 5,6 log Clo (210-289 g / ml) nc C chua xt nh Khng gim s lng ca L. monocytogenes hoc tnh hiu kh khi so snh vi sn phm cha c x l Beuchat v Brackett (1991) Clo 200 ppm (10 pht) Rau dip gim 1,79 log qun Salmonella (so vi khng c iu tr) Gim 2,48 log E. coli O157: H7 dn s (so vi khng c iu tr) 0,33 log gim dn s mesophile aerobic (so vi c iu tr) Beuchat et al. (1998) Cl2 ra (nng khng c ch nh, khng kim sot c iu tr) Da (ti ct) Khong 0,12 log gim pseudomonads hunh quang khi so snh vi sn phm cha c x l

Sapers v Simmons (1998) Cl2 ra (nng khng c ch nh, khng kim sot c iu tr)

Clo ra (100 g / ml) m ra 47 C p lnh ra 4 o C Chlorine dioxide (5 mg / l, 10 pht, 40 C, pH 7.4) Zucchini (ti ct) khong 1,5 log gim pseudomonads hunh quang khi so snh vi sn phm cha c x l Ct nh rau dip 3 log gim sau khi ra m 1 log gim sau khi ra p lnh Ct nh rau dip gim 1,1 log L. monocytogenes Sapers v Simmons (1998)

Delaquis et al. (1999)

Zhang v Farber (1996)

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,4 nh hng ca phng php iu tr thng thng ca qun th vi khun Kh Trng v Fresh-ct tri cy v sn phm thc vt (ti cc Thi gian ca iu tr) (Tip theo)

Kh trng sn phm iu tr

nh hng v vi sinh vt Count Ref. Dichloroisocyanurate (tng ng 40-320 ppm chlorine t do) Rau qu gim 1,69-2,42 ng nhp so vi ra bng nc mt mnh Nicholl v Prendergast (1998) in phn nc (20 ppm chlorine c sn) Rau qu ti ct ng nhp gim (so vi khng c iu tr) 0.3 Izumi (1999) 1,8 c rt 0,4 rau bina 0,2 t chung

H2O2 (khng c kim sot iu tr)

H2O2 (nc v cc iu khin khng iu tr) Nht Bn khoai ty c ci Da (ti, ct)

Nm (ti ct) 0.4 Khong 0,68 log gim pseudomonads hunh quang khi so snh vi sn phm cha c x l Khong 1 log gim pseudomonads hunh quang khi so snh vi khng iu tr hoc nc ra sn phm

Sapers v Simmons (1998)

Sapers v Simmons (1998) H2O2 (khng c kim sot iu tr) Zucchini (ti ct) Khong 1 log gim pseudomonads hunh quang khi so snh vi sn phm cha c x l

Sapers v Simmons (1998) H2O2 (5%) Fresh-ct tri cy v rau qu log 3 git Cherry (1999) Isothiocyanate 400 L anlyl isothiocyanate (2-4 ngy iu tr) Ozone (1,3 mM ozone, tim mc 1,5 L / pht cho 3 pht) Iceberg rau dip ln n 8 bn ghi gim ca E. coli O157: H7 Ct nh rau dip 2 log gim tng s Lin et al. (2000)

Kim et al. (1999) Peroxyacetic acid (200 ppm) Fresh-ct tri cy v rau qu log 2 git Cherry (1999)

Count ly ngay lp tc sau khi iu tr. mc d thng mi, nng clo thng thp hn, 100-200 ppm. nng ny, mt 1-2 log gim tng s aerobic s c d kin vo ch bin rau dip v rau ng (al Adams v cng s, 1989;. Beuchat v Brackett, 1990b). nh hng ca cht clo trn mt s tc nhn gy bnh c thnh lp ngy ch c mt gii hn lot cc sn phm ch bin. Zhang v Farber (1996) bo co gim L. monocytogenes trn rau dip thi nh v bp ci. H t c mt cfu 1,3-1,7 log10 / g trn rau dip v 0,9-1,2 log10 cfu / g trn bp ci sau khi iu tr vi 200 ppm clo trong 10 pht. Beuchat et al. (1998) o c gim ca E.coli O157: H7, Salmonella v L. monocytogenes trn ton b rau dip v ct

phun v ra sch vi cc gii php clo l 200 ppm. So vi cc mu kim sot c ra trong nc, gim ch c 1 log cfu / g t c bng cch x l vi chlorine. Cn c thm iu tra v tc ng ca cht kh trng cc loi gy bnh trn mt phm vi rng hn ca sn phm. Gn y tranh ci v s an ton v hiu qu ca clo (Sapers v Simmons, 1998) khuyn khch quan tm n v sinh thay th, bao gm c axit peroxy-axetic, kh clo, ozone, trisodium phosphate v hydrogen peroxide (Beuchat, nm 1998; Sapers v Simmons, nm 1998; Xu, 1999). nghin cu chi tit l cn thit xc nh hiu qu ca cc hp cht ny gim ti ban u ca sn xut v cng xc nh vai tr ca h trong gia hn thi hn s dng ca vic ct gim sn xut.

Nhit Kim sot nhit thng c s dng ngn chn hoc gim thiu s h hng ca thc phm vi sinh vt. Mc d lm lnh cc loi tri cy v rau qu khng hon ton c ch vi sinh vt, n lm gim tc tng trng ca mt s sinh vt h hng v cc mm bnh truyn qua thc phm (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Tuy nhin, chng ta cn phi thit lp vi nhng g kim sot mc nhit l rt quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin ti thiu ca vegeta-Bles. Cc vn quan trng l lm th no thng tin nhit ca sn xut ra t receival ti nh my v trong sut qu trnh ch bin nh hng n tng trng ca cc loi vi sinh vt tng tc c nhn "? C rt quan trng cho cht lng ca cc sn phm cui cng sn xut t lnh ngay sau khi thu hoch v duy tr iu kin lnh tt c cc giai on ch bin? L tng nht, tr li nhng cu hi ny, chng ta nn nghin cu cc h sinh thi vi Bial cc loi rau v nh hng ca nhit v sinh thi ny trong sut cc giai on trong dy chuyn sn xut. Tht khng may, khng c bo co v tc dng tem-perature trong khi ch bin, nhng hu ht cc b x l duy tr thp hn nhit mi trng xung quanh trong cc hot ng ch bin. T khi n, b vi x l c gng lm gim nhit ca tri cy ti v rau qu nhit lnh, 5 C. Mi trng, trong trang tr v cc qu trnh lt c thc hin c duy tr khong 10-15 C, v ra nc thng refriger-ated. Sau khi ch bin, ti, ct gim cc sn phm c lm lnh ti 2-5 C (Ahvenainen, 1996). C mt s n phm iu tra tc ng ca nhit lu tr pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong cc sn phm ti ct. Lu tr nhit lnh thng la chn cho s pht trin ca sinh vt psychrotrophic (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 1994, 2000), mc d s lng mesophilic v psychrotrophic c th c tm vc tng t nh trc khi x l (et al Garg, 1990.). Lnh ngn nga s pht trin ca Erwinia spp. v

h hng mt s loi nm, bao gm Fusarium v Phytophthera spp. nhng khng ngn chn s tng trng ca Pseudomonas fluorescens (Lund, 1983, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Mesophilic sinh vt cng c th tng trng peratures thng lnh, vi mc tng trng gim (Marth, 1998). Manvell v Ackland (1986) s dng s hin din ca acid lactic trong sa lt nh l mt ch s v lm dng nhit . Gram m sinh vt c tm thy chim u th trong mn salad trn c cha cc loi rau l v c rt 7 C, trong khi vi khun axit lactic c th sinh si ny n trong sa lt 30 C. Tng trng ca cc sinh vt mesophilic c gim trn cc loi rau l nh l tem-perature gim lu tr (2 C) (Bolin v cng s, 1977;. Carlin v Nguyn-Nhng nm 1989; Magnusson v cng s, 1990;. Beuchat v Brackett, 1990b) , c l bi v nhit di nhit tng trng ti u. Tuy nhin, s h hng ca sa lt nhit thp c th khng phi l kt qu ca vi khun psychrotophic mt mnh. V d, Vescovo et al. (1996) quan st thy mt tng 2 ng nhp vo tnh mesophilic trong mn salad trn c lu tr ti 8 C trong su ngy. King et al. (1991) nghin cu s tc ng ca nhit tng trng ca vi khun trn rau dip. Tng ng k s lng vi khun trn rau dip c lu tr ti 2, 5 v 7 C, mc d tc tng trng tng t mi nhit . N c gi nh rng vi khun c pht trin di y Optima ca h mi nhit lu tr c s dng trong nghin cu. Tc tng trng ca vi khun acid lactic trong c rt thi nh nn gim khi nhit lu tr c h xung (Carlin v cng s, 1990;. Kakiomenou et al, 1996.). Tng t nh vy, Guerzoni et al. (1996) cho thy, thi gian x l v nhit trc tip nh hng n s gia tng ca cht gy nhim trn rau dip. Rau dip x l bng dung dch clo (165 ppm) c lu tr ti hoc 5 hoc 12 C trong vng su gi sau khi iu tr, ri sau c lu tr ti 5 C n 10 ngy. Rau dip tip xc vi nhit cao hn l nhiu hn nhim vi khun (107cfu / g coliform) so vi nhng ngi c lu tr ti 5 C (105 cfu / coliform g). nh hng ca nhit n s tn ti v hot ng ca cc tc nhn gy bnh trn ti ct gim sn xut khng thng bo rng ri trong vn hc, v hu ht cc bo co tp trung vo L. mono-cytogenes. Lu tr cc loi tri cy v rau qu ch bin nhit lnh c th ngn chn s pht trin ca mm bnh mesophilic nhng s khng nht thit phi ngn chn s tn ti v tng trng ca L. monocytogenes hoc hydrophila Aeromonas. Tuy nhin, bo qun lnh c th lm gim tc tng trng ca cc tc nhn gy bnh, lm gim nguy c pht trin ca h trong cuc sng lu tr cc sn phm ti ct. Listeria monocytogenes c bo co tn ti trn rau dip thi nh ti 5 C, mc d khng c s tng trng ng k c ghi nhn cho n tm ngy ca lu tr (Beuchat v Brackett, 1990b). Bng cch tng nhit lu tr n 10 C, tc tng trng rt ng k sau ba ngy k t ngy lu tr, v vo lc 10 ngy, 108-109 cfu / g c ghi li. Tng t nh vy, Ayta v Gorris (1994), Carlin v Nguyn-Cc Jacxsens

(1994) v et al. (1999) bo co chm tng trng ca L. monocytogenes v mt lot cc rau dip v rau dip xon endives nhit di 10 C. Kallander et al. (1991) thy rng L. monocytogenes pht trin nhanh chng (1 log tng ngy th hai) trn bp ci cho nhng ngy u tin ca lu tr ti 5 C, nhng con s gim sau su ngy, vo thi im cc bp ci h hng v pH gim . Aeromonas c bo co bi Ayta v Gorris (1994) v Jacxsens et al. (1999) trin lm tc tng trng cao hn so vi vi khun Listeria, tng trn rau ng rau dip xon ca 4 bn ghi sau by ngy k t ngy lu tr mc 6,5 C. Clostridium botulinum cng c th tn ti nhit lnh, mc d c t ni chung l khng sn xut nu nhit thp hn 15 C (al Petran v cng s, 1995.). Virus rut cng c th tn ti trong rau qu ch bin ti 40 C. Poliovirus gim ch 1 chu k ghi trn rau ct gim c lu tr 4 o C trong 10 ngy (Croci et al, 1991.). C nhng bo co gii hn ca s sng cn ca cc mm bnh khc trong tri cy v rau qu ch bin ng lnh. Cc chnh ri ro t patho-Gens nh Staphylococcus aureus v Salmonella spp. pht sinh t cc sn phm m c th tri qua lm dng nhit . Nhng sinh vt c bit l tn ti trn rau,

bao gm c chua v nm, bo qun 20-35 C. nghin cu thm v tc ng ca bin ng nhit trong ch bin v lu tr cc sn phm ti, ct gim s cho php chng ta nh gi tt hn nhng ri ro ca s tng trng ca mm bnh. C vi bo co iu tra tc ng ca nhit trn cc h hng ca pH thp, x lch mc qun o. King et al. (1976) nghin cu tc ng ca nhit thp trn vi ca xa lach trn mc qun o vi kem chua v mayonnaise. Gim cht lng salad c quan st cho xa lach trn c lu tr ti hai nhit , 7 v 14 C. 14 C, tng s vi sinh vt tng loga trong lu tr, trong khi 7 C, s lng vi sinh vt gim dn. Khng c sinh vt h hng c pht hin trong cc xa lach trn c lu tr nhit thp hn, v n c gi nh rng s suy gim ca cc x lch l do thay i sinh l xy ra trong cc m bp ci. Brocklehurst et al. (1983) nghin cu v vi ca xa lach trn c lu tr ti 5 v 10 C. Xa lach trn mc qun o vi mc tng trng mayonnaise h tr ca exiguus Saccharomyces trong thi gian lu tr ti 5 C v Saccharomyces dairensis qu trnh bo qun 10 C. Lactic acid vi khun khng th pht trin trong thi gian lu tr ti 5 hoc 10 C. pH

H thp pH ca cc loi thc phm trong khong 3,0-5,0 hn ch cc loi vi sinh vt c kh nng pht trin, do gim nguy c h hng hoc s pht trin ca sinh vt c ngha sc khe cng ng. Theo truyn thng, iu ny c thc hin bng cch ln men, b sung cc thnh phn c tnh axit. Chng ti hin khng chc chn v hiu qu ca pro-cessing ti thiu v pH ca tri cy v rau qu. C th c thay i pH trong qu trnh ch bin ti thiu ca cc loi tri cy v rau qu to ra cc ro cn i vi cc sinh vt h hng v vi sinh vt c ngha sc khe cng ng? Trong trng hp ca nhiu loi hoa qu, pH c th thp ngn chn vi khun lm hng. C th cc axit tri cy c da vo lm gim nguy c h hng ca s tng trng ca mm bnh trong hn hp cc sn phm ti ct? S nh hng ca pH thay i trong ch bin trn vi cng cn c iu tra. Ch c mt vi nghin cu bo co nhng thay i pH cho rau qu ch bin ti thiu, bao gm x lch mc qun o. King et al. (1991) lu rng pH ca rau dip tng ln trong thi gian lu tr, ng thi vi s gia tng dn s vi khun c ch yu l vi khun Gram m. Mt gim pH c quan st cho rau qu nh c rt thi nh, ni m cc h thc vt ch yu l vi khun axit lactic (Kakiomenou et al, 1996.). Tng trng ca cc vi khun lm hng, vi khun axit lactic c l, trn bp ci ct nh v gim dn n pH ngn chn s gia tng ca L. monocytogenes (Kallander et al, 1991.). Marchetti et al. (1992) quan st thy rng s pht trin ca thc vt vi sinh vt trn sa lt ch bin ti thiu khng ch n gin lin quan n pH v s c mt ca cc axit hu c. H kt lun rng m hnh h hng c cng lin quan n c tnh ca nguyn liu. Vic ny nhn mnh s cn thit iu tra s tng tc gia pH v cc yu t khc nh hng n-ing tui th ca sn sng n x lch. Fresh-ct gim c th c mc qun o vi nc st chua hoc cc loi kem nh mayonnaise hoc kem chua lm gim pH. iu ny to ra mt mi trng chn lc m u tin pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt chu axit. H thc vt ch yu mc qun o, x lch pH thp l cc vi khun nh lactobacilli chu acid v nm men (Hildebrandt v cng s, 1989;. Hunter v cng s, 1994.). Tng trng ca cc vi sinh vt khc hoc l c ch bi cc acetic acid c trong mayonnaise hoc bng axit c sn xut bi cc nn vn ha kem chua hoc bng cnh tranh, trong trng hp st kem chua. V d, King et al. (1976) kt lun rng cc vi ca xa lach trn chun b vi kem chua l ging nh kem, thay th cc vi sinh vt ci bp. Brocklehurst et al. (1983) v Brocklehurst v Lund (1994) nghin cu tc ng ca pH v s h hng ca x lch. H bo co rng axit axetic trong mayonnaise l c ch cc vi khun axit lactic v nm men h hng ny, S. dairensis v S. exiguus, trong sa lt khoai ty v xa lach trn. Tuy nhin, vic b sung cc thnh phn salad gim hiu ng c ch ca mayonnaise. N c a ra gi thuyt rng cc thnh phn salad hp th axit

axetic, dn n s gia tng tng th trong pH salad. Cc ro cn kt hp ca perature thp tem v pH thp trong thi gian lu tr cng b nh hng tng trng. Mi trng acid inhibitive hn nhit lnh (5 C) so vi nhit cao (10 C), nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vic kim sot nhit v pH trong pro-cessing. Fresh-ct sn xut hin nay pha trn vi cc thnh phn nh m ng v mt lot cc mn salad trn kem da trn cht bo thp v chua v c acid thp bng m by gi c sn. Tm quan trng ca vic s dng axit t hn v nhng thay i pH trong qu trnh sn xut v lu tr x lch nn c iu tra, tp trung vo s sng cn ca loi c nhn vi sinh vt. Bao b Giai on cui cng trong sn xut cc loi rau ti, ct gim l bao b. Cc gi phn mm cung cp bo v cho cc sn phm ti ct t thit hi v nhim hn na vi cc vi sinh vt. Vic s dng kim sot v iu chnh kh quyn bao b cng cung cp, n mt mc no, mt ro cn i vi s pht trin ca cc vi h hng cn li v cc mm bnh t thc phm (Phillips, 1996). Tuy nhin, cc ecol vi sinh vt-ogy ca ng gi cc sn phm ti ct l cha c hiu r. iu tra l cn thit ca s nh hng ca phng php ng gi vo s tng trng ca cc loi c nhn, cch ng gi v kh quyn kim sot nh hng tng tc gia cc loi v cui cng, lm th no h nh hng n cht lng vi sinh vt v an ton ca sn phm. ti ct tri cy v rau qu c ng gi hoc nim phong, trong s hin din ca khng kh hoc di mt bu khng kh thay i (MA) (Ngyuen-Cc v Carlin, 1994). Nu mt gi c nim phong theo khng kh, kt qu MA t s h hp ca sn phm. Ngoi ra, gi phn mm c th c lp y vi mt hn hp kh c th, v d, CO2 v O2 t 5-10% 2-5% l c s dng ko di tui th ca ton b cc loi rau (King v Bolin, 1989). Hn na gim oxy hoc tng nng cacbon dioxit c th hi n sinh l hc ca sn phm, v d, cc phn ng ha nu c th c khuyn khch (Kader v cng s, 1989;. Phillips, 1996). S nh hng ca MA ng gi v sinh l hc, vi sinh hc ca tri cy v rau qu c xem xt (Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 1994, 2000; Phillips, nm 1996;. Bennick et al, 1996, 1998; Kader v Watkins, 2000), v n r rng l nhng li ch ca MA khng th gii thch ch bng vic gim ti tng vi sinh vt. Cc influ-encing yu t bao gm cc vt liu ng gi c s dng, s dng cc microperforations trong vt liu, m tng i trong thi gian lu tr, thi gian trc khi ng gi, nhit lu tr, loi sn xut v loi v s lng vi sinh vt hin ti v cc cht dinh dng c sn h tr cc vi sinh vt tng trng. Mt s kt hp ca nhit thp bao b v lu tr MA c khuyn khch nng cao cht lng ca ti ct tri cy v rau qu v gia hn thi hn s dng. c vi ln n lin quan nh hng ca bao b

trn vt h hng c nhn v s chp nhn chung ca cc sn phm thc vt lu tr trong sut. Tuy nhin, mt s nghin cu iu tra vic s dng bao b khng kh thay i v nh hng ca nng CO2 tng v s tn ti ca L. monocytogenes v cc mm bnh khc (Bng 7,5). Hiu qu ca vic ng gi khng kh bin i v sinh thi hc vi sinh vt v cht lng cm quan ca rau dip c nghin cu bi Magnuson et al. (1990) v King et al. (1991) (Bng 7,5). bu khng kh thay i c to ra th ng trong c hai nghin cu. S khc bit ln gia rau dip lu nim phong v ng du trong ti l nh hng ca MAP trn vi. Mt a dng hn ca cc vi sinh vt pht trin trn rau dip ng gi nim phong hn v ng gi rau dip. Mc d vi khun bt u h hng, cc fermentans Pichia nm men v Torulaspora delbrueckii devel-OPED nh cc iu kin tr thnh k kh trong ti nim phong. Cao hn s lng vi sinh vt, bao gm c s lng Pseudomonas, c bo co trong bng ci xanh ct v ng gi bc teo hn trong kh ng gi mu ca Brackett (1989). Tuy nhin, dn s ca Enterobacteriaceae khng phn bit tng t ng gi iu tr. Gas ng gi mu vn ti sau su tun lu tr, khng ging nh phng php iu tr khc trong bng ci xanh h hng, cho thy bao b khng kh thay i c th lm chm s h hng ca sn phm. Kakiomenou et al. (1996) quan st thy rng s khi u ca s h hng ca c rt bm nh bi cc vi khun lactic acid b tr hon trong c rt c lu tr ti 5% CO2. vi khun acid lactic chim u th trong cc mu c ng gi v gii nn, mc d sn xut axit hu c cao theo MA ng gi, cho thy hot ng trao i cht cao hn trong iu kin ny. Bennick et al. (1996, 1998) trnh by mt nghin cu chi tit sinh thi ca nh hng ca MA ng gi vo h thc vt ch yu ca rau dip xon v gi u xanh. Cc con s v cc loi sinh vt v t l tng trng ca cc sinh vt ny c ghi li trong thi gian lu tr. Nhn chung, MA khng nh hng n dn s ti a den-sities, nhng tng trong CO2 trong cc gi dn n vic gim t l tng trng ti a c th, c bit i vi Pseudomonas spp. Thay i trong u th ca cc loi vi sinh vt c c th cho cc loi rau khc nhau, cho thy tc dng c th ca MA v vi sinh vt, do tng cng s cn thit iu tra cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca sinh vt c nhn hin nay trn rau qu. Bao b di bu khng kh thay i thng khng c ch s pht trin ca L. monocytogenes, mc d cc yu t khc nh hng n s tn ti ca n (Beuchat v Brackett, 1990b; Kallander v cng s, 1991;. Ayta v Gorris nm 1994; Carlin v cng s, 1996;. Jacxsens et al, 1999).. Listeria monocytogenes pht trin tt trn rau dip v rau dip xon, rau ng di bu khng kh thay i. Carlin et al. (1996) quan st c lu

tr rau dip xon, rau ng theo nng CO2 MA tng cao n 50%. H quan st thy rng vi khun Listeria tng trng tt hn khi CO2 tng ln. Kallander et al. (1991) cho thy, nhit nh hng n s pht trin ca L. monocytogenes trong iu kin MA. Vo lc 5 C, khng c s khc bit c quan st trong tng trng ca cc sinh vt trn bp ci ct nh, nhng 25 C, ban u tng trng gim, v mt s suy gim nhanh chng c quan st thy sau su ngy ca s tng trng. iu ny c nht c l l do s tng trng qu mc ca h thc vt h hng trong iu kin MA. Jacxsens et al. (1999) quan st nh hng ca mt bu khng kh cn bng ca O2 2-3%: 3% N2% CO2 :94-96 v s tng trng ca L. monocytogenes v Aeromonas spp. trn

BNG 7,5 nh hng ca bao b v s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong Salads / Rau qu X lch / Rau qu ng gi iu tr tng trng ca vi sinh vt V / v c im hng hng. Bng ci xanh 1. Khng c gi 2. Shrink-wrap 3. MAP ti (5% O2, 10% CO2, 85% N2)

Bng ci xanh chic hoa 1. Khng c gi 2. ng gi Tng s lng cao hn trong iu tr 1 hn trong phng php iu tr khc. Khng c s khc bit gia s lng ca Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas m c cao hn trong iu tr 1 hn so vi phng php iu tr khc. Coryneform vi khun chim u th trong cc gi thu nh-bc. MAP bng ci xanh c mt tui th di hn trong phng php iu tr khc. Aerobic tm m v s coliform c thng nht cao hn trong ng gi hn trong ng gi trong qu trnh lu tr ti C 8 cho by ngy. Bng ci xanh trong bao b khng c c h hng sau su tun lu tr-vng, slimes, tn

thng t. Khng c h hng trong iu tr cc triu chng khc su tun.

m b mt trong cc chic hoa khng ng gi, t sc nt hn so vi chic hoa ng gi. Brackett (1989) Mohd-Som et al. (1994) Ci bp bm nh Trn gi 1. Bnh thng kh quyn 2. c thay i khng kh (70% CO2, 30% N2) Sau khi lu tr ngy 20 ti 5 C, dn s ca Listeria monocytogenes dn dn tng ln n 13 ngy tip theo l mt s suy gim nhanh chng, 2.0 ng nhp, trong iu kin khng kh bnh thng. Trong bu khng kh modifed, c mt khong 1,0 ng nhp tng ln. - Kallander et al. (1991) Rau dip xon / ng gi rau ng 1. Khng c chn khng 2. Mt na chn khng Aeromonas hydrophila dn s tng 4 n v ng nhp, by ngy lu tr khng c chn khng, dn dn mt kh nng tn ti trong chn khng. Listeria monocytogenes duy tr kh nng tn ti trong c hai (gi tng khong log 2 theo chn khng). - Ayta v Gorris (1994)

(Tip theo)

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,5 nh hng ca bao b v s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong Salads / Rau qu (tip theo) X lch / Rau qu ng gi iu tr tng trng ca vi sinh vt V / v c im hng hng. Rau dip xon / rau ng 1. Control-21% O2, 0% CO2, 78% N2 2. MAP-1,5% O2, 20% CO2, 78% N2 Control-50% cao hn tc tng trng ti a ca cc sinh vt h hng chim u th hn trong vic iu tr MAP. MAP-chim u th sinh vt bao gm Ps. fluorescens, Ps. corrugata, Ps. putida, cc loi t cc Enterobacteriaceae gia nh. Control-dicoloration v lm mm, mc nt. MAP-tt xut hin, chp nhn c cht lng sau 13 ngy k t ngy lu tr. Bennick et al. (1996) Ct nh rau dip xon / rau ng 1. Air 2. Cn bng iu chnh kh quyn (EMA) (2-3% O2, 3% CO2, 94-96% N2) Thay i (tng) trong cc qun th vi sinh vt trn

6-7 ngy lu tr (7 C) Tng s: 2,36 ha khng kh, EMA-2,52 Aeromonas: Air-0.5, EMA-2.5 Listeria monocytogenes: Air v EMA-0-0,1 t enzym i mu, cn gi cng, c li cho nh nc sinh l ca thc vt trong EMA Jacxsens et al. (1999) Rau dip Polyethylene (38 m) ti 1. Nim phong 2. Nim phong H hng ban u ca tt c cc mu vi khun. Rng hn nhiu loi nm men trong ti nim phong. Tng trng ca nm men ln men (fermentans Pichia v Torulaspora delbrueckii) c khuyn khch. Dicoloration v lm mm. (Rau dip c lu tr trong 11 tun.) Magnuson et al. (1990) Rau dip ti Polyetylen 1. Nim phong 2. Nim phong Chm hn tc tng trng ca vi khun trong cc ti kn, rng hn nhiu loi nm men trong ti nim phong Mu v lm mm King et al. (1991)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Ct nh rau dip tng bng 1. Air 2. Cn bng iu chnh kh quyn (EMA) (2-3% O2, 3% CO2, 94-96% N2) Thay i (tng) trong cc qun th vi sinh vt trn su n by ngy lu tr (7 C) Tng s: 2,45 ha khng kh, EMA-1,16 Aeromonas: Air-0.2, EMA--0,1 Listeria monocytogenes: Air--1,5 t enzym i mu, cn gi cng, c li cho nh sinh l hc ca thc vt trong EMA. Jacxsens et al. (1999) Rau trn salad B phim nha Ban u headspace 1. Air 2. MA-10,5% CO2, 2,25% O2, 87,25% N2 Tng s vi sinh vt khng c ti, s khc bit gia phng php iu tr bao b. Chp nhn c trong MAP sau 10 ngy. Priepke et al. (1971) Ti c rt thi nh 1. Air 2. MAP-5% CO2, 95% N2 3. Polyethylene (60 m) -4,9% CO2, 2,1% O2, 93% N2 Ngun: Trch t Heard (1999b). vi khun acid lactic chim u th trong tt c cc phng php iu tr. Acid hu c cho

sn xut tng c rt c lu tr di MAP. Tt hn kt cu, mu sc v mi hi MAP. Chm s h hng. Kakiomenou et al. (1996)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

nhiu rau qu, bao gm x lch thi nh, rau ng rau dip xon, mm v c rt. Brussels v c rt c tm thy c ch s tng trng ca cc tc nhn gy bnh, nhng c hai sinh vt pht trin theo cc iu kin MA. Ngoi ra cn c mt mi quan tm chung m iu kin k kh ca MA-ng gi ti ct gim s h tr s tng trng ca clostridia k kh, c bit, Cl. botulinum (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000), tuy nhin, c rt t thng tin c sn lin quan n nhng ri ro. IU KIN TRONG bn l Khng c bng chng khoa hc ti liu v nh hng ca iu kin bn l vo cht lng vi sinh vt ca cc sn phm ti ct. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta p dng cc yu t chnh nh hng n h sinh thi vi khun ca cc loi thc phm nh tm tt trong Bng 7.3, cc yu t nh hng chnh c th c d on. Cc hn s dng v cht lng vi sinh ca sn phm ti ct trong khi vn chuyn v bn l ph thuc vo nhng iu sau y: 1. Phng php vn chuyn vn ti-lnh nn c s dng duy tr nhit di 5 C. 2. Thi gian vn chuyn v bc ln nn c gim thiu, v d, bin ng nhit xy ra khi sn phm c li trn cu cng nhn hng hoc trong cc phng lu tr ti cc siu th. 3. Nhit ca t lu tr t-lnh nn c chnh-nhn c ly t nhit di 5 C. Yu t cui cng nh hng n cht lng trong bn l l vic x l ca ngi tiu dng. Fresh-ct cc sn phm c nh gi cao sn phm d hng v cn c lu tr

di eration-refrig sau khi mua. Gio dc v thc hnh x l thch hp thc phm cn c ng h vided cho x l siu th v ngi tiu dng. CC YU T Cc tnh cht ni ti ca mt s rau qu v c im tim n ca vi sinh vt c th nh hng n s pht trin ca cc vi sinh trong sn xut v lu tr sn phm ti ct. V d, c rt c bo co trin lm tc antiliste-Rial (Beuchat v Brackett, 1990a) v c th c s dng kt hp vi cc thnh phn khc nh l mt ro cn ph ngn chn s tng trng ca L. monocytogenes. Marchetti et al. (1992) quan st thy mu v nc p c rt, rau dip xon trng by hot tnh khng khun i vi Ps. fluorescens v L. monocytogenes. vi nn ca rau ng, rau bina v rau dip cng c bo co hn ch s pht trin ca vi khun Listeria spp. (Carlin v cng s, 1996;. Babic v cng s, 1997; Francis v O'Beirne, 1998.). V d, Enterobacter spp. c tm thy cnh tranh vi L. innocua v ch bin rau dip (Francis v O'Beirne, 1998). Listeria monocytogenes cng c th b c ch trong thc phm bi Ps. fluorescens v vi khun axit lactic. Pseudomonas spp. sn xut siderophores cc cht dinh dng thit yu rng buc, v vi khun axit lactic c th sn xut khng sinh bac-teriocins ngoi acid lactic v hydrogen peroxide (Harris et al, 1989.). Cui cng, n l iu cn thit yu cu nu c s tng tc trong cc sn phm ti ct gia h thc vt bn a h hng nh pseudomonads v cc mm bnh t thc phm. N c ngh loi b cc vi h hng bn a mi cc loi thc phm nh tri cy v rau qu "m ca" cho cc tc nhn gy bnh v cho php chng sinh si ny n. iu tra s b ch ra rng mng sinh hc xy ra trn l rau-etable (Carmichael v cng s, 1999.). Mng sinh hc hnh thnh bi cc loi khng gy bnh c th to thnh mt ro cn t nhin ngn chn file nh km ca mm bnh vo cc b mt ca tri cy v rau qu. hc thm l cn thit hiu r hn v sinh thi l v tng tc. Seo v Frank (1999) iu tra cc thuc a ca l rau dip bi E. coli O157: H7 v Ps. fluorescens. Vic s dng knh hin vi qut laser ng tiu v k thut nhum kp cho php pht hin cc sinh vt khc nhau trn b mt l. Cc pseudomonad tn trng u tin cc b mt l nguyn vn, trong khi cc tc nhn gy bnh thuc a, v ct hnh v kh khng. Tht th v, cc tc nhn gy bnh khng tun th cc mng sinh hc hnh thnh bi cc pseudomonad trn b mt l. Vi sinh vt h hng TC NG SN PHM TI-CUT ca tng trng vi khun V CUC SNG V HN CHT LNG Ca x lch ti-CUT

Hng cc triu chng xut hin nh l tng s lng vi sinh vt, v kt qu, cht lng gim v hn s rt ngn. Tuy nhin, mc h hng khng phi lun lun tng quan vi tng dn s ln (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Mt v d, bo co ca Nguyn-Cc v Prunier (1989), l s h hng ca salad rau dip xon, rau ng bi marginalis Pseudomonas. Sau khi iu tra ban u, n c kt lun rng s suy gim ca sn phm vi cc sinh vt ny xy ra bi v n l loi predom-inant. Tuy nhin, iu tr ca thc vt vi nn vn ha thun khit ca cc loi khc (108 cfu / g l) khng gy ra h hng. Nh c m t trong phn trc, cc yu t mi trng, cc loi tri cy hay rau ci v cc loi sinh vt hin nay xc nh loi h hng xy ra v nhanh nh th no v cht lng ca sn phm xy ra. V d, pseudomonads pectin c mt trn l rau dip xon, rau ng s gy ra h hng (Nguyen-Cc v Prunier, 1989). Tuy nhin, c rt c lu tr 10 C v b nhim vi s lng bng nhau pseudomonads v vi khun axit lactic triu chng biu hin h hng ca cc sau (et al Carlin, 1989.). Khng ging nh ton b rau qu, ti ct gim khng h hng do vi khun Erwinia thi mm, SuGgesting rng hoc l mi trng khng khuyn khch tng trng ca h, hoc cc vi khun khc cao hn cc loi ny (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Mc d c nhng quan st, kin thc ca chng ta v cc m hnh h hng ca sn phm ti, ct gim hn ch. Hu ht cc nh sn xut c s d bo hn dng trn tng s lng vi sinh vt hoc cc nhm vi sinh vt, quan st cc li h hng lin kt cng nh mc suy thoi enzyme ca cc m. Chng ti khng hon ton hiu c s tng tc xy ra vi khun hoc cc yu t nh hng n s h hng bi cc loi c nhn trong cc sn phm hon thnh, v hc thm l cn thit. C hng Hng cc loi rau ti ct bi cc vi khun c c trng bi s i mu nu, sn xut ra-mi, mt kt cu v, n mt mc thp hn, mm thi. Cc sn phm tri cy tri qua s h hng do vi khun ln men lactic acid hoc nm men, kt qu l sn xut ru, axit v CO2, mc d c th lm hng pseudomonads t tri cy chua nh da . Lipase hot ng v s dng cc axit amin c th lm thay i hng v ca hoa qu, dn n gim cht lng. Cc loi chnh ca s h hng chu trch nhim v s suy gim v cht lng v cc c ch ca s h hng c tm tt nh sau: 1. Soft thi-ngm ca m thc vt gy ra bi radation enzyme-deg ca thnh t bo thc vt ca cc enzym pectin (Liao v Wells, 1987)

2. Hnh thnh cc off-mi v hng v hot ng off-men lipolytic v proteolytc v phn ng ln men (Kato et al, 1989;. Wyllie v Leach, Nm 1992; Zhuang v cng s, 1994, Lamikanra et al, 2000).. 3. Ho-ra bi nhim trng mch (Schroth et al., 1992) 4. S i mu nu-polyphenol oxidase hot ng ca cc vi c th gp phn nu (Padaga et al., 1999) 5. Ln men ln men h hng, cc carbohydrate sn xut axit, kh t hoc ru S xut hin ca sinh vt h hng SN PHM TI-CUT S suy gim ca cc sn phm ti ct xy ra sau khi ng gi, trong bn l, v mc d iu ny c th l do cc phn ng sinh l t nhin, trong cc m thc vt, vi sinh vt c ng gp ng k cho s khi u ca s h hng v gim tui th sn phm (Lund, nm 1971, nm 1992; Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, nm 1994; Brackett, Nm 1997; Heard, 1999b). c th d on khi no v ni m s h hng s xy ra, chng ta cn phi bit nhng sinh vt c mt v nhng sinh vt c trch nhim khi u ca s h hng. V, chng ta cn phi hiu mt s c tnh ca sinh vt. Tng i t cc nghin cu bo co s xut hin ca c nhn, bao gm c h hng, cc sinh vt dng ti ct tri cy v rau qu. Bng 7.6 tm tt cc vi sinh vt ch yu c trong cc sn phm ti, ct, bao gm x lch c trn vi st mayonnaise v c th cha cc thnh phn khc nh hi sn, ph mai hoc tht. Mc d khng hon ton c coi l ti ct gim, y l nhng cch ph bin ca bao b v bn l cc loi rau salad ti thiu x l, v hu qu vi sinh ca vic thm cc thnh phn nh vy phi c xem xt. Pseudomonads l nhng sinh vt ph bin nht c phn lp t x lch ti ct car-bn. Pseudomonas fluorescens Biovars ca ni chung l cc loi chnh (Denis v Picoche, 1986; Marchetti v cng s, 1992.) V c bo co trong mn salad trn cng nh salad rau dip ti qun th ln ti 107 cfu salad g / (Denis v Picoche, 1986; Geiges et al, 1990).. Marchetti et al. (1992) thy rng P. fluorescens xy ra tn s cao hn (23% ca 162 chng) so vi tt c cc vi khun khc c mt trn c rau dip v x lch trn. Cc loi khc thng hin nay trn cc loi rau l bao gm Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas chloraphis, corrugata Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas paucimobillis, Pseudomonas marginalis (P. fluo-rescens biotype II) v Pseudomonas viridflava (Bng 7.6). Nguyn-Cc v Prunier (1989) quan st Ps . marginalis l sinh vt ch yu trn l rau dip xon, rau ng. H kt lun rng l mt tc nhn gy bnh thc vt yu ch gy h hng nu

BNG 7,6 Chim u th hng vi trong Salads Sinh vt Salad hng Ref.

Pseudomonads Pseudomonas fluorescens C rt, rau dip, x lch trn, rau dip xon, salad khoai ty, dryslaw, tabouli

1,2,3,4,5,6,9,11 Pseudomonas fragi khoai ty salad, dryslaw, tabouli 11 Pseudomonas putida C rt, rau dip, x lch trn, mm c linh lng, salad khoai ty, dryslaw, tabouli Pseudomonas marginalis C rt, rau dip, x lch trn, l rau dip xon, c khoai ty xa lach 1,2,3,4,9,11 1,3,9,11 Pseudomonas cepacia C rt, x lch trn, rau dip xon 5 Pseudomonas chicorii rau dip xon 9 Pseudomonas fulva rau dip xon 9 Pseudomonas paucimobilis C rt, trn salad, rau dip xon 5 Methylobacterium mesophilica C rt, trn salad, rau dip xon 5 Pseudomonas viridiflava C rt, rau dip, x lch trn 1 Stenotophomonas maltophilia C rt, rau dip, trn salad, salad khoai ty, dryslaw 1,11 Pseudomonas chloroaphis ch salad 4 Pseudomonas corrugata rau dip xon, mm, khoai ty salad, dryslaw, tabouli 9,11 Flavimonas oryzihabitans Tabouli 11 Vi khun khc

Agrobacterium radiobacter salad khoai ty 11 Acinetobacter spp. Tabouli 11 Coryneform vi khun C rt, rau dip, x lch trn 1 Flavobacterium sp. C rt, rau dip, x lch trn 1 Enterobacter agglomerans hn hp x lch, rau dip xon l, l x lch, chun b salad, dryslaw, tabouli 2,3,4,6,7,11

Nm men Candida spp. Salad trn, x lch trn mayonnaise, c rt *, rau dip xon

5,6,8,10

(Tip theo)

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 7,6 Chim u th hng vi trong Salads (tip theo) Sinh vt hng Debaryomyces hansenii Salad Salad trn, mayonnaise da trn x lch * V / v 6,8. Pichia fermentans Rau dip, x lch trn 6 Pichia membranifaciens Mayonnaise da trn x lch * 8,10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Salad trn, rau trn mayonnaise da trn * 6,8 Saccharomyces dairensis * x lch Mayonnaise da trn 8 Saccharomyces exiguus * x lch Mayonnaise da trn 8 Torulaspora delbrueckii Salad trn, mayonnaise da trn x lch * 8,10 Trichosporon cutaneum Rau dip 6 Yarrowia lipolytica Mayonnaise da trn x lch * 8 Zygosaccharomyces bailii Mayonnaise da trn x lch * 8 Mc Aspergillus niger Rau dip, x lch trn mayonnaise * 6,8 Botrytis allii Rau dip 6 Penicillium chrysogenum Mayonnaise da trn x lch * 8 Ti liu tham kho-1: Denis v Pioche (1986); 2: Brocklehurst et al. (1987); 3: NguynCc v Prunier (1989); 4: Geiges et al. (1990); 5: Marchetti et al. (1992); 6: Magnuson et al. (1990); 7: Gras et al. (1994); 8: Hunter et al. (1994); 9: Bennick et al. (1998); 10: Birzele et al. (1997); v 11: Jayasekara (1999). * X lch Mayonnaise da trn bao gm xa lach trn, x lch go, sa lt khoai ty, tri cy v ht x lch, x lch tm v m ng v x lch linh tinh khc. ** Enterobacteriaceae phn lp bao gm Rahnella aquatilis, odorifera Serratia, vulneris Escherichia, oxytoca Kleb-siella, Enterobacter cloacae, Erwinia amlyovora, Enterobacter intermedius, Kluyvera cryocre-scens, Serratia proteamaculans, Buttiauxella agrestis v Enterobacter cloacae.

Hin nay trn l vt qu 108 cfu / g. Jayasekara (1999) lit k pseudomonads v cc loi lin quan v mt s mn salad, bao gm tabouli, trn dryslaw v salad khoai ty. Phn ln cc loi thng b c lp bao gm Ps. fluorescens, Ps. corrugata, Ps. putida v Ps. marginalis. cc sinh vt khc thng b c lp bao gm cc loi t Enterobacteriacae v vi khun axit lactic. Coryneform vi khun v cc loi Lactobacillus v Leuconostoc thng c phn lp t cc loi rau ton v c th ng gp vo s h hng ca cc mn salad ch bin trong thi gian lu tr (Brackett, 1994, 1997). Trong s cc vi khun axit lactic, Leuconostoc c bo co chim u th, c bit, mesenteroides Leusonostoc (Carlin v cng s, 1989.). Dn s ca lactobacilli khong 104 cfu / g c bo co v ct ngt thm v da sau khi ch bin, tng ti 107 cfu / g sau 12 ngy k t ngy lu tr trong t lnh (O'Conner-Shaw et al., Nm 1994;. Portella et al, 1997 c trch dn trong Lamikanra et al, 2000).. Bennick et al. (1998) bo co s xut hin ca cc loi khc nhau ca teriaceaeEnterobac, bao gm Enterobacter cloacea, Pantoea agglomerans v Rahnella thy tilis v gi u xanh v rau dip xon, rau ng. Pseudomonas loi nh Ps. fluorescens, Ps. corrugata v Ps. viridiflava cng c pht hin trn ti v spoiling

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

rau. Chim u th loi bo co v cc loi rau nh rau ng, bng ci xanh v gi bao gm cc pseudomonads hunh quang v cc loi Klebsiella, Serratia, Flavobacterium, Xanthomonas, Chromobacterium v Alcaligenes (Bng 7.6). Mt s loi nm men c kt hp vi x lch kh v mc qun o, pH thp. Mc d nm men c lin quan n cc h hng ca sn phm rau qu ln men, vai tr ca h trong cc h hng ca rau qu ti l cha c nghin cu. Li hng bo co trong cc ti liu bao gm hnh thnh thi mm trong hnh, cc khuyt tt b mt ca rau qu nh t chung v s i mu ca ci bp gy ra bi Klyver-omyces spp. (Hm i, 1992). Cc loi men chnh kt hp vi s h hng thc vt l cc loi Cryptococcus, c bit, laurentii Cryptococcus v loi Candida. Cc loi ln men hn, S. exiguus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae v S. dairen-sis xy ra ch yu trong mn salad n mc vi mayonnaise. Hng cc khim khuyt do nm men ln men c off-mi, gassiness v

pht trin trn b mt ca x lch (Denis v Buhagiar, 1980, hm i, 1992). Ngun gc ca loi Saccharomyces trong mn salad ch bin l khng r rng nhng c th l hu qu ca nhim t mi trng ch bin, nh cc loi ny khng thng c tm thy trong tri cy cha qua ch bin v rau qu (Deak v Beuchat, 1987). Hng nh l kt qu ca s tng trng khng xut hin nm mc l mt vn ln cho sn sng n x lch, mc d vn khng c ghi chp trong cc ti liu. Mt lot cc loi nm thng c tm thy trn b mt ca cc loi rau v tri cy ti thi im thu hoch (Lund v Snowden, 2000, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Tuy nhin, m cao ca cc loi tri cy v rau qu ch bin v bu kh quyn sa i trong x lch ng gi c li cho s pht trin ca cc vi khun pht trin nhanh hn v cc loi nm men, do lm gim hoc c ch s pht trin ca nm mc (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Botrytis, Aspergillus v Penicillium spp. c bo co xy ra trn salad rau nh rau dip (Magnuson v cng s, 1990;. Hunter v cng s, 1994.). Trong mt nghin cu gn y v cht lng ca qu da ti thiu ch bin, Lamikanra et al. (2000) bo co tng trng ca cc vi khun Gram m v Gram dng tnh vi s hin din ti thiu duy nht ca nm mc. C IM CA sinh vt h hng s hiu bit ca chng ta v s h hng ca sn phm vi sinh vt ti ct gim l khng y , nhng chng ta c th v trn kin thc ca chng ta v s h hng ton b tri cy v rau qu v cc thc phm khc d on cc mu h hng v tng tc ca vi khun. Mt s k t ca cc sinh vt istics bit l xy ra trn cc sn phm ti, ct gim c trnh by trong phn ny. Pseudomonads v loi lin quan Cc Pseudomonadaceae gia nh bao gm cc chi bn: Pseudomonas, Xanth-omonas, Zoogloea v Frauteuria (Palleroni, 1992). Cc loi chi l Pseudomonas, v cc thnh vin thng c gi tt l pseudomonads. H l nhng thanh Gram m, xy ra n l hoc theo cp, di ng hn vi tin mao cc mt hoc nhiu hn, ng catalase hiu kh tch cc v oxidase tch cc hay tiu cc. Pseudomonads cng charac-terized bi kh nng pht trin trong phng tin truyn thng n gin. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc loi ca chi ny c c trng cho cc mc ch phn loi theo nhm RNA ca h (nm RNA nhm).

Ps. aeruginosa (loi loi) v loi pht hunh quang thng lin kt vi cc nh my Ps. fluorescens, Ps. putida, Ps. chlororaphis, Ps. syringae v Ps. viridflava thuc v nhm RNA Pseudomonas fluorescens I. l mt loi khng ng nht c chia thnh nhm c gi l phn loi hoc biotypes / bivars A, B, C, D, E, F v G. Chng c phn nhm theo sinh ha, sinh l v dinh dng c im (Stanier et al, 1966;. Barrett v cng s, 1986.). Pseudomonas fluorescens G l khng ng nht nht ca tt c cc biotypes v bao gm cc chng c tnh bt thng dinh dng v c im. Khng c phng php xc nh v phn chia hon ton c th phn loi cc chng ca biotype (Palleroni, 1992, 1993). Cc nhm ln khc ca tc nhn gy bnh cy trng, Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas solanacearum thuc nhm II RNA. Vai tr ca pseudomonads nh sinh vt h hng cng c tha nhn trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm. H c kh nng tng hp enzyme, ngay c trong iu kin lnh m to iu kin cho s phn hy ca cc thnh phn thc phm v gy h hng (Cousin, 1982; Jayasekara, 1999). Trong qu trnh h hng ca tri cy v rau qu, sn xut enzyme pseudomonads pectolytic phn hy thnh t bo ca m ch. iu ny dn n ngm ca m. enzyme khc lm gim sn xut m-bao gm xenlulaza, xylanases v hydrolases glycoside v lipoxygenase (Gross v Cody, 1985; Zhuang v cng s, 1994.). Padaga et al. (1999) th nghim 165 vi khun phn lp t bng ci xanh chic hoa cho sn xut cc enzyme pectin v hot ng lipolytic v phn gii protein. Chng Ps. fluorescens B c ch yu l pectin, sn xut lyase pectate, pectolytic v hot ng polygalacturonaza. ACTIV-ITY phn gii protein v cc hot ng lipolytic c ghi nhn cho pseudomonad phn lp. Biosurfactants pro-duced bi pseudomonads cng h tr cho s suy thoi ca m thc vt. Mt v d l viscosin, mt peptolipid mnh sn xut bi mt dng Ps. fluorescens B. Viscosin sn xut to iu kin cho nhim trng do vi khun v ly lan ca su vo bng ci xanh unwounded chic hoa (et al Laycock, 1991.). Padaga et al. (1999) bo co rng 50% cc chng Ps. fluorescens A, Ps. viridiflava, Ps. mendocina v Ps. fragii phn lp t bng ci xanh c kh nng sn xut biosurfactant. Tuy nhin, ch 10% c sn xut mnh m. nghin cu tng t nn c tin hnh cho phn lp t cc sn phm ti ct xc nh vai tr ca pseudomonads trong khi u ca s h hng. Pseudomonads cng c th ng gp vo vng ca cc sn phm thc vt trong qu trnh lu tr, thng qua vic sn xut cc hormone ethylene chn. Weingart v Vlksch (1997) v Weingart et al. (1999) nghin cu sn xut ethylene ca Pseudomonas. syringae. Khi tim vo c di, n ch ra rng tng cng sn xut ethylene trong qu trnh khi pht ca bnh l do sn xut ethylene ca vi khun. Padaga et al. (1999) cng quan st c sn xut ethylene ca cc chng khc nhau ca Ps. fluorescens A v G t bng ci xanh

c ngun gc. Vi khun Lactic Acid Cc vi khun lactic acid hn m t mt s chi ca cc vi khun Gram dng (hnh que v cocci) c truyn thng c gi l sinh vt ln men kt hp vi sn phm thc phm ln men v lm hng thc phm. Nhng chi thng lin kt vi s h hng ca cc loi thc phm bao gm Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc v Pediococcus. Da trn cc nghin cu v pht sinh loi chemotaxonomic, ba chi lin quan cht ch, vi chng ln nhau gia chng. C ba nhm chnh: cc Lactobacillus del-brueckii nhm, trong bao gm ch yu l lactobacilli homofermentative; cc nhm casei Lactobacillus / Pediococcus; v nhm Leuconostoc, bao gm mt s lactobacilli heterofermentative buc (Stiles v Holzapfel, 1997). Cc mi trng sng ca cc loi ca chi Lactobacillus v Leuconostoc bao gm thc vt v nguyn liu thc vt, t nc, v nc thi v tri cy v ht mashes (Stiles v Holzapfel, 1997). Leu-conostoc spp. c th c mt vo ngy cng tng, cc nh my khng b h hi vi s lng tng i thp, nhng s gia tng trong thi gian trng thnh v sau ny trong qu trnh thu hoch (Daeschel et al, 1987.). Mc d c coi l mong mun trong qu trnh sn xut thc phm ln men, ln men ca ng sn xut axit v kh t l khng mong mun trong cc sn phm ti ct. trao i cht ln men ca h v kh nng pht trin trong iu kin k kh cho php vi khun axit lactic gy ra h hng, chng hn nh chua ca sn phm, sn xut kh v s hnh thnh cht nhn (Carlin v cng s, 1990;. Stiles v Holzapfel, 1997). Enterobacteriaceae Cc Enterobacteriaceae gia nh bao gm mt s chi ca vi khun gram m hnh que. Cc chi khc nhau vi mt lot cc hc sinh thi, cy includ-ing, cn trng, ng vt v con ngi, c th gy nhim ti ct sn phm trn nng tri v trong qu trnh ch bin. Cc loi gy bnh ca nhm ny thng ENU-merated s dng phng tin truyn thng c lp la chn, nhng nonpathogens thng b c lp nh l mt tng nhm gi l "dng vi khun coli." Vi nhng trng hp ngoi l ca mn. caratovora, mt tc nhn gy bnh sau thu hoch c bit n (Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000), bo co v s xut hin ca cc loi c nhn trong thc phm l rt him. Mt trong nhng bo co ca al Bennick v cng s. (1998) m t s hin din ca mt s loi rau ti. H bao gm Ent. cloacae, Pant. agglomerans, Rah. aquatilis, mn. caratovora, mn. amylovora, Kleb. oxytoca v Serratia. oderifera. Cc c im chnh ca nhng sinh vt ny cho php tng

trng v h hng tim nng ca rau qu ti ct nh sau: kh nng ca h pht trin nh l vi khun k kh ty , do h c th tn ti trong bu kh quyn sa i ca x lch ng gi (Bennick et al., 1998) kh nng ln men glucose sn xut axit, ru v este (Adams v Moss, 1995) Vai tr ca nhng sinh vt ny trong cc h hng ca sn phm ti, ct gim cha c hiu r v l mt khu vc nghin cu trong tng lai. Vi khun Coryneform Nhng "vi khun coryneform thut ng" l mt thut ng chung c s dng cho mc ch thc t m t mt nhm ln, a dng ca cc loi vi khun Gram dng c, nonsporing, thanh bt thng hnh. H ch yu l hiu kh, v nhiu chi l sc t. Mt s chi, bao gm Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus v Brevibacterium c th c mt chu k thanhmt th vi trung tng trng khc nhau, trong khi nhng ngi khc khng hin th nh bt thng r rng (Coyle v Lipsky, 1990). Cc nhm coryneform c phn b trong t nhin v c tm thy trong t, nh my v trong mi trng ch bin thc phm.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Phn loi phn loi ca nhm l kh hiu, v xc nh l kh khn, bi v c tnh c s dng trong nhn dng thng thng ca vi khun nh phology-mor v sinh l hc c gi tr nh tch cc n v phn loi. Cc phng php tip cn chnh xc nh cc sinh vt trong nhm corynefom l vic s dng cc phng php chemotax-onomic, DND-DNA tng ng v 16sRNA bin mc (Minnikin v Goodfellow, 1980; Gobbetti v Smacchi, 2000). Tuy nhin, t c bit v s xut hin v hot ng ca chi c nhn hoc mt loi vi khun coryneform trong thc phm. Hin nay, nhm bao gm cc chi sau y-Arthrobacter, Brevi vi khun, Rhodococcus, Curtobacterium, Micobacterium, Aureobacterium, Coryne vi khun, Agromyces, Cellulomonas v Oerskovia. Mt chi bit l xy ra trong cc sn phm thc vt l Arthrobacter. Mt s c im ca loi ny s c tho lun. Arthrobacter

Arthrobacter spp. c mt chu k tng trng que mt th vi trung, nh cp trc y, khng to endospores v c th l di ng hn hoc nonmotile bi mt tin mao bn di ia cc hay t. H c mt s trao i cht ng h hp v khng bao gi ln men. H thng xy ra trong t v trong rhizospheres ca cc nh my, th hin sc khng cc vi iu kin kh v thi gian ca i. Phn lp t t thng c kh nng phn hu cc hp cht cao phn t, mc d h khng thng xuyn sn xut enzyme pectolytic (Gobbetti v Smacchi, 2000). Arthrobacter spp. c cng nhn l ng vai tr trong qu trnh chn ca pho mt smear, gp phn hng v, hng thm v pht trin kt cu. Nhng thay i ny to iu kin ca vic sn xut cc enzyme lipolytic v phn gii protein. C t thng tin sn c m t cc hot ng ca Arthrobacter spp. trn rau. Gobbetti v Smacchi (2000), xem xt vai tr ca Arthobacter spp. trong thc phm, bo co rng h ang vi khun chitinase, c kh nng phn hy si nm, do ph hy mt s tc nhn gy bnh nm soilborne. H cng bo co rng Arthrobacter spp. c bit lm gim thuc tr su trong mi trng nhim v lnh. Arthrobacter spp. phn lp t chic hoa bng ci xanh c bo co ca al Padaga v cng s. (1999) sn xut enzyme biosurfactants v m-xung cp bao gm cc enzyme pectolytic, lipolytic v phn gii protein. Cc loi ny cng c sn xut polyphenol oxidase hot ng v c kh nng hnh thnh cc hp cht hng v kh chu nh methanethiol. Tip tc iu tra l cn thit xc nh tm quan trng ca vi khun coryneform nh Arthrobacter spp. trong mi trng mi ct. Nm men v Molds Mt lot cc loi nm mc c bit l gy bnh sau thu hoch trong tri cy v rau qu. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng mi ct, nm men pht trin nhanh hn c xu hng cao hn gy ra h hng mc. c im ca nm men s c tho lun. Nm men l sinh vt n bo c nhn in hnh trong nhiu chi c lin quan n qu trnh ln men v s h hng ca thc phm. ln men ca nm men loi nh Kloeckera v Hanseniaspora xut hin t nhin trn b mt ca tri cy v c kh nng gy h hng ln men (Barnett v cng s, 2000.). Cc loi khc ln men nh l S. cerevisiae v S. exiguus c th lm nhim tri cy trong ch bin v gy n lm h ln men. Tng trng v ln men thng khng xy ra cho n khi tri cy b h hi, cho php r r nc v ng. Nh vy, trong mi trng ti ct (v trong sa lt pH thp mc qun o), nm men tng trng v s h hng ca cc loi tri cy c th d bo. Cc c tnh ca nm men cho php pht trin c kh nng ca mnh ln men carbohydrate n gin sn xut ru, kh t v hng v cc thnh phn, chng hn nh este, axit v ru cao hn, v kh nng ca mt

s loi pht trin nhit tng i thp (10-15 C ). t loi ln men, chng hn nh mem P.-branifaciens, Candida krusei v Kluyveromyces, cng c th lm hng ti ct sn phm thng qua vic hnh thnh cc b phim hoc tt-mi (Hm i v Heard, nm 1992; Hm i, nm 1993; Heard 1999a). Mm bnh t thc phm HI CA mm bnh VI x lch ti-CUT Fresh-ct cc sn phm c lin quan vi dch bnh do thc phm, v cc mm bnh truyn qua thc phm c th hnh thnh mt phn ca h vi ca cc sn phm ny. Trong lch s, gim st dch t hc ca thc phm i vi s hin din ca tc nhn gy bnh c nng -trated v cc loi thc phm ngun gc ng vt. Mc d tri cy v rau qu lu c bit n nh l ngun ca tc nhn ly nhim vi sinh vt, c rt t bng chng H s vn bn-menting cc ri ro i vi sc khe cng ng. Tng cng tiu th cc sn phm v s tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip mi ct khin li sut iu tra s kt hp ca tc nhn gy bnh vi cc sn phm ny. Phn ny s m t ngn gn cc tc nhn gy bnh quan tm, nhng bnh m chng gy ra, ngun gc ca h v mt s c tnh cho php chng sng st trong cc vt ct ngt v mi trng ch bin. phng php tip cn hin ti pht hin cc tc nhn gy bnh s c cp, v nhng khong trng trong kin thc s c nh du. Trong nhng nm gn y, mt s giy t xem xt li tho lun v s xut hin ca cc mm bnh t thc phm trong cc sn phm ti sng v ti ct sn phm (Fain, nm 1996; Beuchat, 1996, 1998; Francis et al, 1999).. Nhng bo co ny nu bt nhng khong trng cnh kin thc v cc sinh vt c quan tm nht v nhn mnh s cn thit phi phn tch ri ro y ca ti ct gim sn xut t nng tri n ngi tiu dng (Beuchat, 1998). N thng c chp nhn rng cc tc nhn gy bnh c quan tm trong mn salad ti ct tng t nh hin nay trn rau sng (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Do mi quan tm trn ton th gii qua Listeria, nhiu nghin cu tp trung vo t l L. monocytogenes trong ch bin, sn phm rau qu trong t lnh (Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, 2000). Tuy nhin, vi khun gy bnh khc bo co c quan tm l Cl. botulinum, enterohemorraghic E. coli O157 type huyt thanh bao gm:. H7 v O111, Shigella spp, B. cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila v Yersinia enterocolitica (Fain, 1996). Tc nhn gy bnh cng c kt hp vi rau sng bao gm Vibrio chloerae (phn lp t bp ci), St aureus v Salmonella spp. (Phn lp t cc loi rau x lch) v Campylobacter jejuni (tm thy trong nm bn l) (Doyle v Schoeni, 1986; Satchell v cng s, 1990;. Fain, nm 1996; Francis et al, 1999.). Mt s v d v cc tc nhn gy bnh do thc phm b c lp t cc sn phm rau ti ct c lit k trong Bng 7,7. 7,8 bng lit k mt s dch bnh do thc phm lin quan ti ct gim. Nonbacterial patho-Gens cng c th c truyn bi sn phm ti, c ngun gc t nc ra v c

BNG 7,7 Mt s v d v s ph bin ca tc nhn gy bnh do thc phm ct-Fresh Salad Sn phm Sn phm cc loi gy bnh (+ Ngun gc) Ph bin Ref. Aeromonas hydrophila x lch ch (Anh) 21,6% v Fricker Tompsett (1989) Rau x lch Campylobacter (c) 0% (20 mu) Karib v Seeger (1994) Cryptosporidium kn hp t Rau dip (Costa Rica) 2,5% (2 / 80 mu) Monge v Chinchilla (1996) E. coli O157: H7 Ci bp (Mexico) 25% Beuchat (1996) Listeria monocytogenes xa lach trn (Canada) 2,2% (2 / 92 mu) Schlech et al. (1983) Listeria monocytogenes Prepacked salad (Bc Ireland) 14,3% Harvey v Gilmour (1993) Listeria monocytogenes xa lach trn (Anh) 7,7% (3 / 39 mu) MacGowan et al. (1994) Listeria monocytogenes rau qu ch (Vng quc Anh) Salmonella hn hp salad rau qu s dng bn l (Hoa K) 3,8% (26/01 mu) MacGowan et al. (1994) 0% (0 / 63) Lin et al. (1996) Shigella Salad rau qu (Ai Cp) 1,2% Satchell et al. (1990) Staphylococcus spp. Salad rau qu (Ai Cp) 8,3% Satchell et al. (1990) Yersinia enterocolitica ng gi sn phm thc vt (Php)

22-56% (100 mu) Manzano et al. (1995)

truyn t thc phm x l thc phm. Chng bao gm virus, chng hn nh virus Norwalk v vim gan A, v k sinh trng Giardia v Cryptosporidium. c im ca cc tc nhn gy bnh c la chn ng quan tm by gi s c tho lun chi tit hn. Tc nhn gy bnh ca quan tm Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes l vi khun gram dng c kh nng gy bnh t thc phm ngi. Cc liu gy nhim trng ca sinh vt ny cha c xc nh, mc d n ang ngh rng mt liu lng ln hn 103 cfu / g l cn thit gy bnh. Bnh thng xy ra nhng ngi suy gim min dch, nh ph n mang thai, tr s sinh, bnh nhn ung th v ngi cao tui, v mc d nhiu ngi c th khng c triu chng, cc biu hin lm sng ca bnh bao gm st nh d dy rut, nhim trng huyt kt mc, vim mng no, v t pht ph thai v t vong (Sutherland v Porritt, nm 1997; Farber v Peterkin, 2000). Mc d nguy c Listeria c xem l nh bi nhiu tc gi, l mc nghim trng ca cn bnh l nguyn nhn gy lo ngi. Thc phm c xc nh l c nguy c cao bao gm t lnh, ti thiu ch bin cc sn phm nh x lch ti ct (Sutherland v Porritt, 1997). Listeria monocytogenes c th tn ti v pht trin c nhit mi trng xung quanh v lm lnh, v n l facultatively k kh, cho php n vn tn ti

BNG 7,8 V d v cc bc pht ca dch bnh do thc phm kt hp vi Tiu th ca cc sn phm ti ct

Cc loi gy bnh Cyclospora cayetanensis

Sn phm (+ O) Qu mm xi (M, Canada, sn xut c nhp khu t Guatemala)

Ngun nhim Phun vi thuc dit nm chun b vi nhim nc S Cc trng hp Bnh Ref. > 1000 Hertwaldt et al. (1997), Tauxe et al. (1997) Escherichia coli O157: H7 Hn hp rau dip (M) Tnh trng sn xut thc t, c th phn nhim 26 ngi De Roever (1998) Vim gan virus A c chua thi nh Thc phm x l 92 Williams et al. (1994) trch dn bi Lund v Snowden (2000) Norwalk virus ti ct tri cy thc phm x l> 217 Herwaldt et al. (1997) Listeria monocytogenes Xa lach trn (Canada) Cu phn 34 v Schlech et al. (1983) Salmonella spp. Precut da hu (M) Lu tr m khng cn lm lnh 18 trng hp Blostein (1993), CDC (1979, 1991) Da (Mexico v Amercia Trung ng) Khng bit, thu c t cc thanh x lch > 245 (c tnh 25,000) CDC (1991), Tamplin (1997)

Shigella sonnei si rau dip Ch bin 347 ngi Davis et al. (1988) Shigella spp. Salad hoa qu (Vng quc Anh) Khng bit 36 O'Brien (1998) Vibrio cholerae Ci bp (Peru) Phn bn hu c ca nc nhim - Swerdlow et al. (1992)

cc sn phm ny. Cc sinh vt c th xm nhp vo chui ch bin t nng tri hay t mi trng ch bin. N c mt trong ng rut ca ng vt v con ngi, v n c tm thy s c ph bin rng ri trong t v trong nc thi. N cng l mt khun hoai vt v c th sng st nh vo cc vt liu thc vt (Beuchat, 1998), v n c ph bin ti cc trang tri ng vt n c trn cc cy mc nt, phn tn ca h vo lnh vc mi. Nu n gy nhim mi trng ch bin, n c th xm chim cc b mt ch bin, tn ti trong cng rnh, cc vt nt trn sn nh v cc bc tng v trong ng nt trong cc thit b. C nhng bo co m t s tn ti ca sinh vt v hnh thnh cc mng sinh hc trn cc b mt trong mi trng ch bin thc phm, c bit l trong cng. N cng c th c truyn bng bnh xt v trn tay ca ngi lao ng (Sutherland v Porritt, nm 1997; Beuchat, 1998). 2002 bi LLC bo CRC Listeria monocytogenes c phn lp t sn phm rau qu ng gi sn hn hp, rau ng rau dip xon v rau dip ti ct gim, da chut thi lt v tri cy, chng hn nh c chua v da , v cng c lin quan n bnh trong thc phm, ph v mt s nc (Beuchat v Brackett nm 1991, Beuchat 1998). V d, rau trn cho xa lach trn c lin quan n nh l phng tin L. monocytogenes, gy ra mt t bng pht ca listeriosis Canada vo nm 1981. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc bo co ca Listeria kt hp vi sn phm ti sng c lin quan n vic tiu th ca ton b tri cy v rau qu. iu tra thm l cn thit xc nh nhng ri ro ca eriosis-danh sch lin kt vi cc sn phm ti ct. Tc nhn gy bnh ng rut (Gia nh Enterobacteriaceae) Escherichia Coli Escherichia coli l mt phn ca t nhin ca vi khun ng rut ca ng vt mu nng v con ngi. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng chng c kh nng gy bnh ng tiu ha ngi. Cc chng ny c nhm li nh l, enterotoxigenic enterohemor-rhagic, chng bnh ng rut v enteroinvasive ca E. coli (Doyle v cng s, 1997.).

Enterotoxigenic E. coli gy bnh tiu chy du lch, v b nhim cng sn xut c th l ngun gc ca sinh vt ny (Beuchat, 1998). Tng t nh vy, bnh ng rut E. coli gy ra cc triu chng vim d dy rut ngi ln v tr s sinh, v enteroinvasive E. coli xm nhp cc t bo biu m rut lt rut gi, kt qu l s khi u ca tiu chy ra mu (Doyle v Padhye nm 1989; Desmarchelier v Grau, 1997). Nhm cui cng, enterohemorrhagic E. coli c th l nguy him nht vi con ngi. Liu truyn nhim ca sinh vt ny c th hin c thp hai t bo trong 25 g thc n, v by gi tin rng liu truyn nhim l di 100 t bo / g thc phm (Willshaw v cng s, 1994;. Griffin et al , 1994;.. Doyle v cng s, 1997). Mc d gy bnh l cha hiu r, n to ra mt s verotoxins (cytotoxins cho cc t bo thn kh xanh Chu Phi), ty thuc vo s cng thng v enterohemolysin (Desmarchelier v Grau, 1997). Cc du hiu nghim trng nht c nhn thy ngi gi v tr em. N gy ra vim i trng xut huyt, hi chng ur huyt tn huyt (thng l tr em) v ban xut huyt gim tiu cu ( ngi ln). Cht c bo co ch yu ngi cao tui (et al Doyle, 1997.). sn ti sng c th b nhim bt k mt trong nhng sinh vt ny trong lnh vc ny, qua tip xc vi phn ng vt b nhim, c bit l t Rumi-nants, hoc t phn bn hu c, chng hn nh phn uncomposted. Cc ngun nhim tim nng l cc nc s dng, ngi lao ng bn tay v gi v bi tamination-con, nh c m t trong phn trc (trang 190-197). Tn ti ca cc sinh vt v cc c ch nhim trong mi trng ch bin khng c nghin cu. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157: H7 c cng nhn trong nhng nm gn y nh l mt tc nhn gy bnh lin quan n thc phm v c chu trch nhim v dch lin quan n mt lot cc loi thc phm, bao gm sn phm ti. iu ny c th c th pht trin trn qu pro-cessed nh da hu v da (del Rosario v Beuchat, 1995), ct nh rau dip, da chut thi lt v mm (Raouf Abdul-et al, 1993;.. Zhao v cng s, Nm 1993;. Diaz v Hotchkiss et al, 1996; Nathan, 1997). Cc sinh vt c th pht trin nhit xung khong 7-8 C v c chng minh tn ti theo tnh axit

2002 bi LLC bo CRC iu kin, trong nc to, nhit ny cho n 12 ngy (Zhao v cng s, 1993.). Bin ng trong vic x l v lu tr nhit ca cc sn phm ti ct, bao gm cc loi tri cy ct nh da v da hu khc, c th cung cp c hi cho sinh vt tn ti, to ra mt nguy c sc khe cng ng. l mi quan tm mt s m hu ht cc nghin cu v pht hin, tn ti v m s E. coli Enterohemorrhagic tp trung vo ch mt type huyt thanh, O157: H7. Type huyt thanh khc, bao gm O111: NM, O26: H11 v O26: HNM cng thng lin quan n dch bnh (Desmarchelier v Grau, 1997), nhng vn c t bng chng cho ti liu t l ca h trong thc phm. y l mt khu vc nghin cu trong tng lai.

Shigella Cc vi khun Shigella chi lin quan cht ch n E. coli (ICMSF, 1996). Chi ny c chia thnh bn loi: dysenteriae Shigella, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri v Shigella boydii, tt c u c th gy ra shigellosis hoc bnh l bacillary ngi. Xm serovars ca Sh. dysenteriae sn xut mt cytotoxin c gi l mt c t Shiga. serovars Shigella khng xm ln v cc loi khc ch sn xut cc mc thp ca c t bo v cho hot ng endotoxic v c thn kinh (Lightfoot, nm 1997; Lampel et al, 2000.). Dch shigellosis thng lin quan n nc ca thc phm b nhim phn ngi. V vy, sn phm ti c th b nhim thng qua vic s dng nc ti tiu b nhim, s dng nc thi nh phn bn, chuyn giao cn trng hoc lin h vi con ngi (Beuchat, 1998). Shigella loi c th tn ti trn rau dip thi nh di lnh cho n ba ngy m khng c dn s gim v cng c th tn ti trn tri cy xt lt, bao gm c da hu v u sng (Escartin v cng s, 1989;. Satchell et al. 1990). ch bin hoa qu v rau c lin quan n mt s dch shigellosis. Salad rau, da v salad khoai ty l nhng v d ca cc sn phm lin quan (chnh thc v cng s, 1965;. Frelund v cng s, 1987;. Dunn v cng s, 1995.). Salmonella Trong Salmonella chi, phn bit thnh loi da trn s khc bit khng nguyn. Hin c hn 2370 serovars cng nhn, tuy nhin, ch c 200 c bit l gy bnh ngi, bao gm c Salmonella typhi, cc tc nhn gy bnh trong bnh thng hn (Jay v cng s, 1997;. Beuchat nm 1998; D'Aoust, 2000). Bnh truyn qua thc phm gy ra bi serovars nontyphoid ca Salmonella bao gm vim d dy rut v vim rut, vi cc triu chng xut hin 8-72 gi sau khi tiu th thc n. Cc bin chng nghim trng bao gm nhim trng huyt v vim khp phn ng khi pht (Jay et al., 1997). Salmonellae c phn lp t sn phm ti sng, v tri cy v rau qu c lin quan n dch salmonellosis (Hedburg v Olsterholm nm 1993; Beuchat, 1998). Sn phm ti c th b nhim salmonellae hoc t nc thi v nhim nc hoc t vic x l ca cng nhn b nhim bnh. Mc d khng c bo co trng hp ca salmonellosis t cc sn phm ti, ct, Salmonella c th pht trin trn b mt ca mm c linh lng (Jaquette et al, 1996.), V y l i khi c dng nh l thnh phn trong sn phm pha trn ng gi. Salmonellae khng pht trin trong thc phm t hn 7 C v do , khng nn gy ri ro cho sc khe cng ng trong cc sn phm ti, ct, min l chng c duy tr nhit lnh-tures. Tip tc iu tra trong nhng yu t nh hng n s tn ti ca mm bnh ny trong mi trng salad c khuyn khch. SPORE-HNH THNH vi khun Bo t gy bnh nh Clos. perfringens, Clos. botulinum v B. cereus c th c phn lp t t v c phn lp t rau qu ti v ch bin ti thiu v gi ht ging rau sng (Beuchat, 1996). Clostridium botulinum sn xut neurotoxins mnh sn xut mt lot cc triu chng ngi, bao gm tiu chy, bun nn v nn ma v triu chng thn kinh nh mt m, gin ng t, t lit dy thn kinh vn ng, mt chc nng bnh

thng ming v c hng, thiu s phi hp c v khc bin chng v t vong c th. c thay i iu kin kh quyn li cho s pht trin ca sinh vt, v mc d sn xut cht c khng c pht hin trong rau bo qun nhit lnh (Beuchat, 1996), chm sc cn c thc hin trnh nhit tng cao, ngn chn s ny mm ca bo t, ngn chn s pht trin ca thc vt cc t bo v ngn nga sn xut c t. Clostridium perfringens v B. cereus sn xut c t chu trch nhim gy au bng v tiu chy (Bates, 1997; Jensen v Moir nm 1997; Labb, nm 2000; Lund v Peck, 2000). Ngoi ra cn c mt chng lam ma ca B. cereus l nguyn nhn gy khi pht nhanh chng ca bnh cp tnh c trng bi bun nn v nn nhng thng khng c tiu chy. Clostridium perfringens t bo cht nhit di 10 C nhng c th pht trin 15 C. Nguy c i vi sc khe cng cng pht sinh nu sn phm b nhim vi nhng sinh vt ny c x l theo cch nh vy l kch hot tnh nng ny mm, bo t v qu ca cc t bo thc vt, v d, khi nhit bin ng xy ra trong khi vn chuyn, x l v bn l cc sn phm hon tt. chng Psychrotrophic ca B. cereus c phn lp t thc phm (Jensen v Moir, 1997) v c th gy ri ro cho sc khe cng cng nu c trong cc sn phm lm lnh ct ngt. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus (Gram dng cocci) c phn lp t cc loi rau v sn phm ti ct (Abdelnoor et al, 1983;. Houang et al, 1991.), Nhng cha c bo co v ng c thc phm t cu t cc sn phm nh vy. sinh vt ny c cho l bt ngun t vic x l ca cng nhn. N thng xut hin ng mi v trn tay ca con ngi. N thng c chp nhn l t cu khun. aureus khng cnh tranh tt trong thc phm ti, ni c mt vi a dng (Baird-Parker, 2000). Tuy nhin, cha c bo co ca cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca cc sinh vt trong mi trng mi ct. Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni (thanh xon c Gram dng) c tm thy trong ng rut ca nhiu ng vt hoang d v trong nc. N l mt nguyn nhn ph bin ca rut do vi khun nhiu nc v thng c kt hp vi dch ng c thc phm lin quan n sn phm ng vt. Cc triu chng ca bnh bao gm tiu chy cp ko di cho n nm ngy km theo st v au bng. C mt s t l mc cc bnh pht sinh t nhim tri cy v rau qu (Bean v Griffin, nm 1990; Castillo v Escartin nm 1994;. Harris et al, 1989) c l l b nhim t cht thi ng vt. Ly nhim cho gia ng vt v sn phm rau-ble c th xy ra m khng thc vt thnh phn c thm vo mn salad. Mc d nhit tng trng ti u l 42 C, n pht trin trong iu kin microaerophilic tng t nh ng gi ti ct gim.

Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia spp. c thanh Gram m hoc coccobacilli. Yersinia enterocolitica l mt phn ca h thc vt t nhin ca ng rut ln, mc d n cng l mt psychrotroph c th

pht trin nhit thp l 0 C (Barton v cng s, 1997.). tc nhn gy bnh ny c cng nhn sn xut mt lot cc triu chng lm sng v min dch. Ph bin nht l vim rut, thy ch yu tr nh, v pseudoappendicitis, xy ra tr ln v thanh thiu nin (Barton v cng s, 1997.). N c th gy nhim sn phm ti t phn v thng qua nhim cho trong cc c s ch bin. Yersinia spp. c phn lp t tri cy ti v rau qu, bao gm cc loi rau trn nh rau dip v c rt bo, mc d n khng c lin quan n dch bnh do n sn xut (Beuchat, nm 1996; Nesbakken, 2000). H t ra mt nguy c cho sc khe cng ng trong cc sn phm ti ct bi v kh nng ca h pht trin nhit thp. Mt cuc iu tra v t l ca h trong ti ct gim c bo hnh. Cc loi Aeromonas Aeromonas l Gram m vi khun hnh que coccoid c ph bin cho hu ht cc mi trng thy sn v xut hin trong nhiu loi thc phm (Palumbo et al., 2000). Khng phi tt c cc chng c c lc, v aeromonads thng chu trch nhim v s h hng ca thc phm. Aeromonads c th lm nhim tri cy ti v rau qu t nc ra v c th thng qua nhim cho t tht, hi sn, gia cm. Mt s chng c th pht trin nhit lnh, t ln ti 106 cfu / g trn rau qu nh mng ty, bng ci xanh v sp l sau hai tun lu tr 4 C (Berrang et al, 1989.). H cng c th tn ti di bu khng kh thay i condivn hnh. Nhm nh hng nhiu nht bi Aeromonas gy bnh l gii tr. sinh vt Cc nguyn nhn gy bnh t gii hn c trng bi tiu chy v st nh. Ngoi ra cn c cc bo co ca cc triu chng ging nh bnh t (Kirov, 1997). Cc loi vi khun Vibrio Vibrio loi (Gram m phy khun hnh que) xy ra ch yu vng bin ca sng, v do thc phm gy bnh t nhng sinh vt ny thng c lin kt vi c v hi sn. Trong s 12 loi gy bnh, bnh t Vibrio gy ra bnh nng nht, bnh t (Kaysner, 2000). parahemolyticus Vibrio thng lin kt vi dch bnh t di hi sn nu chn. Khi pht ca bnh c th ln ti 96 gi sau khi tiu th thc n v c c trng bi cc triu chng bao gm tiu chy, bun nn, nn ma, au bng v st (ICMSF, 1996). Cc ri ro tim tng ca bnh t vt ny gn vi cc sn phm ti ct gim l t nhim cho trong qu trnh x l v trn trong cc c s bn l. Virus Virus c th phi chu trch nhim pht sinh dch bnh do thc phm. H c bi tit bi cc c nhn b nhim bnh, v mc d h khng pht trin trn thc phm, h c th sng st trong nc v nc thi v sau c th gy nhim thc phm nh tri cy v rau etables. Hn 150 loi vi rt rut i din cho bn gia nh virus c th c hin din trong nc thi, v chng gy ra mt lot cc bnh nh vim ng h hp, ri lon da, vim mng no v vim d dy rut (Grohmann, nm 1997; Owen mang mong, 2000). Bnh gy ra bi vim gan A, rotavirus v vi rt nh Norwalk (nh, trn, cu trc virus) ph bin nht l lin quan n sn phm ti,

cc phng tin bao gm rau dip, c chua v du ty xt nh (Beuchat, 1998). virus khc lin quan n bnh do thc phm gy c astroviruses, enterovirus,-th on parvovi v adenoviruses. Cc yu t nh hng n s tn ti ca virus trn tri cy v rau qu vn cha c bit v cn c nghin cu trong tng lai. K sinh trng K sinh trng c nh ngha l cc sinh vt nhn chun v c th c xp vo hai nguyn sinh ng vt chnh, cc nhm v giun sn. K sinh trng ph thuc vo vt ch cho vival-sur, v mc d chu k ca cuc sng khc nhau, h u phi i qua mt ng vt hoc ch nhn tn ti v ti sn xut (Goldsmid v Speare, 1997). H c th ly nhim sang thc phm t cc nc b nhim hoc nc thi, t x l thc n hoc cn trng, hoc k sinh trng c th n phi ng vt v c mt trong tht ng vt ti thi im git m. Nhiu k sinh trng trn ton th gii trong phn phi ca mnh v c ph bin c bit l trong th gii th ba quc gia c v sinh v iu kin v sinh ngho (Goldsmid v Speare, 1997). Nguyn sinh ng vt ph bin nht l lin kt vi nhim trng ca con ngi l Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, Sarocystis v Iso pora-(Goldsmid v Speare nm 1997; Beuchat nm 1998; Taylor, 2000). Tt c nhng k sinh trng gy ra cc triu chng nh tiu chy, tr Toxoplasma gy thit hi bo thai v hi chng st ging nh tuyn (Goldsmid v Speare, 1997). Mt s giun sn cng c lin kt vi cc loi thc phm, bao gm c gan v rut sn, c bit, cc Trematoda. Dch t hc ca ng vt nguyn sinh ny l cha c hiu r v yu cu gim st chi tit hn. ng vt nguyn sinh Giardia lamblia nh v Cyclospora cayetanensis c lin quan vi bnh do thc phm, ni m cc xe sn xut thc phm c ti (Beuchat, 1998). Cryptosporidium c tm thy trn mt lot cc loi rau, bao gm x lch, da chut, c rt, c chua (Monge v Chinchilla, 1996). Cc yu t nh hng n s tn ti ca k sinh trng trong tri cy v rau qu ch bin cng khng hiu v iu tra m bo. PHT HIN mm bnh trong sn phm ti-CUT chng trnh gim st mt s quc gia iu tra t l mc bnh ti ct gim v s tham gia ca x lch ti ct gim dch bnh do thc phm. Nhn chung, t l mc bnh nhng sn phm ny l thp, v tc nhn gy bnh nh vi khun Salmonella, thng c tm thy trn ton b tri cy v rau qu, cha c phn lp t sn phm ch bin. Nguyn-Cc v Carlin (2000) thuc tnh t l thp ca cc mm bnh trong cc sn phm ny ci thin cc k thut ch bin v thc hin bo m cht lng hoc thc hnh sn xut tt. Lm th no-bao gi ht, bi v c bo co dch bnh do thc phm lin quan ti ct gim, v bi v chng ta cha c iu tra y cc h sinh thi vi khun ca cc sn phm ny, chng ta khng th gi nh rng tc nhn gy bnh khng c mt. iu ny c bit quan trng nhng nc m khng c php lut v thi hnh vic s dng cc chng trnh m bo cht lng hoc cm s dng nc b nhim ti cc loi cy trng (Beuchat, 1998). Tnh y ca cc phng php pht hin cc mm bnh t thc phm trong mi trng salad ti ct cn c iu tra, v khi cn

thit, phng php ci thin nn c tm kim sau khi tng kh nng ca chng ti nhm mc tiu v pht hin mm bnh. Nhng vn ny phi c gii quyt nu chng ta mun nh gi y nguy c n sc khe con ngi t vic tiu th cc mn salad. Hin kin thc ca tc nhn gy bnh lin quan vi cc sn phm ti ct gim l khng y v ch yu l nh tnh. Cu hi c tr li bao gm: 1. Liu cc thc vt nn ca cc sn phm ny nh hng n s tn ti ca tc nhn gy bnh? 2. Khng can thip vo nn h thc vt vi s pht hin ca cc mm bnh trong cc sn phm ny? 3. C th gy bnh c pht hin trong mi trng mi ct bng cch s dng phng php pht hin hin ti? Phng php ny cng cn thit to iu kin gim st cc vi rt v k sinh trng trong cc sn phm ti, ct xc nh mc ri ro i vi sc khe cng cng. Tc nhn gy bnh thng c trong cc loi thc phm vi s lng thp, hoc h c th b mc kt trong mng sinh hc hoc trong l chn lng ca thc phm v sau kh pht hin. to iu kin pht hin, k thut lm giu, i hi ln n 4-5 ngy hon thnh, c s dng cho php s pht trin ca mm bnh trong thc phm. k thut ny c s dng pht hin cc sinh vt nh L. monocytogenes, Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, C. jejuni v Yersinia (Barton et al, 1997; Desmarchelier v Grau, nm 1997; Jay v cng s,.. Nm 1997; Lightfoot, nm 1997; Sutherland v Porritt, nm 1997; Wallace, 1997). Tuy nhin, k thut lm giu la chn cho cch ly mm bnh t thc phm ch cung cp thng tin nh tnh v s c mt hay vng mt ca cc sinh vt. Cng quan tm, nhiu nc s dng phng php tiu chun pht hin cc mm bnh trong thc phm cha c kim tra v tnh hp l hoc tin cy s dng trong mi trng salad. Hai nghin cu gn y (cha xut bn lm vic) cho thy rng h sinh thi vi khun ca cc sn phm thc vt rt phc tp v phng php thng thng mt mnh c th khng cho thy s a dng ca cc loi vi sinh vt hin nay. Nhng nghin cu ny tit l rng khi mi ct x lch c tim hoc L. monocytogenes hoc E. coli O157: H7 10-10 t bo / g v cc t bo 10-100 g /, pht hin ca cc tc nhn gy bnh bng cch s dng cc phng php ph hp tiu chun c che khut bi cc bn a thc vt. cn nhc tng lai cho cc phng php vi sinh pht hin cc mm bnh trong mn salad ti ct nh sau: 1. Xc nhn ca cc phng php pht hin cc mm bnh trong mn salad ti ct 2. Gim thi gian ly mu v pht hin (c th bao gm vic p dng cc phng php nhanh chng) 3. Pht trin v s lng cc phng php ly mu v pht hin cho php nghin cu cc h sinh thi vi sinh vt hon ton ca cc sn phm ny

BIOCONTROL C rt t tr ngi trong ng gi cc sn phm ti ct ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Cc sn phm c ra sch loi b nhim qu mc, nhng sau khi ch bin, cc iu khin chnh c s dng c lu tr nhit lnh v ng gi trong mi trng sa i. phng php tip cn hin ti bo qun thc phm ng h khi nim ro cn, trong nhiu yu t c s dng ngn chn s pht trin ca vi khun 2002 bi LLC bo CRC (Leistner, 1995). Khng may l tnh cht "ti" ca tri cy v rau qu ch bin ti thiu ngn nga vic s dng ch bin truyn thng nh nu n / si m, v ngi tiu dng ang i hi thc phm ca chng ti khng cha cht bo qun ha hc. Nh vy, ng dng cc khi nim biocontrol c th hu ch to ra cc ro cn bo thm cho cc sn phm ti ct. Biocontrol phng php bao gm vic s dng sau y: 1. sinh vt i khng kim sot s tng trng ca mt trong hai s h hng hay cc loi gy bnh (biopreservation) 2. Cc hp cht khng sinh t nhin kim sot s tng trng ca vi khun 3. T nhin bo v thc vt lm gim sc khng ca vi khun tn cng gy ra BIOPRESERVATION S nh hng ca vi sinh vt t nhin ca rau trn vi khun gy bnh c m t trong ti liu. V d, Carlin et al. (1996) bo co rng nhng ngi bn x vi phn lp t l rau ng cnh tranh c th c ch L. monocytogenes. Tng t nh vy, Babic et al. (1997) bo co rng bt ng kh rau bina, cha mt hn hp cc vi sinh vt hiu kh mesophilic, c ch cho L. monocytogenes. Francis v O'Beirne (1998) thy rng dn s pha trn ca vi khun phn lp t rau dip thi nh thng gim bt s pht trin ca vi khun Listeria innocua, khi trn ln trong gii truyn thng m hnh, v h kt lun rng loi Enterobacter cnh tranh vi cc loi vi khun Listeria. Nhng tc gi ny cho rng thc vt tr li mt t t nhin c th l mt nh hng quan trng ti tng trng ca cc loi vi khun Listeria trn rau dip. Pseudomonas spp. c s dng nh thuc i khng cho cc ng dng sau thu hoch. Loi nh Ps. chlororaphis, Ps. fluorescens, Ps. putida v Ps. syringae cng c th nghim sn xut siderophore v hot tnh khng khun chng li cc tc nhn gy bnh truyn qua thc phm (Freedman v cng s, 1989;. Laine v cng s, 1996;. Janisiewicz et al, 1999.). Hu nh tt c pseudomonads hunh quang v mt s loi nonfluorescent siderophores sn xut, v cc hp cht ny c coi l nhng yu t chnh nh hng n tim nng biocontrol ca pseudomonads (Jayasekara, 1999).

Pseudomonads cng sn xut cc hp cht chng nm [chitinase v laminarinase enzyme (Lim et al., 1991), syringomycin (Vassilev v cng s, 1996). V sc t khng khun (Dakhama et al., 1993)] c th c p dng cho thc phm nh tri cy ti ct. Chng ti c kh nng c th s dng thc vt h hng la chn cc sn phm ti, ct thnh li th ca chng ti, thng qua khai thc cc c im biocontrol. iu ny s ch c tt sau khi iu tra y cc h sinh thi vi khun ca h thng. Vi sinh vt nh vi khun acid lactic c s dng lm i l biopreservative trong thc phm c ch s tng trng ca cc loi khc khng mong mun. C ch ca nismantago bao gm cnh tranh cho cc cht dinh dng, lin kt ca cc cht dinh dng v sn xut sn phm p ng-abolic vi hot tnh khng khun. Ln men vi khun axit lactic (LAB) l mt phng php truyn thng biopreservation dng tng an ton v cht lng thc phm, bao gm c tri cy v rau qu. V d nh liu ln men, da ci bp v da chua (Stiles, 1996). Trong nhng nm gn y, vi khun acid lactic cng c s dng nh l cc i l cnh tranh v i khng biocontrol trong thc phm nonfermented (Breidt v Fleming, 1997). Nhng sinh vt ny thng hin din trn b mt ca tri cy v rau qu, v nu c khuyn khch, c th lm gim s pht trin ca bn a khc

2002 bi LLC bo CRC h hng vt hoc tc nhn gy bnh t thc phm. vi khun lactic acid c bit l cht chuyn ha sn xut khng sinh nh axt lactic v acetic, hydrogen peroxide v cc enzym nh lysozyme. Mt s chng vi khun axit lactic cng sn xut bacteriocins (Holzapfel v cng s, 1995;. Breidt v Fleming, 1997). y l nhng m t nh l nhm ca peptide khng khun mnh hoc protein c hot tnh chng vi sinh vt khc (Holzapfel et al, 1995.). Mt s nghin cu m t vic s dng cc vi khun axit lactic bacteriocin sn xut ci thin s an ton ca x lch sn sng n. Vescovo et al. (1995) nghin cu s tc ng ca vi khun acid lactic trn vi mesophilic qu trnh bo qun lnh cc loi rau sn sng n. Chng vi khun axit lactic chn cho kh nng ca h pht trin v sn xut cc hp cht khng khun nhit lnh mesophilic c ch h thc vt, bao gm khun coliform v khc, trong thi hn ba ngy k t ngy lu tr. Trong mt nghin cu tip theo, Vescovo et al. (1996) p dng vi khun acid lactic sn xut khng sinh sn sng n rau-Bles ngn chn s pht trin ca mm bnh. Psychrotrophic chng Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum v Pediococcus spp. c ch A. hydrophila, L. monocy-togenes, Salmonella typhimurium v S. aureus trong mt lot cc mn salad rau. Tip tc iu tra vi mt chng, L. casei IMPC LC34, cho thy thm cng thng ny cc loi rau sn sng s dng dn n gim tng s lng mesophilic v coliform tnh v s bin mt ca cc tc nhn gy bnh A. hydrophila, Sal. typh-imurium v t cu khun. aureus sau su ngy k t ngy lu tr.

Mt trn ngp vn ho ca chng ny cng lm gim tng s lng ca thc vt, coliform, khun v hydrophila A. trong rau sn sng n (Torriani et al, 1997.). S dng cc hp cht khng sinh t nhin Bacteriocins Tinh ch cc hp cht khng khun nh bacteriocins c th c thm vo cc loi rau ti, ct t c hiu qu bo v nh l mt thay th cho thm nn vn ha sng. Choi v Beuchat (1994) s dng mt bacteriocin t Pediococcus acidilactici M c ch s tng trng ca L. monocytogenes trong qu trnh ln men kim chi. B sung bt bacteriocin th (10 mg bacteriocin/150 g salad) bc u gy t vong cho L. monocytogenes v kim sot s tng trng ca mm bnh trong thi gian tation-fermen (16 ngy). Mt bacteriocin, Plantaricin D, c phn lp t Lactobacillus plantarum BFE 905, mt hng ti Waldorf salad (Franz et al, 1998.). Plantaricin D c tm thy trin lm hot ng antilisterial, v cc tc gi xut s dng cc hp cht hoc cc nn vn ha biopreservative ci thin s an ton ca cc loi rau sn sng n. Cc bacteriocin thng mi, nisin (t lactis Lactobacillus), c s dng trong thc phm nh pho mt tit trng ngn chn ly lan qu ca bo t Clostridia, v n c chp thun mt s nc chu u b sung pho mt ti, rau qu ch bin v thc phm ng hp (Holzapfel et al, 1995.). Antilisterial activ-ITY ca bacteriocins nisin v ALTATM2341 c th nghim bi Szabo v Cahill (1998) theo iu kin khc nhau ca nhit v khng kh thay i. Ti 4 C v trong mt bu khng kh CO2 giu, tng trng ca L. monocytogenes c kim sot trong mi trng nc dng. 12 C (lm dng nhit ), b sung bacteriocins l cn thit ngn chn s tng trng ca mm bnh. Cc tc gi by t quan ngi v s pht trin ca

bacteriocin khng phn lp v ngh iu tra ca c ch khng trc khi pht trin cc ng dng thc phm cho bacteriocins. cn nhc khc bao gm: 1. Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng bacteriocin trong thc phm. 2. C bacteriocins hot ng trong mi trng ti ct? Nh my cht d bay hi t nhin Cc hp cht d bay hi khng ch bao gm cc hp cht thm v hng v ca hoa qu v rau qu nhng cng c th ng mt vai tr chc nng tng tc thc vt-vi sinh vt. Quan tm n vic s dng cc hp cht ny c khuyn khch bi nhu cu tiu dng cho Ngun gc t nhin ca cc cht d bay hi nh my v thc t l chng con-sumed bnh thng trong tri cy ti v rau qu trong ch n c th tng cng s chp

nhn ca ngi tiu dng s dng ca mnh "thc phm t nhin." Kim sot vi sinh vt h hng. n nay, quan tm n ng dng ca cht d bay hi sn phm ti tp trung vo iu tr cc loi tri cy c ch s pht trin ca nm phn r sau thu hoch. V d, Vaughn et al. (1993) phn tch cht d bay hi t qu mm xi, qu du ty, bao gm c benzaldehyde, 1 hexanol-v 2 nonanone-, cho kh nng c ch Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea v Colletotrichum gloesporoides trong ng nghim. Benzaldehyde c ch c ba loi nm khi c b sung vo phng tin truyn thng tng trng mc 4 ml / ml. Tng t nh vy, Archbold et al. (1997) xc nh cc hp cht d bay hi c ch s tng trng ca Botrytis. Mi hp cht bao gm hexanal, salicylate 1-hexanol methyl, v methyl benzoat, ngn cn s pht trin ca Botrytis trn mm xi, du ty v nho. Cht d bay hi t ngun gc tri cy bao gm benzaldehyde (5000-10,000 ppm) v (ppm 2500) hexanal c th hin bi Caccioni et al. (1995) trin lm mt tc dng km nm i vi Monilia laxa v Rhizopus stolonifer. p dng cc cht d bay hi t nhin trng x lch ti ct ci thin cht lng v an ton c iu tra bi Dawson et al. (1999). Trong nghin cu ny, mt s hp cht d bay hi (acid acetic, ethanol v mt s Pyruvate) c thm vo ct-ti, x lch trn v bp ci kim sot s tng trng ca mm bnh chng hn nh L. mono-cytogenes v B. cereus. Axit axetic v Pyruvate lm gim tng s cc loi rau ny ln ti 2 chu k log, v dn s ca cc tc nhn gy bnh cng c gim. Nhc im ca xng hi kh trng vi cht d bay hi bao gm cc tc tainting kt qu t cc hp cht nh axit axetic, tc dng n mn v cc hiu ng c hi. Khng bay hi cc hp cht nh cc loi tinh du cng c th c s dng c ch s h hng h thc vt v cc mm bnh t thc phm. Wan et al. (1998) thy rng ra rau dip vi mt thnh phn ca du hng qu (0,1-1,0% v / v) c hiu qu nh ra vi 125 ppm clo. Cc thnh phn du c hiu qu i vi Pseudomonas spp. v A. hydrophila. Gy ra khng M thc vt c c ch bo v vn c kch hot kh nng chng xm lc microbiological. Nh my c ch bo v v cc phng php to ra sc khng c xem xt gn y ca tp ch Forbes-Smith (1999). n nay, khng c cng b bo co kim tra khng gy ra v ti ct tri cy v rau qu. Phn sau y nhm mc ch gii thiu cc khi nim v c ch bo v thc vt v khng gy ra. 2002 bi LLC bo CRC Tng hp cc Phenolic Lignin Trung-cht chuyn ha v phytoalexin Lignification m xy ra gip cy chng li bnh tt. Lignin l mt polyphenol

polymeric kt hp vi cellulose v pectin trong thnh t bo thc vt tng sc khng vi s xm nhp mm bnh (Forbes-Smith, 1999). Phytoalexin hoc "khng sinh" phenolic cng c sn xut nh l mt p ng vi nhim trng bi vi khun gy bnh cy trng. Mt v d l glycinol phytoalexin, sn phm ca u tng. Glycinol c tm thy c ch DNA, RNA v tng hp protein ca vi khun Erwinia caratovora thi mm (Weinstein v Albersheim, 1983). Tng hp cc protein lin quan n Bnh sinh Mt s m thc vt to ra cc protein chng nm p ng vi cuc xm lc ca microor-ganisms hoc nh l mt phn ng tip xc vi ethylene (Schlumbaum et al, 1986;. Enyedi et al, 1992.). V d, t bo thc vt sn xut cc enzym chitinase lytic v chitosinase phn hy thnh t bo nm (Baldwin v cng s, 1995.). Gy ra khng N c th x l m thc vt vi cc cht gi ra nhng phng Mecha t nhin-nisms. Elicitors c th c sinh hc (phn t tn hiu c sn xut bi nh my) hoc (iu tr bng bc x nh tia cc tm) v sinh. Cc hp cht nh methyl salicylate v chitosan c bit l khng nm v c s dng gi ra nhng khng trong tri cy, bao gm c du ty (Forbes-Smith, 1999). bc x UV-C c s dng iu tr c rt ch bin. iu tr vi liu thp UV-C c tm thy bi Mercier et al. (1993a, b) tng sc khng ca c rt Botrytis cinerea nhim Sclerotinia sclerotiorum v nhit lnh. Trong mt nghin cu gn y, Lamikanra et al. (2002) bo co sn xut theo chu k v khng tun hon phytoalexin terpenoid (-ionone, Gera-nylacetone, v acetate terpinyl) trong da cantaloupe ct tip xc vi tia cc tm. Geranylacetone v acetate terpinyl, khi thm vo ct da (0,01% w / w), gim dn s vi sinh vt t 6,2 108 trong vic kim sot khng c iu tr n 1,2 108 v 107 cfu 3,1 / g, tng ng, trong khong thi gian 24 gi 20 C. -ionine hon ton c ch s pht trin ca vi khun trong iu kin tng t. p dng phng php cm ng in tr ti ct gim sn xut cn c xem xt nh l mt ro cn biocontrol thay th, nh ct gim cc quy trnh lin quan n ch bin ti, ct gim c th gy ra mt phn ng elicitor. Khu vc nghin cu trong tng lai bao gm hiu qu ca elicitors trong mi trng ny v nhng tc ng ca vic iu tr v cht lng cm quan ca sn phm ti ct. KT LUN Mc d vai tr ca vi sinh vt trong vic xc nh s an ton v h hng ca ti ct gim sn xut c cng nhn trong vn hc, s hiu bit ca chng ta v sinh thi hc vi sinh vt vn cn hn ch. Ti u ha cc quy trnh m bo ti, an ton v ng dng cc k thut biocontrol sng to s da vo iu tra c bn ca tng tc pht trin v hot ng sinh ha ca cc loi vi sinh vt c lin quan v cc c ch c bn pht trin

ca h Enzym vi sinh kt hp vi ct-Fresh Sn xut

Jianchi Chen

NI DUNG Gii thiu Cc enzyme cellulase Pectinaza Cutinases vi sinh Proteinases Cc enzyme thy phn tinh bt Lipolytic Enzym Enzym khc Cc vi sinh vt Cc vi khun Cc Erwiniae Cc Pseudomonads Vi khun ca lo ngi an ton thc phm Cc vi khun axit lactic Cc nm Cc si nm Botrytis Aspergillus Nm men Xem xt thm Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU Cy cnh bn cng mt vi a dng t c ba lnh vc chnh ca cuc sng: Vi khun, Archaea, v Eucarya (Andrews v Harris, 2000). Vi sinh vt trn b mt thc vt cng thng lin kt vi, hoc l cht gy nhim t, t, cn trng, ng vt c v, v cc ng vt (Jay, 1997). i vi sn xut nng nghip, vi sinh vt

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

nhim xy ra mi giai on ca chui sn xut, t trng trt n ch bin. Ngoi tr mm bnh thc vt, vi sinh vt nht l gener-ng minh ngn chn xm nhp sn xut m ca lp bn ngoi bo v nh cc lp biu b. Nh my vi sinh vt gy bnh c th trc tip tn cng m thc vt v tiu dit ton b nh my hoc cc b phn ca cy trng. Ti ct ra trnh by mt chiu kch khc ca vn . Ct ph hy t bo khoang ni b v to ra vt thng trn cc c quan nh my. Cc m b thng ch nc nh my hoc ni dung di ng m phc v nh l cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt. V vy, cc b mt ct, trong nhiu trng hp, rt l tng cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, bao gm c tc nhn gy bnh ca con ngi. Mt khi tip xc vi thc vt, vi sinh vt c phi chu cc mc khc nhau ca vi sinh vt, thc vt tng tc hay mi quan h cho vic m rng dn s ca h. Cui thp, cc nh my ch cung cp mt khng gian vt l hay cc cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt. cp cao hn, thc vt v vi khun nhn ra tn hiu c th phn t vi nhau v gy ra mt lot cc phn ng sinh ha. tng tc ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc vi sinh vt, thc vt lu tr cc iu kin v s xut hin ca cc yu t thun li v mi trng. Mt phn ng vi cc thng s ny c th lin quan n s biu hin s phi hp ca cc gen ca vi khun. Vi tc nhn gy bnh thc vt ty , tng tc cc thit b chuyn mch gia cc giai on hoi sinh v gy bnh. tham gia vo s tng tc gia vi khun, thc vt v khm ph nhng ngun thc phm, microor-ganisms c th tit ra cc enzyme, cht c, iu ha sinh trng v polysaccharides (Agrios, 1997), v cc cy ch c th phn ng vi cc cht ny cho ph hp. Trong cc cht, men vi sinh nhn c s quan tm nht. T bo t bo cht c cha cc cht dinh dng c th d dng s dng bi cc vi sinh vt (nh cc loi ng n gin v cc axit amin) v carbon v d tr nng lng (nh tinh bt, protein v cht bo). Mt ngun thc n ln hn cho cc vi sinh vt l biopolymers cy trng. Nh my ch yu l cc m t bo v cc cht chuyn ha ca h. Cc mt undisrupted ca mt loi tri cy hay rau c ph bng mt lp bo v c gi l lp biu b bao gm cutins. Nh my thnh t bo bao gm cellulose, pectins v protein cu trc. Cc phin knh trung m ch yu pectins gi t bo thc vt vi nhau. Bn trong thnh t bo, t bo mng bao gm cc cht bo v protein. Vi sinh vt c th chuyn i cc polyme tan trong t bo sn phm c vn chuyn vo t bo vi khun. Qu trnh ny mang li s suy thoi l do tc ng ca mt hoc nhiu tp hp cc enzyme c tit ra bi cc vi sinh vt.

Chng ny khng dng nh gi ton din ca tt c cc men vi sinh vt lin quan n ngt ct gim sn xut. Trong thc t, cc n phm t nhn mnh mi spective ca cc enzym vi sinh vt lin quan n ct ngt sn xut, mc d c mt s nhn xt lin quan n cc c tnh ca vi sinh vt lin quan n sn xut (Beuchat, nm 1996; Brackett nm 1999, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin , 1994). Hu ht com-monly, men vi sinh vt c nghin cu bi v vai tr ca h trong mc nt hoc h hng cc loi rau v tri cy. Mt xu hng gn y hn l tp trung vo mt nhm cc vi sinh vt c ngha v mt an ton thc phm (Liao v cng s, 1999.). Chng ny trong thi gian ngn tho lun v mt vi enzym thng c sn xut bi cc vi sinh vt lin quan n ngt ct gim sn xut, m thc vt b thng. V khi lng ln d liu, men t tc nhn gy bnh cy trng c chc chn nhn c nhn mnh hn bt chp thc t l hu ht cc vi sinh vt, thc vt khng gy bnh thc vt. Mt lot cc enzyme c bit l c lin quan n vic suy thoi ca cc polyme t bo thc vt. Ny thng bao gm

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

enzim nh pectinaza, xenlulaza, amylases, lypases v proteinases. Bi v s quan tm n tng tc thc vt-tc nhn gy bnh, v cc ng dng cng nghip, pecti-nases c nghin cu (Bateman v Miller, 1996; Barras v cng s, 1994;. Blanco v cng s, 1999;. Collmer v Keen, 1986; Herron v cng s, 2000;.. Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat v cng s, 1996; Lang v Dornenburg, 2000; Sakai v cng s, 1993)..

Pectinaza CC vi khun enzym

Cht pectic l mt trong nhng polysaccharides c nhiu nht trong thnh t bo ca thc vt bc cao. Chng c cu to ch yu ca dy chuyn tuyn tnh cao phn t ca acid D-galacturonic lin kt nh l mt -1, 4 glycoside c cha cc nhm carboxyl hoc este ho (pectin) hoc nonesterified (pectic acid) n mc khc nhau vi methanol. Pectins

t nhin c mt cc cp khc nhau ca methylesterification. Pectins l nhng thnh phn c bn ca xi mng gia cac t bao gia phin knh. Pectin kt qu suy thoi trong ha lng ca cc cht pectic hng u ngm khn giy hoc lm mm. Pectic enzym hoc lm suy gim cht pectic pectinaza. S xung cp ca tiu pectic-lp trng l nguyn nhn chnh gy thi trong tri cy hoc rau. Nhiu vi sinh vt c th s dng cc monome v t ca sn phm ca pectin nh l mt ngun thc phm. Trong trng hp cc tc nhn gy bnh cy trng, vai tr b sung ca s xung cp pectin l tham gia vo qu trnh gy bnh. Pectic enzyme hot ng tng cng nng lc ca sinh vt gy bnh xm nhp v xm chim ch ca n. S phc tp ca cc biopolymer pectin c ch nh bi nhiu loi enzym pectin-xung cp sn. Pectinaza c th c phn loi theo u i ca h cht: pectin hoc polygalacturonate, c ch ca h phn ng thng qua loi b- hoc thy phn, v v tr phn ct trong chui polymer (endo-hoc exo-) (Sakai v cng s, 1993.). Ni chung, h c chia thnh hai nhm: pectinest-xa v enzyme depolymerizing. Cc pectinesterases hoc methylhydrolase pectin (EC 3.1.1.11) loi b cc chi nhnh ngn ca chui pectin ca deesterifying nhm methoxyl trong pectin kt qu trong axit pectic. Cc men ny khng c hiu lc vo di chui tng th, nhng h c th lm thay i ha tan ca cc pectins v nh hng n cc hot ng ca cc enzym trong nhm th hai. Nhm th hai ca cc enzym l pectinaza chui-chia l tch nhng chui pectinic v pht hnh phn chui ngn c cha mt hoc mt vi phn t ca galacturonan. C hai nhm con. Mt nhm nh bao gm cc enzyme thy phn lin kt glycosidic bao gm ylgalacturonase-polymeth (PMG) v polygalacturonaza (PG). Enzym trong phn nhm khc tch -1, 4 mi lin kt glycosidic bi transelimination, m kt qu trong galacturonide vi mt tri phiu khng bo ha gia C4 v C5 vo cui nonreducing ca axit galactu-ronic hnh thnh. Tng t, hai loi enzyme c trong nhm: lyase polymethylgalacturonate (PMGL) hoc lyase pectin v lyase polygalacturonate (PGL) hoc lyase pectate (PL). Cc ti sn v xt nghim cc enzym pectic c compre-hensively xem xt (Bateman v Miller, 1996; Barras v cng s, 1994; Sakai v cng s, 1993..). Sn xut cc enzyme pectolytic vi sinh vt c bit n l c hai-consti tutive v quy np. i vi vi khun gy bnh thc vt, cc pectinaza ngoi bo c quy nh bi s sn c ca cc polymer pectin v pht hnh ca cc n v galacturonan.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Mt m hnh chung cho pectinase cm ng l cc vi sinh vt lun lun to mt s lng

c s cp cc enzym pectolytic. Trong s hin din ca pectin, iu ny s pht hnh mt s lng nh cc monome galacturonan, nh trng hoc t ca sn phm. Cc phn t ny phc v nh l gy cm ng tng hp tng cng v pht hnh ca cc enzym pectolytic. S gia tng nng enzyme pectolytic lm tng thm s xung cp ca cc polymer pectin. Sau mt thi gian, tuy nhin, nng cao ca cc monome to ra, nh trng hoc t ca sn phm sau gim sn xut cc enzyme pectolytic. The-pro duction ca cc enzym pectolytic cng l tc nhn gy bnh pht trin n p khi c s hin din ca glucose (Agrios, 1997).

Xenlulaza Cellulose l mt chui tuyn tnh ca cc ng lin kt bi -1 ,4-glucosidic tri phiu ln n vi nghn monome. Bi v chui su hoc hn monome khng ha tan, cellulose l khng ha tan trong nc. Nhn chung, cc enzyme phn hy cellulose l mt qu trnh chm. Cc yu t chnh hn ch trong thy phn ca cc vt liu nh vy c l l c lp ca cc phn t n l ca cht nn ca cc enzym lin quan (Warren, 1996). Tri cy v rau qu c cha cellulose t hn nhiu so vi cc cy thn g. Cellulolytic enzyme c tit ra bi cc mm bnh ng mt vai tr trong vic lm mm v tan r ca vt liu vch t bo (Agrios, 1997). Cellulolytic enzyme c th tip tc tham gia gin tip vo vic h hng bng cch gii phng ng ha tan t chui cellulose. Nhng ng ha tan c th dng lm thc phm cho cc tc nhn gy bnh. Khng gy bnh microorganisms cng c th tham gia vo cellulolysis cho ngun thc n. Xenlulaza thng c tit ra bi cc vi sinh vt tn cng cc polymer cellulose. Ngoi cc enzym thy phn thng thng, cc enzyme oxy ha v-lytic phosphoro cng tham gia vo depolymerization cellulose (Warren, 1996). Ba loi chnh ca cellulase thy phn l tham gia vo s suy thoi ca cellulose glucose c endoglucanases (endo-1 , 4--D-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4) l ngu nhin tn cng cc chui cellulose v phn chia cc -1, 4 -glucosidic tri phiu; exo-glucanases (exo-1 ,4--D-glucan 4cellobiohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.91) c pht hnh hoc cellobiose hoc glucose t cui nonreducing ca cellulose, v -glucosidase hoc cellobiase (EC 3,2 .1.21) l thy phn cellobiose v ha tan trong nc khc cellodex-trins glucose (Singh v Hayashi, 1995). Trong khi cc loi nm to ra tt c ba loi cellulase, tt c cc vi khun cellulolytic tit ra mt lot cc endoglucanases (Beguin, 1990).

CUTINASES Cc b mt thc vt t nhin ca l, hoa, tri cy v tr thn c bao ph bi lp biu b, m l mt hng ro bo v thc vt t cuc xm lc mm bnh. Cc thnh phn cu trc ca lp biu b thc vt, cutin gi, l mt biopolymer bo khng ha tan com-t ra ca hydroxy v cc axit bo hydroxyepoxy. Nhiu loi nm v mt vi loi vi khun c th sn xut cutinases. Cutinase nm bao gm mt peptide duy nht vi trng lng phn t gn 25.000 (Kolattukudy, 1985). L mt phn ca tnh gy bnh ny, nhiu tc nhn gy bnh nm c th xm nhp nhng ro cn cn nguyn vn (Kolattududy, 1985). Vi

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

sn xut cutinase, mt s loi nm c th pht trin trn cutin l ngun duy nht ca cacbon (Purdy v Kolattukudy, 1973). PROTEINASES Ngoi chc nng enzym ca n, protein l thnh phn ca mng t bo v cc thnh phn cu trc ca thnh t bo thc vt. Proteinases hoc protease xc tc thy phn lin kt peptide trong cc protein hay peptide. Proteinases sn xut bi vi khun v nm ch yu l ngoi bo v c th c phn thnh bn nhm da trn d lng cht xc tc cn thit ti trang web hot ng ca h. Chng bao gm cc serine protease (EC 3.4.21), protease cysteine (cn gi l protease thiol) (EC 3.4.22), aspartate protease (EC 3.4.23) v cc metalloproteases (EC 3.4.24) (Hase v Finkelstein, 1994). S xung cp ca cc protein ch ca proteinase tit ra bi cc vi sinh vt su sc c th nh hng n t chc v chc nng ca cc t bo ch. Tuy nhin, vi iu tra c thc hin theo tnh cht, mc suy thoi ca m thc vt (Agrios, 1997). N c ghi nhn rng Erwinia spp. sn xut v tit ra mt s protease c lin kt vi c tnh thc vt (Wandersman et al, 1987.). Enzym thy phn tinh bt, Tinh bt c cha hai loi polymer glucose: -amylose v amylopectin. iu th nht bao

gm di, dy chuyn cnh ca glucose-D trong mt n v kt ni bi -1, 4 tri phiu glycosidic. Cc lin kt glycosidic ca mt chui amylopectin l -1, 4, nhng nhng im chi nhnh l -1, 6 tri phiu glycosidic. Tinh bt c th c thy phn cho cc n v nh hn m phc v nh l cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt. Thy phn tinh bt i hi nhng enzym thy phn -1, 4 v, n mt mc thp hn, -1, 6 tri phiu glucosidic. S xung cp ca tinh bt c em v bi nhng hnh ng kt hp ca mt s loi enzym gi l amylases. -Amylases tch cc phn t tinh bt di oligosaccharides c thu lyzed bi glucoamylases, -amylases, v exo khc--1 ,4glucanases (Nigam v Singh, 1995). Cc sn phm cui cng ca s phn hy tinh bt l ng m cc vi sinh vt s dng trc tip. LIPOLYTIC enzyme Cc c im chung ca tt c cc cht bo l h c bo ha hay khng bo ha axt bo. Du v cht bo c tm thy trong t bo nhiu hp cht lu tr nng lng. Wax lipid c ph bin trn cc t bo biu b trn khng. Phospholipid v glycolipids, cng vi cc protein, l thnh phn chnh ca tt c cc mng t bo thc vt. Lipolytic enzym hoc lipases thy phn lipid v cc axit bo gii phng. Cc vi sinh vt c l l s dng cc axit bo trc tip (Agrios, 1997). Enzyme khc S a dng ha sinh cho thy tim nng ca mt s lng ln cc enzyme pro-duced bi vi sinh vt. Ngoi cc enzym cp trn, mt s cc enzym quan trng trong sn xut thc phm bao gm anthocyanase, catalase, dextranase,

glucose oxidase, invertase, lactase, vv (Taylor v Richardson, 1979). Trong hu ht trng hp, vai tr ca cc enzym ny trong s tng tc vi khun-host vn cn phi c nghin cu.

Cc vi sinh vt Nhiu vi sinh vt phn lp t sn xut c bit sn xut enzym ngoi bo. Magnuson

et al. (1990) bo co rng khong 10-20% trong s cc vi khun phn lp mesophilic t rau dip thi nh c pectin. Trong nhiu mu c rt thi nh v x lch rau dip xon ct nh, 20-60% cc pseudomonads c lp c pectin (Nguyen-Cc v Prunier, 1989). investi gations gn y, tit l rng cc c ch phc tp thng tn ti vi tc nhn gy bnh thc vt c th ch ng tn cng m thc vt cho s thnh vng dn s ca h. Mt trong nhng m hnh nghin cu nhiu nht c l l loi Erwinia gy thi mm ca rau. Ni chung, vi sinh vt trn cc sn phm ti ct gim trong danh mc ca vi khun, nm men v nm mc hoc nm si (Barriga v cng s, 1991; Lamikanra v cng s, 2000;.. Magnuson v cng s, 1990;. Zagory, 1999). Nm men v vi khun axit lactic l vi ph bin trn hoa qu. H khng ch ng tn cng cc m thc vt. Tuy nhin, h ang chu trch nhim v s h hng ca sn phm tri cy nhiu, c bit l trong cc m b thng hoc ct hp ni dung di ng ang pht hnh. Nm men v vi khun acid lactic thng s dng cc loi ng n c tm thy trong tri cy mang li s ln men, kt qu l sn xut ru, axit hu c v cacbon dioxide. Trn b mt ct ca sn phm ti, ct, nm men v vi khun lactic pht trin nhanh hn v thng trc khun trong qu trnh h hng. iu ny c chng minh r rng trong mt th nghim theo di s thay i vi-Bial trn da ti ct (Lamikanra et al, 2000.). Nh h hng tin trin, suy thoi ca cc polyme nh my trng lng phn t cao l sau ny mang li bi khun mu v vi khun pectin v cellulolytic khc (Jay, 1997). CC VI KHUN Rau qu ti u phi thi mm vi khun. Qu trnh thi ra c th l cng ngn cng 3-5 ngy trong iu kin thun li. y mi thng c th c tm thy vi cy thi h ci v hnh ty. Thng qua cc vt thng, vi khun thi mm nhp vo nh my v nhn nhanh chng trong khng gian gia cac t bao. H sn xut mt tp hp cc enzim nh pectinaza, cellulase v protease, gii th cc phin knh trung bnh v ring bit cc t bo. iu ny gy ra ngm v lm mm cc m b nh hng. Mt vi loi trong chi vi khun ca Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Bacillus v Clostridium l tc nhn gy bnh tiu thi ca rau qu (Agrios, 1997). Vai tr ca Xanthomonas trong thi mm ca tri cy v rau qu cng c tho lun bi Liao v Wells (1987A). Cc vi khun thi mm c th pht trin v ang hot ng trong mt khong nhit 5-35 C. H b git vi tip xc ko di khong 50 C (Agrios, 1997). Cc Erwiniae

Cc Erwiniae thi mm sn xut s lng ln t bo thc vt enzyme ngoi bo tng xung cp. methylesterases Pectin, lyases pectate, lyase pectin, polygalacturonaza, xenlulaza, protease v phospholipase mt c xc nh trong E. chrysanthemi

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

(Collmer v Keen, 1986). Trong s tt c cc enzyme phn hy, lyases pectate c mt vai tr ch yu trong nh my-m ngm. Ba mm thi erwinias, E. carotovora var. carotovora, E. carotovora var. atroseptica v E. chrysanthemi c nghin cu (Barras v cng s, 1994.). Cc c im chnh phn bit erwinias thi mm t cc loi Erwinia l kh nng sn xut ln quan-tities ca lyases pectic. Cc m men macerates parenchymatous ca mt lot cc loi thc vt. Ba erwinias thi mm c mt phn phi trn ton th gii. Phm vi my ch ca E. carotovora var. atroseptica ch yu l khoai ty, mt v ma kh hu mt m. E. chrysanthemi nguyn nhn gy bnh trong mt lot cc loi cy trng nhit i v cn nhit i. E. carotovora var. carotovora, tuy nhin, c mt phn b rng c cc vng n i v nhit i (Barras v cng s, 1994.). Nhng vt thng trn my ch thc vt cn thit cho s xm nhp ca vi khun thi mm. Cc tc nhn gy bnh thc n v nhn vo nh my nc t b mt vt thng. Vic sn xut s lng ln enzym pectolytic dn n ngm hn na ca cc m. Cc vi khun tip tc nhn rng v tin b trong cc khng gian gia cac t bao, trong khi cc t bo thc vt xung quanh plasmolyze, sp v cht. Vic xm chim cc m sm tr nn mm mi vi s xut hin ca mt khi nhy nha bao gm v s vi khun bi v trong cc cht ho lng (Agrios, 1997). cp phn t, cc gen m ha enzyme pectic t tc nhn gy bnh xm nhp c th hin mt cch c trng trong m b nhim bnh. Cc enzyme c xut khu t cc t bo cht mm bnh vo thin nhin bt m ch. Trong iu kin thun li, cc enzym ang hot ng v tch polyme cu trc thnh t bo tiu hc v trung phin knh. Cc mnh v pectic pht hnh bi cc enzym cng c th c tc ng tng tc, bao gm c cc s kham pha cc phn ng phng th ch nh. Cc kt qu ca hot ng enzyme to iu kin cho mm bnh xm nhp, thc dn v s xut hin ca cc triu chng thi (Collmer v Keen, 1986). Ging nh Escherichia coli, Erwinia loi cng thuc gia nh ca Enterobacteriacae. Cc cng c di truyn pht trin cho h thng E. coli c th c p dng cho nghin cu Erwinia vi nhng thay i ti thiu. V vy, E. carotovora chrysanthemi v E. c la chn nh cc h thng m hnh phn tch cc tng tc vi m thc vt. Nhng m

hnh ny to ra mt lng ln d liu v cc enzym lin quan vi bnh thi mm (Barras v cng s, 1994;. Herron v cng s, 2000;. Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat et al, 1996.). Theo tng kt ca al Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat v cng s. (1996), cc chng E. chrysanthemi 3937 sn xut nm loi pectinaza v isoenzymes nhiu: t nht su lyases endopectate (PelA vi Pele v Pell), mt lyase exopectate (PelX), hai methylesterases pectin (Pema v PemB), mt pectin lyase (PnlA) v exopolygalactur mt onase-(PehX). Trong khi PelX, PemB v Ogl l cc enzym ni bo, cc pectinaza khc c tit ra vo mi trng ngoi bo ca t bo E. chrysanthemi. Trong s su gen ca lyases endopectate, nm (pelA, pelB, pelC, pelD v Pele) ng mt vai tr quan trng trong hot ng lyase pectate (Kotoujansky, 1987). Nhng gen ny c Orga-nized trong hai cm: pelB v pelC trong mt cluster v pelA, Pele v pelD khc. Hai cm phn cch rng ri trn nhim sc th ca vi khun (Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat et al, 1996.). Cc protein Pell cho thy khng c tng ng vi pectinaza khc tr PelX, gii hn khu vc C-u cui (Brooks v cng s, 1990.). Tri ngc vi nhng lyases endopectate, gy suy thoi di chui polymer, oligogalacturonate lyase (Ogl) cng nhn t ca sn phm pectic ca hai n bn d lng. y t bo cht

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

enzyme s tch cc -1, 4 tri phiu glycosidic bi transelimination. Cc lyase exopectate PelX c th s dng PGA v cng methyl ha pectins nh cht nn (Brooks v cng s, 1990.). D kin loi enzyme c trong cc periplasm vi khun v hnh vi tt hn v t ca sn phm c sn xut bi lyases endopectate hn v cht cao phn t. Hu ht thi mm Erwiniae sn xut mt lyase endopectin (PnlA) hot ng p ng vi cc tc nhn gy hi DNA (Tsuyumu v Chatterjee, 1984). Trong constrast lyase, hydrolase khng xut hin cho c cc depolymerase pectin chim u th E. chrysanthemi. An polygalacturonaza exo-tch (PehX), cc hydrolase ch, c tm thy trong E. chrysanthemi. Cc Pema gen, trong m ha mt methylesterase pectin ngoi bo, c lin kt vi cc pelA, Pele, pelD qu tch m ha ba lyases chnh pectate (Kotoujansky, 1987). Cc pemB gen, trong m ha mt methylesterase pectin cun tiu thuyt, l mt lipoprotein mng ngoi. Cc hot ng ca enzyme ny l khong 100 ln cao hn so vi trn pectic t ca sn phm pectins t nhin. Cc hnh ng ca pectinaza ngoi bo v pectin c th gii thot oligogalacturonides nh methyl ha c th nhp periplasm bng cch khuch tn, v vai

tr ca pemB c th lm gim t ca sn phm (Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat et al, 1996.). Cellulase c sn xut bi E. chrysanthemi c tit ra cho mi trng nui cy. t bin trong cc my mc thit b tit dn n s tch t cc cellulase v pectinase trong khng gian periplasmic (Andro et al, 1984.). Cc qu tch di truyn ca cc my mc tit ny sau c xc nh bao gm ca 15 gen c t chc trong nm n v transcriptional (Salmond, 1994) to thnh mt loi my mc tit II. Cc gen ca hai xenlulaza, CelY (EGY) v CelZ (EGZ) sau c nhn bn v trnh t (Guiseppi et al, 1988, 1991.). Hai gen khng xut hin c tng ng. Trong khi CelZ i din cho khong 95% tng s cc hot ng carboxymethyl cellulase, thy phn hip ng c quan st t hai enzyme (Zhou v Ingram, 2000). Synergy khng cn s hin din ng thi ca c hai enzyme. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l CelY c s dng nh l enzyme u tin (Zhou v Ingram, 2000). Con ng xut khu ca proteinases l khc vi cc xenlulaza v pectinaza. Cc nh ngoi bo ca mt protease chrysanthemi E. khng b nh hng bi nhng t bin Out (s) (Andro et al, 1984.). Wandersman et al. (1987) nghin cu ba metalloproteases lin quan cht ch-A, B v C. Cc a ho cc gen cu trc cho proteases B v C (prtB v prtC) l hai n v phin m khc bit lin k. Ba gen, prtD, prtE v prtF, l cn thit cho s tit c th ca protease prtB v prtC-m ha. Cc gen prtD, prtE v prtF l mt phn ca mt operon nm ngay u ngun ca prtB v prtC. Biu hin ca cc gen ny trong Escherichia coli cho php tit c th v hiu qu ca B protease v protease C (Letoffe et al, 1990.). Marits et al. (1999) phn lp mt gen protease ngoi bo (prtW) t mt dng E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. Cc gen prtW c tm thy l mnh do s hin din ca cht chit xut t thc vt. Mt t bin gen chn vo trin lm ny gim c lc, ch ra rng gen proteinase ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic ngm ca m thc vt. Cc Pseudomonads Vic sn xut cc enzyme pectolytic ca pseudomonads c lin quan n eration-mac m t chc ch yu l cc loi nonfluorescent nh P. cepacia, P. caryophylli v P. gladioli (Gross v Cody, 1985). Cc men ny c tit

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

trc tip vo cc m thc vt v gy thi ra. Endo-polygalacturonaza c bo co l

cc enzyme ch yu sn xut trong qu trnh nhim trng ca P. cepacia (Ulrich, 1975). M suy thoi dn n vic gim pH t 5,5 n thp 4.0. Nh mt gi tr pH thp hn l thun li cho cc hot ng endo-polygalacturonaza cao. N cng ni ting l mt loi pht hunh quang, P. marginalis gy thi mm cc loi rau khc nhau. Tuy nhin, pectate lyase (polygalacturonate eliminase xuyn chu trch nhim ngm m host (Zucker v cng s, 1972).. Trong khi ca P. cepacia, s ly nhim t P. marginalis dn n s gia tng gi tr pH, tng ng vi cc Optima pH cao ca lyase pectate. Ngoi ra, P. cepacia cn sn xut mt lysase pectate (Ulrich, 1975). Pseudomonas cepacia hin di tn ca Burkholderia cepacia. Trong s 128 chng vi khun pectolytic nghin cu, Liao v Wells (1987b) xc nh 55 chng (43%) nh Pseudomonas spp hunh quang., Ch ng th hai Erwinia carotovora (64 chng hoc 50%). Quan trng hn, cc chng Pseudomonas c th pht trin 4 o C. Cc c tnh psychrotrophic ca Pseudomonas pectolytic undoubedly i din cho mt mi e da cho ti ct gim sn xut, bi v cc khuyn ngh thng thng l ct sn phm ti phi c lu tr trong iu kin nhit thp. pseudomonads Psychrotrophic c bit l gy ra h hng trong rau bo qun nhit thp (Brocklehurst v Lund, 1981; Magnusson v cng s, 1990;. Nguyn-Cc v Prunier, 1989). Ch c mt vi pseudomonads c xc nh sn xut enzyme cellulase so vi pectolytic (Gross v Cody, 1985). cellulase hot ng khng c pht hin trong tt c cc chng Pseudomonas tra Liao v Wells (1987b).

Vi khun ca lo ngi an ton thc phm Cc enzym pectic t thc phm gy bnh l vi khun ca con ngi tr thnh trng tm ca mt s nh nghin cu. Cc enzym pectic t cc vi khun ny khng extracel-lular (Chatterjee v cng s, 1979.). Kin thc enzyme v pectic t cc hoi sinh, nhng con ngi tr nn vi khun gy bnh c lin quan vi s tng trng ca sn phm ti ct cng nghip. Nhng vi khun ny c th s dng d dng c sn cht pectic sn xut ca nh my vi mc ch tng trng v tn ti. enzim pectic t cc loi Yersinia nhn c mt s iu tra. Cc bo co u tin n t Von Riesen (1975), nhng ngi quan st thy rng nhng con ngi v ng vt gy bnh Y. enterocolitica v Y. pseudotuberculosis c th tiu ha gel polypectate. Sau , Starr et al. (1977) chng minh vic sn xut cc lyase pectate t cc loi Yersinia. Cc lyase ni bo pectate sau c thm c trng (Bagley v Starr, 1979). Trong cc chng Y. enterocolitica v Y. pseudotuberculosis, pectate lyase l mt enzyme periplasmic v t bo cht. Trong Klebsiella pneumoniae, mt loi vi khun rut, pectate

lyase l hon ton t bo cht. Nhng tng phn vi s mm thi Erwinia loi, trong mt s lng ln cc lyase pectate ngoi bo c sn xut v gn nh hon ton bi tit. Mt mc cao hn nhiu hot ng lyase pectate c pht hin trong cc t bo ca K. pneumoniae, nhng khng supernatants vn ha, khi trng trn polygalacturonate hn so vi khi trng trn cc ngun cacbon khc, cho thy chc nng d ha ca cc enzym pectic trong vi khun ny (Chatterjee et al., 1979). Liao et al. (1999) gn y m t mt exopolygalacturonase v lyase mt pectate t Y. enterolitica. Mt 1803 bp gen ca mt pehY polygalacturonaza c nhn bn v tnh.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Polygalacturonaza tinh khit khng th ngm m thc vt. Cc suy lun chui amino acid pehY cho thy 59% cc sc exopolygalacturonase (exoPG) ca E. chrysanthemi (ng v Collmer, 1990) v nhn dng 43% cc turonase-exopolygalac ca Ralstonia solanacearum (Huang v Allen, 1997). Cc polygalactur onase-c xc nh l exolytic, trong khi lyase pectate c endolytic. C hai gen pehY v PEL ca Y. enterolitica l c th m ha trong nhim sc th hn l plasmid-sinh. Cc vi khun axit lactic Nhm acid lactic ca vi khun l nh ngha mt cch lng lo v khng c ranh gii chnh xc. Mt c im chung l h u chia s c sn xut t s ln men lactic acid hexose. Vi khun trong nhm ny khng c chc nng chu trnh Krebs v h thng in t vn chuyn heme, lin kt hoc cytochromes. H c c nng lng ca h bng cch cp cht nn phosphoryl ha (Jay, 1997). Cc chi chung ca acid lactic teria-bac bao gm Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconos-toc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus v Weissella (Stiles v Hozapfel, 1997). vi khun lactic acid c dng rng ri trong cng ngh sinh hc thc phm, bao gm thc phm, thc n sn xut t nguyn liu thc vt th. Karam v Balarbi (1995) bo co rng polygalacturonases v pectin esteraza cng c mt trong vi khun axit lactic. Vi khun lactic acid khng nht thit phi ph hy cc m thc vt. Kh nng ca vi khun axit lactic thay i hng v thc phm, tuy nhin, cng c bit n. Mt con ng c th c ca suy gim hng v hoa qu do vi khun axit lactic l bng cch tng sn lng lipase (Chandler v Ranganathan, 1975; Meyers et al, 1996.). S cn bng tinh t ca mi v trong tri cy c th c nhiu nh hng nghim trng bi s tng trng ca vi khun axit lactic hn so vi rau qu, v iu ny c th ng

gp vo s mt hng v tng i nhanh trong tri cy ch bin ti thiu (Lamikanra et al, 2000.). Trong mt iu tra gn y, Lamikanra et al. (2000) bo co s phn r ca da ti ct c lu tr 20 C vi cc vi chi phi c cc vi khun Gram dng, v gia tng ng thi trong sn xut axit lactic. Tuy nhin, l gen-ung tin rng vi khun axit lactic khng trc tip tn cng nh my polyme thnh t bo. 4 o C, tri cy c lu tr khng cho thy s xung cp ng k so vi 14 ngy. Gram m thanh c cc vi chi phi v khng c axit lactic. Cc vi khun Gram m c cho l pseudomonads psychrotrophic. Nhng pseudomonads c kh nng sn xut enzyme pectic m c th c d kin s lm gim cc m qu. quan st ny l mt du hiu cho thy s cn thit phi nghin cu thm v tc ng ca vi sinh vt trn b mt m-ct tri cy ti. THE NM Nm c th sn xut mt mng rng ca cc enzym, chng hn nh amylase, protease, lipase, cellulase v pectinase, polyme phn hu ca thc vt. T quan im ng dng cng nghip ca Aspergillus oryzae xem, v Aspergillus niger, cng vi mt loi vi khun, vi khun Bacillus subtilis, l ba hu ch nht, ni ting v an ton ngun vi sinh vt cho enzyme (Talyor v Richardson, 1979). enzym nhn c s ch pectic consid-erable lin quan n s tham gia ca h trong thi hoa qu v rau.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Vai tr ca cc enzym pectic trong nh my-nm tng tc thc s mc nhin cng nhn hn mt th k trc bi De Bary nm 1886 (Lang v Dornenburg, 2000). Nhiu loi nm si nh Penicillium Aspergillus Cercospora, Fusarium,,, Rhizoc tonia v Trichoderma c bit l sn xut s lng ln cc enzyme ngoi bo pectic. Mc d nm men khng c coi l c kh nng ch ng tn cng cc t bo thc vt, vic sn xut cc enzyme pectic bi nm men t lu c bit n. Trong Nm 1951, Luh v Phaff u tin m t cc enzym pectic trong fragilis Saccharomyces. K t , mt vi loi nm men c bo co sn xut enzyme pectic (Blanco et al., 1999). Cc si nm

Qu trnh suy thoi ca cc polyme ca nm si thc vt lin quan n cc hnh ng ca mt s enzyme ngoi bo pectic. Tri ngc vi s xut hin rng ri cc lyase endopectate vi khun, nm ch yu l sn xut polygalacturonases v pectin esteraza (Sakai v cng s, 1993.). Hu ht cc polygalacturonases nm c endoenzymes. Tuy nhin, mt s loi nm cn sn xut exoenzymes. polygalacturonaza gen c m t trong mt s lng ln cc loi nm phytopathogenic v nonphytopathogenic, bao gm mt s loi thi qu trong Aspergillus, Botrytis, Colletorichum v Penicillium. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt phn tch di truyn chi tit cho thy s tn ti ca gia nh ch khng phi l gen polygalacturonaza polygalacturonaza mt gen duy nht (Lang v Dornenburg, 2000). Cc pectinaza tng hp thng c tit ra t cc t bo nguyn vn vo cc m xung quanh. Tuy nhin, mt s enzyme c th li bn trong t bo, r rng cho cc chc nng d ha ca h. Trong mt nghin cu so snh, cc Penicillium frequentans tng hp 11 polygalacturonases v hai pectinesterases khi trng thnh trong nn vn ha lng c b sung pectin. By polygalacturonases v hai pectinesterases c tit ra trong mi trng, trong khi bn polygalacturonases khng tit ra (Kawano et al, 1999.). Trong mt nghin cu vi thi ng nho do Greenaria uvicola, Ridings v Clayton (1970) lin quan n vic sn xut cc enzyme pectic do tc nhn gy bnh cho cc triu chng thi. G. uvicola sn xut polygalacturonaza trong bn v by ngy tui nn vn ha v pectate lyase (trans-eliminase) trong nn vn ha 12 ngy tui. Pectin methylesterase hoc enzyme cel-lulolytic vng mt. H cng thy rng uvicola G. khng b hn ch trong kh nng gy bnh ca mnh cho nhng thnh qu ca Vitis spp. Da trn cc th nghim tim chng thng qua hoa qu hay rau b thng, h bo co rng G. uvicola thi gy ra mt s tri cy, bao gm c o, to, chui, du ty v vit qut. Cc tm quan trng ca cc enzyme pectolytic cho c nm c thm chng minh bng cc th nghim t bin ca gen endopolygalacturonase trong Aspergillus flavus (Shieh v cng s, 1997.) Botrytis cinerea v (Mi c et al., 1998). Cc inactivations ca cc gen ny trc tip lin quan n vic mt c tnh. N s, tuy nhin, lu rng khng phi tt c cc gen PG c lin quan n c tnh. Cc quy nh ca biu thc gen polygalacturonaza r rng ca tance ln, tm quan v chc nng sinh hc enzyme. Tng t vi nhng i tc vi khun, men pectic ca nm c sn xut c hai quy np v constitutively. Whitehead et al. (1995) bo co rng cc gen polygalacturonaza ca Aspergillus flavus gy ra trong pectin c cha phng tin truyn thng nhng khng phi trong glucose. Quy nh ny c ti phin m

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

cp, cho rng endopolygalacturonases tham gia thm nhp my ch ca lp xung cp pectin. Botrytis Botrytis cinerea l mt quan trng trc v sau thu hoch mm bnh ca nhiu loi hoa qu. Trong nhng nm 1900, cc nghin cu cho thy mt s sinh ha endopolygalacturonase sn xut bi B. cinerea b nh hng bi cc ngun cacbon c sn, c bit l s c mt hay vng mt ca pectin trong mi trng vn ha (Johnston v Williamson, Nm 1992; Leone, 1990). Cc gen endopolygalacturonase t B. cinerea sau c nhn bn v tnh (Mi v cng s, 1998;.. Wubben et al, 1999). B. cinerea to ra mt tp hp cc isozyme endopolygalacturonase. Cc ng dng endopolygalacturonase khc nhau ca B. cinerea c m ha bi mt gia nh gen ca t nht su gen (Bcpg1-6) (Mi c et al., Nm 1998; Wubben et al, 1999).. Cc biu hin ca cc gen endopolygalacturonase-m ha khc nhau ca B. cinerea b nh hng trong vn ha lng ca cc ngun cacbon c sn (Wubben et al, 1999.) Cng nh thay i pH ca mi trng vn ha (Wubben et al., 2000) . Mt c bn cp thanh lp biu c quan st trong hai gen, Bcpg1 v Bcpg2 m m ha isozyme c bn. Galacturonic acid c hin th to ra cc biu hin ca Bcpg4 v Bcpg6. PH thp ca mi trng vn ha dn n biu hin ca gen gy ra Bcpg3. Biu hin ca gen Bcpg5 c induc-ible, tuy nhin, cc yu t gy khng th c xc nh. C bng chng rng Bcpg5 biu hin gen c a chung bi s kt hp ca pH thp v cm ng acid galacturonic. Cui cng, acid galacturonic gy ra biu hin ca gen Bcpg4 b n p bi s hin din ca cc ngun cacbon thun li hn, chng hn nh glucose (al Wubben v cng s, 2000.). Urbanek v Kaczmarek (1985) bo co rng mt chng to ca B. cinerea proteinases sn xut acid ngoi bo, aspartic proteinase v carboxypeptidase. H lu rng c lp aspartic proteinase thy phn protein trong cc ch phm ca thnh t bo to v s bi tit ca aspartic proteinase trc ca carboxypeptidase. Ging (1999) phn tch thnh phn v hot ng enzyme ca ma trn ngoi bo tit ra bi germlings ca B. cinerea phc v mt phn trong tp tin nh km ca h. Cellulase, pectin v cc hot ng lyase methylesterase pectin c ghi nhn, nhng hot ng proteinase khng pht hin.

Aspergillus Hu ht cc hin ang c s dng enzym pectin trong ch bin thc phm c ngun gc t cc loi Aspergillus. A. niger c th l mt trong nhng loi nm phn tch i vi polygalacturonaza tng hp. N s hu mt gia nh hon chnh ca cc gen m ha endopolygalactu-ronase v sn xut mt s polygalacturonaza isoenzymes hin th khc bit ng k i vi nn c trng, t l phn chia v pH ti u cho hot ng (Parenicova et al, 1998.). Polygalacturonases c abun-dant trong s cc loi nm hoi sinh s dng m thc vt cht nh l mt ngun thc phm. H l ch yu hin nay cng vi pectinaza khc v l nhng my mc enzyme lm gim cc nguyn liu thc vt phc tp v chuyn i ca mnh d dng metabolizable carbohydrates. A. niger cng sn xut cc t bo thc vt cc enzym phn hy bc tng. Gherbawy (1998) kho st s hin din ca nm trn mn, l v to Ai Cp. A. niger c tm thy l cc loi nm chi phi. ng cng thng bo rng thp

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

liu chiu x gamma (1 MCI trong 10 pht) tng cng A. niger phn lp sn xut sinh khi hn v polygalacturonaza pectinmethylesterase,, cellulase v protease. i vi cc loi thc vt gy bnh, iu r rng l cc enzym pectic c lin quan n sinh bnh hoc c tnh. A. flavus cng hai glucose-repressible v mt gen endopolygalacturonase con-stitutive (Cleveland v Cotty, 1991). Cc pecA gen cho thy c lin quan n sinh bnh. Trong mt nghin cu khc (Shieh et al., 1997), s tham gia ca mt trong nhng endopolygalacturonases (P2c) trong nm gy hn c tch cc chng minh bng cch s dng cc phng php thao tc di truyn. Xa cc gen P2c gim ng k kh nng ca cc loi nm ly lan trong bng gn, trong khi gii thiu cc gen c th vo mt null P2c tng t bin Ness-tch cc ca s cng thng ny. Tht th v khi lu rng trong nidulans A. khng gy bnh, mt tim nng phytopathogenic c th c chng minh trong cc iu kin khi tng hp polygalac-turonase gy ra (Dean v Timberlake, 1989). Nm men Mc d nm men c vi thng thng ca b mt thc vt, c bit v tri cy, h

khng phi l tc nhn gy bnh cy trng. Nm men c nh gi cao hiu qu trong qu trnh chuyn ha ng n. Khi cc ni dung di ng c pht hnh, nm men c th nhn rng nhanh chng trong nc tri cy bi s ln men ca cc loi ng n gin. V vy, nm men ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s h hng qu trong iu kin thun li. enzim pectic c bo co mt s loi nm men. Nhng nm men thuc cc chi Canidia, Cryptococcus, Fabospora, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces v Zygosaccharomyces (Blanco et al., 1999). Ngoi tr mt vi trng hp, enzym pectic t nm men ch yu l endopolygalacturonases (Gainvors et al, 1994.). Cc sn phm cui cng ca cc phn ng endopolyga-lacturonases lun oligosaccharides vi mt s thay i d lng galacturonic. Hn na, tt c cc enzyme u tin tn cng pectate trn pectin, v cc hot ng ca h gim khi mc tng methyl ha (Blanco v cng s, 1999.). Barnby et al. (1990) thy rng cc hot ng ca polygalacturonaza-endo t marxianus K. vi 37,8% pectin este ha l khong 95%, v vi este ha pectin 61%, hot ng ny gim ti 25%. Cc chc nng ca cc enzym pectic trong nm men ch yu l cha bit. Blanco et al. (1999) xut hai chc nng c th. i vi nhm endopolygalacturonase sn xut, hu ht cc tc gi gn mt vai tr sinh thi hn l mt dinh dng polygalacturonases men. Nhng enzyme c th c tham gia vo vic thc dn ho cht trn tri cy, gy ra s sp ca m thc vt vi mt bn pht hnh ng thi cc ng t t bo thc vt. iu ny, ln lt, c th c s dng cho s pht trin men v c th, do , gy h hng thm. Cc nhm khc bao gm cc loi men , nh nm si, c kh nng pht trin s dng cc cht pectic lm ngun carbon duy nht (Federici, 1985). Vic sn xut cc enzyme pectic bi nm men thng thanh lp. Tuy nhin, nng lc pectolytic ca mt vi loi nh albidus C. c bo co l cht cm ng (Blanco v cng s, 1999.). albidus Cryptococcus, cng vi mt s loi nm filamen-tous, c bo co sn xut mt endopolygalacturonase cm ng l tham gia vo cc h hng ca qu c bo qun (Federici, 1985).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

S dng k thut di truyn c in, Blanco et al. (1997) chng minh rng kh nng ca S. cerevisiae pectolytic c t nht hai gen cu trc trong cc chng hoang di 1389, trong khi cc dng di truyn IM108b c monogenic. Iguchi et al. (1997) bo co v nhn bn ca mt gen m ha protopectinase (PSE3) t Trichosporon penicillatum. Cc

gen m ha PSE3 cha mt ORF l 367 amino acid protein. Cc suy lun trnh t axit amin cho gen ny cho thy mt tng ng cao (65,4%) vi Aspergillus oryzae polygalacturonases t v nm si khc.

XT THM R rng l tip tc nghin cu v tc ng ca vi sinh vt v cc enzym vi sinh vt trn cc m thc vt c lin quan n ngt ct gim sn xut l cn thit. S hin din ca mt vng rng ln ca b mt vt thng hoc s lng ln cc t bo b thng v cc yu cu refrig-eration l nhng yu t xem xt. Trong tri cy, v d, thay i hng v xy ra nhanh chng bt k lnh. Mc d nguyn nhn ca s thay i trong hng v l mt ch nghin cu, cc hot ng ca cc enzym pectic cng nh depolymerases khc c th ng gp ng k, lm thay i hng v. Vi sinh vt thng c coi l ngun gc ca cc enzym ny. Vai tr sinh hc chnh xc ca mt s depolymerases nh polygalacturonases, tuy nhin, vn cha r rng ngay c trong nhng qu c chua, m c nghin cu (Lang v Dornenburg, 2000). N cng c th l suy thoi gy ra bi vi sinh vt khc khng thay i sinh l i trc hot ng ca vi khun. thay i nh vy c th chu trch nhim v hot ng ca vi sinh vt cao hn na nh hng n cht lng. V vy, n l con-ceivable rng nhng thay i sinh l, bao gm c thay i nonmicrobial rng cc t bo phn hy, c th trc s gia tng hot ng ca vi sinh vt (Zagory, 1999). Tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt sau c th l kt qu ca cc ni dung ca cc t bo v lm cht nn cho cc vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny, s hin din ca cc enzym vi sinh vt l kt qu, v khng phi nguyn nhn, h hng. Tuy nhin, cc enzym sn xut thng qua con ng ny s c d kin s tip tc lm suy gim cht lng sn xut. i-khng ca ch ca suy gim sn phm, n l bng chng cho thy mi tng tc gia vi sinh vt, ch nh my ng vai tr quan trng trong cht lng ca tri cy ti ct v cc sn phm thc vt. Kin thc v cc tng tc vi khun, thc vt ti sng ct sn xut s gip pht trin cc chin lc ci thin cht lng cm quan ca h, hn dng.

chuong 9 NI DUNG Gii thiu

Fresh-ct sn phm v bo qun mu Enzyme Browning Cc yu t Preharvest Ch bin sau thu hoch v cc yu t Browning v enzyme khc Than Polyphenoloxidase Kim sot cc enzim Browning i l Antibrowning Acidulants Gim i l Chelating i l i l phc Cht c ch enzym i l Antibrowning khc p dng cc i l Antibrowning Kt hp iu tr Vt l iu tr v kim sot Browning gim oxy sn c gim nhit p dng bc x Gamma S dng cc cng ngh khc Nonthermal Thay i mu khc White Blush ti C rt Vng hoc Degreening Phng chng mt texture trong cc sn phm ti ct Tri cy v m thc vt chc da Canxi v iu tr nhit / hoc S dng bao b i Kh quyn Phng nga mt nc Ph lc: nh gi enzim Browning o phn x Browning Index Mt phn x c tnh ca Apple Browning nhy cm Visual nh gi ca Browning Ti liu tham kho GII THIU T quan im cht lng, l mong mun bo v cc c tnh ca ti ct tri cy v rau qu nh cao ca h. Nhng g m ngi tiu dng nhn thc nh l cc thuc tnh hp dn nht ca cc sn phm ny bao gm s xut hin ca h mi nh, hng v v hng v, ngoi tin li. R rng, bt k sn phm thc phm phi c an ton cho tiu dng, v cc sn phm ti ct rt nhy cm vi nhim. Trong s nhng hn ch bo qun cc sn phm ti, ct gim c vi sinh vt h hng, ht m, i mu hoc mu nu, ty trng, thay i kt cu v pht trin ca hng v-off hoc tt mi hi. Tuy nhin, vn an ton

khng c tho lun trong chng ny, nhng c xem xt trong chng 4. Cc thuc tnh cht lng chnh ca mt sn phm thc phm bao gm mu sc, cao, hng v v gi tr dinh dng. Khi nh gi cht lng sn phm cy trng, ngi tiu dng c xut hin sn phm vo xem xt nh l mt tiu ch chnh, v mu sc l prob-ably coi l nhn t chnh (Kays, 1999). Trong khi phng php thng thng ch bin thc phm ko di tui th ca tri cy v rau qu, ch bin ti thiu m ct ngt tri cy v rau qu c gi tr li sn phm rt d hng, yu cu bo qun lnh m bo hn s dng hp l. Chun b cc bc nh lt hoc c ra, ct lt, ct nh-ding, vv, loi b s bo v t nhin (v hoc da) cc loi tri cy v rau qu v vt bm tm gy ra, khin chng d b kh v ho. iu ny cng a ra cc m ni b cc vi khun c hi v c kh nng enzym ni sinh. Trong s cc hu qu c th ca chn thng c hc sn xut c tng t l respi-sut v sn xut ethylene, lo ha nhanh v enzyme nu (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Trong cc loi tri cy thng thng, ch bin rau qu, chng hn nh ng hp v ng lnh, nhiu ngi trong nhng vn ny l ngn nga hoc kim sot bng cch x l nhit v kh hot hu qu ca cc enzym do s dng vt liu ng gi bo v, hoc thng qua vic p dng cc ph gia khc nhau. Trong sn xut cc sn phm ti ct, vic s dng nhit l trnh ngn nga nu n ca sn phm v, do , mt cc c im mi nh. Mt s ha cht trc servatives c th c s dng, ty thuc vo nhng g c ngn chn; thng, cht bo qun ha cht c p dng trong vic kim sot cng enzym, nu v su (Brecht, 1995). cc ng dng quan trng khc bao gm vic s dng bao b kim sot bu khng kh thay i, v b phim n c cng c nhiu ng dng tim nng. Mt cuc kho st v nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng cc sn phm tin li tit l mong mun rng sn phm duy tr c im ti lu hn m khng cn dng preser-vatives (Bruhn, 1994). Tht khng may, ph thuc vo loi cht lng khuyt tt c ngn chn, kim sot, n khng phi l lun lun c th trnh vic s dng cc ha cht iu tr-ments. Mt kha cnh quan trng xem xt l vic thnh lp cc iu kin cho php 2002 bi LLC bo CRC ti u ha cht lng ti mt thi hn s dng hp l, hn l ko di thi hn s dng ti mt cht lng chp nhn c (Shewfelt, 1994). Trong chng ny, chng ti xem xt cc phng php iu tr ph bin nht c s dng bo v mu sc v kt cu ca sn phm ti ct. Mu sc l bo qun, sau khi an ton, cc thuc tnh quan trng nht cn c bo qun, bi v thng xuyn, mt sn phm c la chn xut hin ca n, c bit l mu sc ca n. Mu sc c xem l c vai tr quan trng trong s la chn thc phm, u i chp nhn thc phm, v thm ch c th nh hng n hng v p lua-tui, nhn thc v ngt v s d

thng (Clydesdale, 1993). Th hai, kt cu mt mt, bo qun trong cc sn phm ti, ct gim s c tho lun, do tc ng quan trng ca n i vi s xut hin sn phm v cht lng cm quan. Ti-CUT SN PHM V BO QUN COLOR

Tri cy v rau qu l hp dn v bt mt vi mt mc ln v s phong ph ca c Hnh 9,1 Mt s v d v cc thay i xut hin ca cc loi tri cy v rau ct. Browning c th hin trong hnh nh A-G. (A) Chui lt sau 0, 1, 2, v 3 ngy k t ngy ct. (B) Apple nm; tri: ngay sau khi ct, phi: 24 gi sau khi ct. (C) So snh mu nu pht trin gia ba ging qu l: "Red D'Anjou '(tri)," Hi-Up "(trung tm)," Bartlett "(bn phi). (D) B na. (E) khoai ty gy. (F v G) Romaine rau dip. (H) trng (bn phi) trong c rt em b. (I) nhn trn t chung xanh (phi). sn phm ca qu trnh oxy ha enzyme c lin quan n cc hp cht phenolic tham gia vo phn ng (Amiot et al, 1997.), v c cng mu v mu sc ca cc sc t hnh thnh rt khc nhau (Nicolas et al., 1993). Hu qu ca enzym nu khng b hn ch ted vi khu v s i mu, khng mong mun cng c th c sn xut, v gim cht lng dinh dng c th dn (Vmos-Vigyz, 1981). Sinh ha thng tin chi tit v PPO hnh ng c xem xt trong chng 6. PPO c coi l mt trong nhng enzyme gy tn hi nht duy tr cht lng ca sn phm ti sng (Whitaker v Lee, 1995), v phng nga cc enzyme nu lun lun c coi l mt thch thc i vi cc nh khoa hc thc phm (Ponting, 1960). c sc t m chng cha. Bo qun cht dip lc trong cc loi rau, mu anthocyanins tm, v mu vng, cam v carotenoid trong tri cy v rau qu c tm quan trng sng cn duy tr cht lng. Thay i mu sc (hnh 9.1) ti ti ct tri cy v rau qu c th c ngun gc khc nhau, v d, gim sc t xanh ti ct rau dip c th do lo ha, tip xc vi nhit hoc axit ha, s i mu hoc mu nu ca nm thi lt, to v l l mang li thng qua cc hnh ng ca oxidases polyphenol, v trng- mt pht trin trong c rt l ban u do kh hn v sau , bi lignification. Trng tm chnh ca chng ny l v phng, chng cc mu nu enzyme xc tc, mc d mt s thay i mu sc khc s c tho lun ngn gn. Enzyme BROWNING

Enzyme nu l mt trong nhng yu t hn ch nht v tui th ca sn phm ti ct. Trong giai on chun b, sn xut c gi n cc hot ng ni cc t bo b ph v, gy ra cc enzyme c gii phng t cc m v a vo tip xc vi cc cht nn ca h. Enzyme nu l s i mu l kt qu t cc hnh ng ca mt nhm cc enzyme c gi l polyphenol oxidases (PPO), c bo co xy ra tt c thc vt v tn ti vi s lng c bit cao nm, chui, to, l, khoai ty, b v o. Enzyme nu phi c dis-tinguished t nu nonenzymatic, m kt qu sau khi lm nng hoc lu tr sau khi ch bin thc phm. Cc loi mu nu nonenzymatic bao gm cc phn ng Maillard, caramen ha v oxy ha acid ascorbic. Enzyme nu l mt qu trnh phc tp c th c chia thnh hai phn. Phn u tin l qua trung gian ca PPO (hnh 9.2), dn n s hnh thnh ca o-quinon (hi mu), trong thng qua phn ng nonenzymatic, dn n s hnh thnh sc t phc tp nu. oQuinones c nh gi cao phn ng v nhanh chng c th tri qua qu trnh oxy ha v trng hp. o-Quinones phn ng vi cc phn t quinone khc, vi cc phenolic compounds, vi cc nhm amin ca protein, peptide v axit amin, cc amin thm, cc hp cht thiol, acid ascorbic, vv (Whitaker v Lee, 1995; Nicolas et al , 1993.). Thng thng, cc sc t nu c hnh thnh, nhng ngoi ra, mu nu , mu xm xanh v thm ch discolorations mu en c th c sn xut trn mt s m thc vt thm tm. Mu bin ng trong Cc yu t Preharvest Mt vi thng s c th gp phn vo s pht trin ca nu enzym. Thc hnh nng nghip, t, phn bn, kh hu v iu kin thu hoch tt c cc nh hng n cht lng cui cng ca sn phm ti ct (Ahvenainen, 1996). nit cao cp c lin quan n mt xu hng ln hn c mu nu khoai ty (Mondy v cng s, 1979.). 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 9,1 Enzyme Browning trong Pures ch vi nhiu m thng mi Ging cy trng thnh Ging cy trng 'Henderson' DL * 26.3 'Moniqui' 21,4 'Rouge de Roussillon' 17,8 'Rouge de Fournes' 17,8 'Polonais' 16,8 'Canino' 16,7 'Cafona' 11,8

'Bebeco' 5,3 'Precoce de Tyrinthe' 3,7 DL * = khc bit trong sng t pures mai oxy ha v nonoxidized. Ngun: Trch t Radi et al, 1997..

Hnh 9,2 phn ng c th c xc tc bi oxidase polyphenol: (1) hydroxy ca monophenols o-diphenols v (2) qu trnh oxy ha ca o-diphenols o-quinon. Vic la chn nguyn liu cho ch bin cn c nh gi cn thn. Cc tnh nhy cm vi mu nu c th khc vi ging cy trng cho cy trng, vi v d trong cc bng 9.1 v 9.2. Mt s m c th c hot ng PPO cao v / hoc nng cao hoc cc loi cht phenolic PPO , trong iu kin thch hp, dn n mt xu hng cao hn c mu nu. Trong l, n c tm thy rng mc d cc ni dung phenolic c xu hng gim vi thi gian thu hoch b tr hon, cc cp phenolic khng lun lun tng ng vi cc nhy cm vi mu nu (Amiot et al, 1995.). Ni chung, nng cao Ch bin sau thu hoch v cc yu t Ch bin cc hot ng nh ra, lau chi, lt, ct ta, ct, ct nh-ding, vv, c thc hin trong giai on u ca thng tch chun b ct ngt lm c kh n cc m thc vt. Hn na, ngay c trc khi ch bin, sn xut cc thao tc c th mang li nhng c sc c kh dn n cc vt nt v vt bm tm, c th gi ra nhng phn ng Physiological v sinh ha trong cc m b thng cng nh trong cc t bo unwounded xa (Saltveit, 1997). Peel loi b v mt tnh ton vn m vi t bo v to iu kin nhim vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra, tip xc vi khng kh v gii phng cc enzym ni sinh c t trong lin h vi cc cht nn ca mnh, ban u trong khoang t bo khc nhau, c th dn n hu qu bt li. m sng vn sinh l hot ng v p ng b thng. Cc phn ng u tin chn thng c hc lin quan n tng t l h hp v sn xut ethylene c th tng ln (xem Chng 5). Nhn chung, t l h hp l nghch lin quan n tui th ca sn xut. Cht lng suy gim c th do duction ethylene tngpro, c th gy ra s trao i cht ca t bo cao hn v cao hn hot ng enzim (Reyes, 1996). Mt hu qu ca vic b thng l cm ng tng hp sn phm th cp, bao gm mt lot cc hp cht phenolic. Trong s cc enzyme m c th c nh hng tc hi, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) c th l hu ht cc p lo ha enzyme c lin quan n suy gim mu sc ca thc n thc vt (Whitaker v Lee, 1995). Trong qu trnh lt v ct gim hot ng, nu cc thit b s dng khng trong iu kin tt nht, v d, nu li dao ngu si n n v c s dng, bm tm v thit hi xy ra trong lp m hn d nh, do , sc nt ca li dao c th nh hng ng k sn phm lu tr cuc sng (Bolin et al, 1977.). Tng 15% trong t l h hp ca c rt gt v bng tay c pht hin khi so snh vi c rt cha gt v. Ngc li, mi mn lt,

 l ph hoi nhiu hn so vi lt tay, dn n t l h hp gn nh tng gp i. i vi c rt c lu tr, t l h hp tng ln hai v gp ba khi mi mn tt so vi lt th mi mn c s dng, respec-tively, so vi t l quan st bn c rt gt v. X lch x nh tng bng tng 35-40% trong t l h hp lin quan n u rau dip lm t. Cc loi thit b s dng cng c th nh hng n cc phn ng sinh l ca cc msc li quay cho kt qu tt hn trong rau dip ct (thp hn respi sut v gim s lng vi sinh vt trong qu trnh lu tr) hn li dao sc nt vn phng phm (O'Beirne, 1995). R rng, phn ng m tn thng c hc d kin s r rt hn khi b thng rng ri l gy ra cho sn phm, chng hn nh cc cch t chun b so vi c rt ca c rt. Hn na, theo hng gim cng nh hng n phn ng m lm b thng (Zhou v cng s, 1992.). Theo kt qu ca ct, c tch ly cht lng t bo trn b mt ct, v, ni chung, ra sn xut ct gim c th hu ch. Loi b cc cht lng di ng (m thc hin enzyme c kh nng hi nh peroxidase, PPO, vv) c pht hnh trong hot ng ct gim l rt quan trng v c th c thc hin bng cch cc th tc ra n gin. Ngoi ra, cht lng c giu dinh dng v to iu kin tng trng ca vi khun. Mc d nm ra sch gim 15% phenolics ha tan v cho thy s r r PPO (hai trong s bn ng dng) v, do , t enzym hot ng, c cng c hp th trong nc ra. Do , s suy gim nhanh hn ca nm, do vi sinh vt h hng v thit hi c hc (Choi v Sapers, 1994), c hin th. mt hng khc, chng hn nh rau dip, khng c hng li t ra. Ra sch v ro nc rau dip thi nh c th gi nc 0,5-1% trn b mt, mt s lng d tha c th lm gim cht lng sn phm bng vic phn r, do , de-nc c thc hin (Bolin et al, 1977.). Tuy nhin, ly tm ca rau dip loi b d nc lnh c th i hi iu kin spin (tc , thi gian) m dn n thit hi c hc ca sn xut. i vi nhiu tri cy v rau qu s dng bi cc ngnh cng nghip mi ct, ch bin c thc hin ngay sau khi thu hoch, nhng trong mt s trng hp, cc ma thu hoch khng th cho php cho vic ny. Khoai ty l mt v d ca mt loi rau c th c lu tr trc khi s dng trong vic chun b ca cc sn phm trc khi bc v. Mt nghin cu Phn Lan nh gi cc xu hng mu nu ca ba ging khoai ty c lu tr trong thi gian khc nhau (Bng 9.2). Kt qu cho thy rng ch c mt khc nhau ('Bintje') c lu gi trong mt thng s vt qua cc yu cu ca ngnh cng nghip a phng, trong thit lp mt ch s ti a nu ca 10 nh chp nhn c cho ti ct ch bin (Mattila et al, 1993.). Browning v enzyme khc Than Polyphenoloxidase C chn thng (b thng) v c th kch thch s trao i cht ethylene phenolic trong ti ct m. B thng v gy ethylene hot ng ca enzyme amoniac lyase phenylalanine (PAL), mt enzyme quan trng cho sinh tng hp phenolic. Accumu-lated hp

cht phenolic c th c s dng lm cht nn ca PPO, dn n mu nu. Ngi ta cho rng rau dip cuc sng lu tr c lin quan n hot ng ca stress gy ra PAL (et al Couture nm 1993;. Saltveit, 1997). Trong ti ct rau dip, mu nu ca chic cng l mt thit hi ln n cht lng. Cc loi khuyt tt nu c th c quan st thy trong rau dip, nh m nu (RS) (c c trng bi nhng m nu trn midribs rau dip), mu nu ca cc cnh ct l (yu cu ) v mu nu ca b mt l (LSB). Trong khng kh c lu tr b thng ming rau dip, nhng khim khuyt ln c m t l EB v LSB, trong khi RS l r rng nht trong ethylene b thng, cc mu lu tr. Mt so snh phn ng ca nm loi rau dip (tng bng, x lch, l xanh, l v butterhead) cho thy s khc bit trong mc ti a ca vt thng gy ra PAL, c cng b nh hng bi vic lu tr ca ton b rau dip u trc khi ch bin. Mc ti a ca PAL gim vi thi gian lu tr tng (Lpez-Galvez v cng s, 1996.). Ngoi ra, trong u thu hoch rau dip, cc m gc gn ct thu hoch c th pht trin s i mu nu hoc mng ca ci gi l, khi ct gc ban u tr thnh mu vng, sau pht trin mt mu nu , v cui cng pht trin mt sc t mu nu d di. hot ng PAL c cm ng bng cch ct gim cc gc rau dip, vi tng hp tip theo v tch t ha tan com phenolic-pound (ch yu l cc dn xut ca acid caffeic), cung cp cht nn cho PPO (Toms al-Barbern v cng s, 1997.). hot ng PAL c tin l t l thun vi mc b thng. Peroxidase l mt enzyme phn phi rng ri trong cc nh my. Thay i trong peroxidase c th c mang v bi b thng, cng thng sinh l v bnh nhim trng. Nhiu phn ng c th c thc y bi peroxidase, v trong s hin din ca mt lng nh hydrogen peroxide, n c th xi ha mt s t nhin phenolics xy ra. Monov diphenols l cht c tim nng cho peroxidase (Robinson, 1991). Ngi ta tin rng mc d peroxidase cng c th ng gp vo nu enzym, vai tr ca n vn cn c vn (Nicolas et al, 1993.) V gii hn bi kh dng hydrogen peroxide (Amiot et al., 1997). KIM SOT enzyme BROWNING nu enzim c th c kim sot thng qua vic s dng cc phng php vt l v ha hc, v, trong nhiu trng hp, c hai u lm vic. phng php vt l c th bao gm gim nhit v / hoc oxy, s dng bao b khng kh sa i hoc sn n hoc iu tr bng chiu x gamma hay p lc cao. Phng php ha hc s dng cc hp cht m hnh ng ngn chn cc enzyme, loi b cc cht nn (oxy v phenolics) ca mnh hoc chc nng nh l cht nn a thch. Ha cht c ngha l ca con-trolling mu nu s c tho lun u tin. Trc khi c t cch GRAS b thu hi ca FDA vo nm 1986 do nguy c sc khe tim nng gy ra cho ngi tiu dng nhy cm (Taylor, 1993), sulfite c mt ng dng

rng ri trong vic kim sot c hai mu nu enzym v nonenzymatic. Sau lnh cm ca h s dng trong tri cy v rau qu c tiu th nguyn liu, ha cht khc c tm cch phng nga nu enzym. Bt chp thc t l nhiu cht c ch PPO khc nhau c s dng trong nghin cu (Vmos-Vigyz, 1981; McEvily v cng s, 1992;. Iyengar v McEvily nm 1992; Sapers, 1993), trong chng ny, ch c ch vi cc ng dng tim nng mi ct tri cy v rau qu s c tho lun. iu quan trng l ch ra rng mt s ha cht s dng trong nghin cu khng th p ng cc tiu chun an ton v t ra nhng nguy c c hi, nhng ngi khc c th truyn t tc dng khng mong mun gic quan n thc n v nhng ngi khc cho thy hiu qu ch c trong cc loi nc p tri cy nhng khng phi trn cc b mt ct. Theo truyn thng, ch bin thc phm thng thng t c cng tc phng chng nu qua ngng hot ng nhit ca PPO, nh vi chn v nu n. Nhit bt hot l mt phng php hiu qu ca cng tc phng chng mu nu, v PPO c xem l mt loi enzyme ca thermostability thp, mc d s khc bit v s n nh nhit c bo co cho cc ging khc nhau v ng dng PPO (Zawistowski et al, 1991.). Tuy nhin, vic s dng nhit cng c kh nng gy hy dit ca mt s thuc tnh cht lng thc phm, chng hn nh kt cu v hng v, v dn n tn tht dinh dng. N c coi l c trong cc sn phm ti ct, nu x l nhit c p dng, h cn c gim thiu v khng nn gy ra mt s chm dt ca h hp. Thay v, hoc thm vo, vic s dng ca nhit, s kim sot ca enzyme nu thng xuyn t c thng qua vic s dng cc loi ha cht, thng c gi l i l antibrowning. i vi mt phn ng enzym nu xy ra, cc yu t thit yu cn phi c: s hin din ca PPO hot ng, oxy v cht phenolic. Browning phng l pos-sible, t nht l tm thi, thng qua vic loi b cc cht nn v / hoc c ch enzym. i l Antibrowning Mt vi loi ha cht c s dng trong vic kim sot mu nu (Bng 9,4). Mt s loi hnh ng trc tip nh cc cht c ch ca PPO, nhng ngi khc lm cho khng phng tin cho pht trin, cc phn ng ha nu, v vn cn nhng ngi khc phn ng vi cc sn phm ca phn ng PPO trc khi chng c th dn n s hnh thnh sc t en ti. Acidulants Trong khi pH ti u cho PPO c bo co l t acid trung ha, trong hu ht cc loi tri cy v rau qu, ti u hot ng PPO c quan st pH 6,0-6,5, trong khi hot ng t c pht hin di y pH 4,5 (Whitaker, 1994). N cng c bo co l khng th o ngc bt hot ca PPO c th t c pH di 3,0 (Richardson v Hyslop, 1985). Tuy nhin, n cng c bo co rng to PPO l kh bao dung vi axit, v pH 3.0, n vn gi li 40% hot ng ti a ca n (Nicolas et al, 1994.). Vic s dng ha cht gim pH ca sn phm, hoc acidulants, tm thy ng dng

rng ri trong vic kim sot mu nu enzym. Cc acidulant thng dng nht l citric acid. Acidulants thng xuyn c s dng kt hp vi cc loi khc ca cc i l antibrowning, bi v n l kh khn t c hiu qu c ch nu ch thng qua kim sot pH. Ngoi ra, c nhng khc bit trong hiu ng ca cc axit khc nhau trn PPO, lm v d, axit malic c bo co l hiu qu hn trong vic ngn nga nc to mu nu hn so vi axit citric (Ponting, 1960). Gim i l Loi i l antibrowning nguyn nhn gim khng mu ha hc ca o-quinon kt qu t phn ng PPO tr li o-diphenols (Iyengar v McEvily, 1992). L khng th phc hi oxy ha kh trong phn ng, c ngha l cc-pro tection h trao ch l tm thi, v h c tiu th trong phn ng. Khi tt c cc i l gim thm b oxy ha, cc o-quinon t phn ng PPO c th tri qua phn ng oxy ha hn na (khng lin quan n PPO) v cui cng trng hp nhanh chng dn n s hnh thnh sc t nu (Hnh 9.2). Do tnh cht oxy ha ca cc enzym nu, i l gim cng c th c p dng trong cc phng ca s i mu. Ascorbic acid c l l i l antibrowning nht s dng rng ri, v thm vo thuc tnh ca n gim, n cng hi lm gim pH. Ascorbic acid lm gim o-benzoquinones tr li o-diphenols, v n cng c mt nh hng trc tip PPO (Whitaker, 1994; nguyn Golan-Goldhirsh et al, 1992.). Thiol c cha cc hp cht, chng hn nh cysteine, cng lm gim cc tc nhn c ch enzym nu. Tuy nhin, c mu nu hon thnh, s tin ca cysteine yu cu (t l cysteine-to-phenol trn 1) thng khng tng thch vi hng v sn phm (RichardQun et al, 1992.). Chelating i l Bng cch ng phc t cc trang web PPO hot ng, cc hp cht chelating, chng hn nh axit ethylenediamine tetraacetic (EDTA) c th c ch PPO, m l mt metalloenzyme c cha ng trong cc trang web hot ng. Sporix l mt chelator mnh m, v cng acidulant mt. Browning phng trong nc to v mt ct thu c vi s kt hp ca Sporix v acid ascorbic (Sapers et al, 1989.).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC i l phc Th loi ny bao gm cc tc nhn c kh nng by hoc to thnh phc hp vi cc cht nn PPO hoc cc sn phm phn ng. V d v loi ny l cyclodextrins hoc oligosaccharides nonreducing vng ca su hoc nhiu d lng D-glucose. Trong dung

dch nc, khoang trung tm ca cyclodextrins c th hnh thnh phc hp bao gm vi phenolics, do lm suy yu nn PPO. -cyclodextrin c thch hp nht khoang kch thc cho cc hp cht phc phenolic, nhng ha tan vo nc ca n l thp (Billaud et al, 1995).. -cyclodextrin khng hiu qu trong vic kim sot mu nu ca to thi ht lu, c l do s khuch tn thp (Sapers v Hicks, 1989). Ln cc bin th trong tnh cht c ch ca cyclodextrins c tm thy vi phenol khc nhau c th nghim. -cyclodextrin lin kt sc mnh khc nhau vi phenol khc nhau. Trong cc h thng m hnh c cha mt hp cht phenolic n, -cyclodextrin lun lun lm vic nh itor PPO mt-inhib. Khi hn hp cc hp cht phenolic c th nghim, kt qu c thay i, v s cn bng gia cc PPO cc nn hin ti c th c sa i, dn n thay i mu sc sau khi qu trnh oxy ha xc tc bi enzyme PPO (et al Billaud, 1995.). Cht c ch enzym Mt trong nhng i l antibrowning vi tim nng nht p dng cho cc sn phm ti, ct gim c 4-hexylresorcinol, mt cht ha hc c mt cch an ton c s dng trong thuc trong mt thi gian di v c cp FDA GRASS (thng c coi l an ton) tnh trng s dng trong cng tc phng chng s i mu tm (melanosis), ni m n c chng minh l c hiu qu hn sulfite trn c s cn-totrng lng (McEvily et al, 1992.). Hin nay, vic s dng n trn cc sn phm tri cy v rau b tr hon trong khi ch i FDA chp thun. Hiu qu ca hexylresorcinol-4 c chng minh trong cc th nghim s b c thc hin bng cch s dng ct to v khoai ty (McEvily et al, 1991.). S kt hp ca 4 - hexylresorcinol vi acid ascorbic ci thin kim sot nu lt to (Luo v Barbosa-Canovas, 1995).

Cc i l Antibrowning Natri clorua (nh halogenua khc) c bit l c ch PPO, tng c ch nh gim pH ca n. Chloride l mt cht c ch yu km, mt s tc gi bo co rng mc cn thit cho PPO clorua c ch c nng ln v c th tha hip hng v sn phm (Mayer v Harel, 1991). Tuy nhin, cc tc gi khc tin rng mu nu c th kim sot c c th cung cp cho cc gii php nhng c tnh axit, pH ca t nht 3,5 c xut (Rouet-Mayer v Philippon, 1986). phng php iu tr canxi c s dng lm sn chc m cng c bo co gim mu nu (Drake v Spayd, 1983; Hopfinger v cng s, 1984;. Bolin v Huxsoll, 1989). Mc d acid citric v / hoc chm acid ascorbic l khng hiu qu trong vic ngn nga nu ca qu l, lt nhng vo CaCl2 1% v c lu tr trong mt tun l 2,5 C dng nh nht mu hn so vi kim sot lt nc qua x l (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Trong thc t, iu ny c th do s c ch PPO bi cc ion clorua (Bng 9,4). Tuy nhin,

cc hnh ng lm sn chc ca canxi (trang 292-293) c th ng gp cho mt s r r gim PPO v cht ca n cc b mt ct tip xc (Sapers v Miller, 1992). Antibrowning hot ng c quy cho mt peptide nh b c lp t mt ong. Browning c ch (62%) trong lt to gt v c thc hin bng cch nhng trong dung dch mt ong 10% trong 30 pht nhit phng. So snh vi mt Kim sot sucrose gii php cp ng ging nh vic chun b mt ong cho thy ch c mt c ch 23% mu nu (Oszmianski v Lee, 1990). Phng php iu tr vi enzyme protease rng PPO tn cng c xut l phng php iu tr d phng thay th cho mu nu enzym. N c coi l PPO c ch bi protease l do s phn gii protein hoc rng buc ti cc a im c th kch hot. Mt c ch c th ca hnh ng ngh c lin quan n s hin din ca cc nhm sulfhydryl (nh cysteine) trong cc protease. Enzyme iu tr PPO vic sa cha c kh nng c thc hin vi bromelain (chit xut t qu to-thng), papain (t u ) v Ficin (t qu sung). kim tra s b c thc hin bng cch s dng nhng ming nh ca qu to v khoai ty c nhng trong 5 pht trong dung dch enzyme 2% trong m citrate pH 4.5. Kt qu cho thy papain lm vic tt nht trn qu to, trong khi Ficin lm vic tt hn khoai ty. kim tra song song trn cc mu khng c iu tr v kim sot cc mu citrate buffer-nhng pht trin s i mu so snh (Labuza et al, 1992.). Tuy nhin, mt phn cc ch phm tinh khit Ficin, ni m cc protease c nhit bt hot, c so snh vi cc ch phm c cha cht c ch hot ng nh Ficin PPO (McEvily, 1991). Sau , n c tm thy rng cc ch phm Ficin cha, ngoi protease ny, cc i l khc antibrowning c cht tng t ca 4-thay th resorcinol (McEvily et al, 1992.). Cht chit xut ch bin t cysteine duy tr h thng con-u v mt cht khc "quinone-by" c xc nh l mt acid glutamic cysteine-dipeptide (Richard-Qun et al, 1998.). Mc d axit benzoic v cinnamic (axit cacboxylic thm) l thuc c ch PPO (Walker, 1975), h khng c bo v ko di lm i l antibrowning. Khi cc gii php ca cinnamate natri c s dng nhng cm to, phng chng ha nu thu c trn mt thi gian ngn, nhng trong lu tr lu di (> 24 gi), mt mu nu trm trng pht trin (Sapers et al, 1989.). N c cho rng cinnama-tes v benzoates c th tri qua mt s chuyn i chm nhng dn dn PPO cht (Sapers v cng s, 1989; McEvily et al, 1992..). C ngi tiu dng mun trnh bt k loi cht bo qun thc phm (Bruhn, 1995). N c cng nhn l ngi tiu dng nhn thc ti ct sn phm nh cc sn phm ch bin ti thiu vi cc c tnh gn vt liu cha qua ch bin ca h liu. Hng v, mu sc v kt cu c im c th l mt hp dn nht ca cc sn phm ti, ct, v kt qu l, mt s b vi x l khng mun s dng ph gia ha hc c th thay i nhn thc ca mt sn phm "t nhin". iu ny c th l mt trong nhng l do m ascorbic acid, c th c gn nhn l vitamin C, thng a thch nh l mt i l antibrowning, mt gi tr gia tng cho sn phm. ho cht khc c ngun gc t nhin hoc trng vi cc hp cht t nhin cng thng a thch, mt v d trong s l citric acid. Vi iu ny trong tm tr, mt s tc gi th nghim hiu qu ca sn phm t nhin khc, chng hn nh nc da, trong s kim sot ca nu enzym. Trong s cc

thnh phn ca nc da, hot ng antibrowning c th c quy cho c hai acid ascorbic, nhng ngoi ra, nc tri cy c cha mt cht c ch trng lng phn t thp m vn cha uncharacterized (Lozano-de-Gonzalez v cng s, 1993.). ng dng ca i l Antibrowning Ni chung, ha cht c s dng ngn nga hoc kim sot enzyme nu c s dng trong cc gii php, thng xuyn nh cng thc c cha mt hoc nhiu hp cht c s dng ngm nhng ming tri cy hoc rau. N c bo co rng vi mt s ha cht, nh acid ascorbic v erythorbic hoc mui ca chng, thm nhp gii hn vo cc m thc vt l mt vn . Mt so snh tc dng ca nhng so vi p sut chn khng hoc xm nhp vo s xm nhp ca axit ascorbic v erythorbic cho thy p lc xm nhp l khng hiu qu vi sc sc khoai ty, nhng ko di tui th ca cm khoai ty bng cch 2-4 ngy so vi nhng (Sapers et al, 1990).. S bin ng v phn ng ca phch cm khoai ty v sc sc thm p lc l do t l t-i-khi lng nh hn cc phch cm. Cc tc gi ca nghin cu cho thy rng k thut ny c th c p dng cho phn ln hn, thm ch lt v c. Vi cm to v sc sc, phng php thm p lc c cp trn ngm, cung cp tng 3-7 ngy trong cuc sng lu tr cc ming to. Tuy nhin, con xc xc xm nhp c th b ngp nc v yu cu lm kh bng ly tm hoc mt nc mt phn khc phc khim khuyt . Ngoi ra, nu qu nhiu p lc c p dng, t bo v c th xy ra dn n mt ton vn kt cu v thi hn s dng c th gim. Kt hp iu tr Hiu qu hn, bo qun cc sn phm ti ct thng xuyn c th t c bng cch s dng mt s kt hp ca phng php iu tr. Mt s kt hp iu tr thng thng bao gm acid ascorbic v clorua canxi, chng hn nh trnh by trong bng 9,5 (Ponting et al., 1972). Trong trng hp ca hai ging to, v d nh, 'Newton Pippin "v" Golden Delicious, "nng cao nht ca axit ascorbic (1%) v CaCl2 (0,1%) s dng kt qu l mt thp nht ca bi c phn x hoc nu. iu th v l vic s dng CaCl2 mt mnh gy ra gn nh l s c ch nhiu vo qu to "Newton Pippin, nhng iu ny khng phi cho" Golden Delicious. 'Bng 9,6 cho thy mt s kt qu t mt nghin cu s dng kt hp khc nhau ca cc i l antibrowning trn lt chun b t ba ging khoai ty khc nhau c lu tr khc nhau di ca thi gian (Mattila et al, 1993.). phng php iu tr kt hp khc c th bao gm vic s dng cc i l antibrowning v phng php vt l, chng hn nh x l nhit hoc kh quyn kim sot, chng hn nh s kt hp ca O2 0,5% v CaCl2 1%, m l hiu qu trong vic gim thiu nu l thi lt (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Trong vic chun b trc khi bc v

khoai ty, cc thit hi gy ra bi phng php lt c mt tc ng ng k v s i mu ca sn phm. M khng n nh t khoai ty lt v c th c loi b bng cch tiu ha dung dch kim hay acid ascorbic nng / gii php acid citric trc khi iu tr vi inhib nu-itors (Sapers et al, 1995.). Vt l iu tr v kim sot Browning Mt trong nhng phng php thng c s dng kim sot hot ng enzim trong cc sn phm ti, ct l vic s dng nhit thp trong khi ch bin, x l v lu tr. nhit thp, khng ch l enzym hot ng gim, nhng t l trao i cht ni chung cng thp hn, trong h tr trong vic gia hn thi hn s dng sn phm. Mt s phng php vt l ngh p dng trong vic x l sau thu hoch cc loi tri cy v rau qu cng c xut cho cc sn phm ti ct. Chng bao gm vic s dng cc sa i ln / kh quyn kim sot v chiu x gamma. Nonthermal meth-ods hin ang c iu tra bi b x l thc phm m c th c ng dng cho cc sn phm ti, ct bao gm p sut cao phng php iu tr hoc iu tr bng cc xung in trng cao (Ohlsson, 1994). Gim sn c oxy iu quan trng cn xem xt l mt yu cu ca cc m sng, ti, ct gim cc sn phm c th khng c tip xc vi mi trng vi cc loi b hon ton ca oxy. Tuy nhin, nu enzyme c th b chm tr (trong s hin din ca enzyme hot ng v cht phenolic) nu khng c oxy cho phn ng xy ra. Trong tri cy v rau qu c s dng ch bin ti hoc ct thng thng hoc, n l mt thc t ph bin t chc sn xut preprepared ( bc v, ct, vv) chm trong nc mui, nc hoc xi-r lm chm s khuch tn ca oxy. Tuy nhin, cc m s nu khi n li tip xc vi khng kh. Ngoi ra, trong thi gian m c t chc, thm thu trng thi cn bng c th dn n vic mt cht tan v imbibition ca gii php lu tr. c thay i bu kh quyn thng c s dng trong bao b v / hoc lu tr cc loi tri cy v rau qu. Cc iu kin ny cng nh sn n c cng c th c thnh cng ph hp vi ti ct tri cy v rau qu (xem Chng 10). Trong s cc li ch khc, vic s dng kh quyn sa i hoc kim sot lm chm lo ha, v do , ko di tui th lu tr ca sn phm. Sa i hoc bu kh quyn controlled nn c xem nh l mt b sung qun l y ca nhit v m kim sot (Kader, 1992). c thay i khng kh bao b nhm mc ch to ra mt thnh phn kh l tng trong gi c th t c thng qua to ra hng ha sa i ln atmo-cu trong gi phn mm v thng qua vic thnh lp mt bu khng kh thay i tch cc trong cc gi. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng trnh mc gy hi thp ca xy hoc mc cao ca kh carbon dioxide m dn n h hp k kh, kt qu l

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC pht trin off-hng v v off-mi v tng tnh nhy cm su rng. tc phm ph hp kh, trong bu khng kh cn sa i c thc nghim xc nh cho tng sn phm c th (Wills v cng s, 1998.). S dng bao b chn khng va vi polyethylene (80 m) cho vic lu tr ca rau dip tng bng vn 5 C, nu c c ch trong thi gian 10 ngy (Heimdal et al, 1995.). Sung luc t ng ca rau dip ct gim thng mi chun b chm pht trin trong sn phm ng gi, ni bu khng kh b thay i bi cc sn phm h hp. Visual cht lng ca rau dip nin ct gi trong ti nim phong nhn c mt s im ban u ca 9 (xut sc), v sau khi lu tr trong hai tun 2,8 C, im s gim xung cn 7 (tt). Cc mu c lu tr trong mt gi nim phong nhn c mt s im ca 3 (ngho). c thay i khng kh c ng gi cng hiu qu trong vic kim sot s tch t vi khun trong qu trnh lu tr (King v cc cng s, 1991.). Hn dng m rng cng c iu tra bi enrobing ti ct sn phm sn n c. lp ny mng ca vt liu bo v c p dng cho cc b mt ca qu hoc thc vt nh l mt thay th cho cc t bo bo v thin nhin (biu b, v). sn n c s dng nh mt ro cn na thm gip gim respi, sut n, mt nc, lm chm v thay i mu sc, ci thin cu trc v tnh ton vn c kh, ci thin cc c tnh x l, gip duy tr cc hp cht hng v volative v gim tng trng ca vi khun. N c th to ra mt bu khng kh sa i ln enrobing ti ct gim sn xut trong lp n c (Baldwin v cng s, 1995a;. Baldwin v cng s, 1996.). Thng tin chi tit v sn n c trnh by trong mt s nh gi (Krochta v cng s, 1994;. Baldwin v cng s, 1995a, b;. Nisperos v Baldwin, 1996). V c bn, sn n c l bao gm mt hoc nhiu thnh phn chnh (polysac-charides, protein, nha, sp hoc du), c th c ci thin bng cch cho thm cht ho do, b mt v cht nh ho. La chn thch hp ca mng n c l quan trng do bn cht a nc ca b mt ct ca nhiu sn phm mi ct. Mt s lp ph c th khng tun th cc b mt nh vy, nhng ngi khc c th cung cp tun th tt, nhng c th l ro cn ngho n m hay khng chng li s khuch tn hi nc (Baldwin et al., 1995a, b). Lipid thnh phn c tnh ca nc tng ro cn quan trng i vi mt s cht ph, tuy nhin, h c th trnh by mt hn ch, bi v h c th a ra mt cht sp hoc ming gummy cm thy cc sn phm (Wong v cng s, 1994.). Mt khc, cc polime a nc (chng hn nh carboxymethyl cellulose) khng lm vic tt trong vic lm gim s mt nc ca cc sn phm trng, do c im ngho ro cn m (Baldwin v cc cng s ca h., 1996). Sn nh tng c cha cc thnh phn hn hp c v nh tt hn perfor-

mance, chng hn nh sn ca casein v monoglyceride acetyl, khi pH c iu chnh y , mt ma trn cht ch c hnh thnh, by cc phn t lipid (Krochta et al, 1994.). Ngoi ra, mt s thnh phn lipid (nh monoglyceride acetyl ha) l cht rn nhit phng, v khng c mt cht nh ha (nh canxi caseinat), h khng th c s dng nh mt lp ph cho tri cy ti v rau qu (Avena-Bustillos et al., 1997). Trong ng dng ca mt s cht ph, c th to ra s hnh thnh cc lin kt cho gia cc phn t pectin ca b mt sn phm ti ct v lp ph (Wong v cng s, 1994.). Tht th v, ph gia thc phm khc nhau c th c incorpo-xp hng thnh cng thc ph, chng hn nh sn vi cc cht chng oxy ha (Baldwin et al., 1995a). Hiu qu ca acid ascorbic trong vic tr hon nu enzyme trong to v khoai ty ct c ci thin khi kt hp trong mt cng thc n c sn so vi nhng. Mt lp ph da trn carboxymethylcellulose khng kim sot nu enzyme ct to v khoai ty, nhng khi mt lp ph c kt hp vi ph gia (cht chng oxy ha, acidulant v cht bo qun), mu nu kim sot c Supe-rior hn nhng cc-ti ct gim sn xut trong cc gii php cng vi cc cht ph gia (Baldwin v cng s, 1996.). V d v s c ch nu ca lt to c m t vi lp ph khc nhau n c, chng hn nh cng thc c cha casein v lipid (AvenaBustillos v Krochta, 1993) hoc protein u tng (Kinzel, 1992). Gim nhit Nhit qun l trong qu trnh x l l rt cn thit trong vic gim thiu cc tc hi ca chn thng c hc v kh nng nhit thp lm gim cc phn ng trao i cht. Nhit c nh hng to ln v t l h hp; nhiu qu, n nh hng n tnh thm ca cc kh qua cc b phim bao b v cng lm chm s pht trin ca vi khun. Fresh-ct cc sn phm thng c t l h hp cao hn so vi cng nguyn vn tng sn xut-h hp c th thay i t vi phn trm n hn 100%. Hn na, mc h hp gia tng thay i theo nhit v hng ha (Watada et al, 1996.). Nhit bo qun l mt tham s quan trng trong vic t c tui th ti a ca sn phm. Lnh trong sut chui sn xut n tiu th c tm quan trng c bn trong vic m rng tui th ca sn phm ti ct. m bo sn phm cht lng cao, khuyn rng cc sn phm ti ct c gi nhit ng lnh ch trn, tuy nhin, nhit cn phi c la chn y trnh thit hi l chn thng lm lnh cc loi hng ha nhy cm. Mt thc t ph bin trong vic chun b ca cc sn phm ti, ct l ra bc v v / hoc sn phm c ct gim trong nc lnh, gip gim tem-perature ngoi vic loi b cc t bo dch tit ra trong qu trnh lt v / hoc ct ca sn xut. Kh nc ca cc sn phm ra thng thng cn thit kim sot su rng. iu ny c thc hin thng mi thng qua ly tm, nhng cng c th t c vi khng kh cng bc. Mc d trng tm thng c t trn vic s dng nhit thp, c nhng v d v cc li ch ca mt s phng php iu tr nhit v kim sot mu nu. iu tr sc nhit (45 C trong 105 pht) ca ton b to sau c s dng chun b lt dn n sn phm vi cc kt cu t mu nu v vng chc hn so vi sn phm ch bin t tri cy

khng nng (Kim et al, 1993.). Trong ch bin thc phm thng thng, cc phng php ph bin nht c s dng cho bt hot enzyme ph thuc vo ng dng nhit. PPO ti u hot ng c bo co khc nhau vi cc ngun ca enzyme v iu kin phn ng (pH, cht nn, vv.) PPO t mt s nh my hot ng ti a cc ngun vt trong phm vi nhit 20-35 C. Nhiu yu t nh hng n s n nh nhit PPO, trong s l ngun enzyme, ging cy trng thc vt, hnh thc phn t (isozyme) v nhit thm nhp vo cc m (Vmos-Vigyz, 1981). PPO khng phi l mt enzyme rt nhit n nh; nhit bt hot xy ra nhit cao hn 40 C. Nhit n nh ca PPO ph thuc vo ngun gc ca enzyme. Hn na, PPO thermostability cng influ-enced ca ging cy trng, tng v tr v pH (Vmos-Vigyz, 1981; Nicolas et al. 1994). Banana PPO l bt hot trong 15 pht 80 C (Galeazzi v Sgarbieri, 1978), trong khi mu xanh l cy u PPO cn 29 pht 80 C hoc ti thiu l 2.5 ti 90 C v ch c 1 pht 95 C (Krotov et al. , 1971). Nhit thp chn c th c hiu qu trong trc khi trt hoc kim sot hot ng enzim trong cc sn phm ti ct. Chn (95 C cho 3 pht) ca sn sng s dng hnh khi trong iu kin v khun l dn hon chnh c ch enzyme nu vi mt gim kt cu chp nhn c, nh nh gi bi mt hi ng o to (Pittia et al, 1999.). Gn y, x l nhit sc c xut nh l mt cch mi kim sot nu trong cc sn phm ti ct. Nhng chn thng c hc do b thng m gy ra s tng hp ca cc enzym, chng hn nh lyase amoniac phenyla-lanine (PAL), tham gia vo s trao i cht phenolic, dn n lation-accumu ca cc hp cht phenolic, do c th l cht c tim nng cho PPO. Trong thi hn 24 gi ct, tng bng tri rau dip ct thnh 2 2 ming cm cho thy mt su tng 12 ln trong PAL hot ng. Mt c sc x l nhit trn tng bng ct rau dip trong 90 giy 45 C ngn chn tng nh vy trong PAL hot ng, m c th cung cp mt thay th mi kim sot nu trong cc sn phm ti ct (Saltveit, 2000). p dng bc x Gamma ng dng bc x gamma tri cy v rau qu c s dng cho cn trng v disinfestation bnh, cng nh lm chm qu trnh chn v ny mm. Chiu x c p dng cho c rt ti ct c lu tr trong ti vi xp nha dn n tng h hp hn ch do b thng v sn xut ethylene gim. iu tr c coi l tng thi hn s dng ca sn phm (Chervin et al, 1992.). Neverthe-t hn, vic p dng cc bc x c th mang li nhng thay i sinh ha v khng mong mun. Trong thc t, nu enzyme c th trm trng hn bi phng php iu tr chiu x, c th lm thay i tnh thm ca t bo khoang thin lin h gia PPO v cht ca n (Mayer v Harel, 1991). To v l chiu x nh l mt iu tr cch ly cho thy gim cng, l cy trng ph thuc v thay i mu sc ni b ca 'Gala' v 'Granny Smith' to (Drake v cng s, 1999.). Rau ng mu c chiu x cho thy dc ng ni b mu hng nu, trong tin n ton b phn thc vt tr thnh mu hng nu. Ngc li, s kim sot cht i mu ch trn

cc b mt ct (al Hanotel v cng s, 1995.). thay i nh vy c th l mt du hiu ca tn thng t bo, pht hnh ca PPO v mu nu trong rau ng chiu x. S dng cc cng ngh khc Nonthermal p sut cao ng dng trong ch bin bo qun thc phm do tc ng tim nng ca n vo cc vi sinh vt v enzyme. Ngng hot ng ca cc enzym hi c thc hin thng qua ng dng cng ngh cao p (Hendrickx v cng s, 1998;. Seyderhelm v cng s, 1996;.. Weemaes et al, 1999). Mt li th quan trng ca cng ngh mi ny l phng php iu tr p sut cao nhit thp c hoc khng c nh hng hoc nh hng mt ti thiu v hng v v gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm. Tuy nhin, p lc cao ch bin c th to ra kt cu mi hoc th hiu (Messens et al, 1997.), V gy ra discol-vn t ca mt s mt hng (Asaka v Hayashi, 1991). Trong khi cc bo t vi khun c nh gi cao kh nng chu p lc iu tr, v hn 1200 MPa l cn thit cho bt hot, nm men ca h, khun mu v cc t bo thc vt c p lc nhy cm v c th c bt hot bng phng php iu tr nh nhng hn ~ 300-600 MPa. Khi nhm ti bt hot enzyme, cc yu cu p lc khc nhau ty thuc vo enzym, mt s enzyme c kh nng khng n 1000 MPa, nhng ngi khc c th c bt hot bng mt vi trm MPa nhit phng. p sut cao c coi l mt thay th cho bt hot khng th o ngc ca PPO (Hendrickx et al, 1998.). N c quan st thy rng cc ng dng kt qu p thp p lc gy ra thit hi mng vi decompartmentalization qu v kch hot enzym. Trong thc t, l PPO (chit xut t bo min ph) c kch hot sau khi x l p lc 400 MPa trong 10 pht 25 C (Asaka v Hayashi, 1991). PPO kch hot cng c m t trong phng php iu tr p sut thp ca cc cht chit xut t c rt th v to (Anese et al, 1995.). PPO nhy cm vi p lc khc nhau vi cc enzyme trong khi ngun PPO mai c bt hot ~ 100 MPa, v du ty PPO khoai ty MPa, 400 v nm PPO yu cu p lc cao hn nhiu (~ 800-900 MPa). Ngoi ra, PPO ngng hot ng bng p lc b nh hng bi pH (Anese et al, 1995.). Nhiu nghin cu c tin hnh trong cc h thng m hnh, cht chit xut t t bo min ph hoc th, khng phi cc loi thc phm thc s. Th nghim c thc hin trn ton thc phm cho thy p lc cao iu tr gy ra mu nu ca nm, to v khoai ty (Gomes v Ledward, 1996). c bit, thnh phn thc phm c tc dng bo v s n nh p lc enzyme, v hiu qu ca p lc iu tr ph thuc vo nhit , pH v iu tr. Khi so snh barostability ca cc enzym thc phm khc nhau, PPO l ln th hai, ch sau khi peroxidase, l khoan dung nht p lc thi gian iu tr (Seyderhelm et al, 1996.). Do hiu qu km ca phng php iu tr p sut thp hn v hot ng PPO, n c

gi rng s c ch ca n s i hi mt s kt hp ca phng php iu tr p lc vi mt hoc nhiu phng php b sung, nh chn, bu kh quyn sa i v / hoc lm lnh (Anese et al., 1995). Hon thnh inactiva-tion ca cc enzym khng phi l mong i vi cc ng dng ca p lc thy tnh com-patible vi duy tr tnh ton vn m thc phm (Whitaker, 1996). Vic s dng cng cao, xung in trng l mt cng ngh mi m c xut nhm v hiu ha cc vi sinh vt v enzyme vi tng ti thiu tem-perature kt qu (Tn v cng s, 1996.). ng dng ca cng in trng xung cao trn mt nn vn ha ca cc t bo khoai ty tng vic pht hnh ca PPO vo mi trng, vi c cng tng ln v thi gian iu tr (Knorr v Angersbach, 1998). kt qu Pre-liminary s dng h thng m hnh (enzyme gii php) kt qu khc bit ln gia cc enzym. Mc d gim 88% trong hot ng pectinesterase c bo co trong nc cam c iu tr (Hye et al., 2000), gim hot ng va phi 30-40% c m t cho PPO v peroxidase c iu tr trong cc gii php m (H et al., 1997). Mc d cng ngh ny dng nh cung cp cc ng dng tim nng cho cc loi thc phm lng, n dng nh vn cn qu sm khuyn bn nn s dng n trong cc sn phm ti ct. CC THAY I MU White Blush ti C rt Cc mu cam ti sng ca c rt ti c th bin mt trong lu tr cc sn phm ti ct, c bit khi lt mi mn c s dng. C rt c th pht trin " mt trng", cn c gi l "n hoa trng," mt li i mu m kt qu trong vic hnh thnh mt lp mu trng ca vt liu trn b mt ca c rt gt v, to ra dng v ngho cho sn phm. Khi lt, cc lp bo v b mt (biu b) ca c rt l loi b, ni chung bng mi mn, li cc mnh v t bo v mt b mt khng u, m trong khi m, trnh by cc mu da cam t nhin ca c rt. Khi c rt c tip xc vi khng kh, h d dng b mt nc, v cc mnh v t bo kh mua li mt mu trng, to thnh mt lp mu trng trn b mt c rt. S ri lon trong cc m b mt tip theo mt nc trong vic hnh thnh trng c xc nhn bng cch qut hin vi in t, khi so snh c rt gt v bng mt con dao v li dao co sc nt. Cu dao gt v c rt b mt xut hin b hng nng, nn, sloughed v tch ra khi m c bn, v do , d b mt nc. Razor-c rt gt v b mt c sch hn, v r rng, ch c mt lp mng ca cc t bo c g b, dn n sn phm m khi kh khng c c s xut hin mu trng (Tatsumi et al., 1991). giai on ny, cc khim khuyt v cht lng c th c o ngc bng cch ngm c rt trong nc v cho php b nc

(Cisneros-Zevallos et al, 1995.). N c cho rng vi thi gian, s trao i cht phenolic c th c kch hot, gy tng lignin, hp cht phenolic v lyase amoniac phenylalanine hot ng, v thay i mu sc khng th o ngc din ra (Cisneros-Zevallos v cng s, 1995;. Howard v Griffin, 1993). Mt xt nghim dng tnh vi lignin c m t trong cc vt liu mi mn trng. Cc mc nghim trng ca lignification s ph thuc vo s th ca qu trnh lt (giy nhm th> pht tin giy nhm> thp khng g pad). Mc d bn tay lt ca c rt vi mt li dao co c bo co kt qu khng c s pht trin ca " mt trng", ngay c sau khi lu tr lu di ti 1 C (Bolin v Huxsoll, 1991), mc thng tch ca a c rt ti ct gim ph thuc vo li dao loi v sc nt, v iu kin bo qun. Carrot a chun b bng tay ct vi mt li dao co dn trong cc sn phm cht lng tt hn so vi ct c kh. thit hi ln gy ra bi mt li dao cn my; sau 10 ngy k t ngy lu tr ti 8 C, a c rt thi mng vi mt li dao cn my cho thy dy vch t bo v s hin din ca lignin (Barry-Ryan v cng s, 2000.). Khi qu trnh lignification l enzyme trung gian, mt s phng php iu tr nhng trc tip ti bt hot cc trch nhim enzym c th nghim. Mt kt qu thnh cng t c vi bt hot iu tr mt com-Bining nhit v mt mi trng c tnh axt. C rt gt v bng giy nhm v ngm trong 20-30 giy trong mt dung dch acid citric 2% 70 C khng pht trin cc li trong t nht nm tun trong kho lnh, hng v sn phm khng b nh hng bi cc iu tr (Bolin v Huxsoll, 1991). b phim n cng c hin th bo v c rt t khim khuyt ny cht lng (Sargent v cng s, 1994.). Kt qu cho thy cm gic u tin cho c rt ph mt lp ph da trn cellulose n c do xut hin ti (Howard v Dewi, 1995), bi v ngi tiu dng cm nhn mu trng nh c rt khng ti hoc tui. Thit hi ca carotenes c m t trong c rt ti ct. Vi ng dng ca mt lp ph n c, mt gi 50% -carotene l sau 28 ngy lu tr, so vi gi 33% trong vic kim sot (Li v Barth, 1998). ph nh n c cha axit stearic c caseinateffecchnh kp thi trong vic gim khuyt tt mu trng ca c rt (Avena-Bustillos et al, 1994.). Vng hoc Degreening Gim sc t mu xanh l cy v, v th, u th ca sc t mu vng l mt qu trnh bnh thng trong qu trnh chn hoc lo ha ca nhiu loi tri cy v rau qu, v thay i nh vy c th c tng tc bng ethylene. Trong cc sn phm ti, ct gim nhng

cng thng truyn do kt qu lm b thng h hp gia tng, sn xut ethylene v thay i khc. Trong thc t, degreening cng quan st c trong thi gian lu tr ca l v cc sn phm xanh ti ct. X lch x nh lm ti tng bng tri qu trnh bo qun, c bit nhit cao. ng thi, mt sc t mu xanh l cy c quan st (Bolin et al., 1977; Bolin v Huxsoll, 1991). Nghin cu tnh nhy cm ca b ct ti v rau dip x lch n mu nu, n c quan st thy rng cc mu t bo quang

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

c nh nhng trong thi gian lu tr. Trong thc t, trong khi c s i mu gia xng sn, cc m-tosynthetic ph cng pht trin nu v mt sc t mu xanh l cy (Castaer et al., 1999). Trong mt nghin cu v mu sc xa lach trn, trong thi gian bo qun lnh, cc thay i c t mu xanh sang mu trng sng hn, cho thy suy thoi do cht dip lc trong cc hp cht khng mu (Heaton et al, 1996.). Cc phn ng lin quan n vic mt cht dip lc trong cc sn phm xanh ti ct gim vn cha r rng. Trong cc bc chun b ct ngt sn phm, axit v cc men c pht hnh, v c hai c th c tham gia vo vic mt sc t xanh. Cht lng hnh nh ca bng ci xanh l b mt khi chic hoa chuyn sang mu vng. Vic gi mu xanh c t c vi vic s dng bao b khng kh sa i v lu tr 10 C (Barth v cng s, 1993.). Cc tc gi nhn thy rng trong vng 48 gi, nng carbon dioxide trong gi bng ci xanh t cn bng ti ~ 8% v oxy ni dung l 10%, gy ra mt gim t l h hp. c thay i khng kh bao b ng gp vo duy tr cao hn ng k ca mu xanh bng ci xanh, biu hin bng tng cc mc cht dip lc v xc nh mu sc (mu gc). Ngc li, trong vng cha y 72 gi, mu nonpackaged mt khong 20% cht dip lc ni dung ban u. Mc d c tch ly ethylene trong tui stor, n c cho rng carbon dioxide kh quyn tng cao counteracted ETH-ylene hiu ng, do ngn nga s xung cp cht dip lc. Hn na, cc bao b ca bng ci xanh spears kt qu duy tr ci tin ca vitamin C. Trong mt nghin cu ci tin kt cu, clorua canxi c iu tr ct ngt tiu xanh v kim sot nontreated bo qun 10 C c thit hi ng k trong mu xanh sau khi bn ngy k t ngy lu tr. Canxi mu x l c lu tr ti 5 C tt hn ng k trong tt c cc thuc tnh cm quan ca ngy th t, v u th ca h c duy tr trong

sut thi gian lu tr tm ngy (Barrett, cha xut bn). PHNG MT kt cu trong sn phm ti-CUT Xut hin ca mt sn phm thc phm ng mt vai tr quan trng trong nh gi ca ngi tiu dng. N c c tnh rng 95% ngi tiu dng M c xut hin vo ti khon mua hng ca h tri cy v rau qu (Shewfelt, 1994). Nh cp trc , mu sc c tc ng rt ln v xem xt xut hin, nhng mt cht lng cng quan st c vi nhng thay i trong kt cu (hnh 9.1), mt ch tiu cht lng quan trng i vi nhiu tri cy v cc sn phm thc vt. Trong khi di truyn nn l ng gp chnh vo kt cu ca mt thc phm thc vt, cc yu t khc, chng hn nh hnh thi, cu trc tng t bo phin knh trung bnh, turgor di ng, hm lng nc v cc thnh phn sinh ha, tt c cc kt cu nh hng n (Harker v cng s, 1997.). Ngoi ra, kt cu cng b nh hng bi iu kin pht trin, bao gm c yu t mi trng v thc tin sn xut (Sams, 1999). Sau khi thu hoch, iu quan trng lu tr tri cy v rau qu nhit thch hp v m tng i bo cht lng ca h. Nhit bo qun c tc ng ln n nc, gim cn v cc hot ng trao i cht. Nhn chung, mau hng ca tri cy nguyn vn v cc loi rau tng quan tt vi phn gii-piration t gi-sn xut vi tc h hp cao hn c xu hng d b h hng. Trong cc sn phm ti, ct, nh l mt kt qu ca vic b thng, h hp l cao so vi

sn xut nguyn vn. Hn na, mc b thng cng nh hng n tui th ca sn phm. Tay x ca rau dip c th hin c t gy tn hi hn so vi ct bng dao xoay, v gim kch thc mnh rau dip rt ngn thi hn s dng (Bolin v Huxsoll, 1991). Qu v M thc vt lm sn chc Trong qu trnh chn tri cy, mt trong nhng thay i ng ch nht l lm mm, m l lin quan n bin i sinh ha thnh t bo, phin knh trung bnh v mc mng. Mc d cc enzym pectic, polygalacturonaza v methylesterase pectin c quy cho mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh lm mm, c ch chnh xc vn cn cha r rng. Canxi v iu tr nhit / hoc

N cng c bit rng canxi c lin quan n duy tr cht lng kt cu ca sn xut. Cc ion canxi hnh thc lin kt cho hay cu gia cc nhm t do carboxyl ca chui pectin, kt qu l tng cng ca cc thnh t bo. Mt iu tr thng c s dng ci thin cng m l nhng tri cy hoc thc phm trong cc gii php canxi, nh c m t cho du ty (Chnh et al., 1986), l (Rosen v Kader, 1989) v c rt thi nh (Izumi v Watada, 1994) , trong s nhng ngi khc. Ngc li, canxi iu tr khng hiu qu trong nhng lt c rt v cy gy, mt thc t do s hp th canxi khng bng m, bi v cc mc canxi hai v ba ln cao hn trong c rt thi nh hn so vi gy v lt, tng ng. Ngoi ra, tng nng CaCl2 trong cc gii php nhng (0,5% hoc 1%) mang li s gia tng hm lng canxi m ca mu iu tr, khng c mt mi lin h tip theo vi kt cu sn phm (Izumi v Watada, 1994). Mt iu tr kt hp lin kt chn nhit thp kch hot cc enzyme pectinesterase (PE) trc khi nhng canxi l hu ch trong vic bo v kt cu tri cy. PE mang v este ha-de ca pectin, do tng s lng cc trang web lin kt canxi. c ch nh vy l do tc dng lm sn chc quan st thy lt to gi 38 C trong su ngy ngay sau khi thu hoch, v thi lt v ngm trong dung dch canxi sau su thng ca kho lnh (Lidster et al., 1979). Trong bnh ti ct da ngm trong dung dch clorua canxi nhit khc nhau (Luna-Guzmn et al., 1999), kt cu vng chc hn trong cc mu c iu tr ti 60 C (77% ci thin cng) so vi 40 C (58% ci thin) v 20 C (45% ci thin). Thng thng, clorua canxi c s dng nh mt cht lm sn chc, tuy nhin, n c th trao cay ng khng mong mun cho sn phm. Fresh-ct bnh cantaloupe nhng trong dung dch lactate canxi kt qu l mt ci tin kt cu tng t nh qu bnh clorua canxi-c iu tr. nh gi cm quan cho thy kt qu tt hn, v d, t cay ng v da mt hng v khc pht hin c nhn thc. Fresh-ct cantaloupe bnh iu tr bng cch kt hp x l nhit (60 C) v canxi lactate nhng khng c ngha khc nhau, hoc trong cay ng hoc firmnes lin quan tri cy iu tr ti 25 C (Luna-Guzmn v Barrett, 2000).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC X l nhit mt mnh c chng minh l c kh nng mang li li ch kt cu sn phm. Trong mt so snh ca 11 ging to, nhit tr ca ton b qu dn n sn phm vng chc hn khi so snh vi tri cy nonheated. Cc ci thin cng tt nht mentc thu c vi "Golden Delicious" v "ngon" qu to (Kim et al., 1993). X l nhit ca ton b to ci thin cng lt to, nhng nhit bo qun tri cy sau khi lm nng ton b c mt nh hng ng k cng ca sn phm, tr cc loi qu ca cy trng Slices chun b t trc x l nhit ton b to c lu tr

ti 2 'McIntosh.' C c vng chc hn so vi cc sn phm t tri cy c gi mc 10, 18 v 25 C trong vng by ngy. Slices ch bin t to x l nhit cho thy tng cng trong thi gian lu tr ln n by ngy cho "Golden Delicious" (cng tyNess 34% cao hn trong ngy khng lu tr) v ln n 14 ngy i vi to 'ngon' (48% cng cao hn so vi khi bt u lu tr). Vi thi gian cn lu tr, c mt s gim cng cho c hai ging (Kim v cng s, 1994.). Gamma-lt to chiu x cho thy gim cng ph thuc vo liu chiu x p dng. lm mm quan trng c quan st liu trn 0,34 kGy. Mc d ni dung tng pectin l khng thay i g, c mt gia tng trong ni dung ca pectin ha tan trong nc trong cc slice chiu x. Canxi iu tr dy (1 qu to) tri cy nm trc khi chiu x dn n mt s ci thin cng nh 8 so vi lm mm nhng mang li bi bc x mc 1 kGy. Khng hiu qu ca canxi trong vic phng nga bc x, lm mm cm ng c th l do hn ch s xm nhp ca canxi vo ct to c iu tr. Khi mng (3-4 mm) vng to c iu tr bng clorua canxi (2% n 4) v sau c chiu x, lm mm gim tng ng vi cc mc canxi, mc d cng vn cn thp hn so vi kim sot khng chiu x (Gunes et al., 2001). S dng bao b i Kh quyn Kim sot kh quyn lo ha chm, t l h hp thp hn v lm chm tc lm mm m (Kader, 1992). mt texture c bo co gim trong bao b khng kh kim sot ca tri cy. Du lt gi di bu khng kh c kim sot trong mt tun c cng tng ng vi ton b tri cy ti thi lt v (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Cc tc gi cho rng tc ng ca mt cu kim sot-atmo v cng xut hin c ging cy trng ph thuc. Lu tr n nh ca cc loi tri cy gim i mt na c nh gi trong iu tr kt hp trong c nhng ho cht ngn nga rng kt cu mu nu v lm chm, b sung bi cc iu kin bo qun khc nhau. Bng 9,7 trnh by kt qu kt cu cho na o c lu gi trong gi nim phong khi oxy c tiu th vi s tch t ca kh carbon dioxide v cc gi kn c cha mt scavenger oxy, iu tr sau ny cho kt qu tt hn. Tht th v, mt ging cy trng o vi kt cu mm mi, 'Suncrest,' thm ch cho thy s gia tng (0,5 N / tun) trong cng tri cy trong vi tun u tin lu tr vi oxy n xc thi. iu kin bo qun tng t khng thnh cng trong vic iu tr ca qu l. Cc tc gi cho l mt iu tr ti u cho o gim i mt na v m mt s kt hp ca mt nhng trong clorua canxi 2% v 1% clorua km, tip theo l ng gi vi mt scavenger oxy v lu tr 0-2 C (Bolin v Huxsoll, 1989) . MT NC PHNG

Sau khi thu hoch, sn xut phi s dng m bn trong ch; nc b mt qua spirationtran khng th thay th. Mc d m thc vt ch yu gm cc nc, thm ch thay i nh trong lng nc c th c mt nh hng ln n sn xut cht lng, gy thit hi c th xy ra trong mt vi gi trong iu kin kh v m. Nc thit hi ca 3 v 5% trong rau bina v to, tng ng, khin cc mt hng ny khng th bn (Sams, 1999). gin ca sn phm ti sng c lin quan n turgor p lc, m mt cng c th gp phn lm mm. Rau l c bit xu-ceptible kh bi v b mt-to-t l khi lng ln ca h, hn na, l rng, chng hn nh rau bina, d b kh hn mt ci u nh gn, nh mt ci u ton b rau dip (Salunkhe v Desai, 1984). Nh mt h qu ca s mt nc, nhng thay i xut hin nh l ho v gim gin c th xy ra. Fresh-ct cc sn phm c xu hng d b tht thot nc v h khng cn nguyn vn sau khi bc v v ct hoc bm nh, ct lt, vv Peel hoc da l mt ro cn rt quan trng mt turgor v kh. Nhiu mt hng c mt lp ph sp bo v c nh gi cao kh nng chng mt nc. R rng, loi b v lm cho hng ha d hng hn. Nhng chn thng c hc do vic ct gim v phng php s dng, trc tip tip xc vi cc m bn trong kh quyn, thc y kh. Cc bm nh hoc ct kt qu hot ng trong din tch b mt tng ln, mt vn b sung. Hn na, chn thng c hc mang li phn ng v sinh l, chng hn nh tng h hp v, c th, sn xut ethylene, cu tr li m rt ngn cuc sng ca mt hng ha. Khi ra cc sn phm c thc hin sau khi ct, iu ny thng xuyn c theo sau bi ly tm. Nu tng tc ly tm tc hoc thi gian di ly tm c p dng, tng kh c th dn, theo bo co cho x lch ct (Bolin v Huxsoll, 1989). K thut ph hp x l bao gm nhit v kim sot m tng i c th gip gim thiu t l tht thot nc. Gim tht thot nc c th t c v c bn bng cch gim cng sut ca khng kh xung quanh gi nc, m c th thu c bng cch h thp nhit v / hoc lm tng m tng i. gim t l tht thot nc trong lu tr mt, n cng quan trng hn ch s chuyn ng khng kh xung quanh cc mt hng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

(Wills et al., 1998). Cc thng s chnh nh hng n cht lng cn ty l mt nc, nh, gim m (2,5-5%) c th dn n flaccidity, co qup, nhn nheo v pithiness. tng ng k trong vic gi chn m bng cn ty gy c m t vi cc ng dng

ca mt lp ph monoglyceride caseinat-acetyl ha (Avena-Bustillos et al, 1997.). Ngoi ra, iu quan trng l ch ra rng appro-hp cho bao b c tm quan trng rt ln trong bo qun sn phm ti ct.

Ph lc: NH GI enzyme BROWNING tc gi khc nhau c s dng phng php hi khc nhau o cng ca mu nu enzyme, v mt s c gng thit lp mi tng quan ca mu nu vi cc hot ng PPO v / hoc ni dung cht phenolic. Thng xuyn, nh gi da trn mu nu o phn x trn cc b mt tip xc, chng hn nh tri cy v rau ct hoc sn xut homogenates. Phng th nghim xt nghim thng lin quan n khai thc cc sn phm mu nu-ing v o lng hp th bc sng c th. Neverthe-t hn, nh l khng phi tt c cc sn phm PPO c ha tan, mt s tc gi pht trin phng php cng nh gi cc sn phm mu khng ha tan. Sau y, chng ti trnh by mt m t ngn gn v mt s phng php c s dng bi cc tc gi c kt qu c hin th trong cc bng bao gm trong chng ny. Mt cch tip cn hon chnh hn nh gi tnh nhy cm vi mu nu cng c bao gm, v cui cng, chng ti trnh by mt kho nghim th gic c th c s dng trong nh gi sn xut ging xu hng i mu. S o phn x Bng 9.1 trnh by kt qu ti DL * (gim L * ch ti ca cc mu) (Radi v cng s, 1997.). Homogenates (purees) ca qu m sy kh trc y c trong cc mn n nh petri, v o phn x (L * nh nhng * mt mu xanh / ; b * mu xanh / vng Sc) c chp vi mt chromameter CR300 Minolta. Cc tc gi ngn chn, khai thc s khc bit gia cc php o c ly t mu b oxy ha v nonoxidized (Ngoi ra cc thuc c ch men), v th hin cc kt qu trong DL *, * v Db *. BROWNING INDEX Nhng kt qu ny c th hin trong cc bng 9,2 v 9,6 (Mattila et al, 1993.). nh gi ny da trn nh gi cm quan bng mt bng iu khin c o to. Hai mi lt khoai ty (5 mm) c cn li ng 23 C trong 30, 60 v 120 min, v s i mu c nh gi bng cch so snh vi cc lt va mi c

ct. Kt qu c ghi bi lp mu nu t "0" (khng thay i mu sc) "3" (mnh thay i). mi lp mu nu mt h s l do nh sau: "0" nu cp h s 0; "1" mu nu lp 1, "2" nu cp 5; v "3" nu lp 10.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Nh mt v d v tnh ton ch s mu nu, cho rng t 20 lt khoai ty nh gi, 10 nhn c mt lp "0", nm mt lp 1, ba l 2 lp v hai l lp 3. Cc Browning cui cng ch s sau s c nh sau: (10 0) + (5 1) + (3 x 5) + (2 10) = 40 MT phn x Nhng d liu ny c trnh by trong bng 9,5 (et al Ponting, 1972.). o phn x c thc hin bi phn x tng s c t lt to xoay ba v tr (~ 120 ngoi) v sau trung bnh cc bi c c c nhng gi tr phn x cui cng. Nh vy kt qu l c so snh vi bi c t to ti thi lt ct tnh ton mt phn x phn trm. Cc tc gi thy rng i vi nhng lt to, mt phn x tng quan tt hn vi nhng nh gi ch quan ca mu sc hn so vi "a" hay "b" gi tr. NH GI CA nhy cm APPLE CHO BROWNING Amiot et al. (1992) o c sau y: 1. Hp th 400 nm ca qu to c cha chit xut sc t ha tan c hnh thnh trong cc phn ng ha nu. [ bit chi tit v phng php s dng, tham kho v cng s Amiot. (1992).] 2. Lightness (L *) ca vin thu c sau khi ly tm trong chun b cc sc t ha tan trch xut. (Kt qu L * c lin quan n cc cht mu nu khng ha tan.)

Cc tc gi cho rng bnh thng ha tng hp ca A v L * mc ca mu nu.

c s dng th hin Visual quan st mu nu l km tng quan vi cc php o ca bance-absor ti mt bc sng (Nicolas et al, 1993.). Ty thuc vo cc sc t hnh thnh trong mu nu, c th c mt s khc bit ln (360-500 nm) ca s hp th quang hc ti a (Amiot et al., 1997). i vi mt cuc tho lun chi tit v measuments ca mu nu, tham kho Nicolas et al. (1993) v Macheix et al. (1990). VISUAL NH GI BROWNING i vi mt nh gi tim nng th gic ca mu nu, m c th hu ch trong vic la chn mu nu ging vi xu hng thp hn, mt xt nghim nhanh c m t bi Kader v Chordas (1984). 1. PPO hot ng nh gi: lt (3-4 cm ng knh) ca tri cy hoc rau, thm mt git dung dch 0,1 M va mi c chun b ca catechol trong 0,1 M phosphate buffer axit citric pH 6.2 (PPO cht nn). Hy phn cn li trong 6 pht v sau so snh cc mu v im s cng mu nu. s i mu c nh gi cao trn mt quy m 1-5 tin b. Theo cc tc gi, cc PPO cht nn t nhin ni dung khng can thip vo th nghim trong thi hn ti thiu 6 trong kho nghim.

2. PPO cht nh gi: lt (3-4 cm ng knh) ca tri cy hay car bn, thm mt git ca tng gii php sau y trong k: a 10% sodium nitrit, ur 20% v 10% acid acetic. Hy phn cn li trong 4 pht v sau p dng hai git dung dch NaOH 8%. Th nghim ny c da trn mt phn ng mu sc c pht trin bi cc hp cht phenolic ni sinh vi cc reactives thm vo lt hoa qu hoc rau. Cng ca mu anh o su pht trin trong thi gian phn ng ph thuc vo s lng cc hp cht phenolic c trong m. Kt qu c nh gi trn mt quy m 1 n 5, t cc mu t hn cc mu mu mnh m nht, theo biu trnh by trong bi bo c trch dn. Chuong 10

ng dng bao b v kh quyn thay i ti, ct tri cy v rau Tareq Al-Ati v Joseph H. Hotchkiss NI DUNG Gii thiu Bu khng kh thay i bao b Gii thiu Tnh trng hin ti Hiu lc hn ch ca MAP MAP v vi sinh vt O2 Effects Hiu ng CO2 MAP Tc dng trn h hp Thm thu Lut Henry ca nn Fick Lut Thi gian tr Yu t nh hng hiu ng nhit Thm thu vo MAP ca FCF h thng Permselectivity Gii thiu Cc yu t nh hng n Permselectivity CO2/O2 Permselectivity v Quotient h hp Vai tr ca Permselectivity trong MAP M hnh ton hc tin on Gii thiu Cc bc pht trin cc m hnh ton hc xut bn M hnh ton hc trong hc MAP trng hp in hnh To ti ct Kt lun Ti liu tham kho

2002 bi LLC bo CRC GII THIU Khi nhu cu th trng cho ti v ch bin hoa qu cht lng ti thiu, tng tui th tng ln v vn hn s quan trng. Mt yu cu chnh l m bo rng sn phm c th t n ngi tiu dng vi s suy gim cht lng ti thiu v nguy c an ton. iu ny tr thnh vn khi chng ti nhn ra rng tri cy ti ct (FCF) sn phm to

thnh mt h thng, tinh t nng ng l d b nhiu hnh thc suy thoi. iu tra lm th no bao b tc ng suy gim, chng ta phi hiu nguyn nhn ca n. Vic suy gim cht lng vn c ca FCF phn ln l do ct, bi v n a ra s thay i sinh l v sinh ha tc nhanh hn trong tri cy nguyn liu (Kim v cng s, 1993a.). Ni chung, cht lng suy gim (mu sc, hng v v kt cu) l do nh hng kt hp ca cc enzym ni sinh, tng cng h hp, vi sinh vt tng trng (Gil v cng s, 1998;.. Kim v cng s, 1993b), th lm dng v cc yu t mi trng tinh thn ( Chu v Talasila, 1994). Cc yu t mi trng xung quanh nh nhit , m, thnh phn kh quyn v nng ethylene trc tip nh hng n qu trnh suy thoi. C vt bm tm v thit hi do thu hoch, bo qun, x l v giao thng vn ti cng c hi cho tui th FCF (Chu v Talasila, 1994). Khng c cu tr li n gin v khng iu tr duy nht c bit hn ch suy gim cht lng tng th. Tuy nhin, c mt s chin lc ang c imple-mented gim t l suy gim cho FCF. Chng bao gm, nhng khng gii hn bt u vi sn xut nguyn liu cht lng cao, thc hin thc hnh v sinh, kim sot nhit , lm gim t l h hp, lm gim ethylene pro-duction, v ngn chn lm dng c kh. Bao b cng ngh l mu s chung cho php chng ta thc hin cc chin lc ny, v do , l cha kha bo qun cht lng.

GII THIU iu chnh kh quyn B Mt cng ngh y ha hn bao b gii quyt vn suy gim cht lng ca FCF c sa i bao b kh quyn (MAP). Cng ngh ny l mc tiu gim t l h hp ca cc sn phm ti sng v lm chm lo ha. Cc nh ha hc Php th k XIX Berard c bo co l ngi u tin nghin cu tc ng ca hnh cu bin i-atmo v tui th ca sn phm trng trt. Kt qu ca cng vic ca ng cho thy, tri cy khng chn trong iu kin ym kh. Trong thp nin 1920, Kidd v Ty hc nh th no O2 v CO2 nh hng n tui th ca qu to, l v qu mng. Nghin cu ca h dn n vic pht hin quan trng O2 thp v iu kin bo qun tng i cao, CO2 c th ko di tui th ca hoa qu. "ng gi khng kh thay i" m t thay i kh xung quanh mt com-modity sn xut mt thnh phn kh quyn khc vi khng kh. Mc ch ca bu khng kh thay i l khng nht thit to ra mt thnh phn kh c nh trong sut

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC thi hn s, nh trong lu tr kh quyn kim sot. MAP to ra mt thnh phn kh c xc nh trc, c th thay i theo thi gian. Cc bin c lin quan n sn xut Physiology (h hp, t l, vv), yu t vt l ca mi trng (nhit , m, vv) v cc thuc tnh ro cn ca cc vt liu bao b xc nh thnh phn kh c th trng thi cn bng. MAP c thng mi p dng cho mt lot cc sn phm ti ton v ch bin rau qu ti thiu nhng khng t c thnh cng tng ng cho FCF v l do s c tho lun di y. Ni chung, bu khng kh thay i c th t c mt cch th ng hoc tch cc. Mt MAP th ng xy ra khi sn phm ti sng l kn trong mt container na thm. Qu trnh h hp ca sn xut v, n mt mc nht nh, s tng trng ca vi sinh vt, kt hp vi thay i tnh thm cha thnh phn kh. Do qu trnh h hp, sn xut tiu th O2 xung quanh v to ra kh CO2, v do , mc O2 l gim, trong khi mc CO2 tng ln. Sau mt thi gian iu chnh gia t l h hp v t l thm, mt trng thi n nh l xc lp bn trong gi. giai on ny, lng tiu th O2 v CO2 ra bn trong gi phn mm tng ng vi s lng O2 v CO2 permeating thng qua cc b phim. V vy, thay i khng kh th ng l mt qu trnh phc tp vi nhiu lin hnh ng gia cc thnh phn khc nhau v cc bin. Nu container l khng thm nc kh, sau v mt l thuyt, nng O2 c th c h xung (t kh quyn 21%) n gn 0%, trong khi nng CO2 (ban u l 0,03% trong container) c th t 20% hoc cao hn. Mt khc, mt MAP hot ng c th t c bng cch x nc ra ngoi khng kh trong gi vi mt hn hp chnh xc ca cc cht kh to ra mt bu khng kh ban u. Thng thng, nit phc v nh l mt cht kh ph cung cp mt nng chnh xc ca cc loi kh khc trong gi phn mm, cng nh ngn chn cc gi phn mm t sp . Mt kin thc c bn v c tnh thm kh ca b phim cng nh ca sn phm l rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca c hai loi h thng MAP. Mt MAP thit k thnh cng i hi vic xc nh t l h hp v h hp thng (RCO / RO) ca sn xut, mt b phim thch hp trng hp vi mt ph hp 22 ro cn ti sn, din tch thch hp b phim, trng lng sn xut ph hp, v thch hp headspace lng. Cng ngh MAP l mt h thng tng tc cho php qua li gia cc thng s sinh l ca hng ha v c im b phim. Trong h thng nh vy, c bn qu trnh chnh xy ra cng mt lc: h hp ca sn phm, thot hi ca sn phm, thm kh thng qua cc vt liu ng gi v truyn nhit (Chu v Talasila, 1994). H hp thay i theo cc yu t sau: nhit ; sn xut hn; v CO2, O2 v ethylene cp trong gi. Nhit ca sn xut cng b thay i do nhit sinh ra bi qu trnh h hp. Thot hi ph thuc vo nhit b mt sn xut v nhit v m tng i (RH) ca vm-s hi. Thm thu tnh ca

b phim trng hp ph thuc vo ha cht ca vt liu, nhit mi trng xung quanh, dy, permeating kh v cc ence, khc nhau v nng kh qua b phim. Hiu bit v mc ca tt c cc bin ny l cn thit hiu qu ca MAP ti u ha v m rng tui th ca mt mt hng FCF chn.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC Tnh trng hin ti Nhng tin b trong ha hc v k thut ca cc polyme gp phn vo tha pht trin ca vt liu cho cc ng dng MAP. Bi n nay, nh hng polypropylene (OPP) l vt liu c s dng nht cho MAP, v phn ln MAP ca sn phm ti c tip th trong ti. Tuy nhin, MAP h thng c s dng khoan, mng, polyethylene mt thp (LDPE) cho sn phm ng gi trong mt thi gian di, cng nh n lp polyvinyl clorua (PVC) cho khay overwrapped sn xut. Coextrusion cng ngh c ci thin thit k vt liu v ti sn p ng mt s nhu cu h thng MAP. Pha trn ca tuyn tnh PE thp v mt trung bnh vi ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) cht ng trng hp l nhng ng vin c chp nhn cho MAP ng dng, bi v loi nha PE cung cp tuyt vi thu nh v l ro cn m tt, trong khi cc cht ng trng hp EVA cung cp sealability v mt tnh thm cao hn O2 hn nha PE (Robertson, 1993). Tuy nhin, gn y cc nghin cu tp trung vo hiu qu ca thng trn MAP ng dng sn xut sch. Mt s nghin cu cho thy vic p dng thng v phim microperforated ngn chn iu kin k kh (Hirata v cng s, 1996;. Lee et al. Nm 1996;. Emond v cng s, 1991; Hobson v Burton, 1989), trong khi nhng ngi khc ngh y gm phim nha (Wang v cng s, 1998;. Lee v cng s, 1992).. Do hn ch thm kh ca b phim nha v permselectivity, khng p ng v ph hp vi phm vi rng ln hn ca hi th ra, tt c cc nguyn vt liu, v nhng ngi khc, c ch thnh cng hn ch trong MAP, c bit l khi sn xut ng gi l FCF . Thiu st ca MAP Pht trin trong khoa hc vt liu v k thut khng hon ton p ng c yu cu ng gi ca sn phm ti sng ni chung, v FCF ni ring. V d, thng c sn b phim cao phn t c mt lot cc h s thm cho mi kh c nhn c th c trong phm vi ca s khc bit 1000-ln. Tuy nhin, phm vi t l h hp ca tri cy ti l trong phm vi ch c 10 ln. V vy, c th cho cc b phim p ng cc nhu cu hoc O2 hoc CO2 mt mnh nhng khng phi c hai cng mt lc. iu ny th hin mt trong nhng nhc im chnh ca b phim trng hp: h trn ngp CO2 mc gi cao hn so vi O2. T l thm CO2-to-O2 h s l 4-6:1 c th gp phn rt ngn tui th ca cc sn phm bng cch khng duy tr bu khng kh kh cn thit bn trong gi phn mm,

v do , n nh bi mc ch to ra bu khng kh thay i trong cc gi. Thit k ti sn ca gn y nht l pht trin vt liu cao phn t khng gii quyt t l thm CO2to-O2, l mt thnh phn rt quan trng cho thnh cng h thng MAP, v c bit l cho MAP ca FCF. kin thc ca chng ti, khng c gii php thnh cng ca vn ny c gii thiu. Cc gii php cui cng l pht trin mt phng php tip cn c h thng c th c theo sau trong tng hp cc vt liu cao phn t c th sn xut mt lot cc permeabilities v CO2: t l thm O2. iu ny s dn n ti liu thnh cng cho sn phm c th MAP-FCF. HIU LC V vi sinh vt nh hng ca thnh phn kh c to ra trong h thng MAP v vi c xem xt v nghin cu chuyn su ca nhiu nh nghin cu (Varoquaux v Wiley, 1994; Brackett, 1994). Vi sinh vt pht trin l mt c ch hng u ca suy thoi v mt chnh 2002 bi LLC bo CRC yu t an ton cho cc sn phm sn phm ti sng v b nh hng bi cc thnh phn kh to ra trong mt h thng MAP. Trong thnh phn kh khng ph hp, h hng l charac-terized bi nhng thay i khng mong mun cm gic v mu sc, cao, hng v hay mi v tim nng cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. MAP, tuy nhin, c th tr hon v bt gi h hng vi sinh vt nhng c th khng nht thit phi nng cao cht lng sn xut. Cc thng s nh hng n tng trng ca vi sinh vt bao gm cc tnh cht ni ti ca thc phm (c cht dinh dng, pH v aw) v cc yu t bn ngoi ca mi trng xung quanh, bao gm cc thnh phn kh ca mi trng xung quanh v nhit (Parry, 1993). O2 Effects Khi mt mc O2 c duy tr trong gi ngn chn k kh respi-sut trong sn xut, tc nhn gy bnh hiu kh c th pht trin nu khng c ch compet-itors cng khng c mt. Mc O2 trong gi phn mm b nh hng bi iu kin ch bin, sn xut nhit , thm bao O2, tc tiu th O2 do s tng trng ca vi sinh vt v sn xut h hp. Hnh 10.1 cho thy p lc O2 ni nh hng n tnh thm O2 ca mt b phim cao phn t v t l h hp. tc ng O2 vo tng trng ca vi sinh vt ph thuc vo loi vi sinh vt. Trong s vng mt ca O2, tng trng ca cc vi khun Gram m, sinh vt hiu kh h hng nh Pseudomonas b hn ch, trong khi tng trng ca cc vi khun Gram dng, loi microaerophilic nh lacto-vi khun hoc Brothothrix khi sc. iu kin k kh c hiu lc t vi khun ym kh facul-tative (Gram dng hoc Gram m) (Labuza et al, 1992.).

Hnh 10,1 oxy tiu th v t l thm nh mt chc nng ca gi ni b oxy p lc. P * 2 i din cp oxy quan trng ca gi s t c. (Reproduced vi s cho php t et al Labuza, T., 1992..) 2002 bi LLC bo CRC Hiu ng CO2 CO2 l kh quan trng nht trong cc ng dng MAP. Hiu qu c ch ca CO2 i vi tng trng vi sinh vt "l mt hin tng phc tp v khng hon ton di ng. Vi sinh vt tm thy di bu khng kh CO2 l khc nhau t nhng ngi tm thy trong khng kh. Khi nhit tng cao (v d, di s lm dng), bo v CO2 so vi gim tng trng ca vi khun. CO2 vt qu 5% v / v c ch s pht trin ca vi khun nhiu h hng thc phm, cc loi c bit l hng tm thn, c pht trin trn nhiu loi thc n trong t lnh (Hendricks v Hotchkiss, 1997). vi khun Gram m thng nhy cm vi CO2 hn l vi khun gram dng. Hu ht cc loi nm mc cn O2 v rt nhy cm vi CO2 mc cao. Nhiu nm men pht trin anaerobically v l tng i khng vi CO2. Mc hot ng CO2 ph thuc vo s lng, loi v tui ca cc vi sinh vt, cng nh nng CO2, aw v pH ca sn phm, v nhit lu tr. Tuy nhin, C. botulinum v C. perfringen khng b nh hng rt nhiu bi s hin din ca kh CO 2 v c tm thy pht trin nu MAP cung cp iu kin ym kh. Redox tim nng thng khng c xem xt trong MAP, ch yu l v n l kh o lng. Redox hiu ng tim nng v vi sinh vt ch yu l do s c mt hay vng mt ca O2 v / hoc CO2 (Hanlin et al, 1995.). MAP Phn ng trn h hp Hoa qu ti b h hng do hu qu ca s h hp (Zagory, 1995). Trong s vng mt ca O2, h hp k kh xy ra v to ra off-hng v, ngoi mi v tn thng m trao i cht, v cui cng, cc m cht v thiu O2 ng k. Khi p sut thnh phn ca thuc nh O2 khong 10 kPa, h hp k kh xy ra sn xut kh CO 2 v ethanol. Gim cht

chuyn ha kt hp vi mi kh chu c sn xut bi reoxidation ca nucleotide pyridin gim, NADH v NADPH (et al Flodin, 1999.). Aerobic s trao i cht, mt khc, kt qu khng mong mun trong kt cu v thay i hng v do vic tiu th ng, tinh bt hoc cc sn phm nng lng lu tr khc ca m tri cy. Ngoi ra, mt trong nhng s h hp ca sn phm l hi nc, m khi ngng t trong gi phn mm, tr thnh nc t do thc y s pht trin ca s h hng v vi sinh vt gy bnh. Mt sn phm ph ca tion-h hp c nhit, c th lm gim hiu qu ca tt c nhng bin php kim sot nhit trong qu trnh ch bin, tip th, phn phi, vv V vy, cao hn t l h hp, nhanh hn bn pht hnh ca nng lng cn thit li xe s chuyn ha cc quy trnh, v do , tui th ngn hn. MAP thnh cng gim cn h hp chng li s trao i cht k kh. T l tiu th O2 l cn bng vi thm O2 ca b phim bao b, trong khi duy tr trng thi n nh O2 cc cp cao ngn cn s h hp k kh v mc thp ngn chn t l h hp ca sn phm. Tuy nhin, trong MAP ca FCF, cc hu qu pht sinh t ch bin cng phi c a vo ti khon. Do phn ng vt thng, t l h hp lt to, v d, cao hn ng k so vi ton b to (Gunes v cng s, 2001.). Khi t l h hp ca cy trng khc nhau ca qu to c nghin cu, ct to lun cho thy t l h hp cao hn so vi nhng qu to cn nguyn vn (Kim v cng s, 1993b.). T l ny h hp gia tng ca FCF p t nhiu thch thc cho cc h thng MAP v gi lo ha vt liu. 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BI CNH Thm phim khng xp polyme cho php cc loi kh v hi i qua chng nh l mt chc nng ca s khc bit p sut thnh phn ca permeants trn phim. Ti sn ca b phim ny l quan trng, bi v n xc nh thnh phn khng kh bn trong cc container vi MAP. Thm c coi l mt qu trnh khuch tn gii php. Trong qu trnh thm, permeant mt i qua ba bc theo trnh t sau: ngng t v trn (gii php) ca permeant trong b mt ca mt b phim, di c (khuch tn) vi b mt i din ca b phim theo mt gradient nng v bc hi t b mt vo mi trng xung quanh xung quanh (Rogers, 1985). Cc h s thm (P) l sn phm ca mt h s ha tan (S), cc thng s nhit ng lc hc, v tham s khuch tn (D), cc thng s ng hc. Do , P = DS (1) Cc h s ha tan cho thy c bao nhiu kh mt b phim cao phn t c

th mt, v n c o bng nng (c) ca kh sorbed / lng n v ca b phim. Cc polymerpermeant tng tc, vn c condensibility ca permeant v s lng ca khi lng min ph trong mt polymer thy tinh xc nh ha tan coeffi-cient (Kim v cng s, 1988.). Cc h s khuch tn (D) cc ti khon cho cc di ng ca cc phn t permeant trong phim. Trong bc tranh v m, cc phn t kh sorbed di chuyn di cc lc lng ca gradient ha hc tim nng ca permeating kh trong mng t bo ( / x). Ti v tr x trong b phim Ma trn (0 x l, ni l = dy ca mng t bo), mt thng lng ca permeant cc (J) l th hin ca php lut Fick theo sau y: c =-D ( C / x) trong D = hng s. nh lut Fick Theo php lut Fick, khuch tn kh, theo trng thi n nh, thng qua cc vt liu cao phn t vi mt tc khng i khi mt s khc bit p sut khng i c p dng trn vt liu. S tin ca permeant di chuyn qua cc b phim ca n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian, l tn thng, vn ti tc J: J = Q / A t (2) ni (Q) l s tin tng permeant i qua khu vc (A) trong thi gian (t). Tuy nhin, cc gradient nng tng ng lin quan n vic (J) trong lut Fick nh sau: c ----x ni (D) l h s khuch tn, c l nng ca permeant v c x (3) l gradient nng permeant cc trn mt dy nht nh ( x). 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Cho rng (D) l mt hng s v c c lp t (c), sau mt khi cc trng thi n nh c thnh lp, (J) s tr thnh mt hng s, v phng trnh (3) c th c tch hp trn tng s dy ca mng polymer (x) v gia hai nng (c1 v c2), v vy:

Jx =-D (c2 - c1) v J = (C1 - c2) D ------------------- x (4) Thay th cho J [phng trnh (2)] vo phng trnh (4), s tin permeant khuch tn qua mt b phim ca khu vc (A) v thi gian t nh sau:

Q=D (C1 - c2) Mt t ---------------------------x (5) Lut ca Henry V permeant l mt kh, n l thun tin hn thay th tp trung vi p sut thnh phn (p) ca kh permeant. V vy, nng thp, (c) c th c th hin, theo php lut ca Henry, nh sau: c = S p (6) ni (S) l h s ha tan ca permeant trong b phim polymer. Phng trnh (5) v (6) c th c kt hp nh sau:

Q=DS (P1 - p2) Mt t ---------------------------x (7) ni p1 l p lc ca permeant pha cao p ca b phim, v p2 l p sut pha di p lc ca b phim. H s thm (P) c th hin trong phng trnh (7) l sn phm (DS), v vy: P = QX (8) --------------------------- Mt t (p1 - p2) Q --- T = P A (P) x (9) Thi gian tr Thm thu c th o lng c thc hin th im s dng phng php khong thi gian. T nhng ng cong thm in hnh (hnh 10.2), trong trng thi n nh, lng kh permeating qua b phim tng cao phn t tuyn tnh vi thi gian. Phn tuyn tnh ca dng AB nh nc n nh c th c ngoi suy v Q = 0, 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 10,2 tiu biu thm v ng khong thi gian t mt th nghim thm. S tin thm thm thu, Q, nh l mt hm ca thi gian, t. Ngoi suy ca nh nc ng AB n nh vi trc thi gian cho thi gian tr l nh chn L. (vi s cho php ca Rogers, CE 1985.) ni m cc t chn = L. Tuy nhin, khi b phim ban u l thm thu-min ph, sau khi c th hin: x2 D = ------ v L = 6L x2 ------6D (10) Cc ngoi suy chn dng trng thi n nh vi trc thi gian ti mt im repre-sented trong th ca L gi tr, c gi l khong thi gian. Tt c ba tham s ca qu trnh thm (P, D, S) c th c tnh ton t mt trong nhng th nghim o lng thm. dc ca ng (AB) i din cho tc thm trng thi n nh, ngha l, (Q / t). Nu Q t / c thay th trong phng trnh (9), (P) c th c tnh ton. T khong thi gian L, (D) c th c tnh theo phng trnh (10), v (S) c th tnh t (S = P / D). N c tm thy rng cc trng thi n nh l gn nh lun lun t c sau mt khong thi gian l tng ng vi khong 2,7 L (Rogers, 1985). YU T NH HNG thm Phim ti sn kt hp vi h hp ro cn xc nh thnh phn kh bn trong h thng MAP FCF v ang c, n lt n, b nh hng bi cc cu trc v tnh cht ha hc c bn ca b phim cao phn t v, do , ng vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot qu trnh perme-i. Tm hiu v nh hng ca vin tr trong vic tm hiu cu trc polymer 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

nhng nguyn nhn c bn ca nhng hn ch ca b phim polymer hin ti (xem "nhng thiu st ca MAP" trnh by trc ). nghin cu khc sau c th hng v k thut tt hn, ph hp vi cc b phim cao phn t p ng nhng thch thc i vi bng MAP ca FCF. Mt s yu t nh hng n tnh thm ca mng cao phn t (Ashley, 1985). nhm ha cht nh vy l v trng, florua, acrylic, clorua v este to ra tnh phn cc trong phn on dy chuyn, lm tng thm dy chuyn ng gi v do lm gim thm. V d, polyme cc c cha nhm hydroxyl nh polyvinyl ru c thm kh rt thp, trong khi nhng ngi c nhm khng phn cc nh polyethylene c tnh thm kh cao hn. Tuyn tnh, cc phn t n gin thc y dy chuyn ng gi, v do , cc polymer s c c thm thu thp hn, trong khi cc polyme trong c xng sng c cha cc nhm ph cng knh c nng lc yu hn dy chuyn ng gi v do , cao thm. Tinh th cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic nh hng n mi meability, l kt tinh l khng th c kh, lm cho khu vc polyme v nh hnh ca khu vc ch dnh cho qu trnh thm xy ra. Cc cao hn cc tinh th, s gim thm. Ngoi ra, nh hng c th ng mt vai tr quan trng i vi cc polyme v nh hnh. nh hng ca cc chui polymer trong khu vc v nh hnh c th dn n gim khong 10-15% trong thm. Cross-lin kt gia cc chui polymer c ch vn chuyn permeant, nh lin kt cho lm gim h s khuch tn (Chodak, 1995). Vt liu cao phn t c th trin lm hoc cao su hoc nh nc thy tinh ph thuc vo nhit m ti cc vt liu c s dng. Vic chuyn i t mt tiu bang khc xy ra mt nhit chuyn tip thy tinh, Tg (Vieth, nm 1991; Ganesh v cng s, 1992;. Mandelkern, 1972). Ti mt nhit cao, mt trin lm polymer cao su, trng thi lng, ging nh vi cc chui phn t dao ng chim khu vc v nh hnh. Polyme cao su rt kh khn v linh hot do s di chuyn t do ca cc chui polymer vi conformations ngu nhin. Khi nhit h xung, polymer nt rui-cules trin lm c t chc tt cu trc tinh th. nhit thp, khng c tnh di ng y cho cc chui polymer t c cu hnh cn bng ca h, v vy, cc cuc trin lm polymer mt pha thy tinh. Thy tinh polyme c gin v cng do s di chuyn phn on b hn ch. nhit Tg cho polyme ph bin rt khc nhau, v i vi nhiu ngi, Tg cng l trn nhit phng. Cc tnh thm ca cc polyme cao su v thy tinh l mt chc nng ca phn t lng ca permeant (hnh 10.3) (Bell v cng s, 1988.). Cao su polymer c hot ng khc t cc polyme thy tinh v tnh thm ca cc kh khc nhau. C hai hin tng quan trng quan st thy trong hnh ny. Cc coef thm-ficients tng polyme cao su nh l tng khi lng phn t permeant, v khi , h s thm polyme thy tinh gim khi tng khi lng phn t permeant. Hin tng ny c th c gii thch nh sau. Vi increas-ing khi lng phn t ca cht kh, kh ha tan trong khi h s gia tng trong c hai-Mers nhiu, h s khuch tn kh gim nhanh hn trong cc polyme thy tinh hn so vi cc polyme cao su. Tuy nhin, s gia tng h s ha tan c tc dng nhiu hn gim h s khuch tn i vi cc polyme cao su, nhng n c tc dng km phn su sc hn so vi

gim h s khuch tn cho cc polyme nh thy tinh. C-mi, kh vi khi lng phn t nh hn s c h s khuch tn cao hn v, do , s trn ngp u tin trong cc polyme nh thy tinh. Trong khi mer thy tinh, poly, cc phn t kh vi h s ha tan cao hn s trn ngp u tin. 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 10,3 Thm thu h s, P, cc kh trong -, 0,: LDPE, v ---, , : polycarbonate. (In li t Tp ch Khoa hc mng, Bell v cng s, "La chn ca Polyme cho Pervaporation mng," 36:.. 315-329, Bn quyn nm 1988, vi s cho php ca Elsevier Science)

Nhit Phn ng trn MAP H THNG FCF nh hng ca nhit trn MAP ca FCF l gp i. N nh hng n t l h hp ca FCF v tnh thm ca vt liu ng gi. Do khng th tin on nhng thay i nhit v nhng kh khn trong vic duy tr mt nhit ti u, nhit thng ng mt vai tr gy bt li v hn dng ca FCF theo MAP condi-vn hnh. C hai mc thm v h hp theo mt mi quan h Arrhenius loi nh l mt hm ca nhit (Mannapperuma v Singh, 1994) nh sau: P = P exp (-E / R * T) R = P exp (-E / R * T) 2002 bi LLC bo CRC ni P = thm, Po = Arrhenius khng i, R = h hp, t l, Ro = Arrhenius i, EP = kch hot nng lng thm, ER = kch hot nng lng ca h hp, R * = ph kh khng i (J / mol-K) v T = nhit (K). Theo phng trnh Arrhenius, c h hp v c thm mi quan h t l thun vi nhit . Cc phng trnh tip tc cho rng perature tem-s c nh hng khng ng k v thnh phn kh trong MAP ca sn phm ti nu c hai thm v t l h hp ang tng ln do ng tude magni. Tuy nhin, mi quan h ny c th khng ng vi MAP ca FCF do thc t l loi tri cy ct thng c t l h hp cao hn v do , phn ng vi nhit d kin s c thm su sc hn hiu ng v thm. C fore-, nh l nhit tng cao, mc O2 bn trong gi phn mm d kin s gim n mt mc ln hn phng trnh Arrhenius d on. Trong trng hp ny, t

l h hp ca FCF tiu th nhiu O2 hn b phim c th thm nhp vo gi, thm ch vi h s thm tng. iu ny lm tng mi quan tm associ-ated vi k kh pht trin v tm quan trng ca kim sot nhit cho MAP ca FCF. Cc yu t khc ca suy thoi nh sn xut ethylene, thot hi v tng trng ca vi sinh vt cng b nh hng bi nhit (Chu v Talasila, 1994). Lm lnh sn phm ti ngay sau khi thu hoch v gi nhit thp, thch hp trong vic x l vic vn chuyn FCF,, tip th v postpurchasing l mt trong nhng bc quan trng nht gim thiu thit hi v bo qun cht lng. Quan trng khng km, cc tnh cht ro cn nn chc nng chng li tc ng ca t l h hp gia tng ca FCF cho mt h thng MAP c.

PERMSELECTIVITY

Phim CO2/O2 permselectivity () l t s ca h s thm CO2 (PCO) thm O2 h s (PO):

= PCO / PO

Nh ch ra trn, s nng ng ca nhn vt thm v permselectivity-istics ca mt hn hp kh / h thng polymer l cui cng c xc nh bi cc thuc tnh khuch tn v gii php ca mt b phim cao phn t. S khc bit v h s thm gia cc b phim khc ni chung l do s khc bit trong coef khuch tn ca h ficients hn h s ha tan. Tuy nhin, permselectivity cc b phim cc loi kh ch yu ph thuc vo h s khuch tn i vi cc polyme thy tinh v h s ha tan trong trng hp ca phim cao su. Hnh 10.4 cho thy cc hnh vi tiu biu ca polymer trong thm thu nghch lin quan ti permselectivity. Cao su v polyme thy tinh vi CO2 thp v h s thm O2 tng i cao hn so vi nhng permselectivity CO2/O2 polyme vi h s thm cao hn cho cc cp ny kh (Petropoulos, 1990).

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 10,4 Permselectivity (CO2/CH4)-thm (CO2) lin quan cho mt s thy tinh thng thng (0) v cao su () polyme (KA = Kapton polyimide; polyetherimide UL = Ultem; PMA = polymethylacrylate; CA = cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose EC = ; NR = cao su t nhin; SR = silicone cao su; MR = methyl cao su; PPSX = polyphenyl siloxane; PC = polycarbonate; PSF = polysulfone; PPO = polyphenylene oxit; PMMA = polymethyl methacrylate im y: PMDA-ODA (1), PMDA. -IPDA (2) v ODA 6FDA (3) (in li t tp ch. Mng Khoa hc, Petropoulos, J.H. "Mt s phng php tip cn c bn mng Tnh thm kh v Permselectivity," 53:. 229-258, Bn quyn nm 1990, vi s cho php ca Elsevier Science) YU T NH HNG PERMSELECTIVITY i vi mt cp ca cc cht kh, permselectivity da trn chn lc khuch tn (DCO / DO) 22 v kh nng ha tan chn lc (SCO / SO) ca mt b phim cao phn t, v theo phng trnh 22 (1) v (11):

PCO = ---------- 2 DCO SCO = ----------- 2 ---------- 2

(12) PDS 222 Cc khuch tn chn lc da trn di ng phn on polymer v ng gi interseg-tinh thn ca cc chui polymer v s khc bit v kch thc v hnh dng ca hai penetrants. Cc chc nng b phim nh l mt phng tin truyn thng c chn lc i vi kch thc v hnh dng ca cp thm thu, trong khi kh nng ha tan chn lc da trn s khc bit ca condensibility gia cc cp kh v cc tng tc vt l gia cc loi kh

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

v cc chui polymer (Kim v cng s, 1988.). iu quan trng l hiu c s khc bit-ences gia thy tinh v cao su phim cao phn t khm ph nhng hin tng permse-lectivity. Thy tinh polyme c tnh di ng thp v thi gian th gin intrasegmental di, l khng ng i vi cc polyme cao su. Cao su polyme c h s ha tan thp cho kh vi nhit thp rt quan trng, do , ha tan khuch tn, v h s thm l c lp vi p sut kh hoc centrations con (gi s khng c plasticization). iu ny gii thch, v d, ha tan cao hn nhiu h s i vi CO2 trong LDPE so vi O2 rng thm ch cao hn h s khuch tn O2 khng th vt qua, do vy, CO2 lun lun c mt thm cao hn h s so vi O2 trong cao su nht v polyme thy tinh. Tuy nhin ha tan, sion diffu-v h s thm c chc nng ca p lc kh cho cc polyme nh thy tinh. Cc cu trc / thm mi quan h c th gii thch s khc bit gia cc polyme thy tinh v cao su. Hu ht cc khc bit trong hnh vi c cho l do thc t l cc polyme thy tinh thng khng trng thi cn bng nhit ng lc hc tht, v nn c tc dng cu trc v tnh thm ca cao su v polyme thy tinh khc nhau (Stern, 1994). V d v cc nghin cu nhm thay i permselectivity CO2/O2 cho cc mc ch MAP l rt him. kh khn pht sinh t ha tan cao vn c ca CO2 trong hu ht cc b phim nha so vi O2, mc d cao hn h s khuch tn O2. Tuy nhin, Kim et al. (1987) c gng thnh cng o ngc permselectivity ca N2 v CH4. Ngoi tr polysulfone, vi permselectivity N2/CH4 l 1.0, hu ht cc b phim nha c gi tr t

hn 1,0 permselectivity cho cp ny. V d, N2/CH4 l 0,27 cho cao su thin nhin v 0,93 cho polycarbonate. V CH4 c nhit cao hn quan trng (191 K) so vi N2 (126 K), n l nhiu condensible hn N2, do vy, CH4 c ha tan cao hn h s hn N2. V vy, cc tnh thm CH4 l cao hn so vi thm N2, bt chp thc t l h s khuch tn ca N2 l hi cao hn so vi CH4 c cao su v polyme thy tinh. Tuy nhin, thao tc ca cu trc ha hc ca cc gia nh polyimide dn n s gia tng kh nng N2-perme polyimides c th c mt lot cc N2/CH4 permselectivity tt c u cao hn so vi 1. V d, PMDA-ODA c permselectivity N2/CH4 ca 1,75, 6FDA-IPDA, 1.9, v 6FDA-ODA, 2,18, vv (Kim v cng s, 1987.). Ngoi ra, mc d khng iu tra cho cc ng dng MAP, c tin mt s yu t nh hng n permselectivity (Stern, 1994). V d, chui cng-Ness ca cc chui xng sng c th tng ln bng cch gii thiu cc nhm cng knh m c ch intrasegmental di ng (xoay), lm gim thm v tng permselectivity. Mt phng php khc lin quan n vic gim chi ph ng gi dy chuyn bng vic gii thiu, lm tng tnh thm. Ti u ha qu trnh tin ha kh bu khng kh bn trong MAP ng dng ca cc sn phm khc nhau FCF phi da vo iu tra cc cch tip cn nh vy v tnh cht ca phim cao phn t, m cho n nay vn cha c ton din thc hin. CO2/O2 PERMSELECTIVITY v thng s h hp Cc thng s h hp (RQ) l t s gia t l sn xut CO2 t l tiu th O2 v c th c quy nh nh sau:

RQ = RCO / RO (13)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Trng hp RCO

l t l sn xut CO2, v RO

l t l tiu th O2. Nu v mi phn t CO2 c to ra trong h hp hiu kh, mt phn t O2 c tiu th, cc thng s h hp (RQ) = 1. CO2/O2 permselectivity l mt ti sn quan trng ca mng polymer, c bit l nhng ng dng cho MAP ca FCF. Do , ph hp vi mt permselectivity phim vi mt thng s h hp cho sn xut (RQ) l mt thch thc m c th ng gp cho mt ng dng thnh cng ca MAP cho cc sn phm FCF. Nu mt b phim thm cao phn t O2 v CO2 bng nhau (tc l, PCO: PO t l l 1:1), sau khi mc O2 l gim do sn xut h hp t, ni rng, 21-3% (18% thay i), cc gi cng s to ra mt s tin bng s thay i cho CO2 l tt, tc l, CO2 s tng n 18% trong gi. Bi v khc nhau mt hng sn xut i hi O2 khc nhau v mc CO2, c cp cao v thp ca kh c th c li hay c hi, ty thuc vo s a dng v loi hnh sn xut. Trong trng hp ny, permselectivity ca CO2/O2 cng quan trng nh cc gi tr thm tuyt i cho MAP ca FCF (Zagory, 1995). VAI TR CA PERMSELECTIVITY TRONG MAP Mc d tm quan trng ca permselectivity cho vic p dng thnh cng ca MAP cho ton b v ct gim sn xut, tin nh c thc hin trong vic pht trin nguyn liu vi permselectivities ti u. S dng mt b phim trng hp vi mt cao (v d,> 4-6) kt qu trong mt bu khng kh cn bng l t CO2, v phim c thp (v d, <2) c xu hng tch t mc cao CO2 m khng quan tm n t l thm tuyt i. Hiu qu ca trn bu kh quyn gi khng th c thay i bi bt k phng tin khc, bao gm bng kh, ng gi ht chn khng, thay i kch thc ca ti hoc thay i s lng sn phm trong ti. V vy, la chn ti u ca l cn thit cho bt k h thng ti u ha ng gi cho FCF.

gi tr c th c s dng d on trng thi cn bng nng CO2 v O2 trong mt gi phn mm, do , c th c so snh vi cc hn hp ti u, mt khi t l h hp ca sn phm c bit n. Mt minh ha v ngha ca trn cc h thng MAP c a ra trong hnh 10.5. Nhng dy ti u cho vin ng O2 v CO2, nng cn thit trong mt bu khng kh sa i cho hng ha sn xut khc nhau v da trn cc gi tr vn hc (Zagory, 1995). V d, phm vi CO2 ti u cho bi l 59% v O2 l 4-10%. Bu kh quyn trong cc gi tr ny s ko di cht lng sn phm. PVC, trong c mt gi tr ca 6, s cho kt qu hn hp CO2 v O2 i din ca dng E trong hnh 10.5. Nh vy, s tin ti a ca CO2 t c s c khong 3%. y cng l di ti u cho bi. N s l c th, tuy nhin, t c mt bu khng kh kh ti u cho cam (hnh 10.5). Phm vi ca cc gi tr cho trong cc b phim thng thng l hn ch so vi phm vi ca O2 c ngh v nng CO2, c ngha l hu ht cc sn phm khng c mt b phim kt hp ph hp to ra mt bu khng kh ti u. Hin nay c sn phim ch p ng ton b sn phm ti sng vi O2 tng i thp v cc yu cu CO2. V vy, thng c sn b phim trng hp khng cung cp cc atmos ngh-phere cho cc hng mc sn xut ton b mi nht v c woefully khng cho FCF sn phm do t l h hp cao hn ca h. V d, mt b phim c gi tr ca 3,4 (v d, PET) i qua cc khu vc nn O2 v CO2 cho mu da cam v

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 10,5 khuyn ngh kh thnh phn hoa qu v permselectivity ca nhiu b phim poly-mer. (Ti bn vi s cho php t Zagory, D. 1995.) b (hnh 10.5) v s l thch hp cho nhng ngi hai mt hng. Bi v dng ca PET khng i qua anh o, b phim khng phi l phim thch hp no gi hng ha ny. S nhin chm chu ca permselectivities cho mt s lng ln cc b phim cao phn t (Bng 10.1) cho thy mt tng i hn ch ca chn lc ca 20-10, vi hu ht cc b phim thng thng trong khong 4-6. iu ny c ngha rng sn xut trong mt h thng MAP phi c mt t l h hp m c th kt hp cc gi tr t 4-6 to ra mt

bu khng kh ti u. Phm vi ca selectivities c sn l qu gii hn cho cc phm vi rng hn t l h hp trong sn xut.

GII THIU M HNH TON tin on

thit k mt h thng ti u cho mt MAP FCF c (hoc ton b tri cy hoc rau cho rng vn ), n l cn thit d on nhng thay i trong thnh phn kh quyn theo thi gian bn trong gi. Nh d bo l c th vi s gip ca cc m hnh ton hc. cc m hnh nh vy to iu kin la chn mt vt liu ng gi thch hp cho mt FCF c, mt khi kch thc ng gi v t l h hp c bit, bng cch tnh ton h s thm cc yu cu ca vt liu ng gi v sau la chn vt liu c tnh thm kh so snh. Nu cc c tnh thm v h hp c cung cp, kch thc ca gi phn mm c th c tnh l tt. Mt s m hnh c cng b (Senesi v cng s, 1999;. Cameron v cng s, 1995;. Piergiovanni v cng s, 1999;. Lee v Renault, nm 1998; Lakakul v cng s, 1999;. McLaughin v O'Beirne nm 1999; Ishitani v Inoue, nm 1993; Chinnan nm 1989; v Mannapperuma Singh v, 1994). i vi bt k h thng MAP, iu g quyt nh influxes O2 v CO2

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 10,1 CO2 v O2 h s Tnh thm v Permselectivity CO2/O2 vt liu khc nhau Polymeric Thm thu vt liu h s Permselectivity -13

m2 ca kPa

7 Poly (ethyl

7 10

-10

1,9 10

-10

cm3 (STP) cm --------------------------------cm2 ca cmHg 1994 3,7 Chiou v

8 TMPC/SAN3 6,56 10-6 7,9 10-7

cm3 (STP) cm

-------------------------------cm2 ca cmHg

8,3 Chiou v Paul, 1987A 9 Cellulose acetate 9 0,92 Barrer Feldman et al, 1987. 10 PSF4 5,5 1,29 4,3 Ghosal Barrer 11 PSF-NO2 (50%) 3,4 3,9 0,88 12 PSF-NO2 (98%) 2,3 3,5 0,66 13 PSF-NO2 (192%) 1,5 0,44 3,4 et al, 1995. 14 PC5 6,8 1,6 4,3 Barrer Hellmus 15 TMPC 18,6 5,6 3,3 16 HFPC6 24 6,9 3,4 17 TMHF-PC 7 111 32 3,5 et al., 1989 18 polyimide 1357 213 Barrer 6,4 Hofman, et al., 1996 19 PSF 5,6 1,4 Barrer 4 Houde et al., 20 PSF-PPHA 8 6,5 2 3,3 3 1994 21 PMMA 3,1 10-11 8,75 10-12 cm (STP) cm

---------------------------------3,5 Chiou v 22 CO2-PMMA 4,91 10 -11 1,26 10 -11 cm2 ca cmHg 3.9 Paul, 1987b 23 lu ha cao su 0,132 10-6 0,02 10-6 cc mm --------------------------cm2 ca cmHg 10 6,6 Barrer, 1939 24 PE @ 15oC 130 27,5 10 cc (STP) mm ------------------------------------------4,7 Soboley

25 I08r PE10 72,7 15,3 cm s cmHg -12 4.75 et al., 1955 26 PET 53 6,1 10 cc (STP) mm 8,7 Pye et al., --------------------------------------------- Cm2 ca cmHg

1976 27 PE (1,2 triu dy) 12,9 3,4 3,8 Barrer Pasternak et al., 1970 28 giy bng knh 0,0008 10-6 0,0002 10-6 c cm 4 Davis, 1946

29 Koroseal11 0,26 10-6 0,055 10-6 ----------------------------------- Cm2 min cmHg

4.7 30 Vinylite12 0,14 10-6 0,036 10-6 3,9 31 Pliofilm13 0,56 10-6 0,11 10-6 5,1 (Tip theo)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 10,1 CO2 v O2 h s Tnh thm v Permselectivity CO2/O2 vt liu khc nhau Polymeric (tip theo) Thm thu vt liu h s Permselectivity S Loi CO2 O2 n v CO2/O2 Ref. 346 74 32 Mylar cc triu ---------------------------m2 ngy atm 4,7 Karel et al., 33 PP 11.200 2,7 4110 1963 83 280 77,3 34 PMSP14 10 cm (STP) cm

-----------------------------------------3,6 Ichiraku

41 Epoxy-diacrylate-co21 42 Al -Sil-A/U22 (@ 200 C) 1,53 1,19 10-3 03/10 5.5 4 cm3 (STP) cm --------------------------------cm2 ca cmHg 10-7 mol --------------------m-2 Pa s

1,3 Bellobono et al., 1991 1,4 De Lang et al, 1995.

93

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 10,1

CO2 v O2 h s Tnh thm v Permselectivity CO2/O2 vt liu khc nhau Polymeric (tip theo) Thm thu vt liu h s Permselectivity S Loi CO2 O2 n v CO2/O2 Ref. 58 khng trng PE38 Barrer 9,3 3,3 2,8-Surya 59 PP trng PE39 1,9 1 2 Narayanan et al., 1974 60 Polyethylene v 4,3 Talasila methacrylate 61 Polyvinyl-benzoate 62 PVC (unplasticized) Polytetrafluoroeth-63 ylene

5.8 3.5 2.3 Cameron, 1997 64 Polybutadiene 7,3 65 Ethyl cellulose 7,7 66 Cellulose cetate (Do) 67 Polystyrene 10.000 -

2600-7700

mL triu -------------------------18.7

Kader 3,4-3,8 et al.,

80 Ionomer49 1,21 3,15 10-8 07/10 cm3 (STP) cm --------------------------------cm2 ca atm 3 cm2 ca atm

3,8 Mensitieri et al., 1996

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 10,1 CO2 v O2 h s Tnh thm v Permselectivity CO2/O2 vt liu khc nhau Polymeric (tip theo) Thm thu vt liu h s Permselectivity

cm2 h atm

(Vinylchloride-vinyl acetate) * Barrer = 10-10 cm 3 (STP) cm/cm2 s cmHg 1 PSS-Na: Na counterion ca (acid styren-co-styrenesulfonic) poly 2 PSS-Mg = Mg counterion ca (acid styren-co-styrenesulfonic) poly 3 TMPC / SAN bisphenol tetramethyl =-A polycarbonate / styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer 4 PSF = polysulfone; nitrat vi cc mc khc nhau (50%, 98% v% 192) 5 my tnh = polycarbonate 6 HFPC = hexafluorobisphenol-A polycarbonate 7 TMHF-PC = tetramethylhexafluorobisphenol-A polycarbonate 8 PSF-PPHA = phenophthalein-da polysulfone 9 c iu kin p n poly (methyl methacrylate) di 25 CO atm 10 108r PE PE = chiu x vi liu 108 roentgens 11 Koroseal = polyvinyl clorua thnh phn 12 Vinylite = polyvinyl clorua 13 Pliofilm = cao su thnh phn sp 14 PMSP = poly (1-trimethylsilyl-1-propylene) 15 21% S-PE = 20,9% ghp styrene-polyethylene copolymer 16 41% S-PE = 41,3% ghp styrene-polyethylene copolymer 17 1,8% A-PE = 1,8% ghp acrylonitrile-polyethylene copolymer 18 31% A-PE = 31,3% ghp acrylonitrile-polyethylene copolymer 19 34% V-PE = 34% ghp vinylpyridine-polyethylene copolymer 20 60% V-PE = 60% ghp vinylpyridine-polyethylene copolymer

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 10,1 CO2 v O2 h s Tnh thm v Permselectivity CO2/O2 vt liu khc nhau Polymeric (tip theo) 21 Epoxy-diacrylate ng = quang ghp mt cht ng trng hp epoxy-diacrylate cha 30 wt% ca carbon ang hot ng vo cellulose. 22 Al-Sil-A / U = silica-sa i ln -alumina mng 23 PMP = poly (4-methyl-2-pentyne) 24 PTBA = poly (tert-butylacetylene) 25 my tnh = bisphenol-A polycarbonate 26 TCPC = tetrachloro-bisphenol-A polycarbonate 27 TMPC = tetramethylbisphenol-A polycarbonate 28 Teflon AF-2400 = mt PDD-PTFE v nh hnh c cha 87% cht ng trng hp 2,2 mol-bistrifluoromethyl4,5-difluoro-1 ,3-dioxole v 13 mol% tetrafluoroethylene 29 37% DMS = poly (styren-co-maleic anhydride) vi 37 dimethylsiloxane% (DMS MW = 10.000) 30 57,4% DMS = poly (styren-co-maleic anhydride) vi dimethylsiloxane 57,4% (DMS MW = 10.000) 31 65% DMS = poly (styren-co-maleic anhydride) vi dimethylsiloxane 65% (DMS MW = 10.000) 32 t-Bu axetylen = tert-butylacetylene 33 Cl-Ph axetylen = 1-chloro-2-phenylacetylene 34 6FDA-3, 3'-ODA = polyimide ng phn (5,5 '- [2,2,2-trifluoro-1 (trifluoromethyl)ethylidene]-bis-1, 3 isobenzofurandione)-diamine 35 6FDA-4, 4'-ODA = polyimide ng phn (5,5 '- [2,2,2-trifluoro-1 (trifluoromethyl)ethylidene]-bis-1, 3 - isobenzofurandione)-diamine 36 pp-PFP/PDMS = plasma polymerized pentafluoropyridine poly (dimethylsiloxane) 37 pp-PFT/PDMS = plasma polymerized pentafluorotoluene poly (dimethylsiloxane) 38 khng trng PE = khng trng 1-triu PE phim 39 PP trng PE = 1-triu PE bao phim vi 1-2 micron PP 40 Ionomer1 = E-0.046AA-0.12Zn [ethylene-acrylic axit (0,046%) vi 0,12% Zn] @ C 25 41 Ionomer2 = E-0.065AA-0.25Zn [ethylene-acrylic axit (0,065%) vi 0,25% Zn] @ C 25 42 6FDA-DAF = 5,5 '- [2,2,2-trifluoro-1 (trifluoromethyl)-ethylidene]-bis-1 ,3-

isobenzofurandione) diamine ,2,7-fluorenediamine 43 6FDA-IPDA = 5,5 '- [2,2,2-trifluoro-1 (trifluoromethyl)-ethylidene]-bis-1 ,3isobenzofurandione) - isopropylidenedianiline 44 6F-TADPO = te kt ni polyimide polypyrrolone 45 6F-ODA = te kt ni polyimide 46 LLDPE46 = tuyn tnh mt thp polyethylene p n vi 15 mm Khong cch gia vai tr cht v lnh 2 cmHg chn khng, 25 C 47 LLDPE47 = tuyn tnh mt thp polyethylene p n vi: 5 mm Khong cch gia vai tr cht v lnh, 5 cmHg chn khng, ti 80 C 48 PPO = polyphenylene oxit 49 Ionomer49 = E-0.046AA-0.12Zn [ethylene-acrylic axit (0,046%) vi 0,12% Zn] 50 Ionomer50 = E-0.065AA-0.25Zn [ethylene-acrylic axit (0,065%) vi 0,25% Zn] 51 Ionomer51 = E-0.037AA-0.35Zn [ethylene-acrylic axit (0,037%) vi 0,35% Zn] 52 PMDA-ODA = polypyromellitim ca oxydianiline 53 PMDA-MDA = polypyromellitim ca methylenedianaline 54 PMDA-IPDA = polypyromellitim ca isopropylidenedianaline 55 PVC-MSN 55 = s khc bit gia 55 v 56 c ch do ni dung 56 PVC/PA56 = s khc bit gia 55 v 56 c ch do ni dung

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

effluxes t gi trng hp nht nh, mt nhit nht nh, l h s thm, dy ca phim, din tch b mt v gradient p sut thnh phn ca O2 v CO2 bn trong v bn ngoi ca b phim. Khng c kim sot trong ba thng s u tin, nhng mt phn gradient p sut ti u c xc nh bi sn xut v c quyt nh bi thnh phn khng kh ti u cho mt mt hng sn xut nht nh. C-mi, mt m hnh ton hc thch hp phi c thit k cn thn v c th nghim c tnh cc thng s ny. Cc m hnh tng t v ni chung pht trin vi nhng bc c bn ging nhau nh sau. BC PHT TRIN CA m hnh ton hc

Cc m hnh ton hc kt hp cc m t ton hc ca lung kh thng qua c hai b phim cao phn t v sn xut sch (Robertson, 1993). i vi cc b phim, Fick ca php lut c p dng. T phng trnh (9), CO2 v O2 thng qua b phim nh sau: P 2 QO = ------- Mt PO p (14) 2x PC O (O2O - 2i); QC O = ---------- 2 x C O2i - PC O2O); (15)

ni Q l dng khuch tn ca O2 v CO2 thng qua mt b phim trong mt n v thi gian, Po p sut ring phn ca O ngoi gi, p 2i l p sut bn trong mt phn O2

gi, p 2o l p sut ring phn CO2 ngoi gi v PCO l CO2 mt phn p lc bn trong gi. Cc dng O2 thnh qu l mt chc nng t l h hp, th hin di hai (R) 2 hoc (RCO):

Q=RW 2 (16)

ni QF l thng lng ca O2 vo cc tri cy mi n v thi gian, RO l t l h hp (hoc oxy tiu th) ca tri cy (ml / Kg.h) v W l trng lng ca tri cy trong gi. Trao i kh trong mt MAP ca mt h thng sn xut mi t n trng thi cn bng sau mt thi gian, khi lng kh t tiu th (hoc sn xut) do sn xut bng s tin ca dng kh (dng v tun) thng qua cc gi. K t lc ny trng thi n nh, thng lng O2 thng qua cc b phim v thnh qu l bng nhau, sau

Q=Q 2

PO

(17) ------- 2 A p (- p )=RW x O2O O2i O2

Mt khi mi quan h gia tc h hp (R), trng lng ca sn phm, 2 kch thc gi v nng O2 c bit, phng trnh (17) cung cp mt c ngha l ton hc d on nhu cu thm O2 cho mt b phim thnh cng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

thc hin trong h thng MAP. Tng t nh vy, mt phng trnh ton hc tin on m hnh CO2 tin ha bn trong gi phn mm c th c pht trin nh sau:

PCO --------- 2 A (p - p x CO2i

CO) = RCO W 2o 2

(18)

XUT BN M HNH TON HC TI MAP Cc m hnh c cng b cho h hp sn xut ng gi trong iu kin khng kh sa i ln tit l mt thc t th v, tt c cc m hnh l rt tng t. Jurin v Karel (1963) xut bn mt trong nhng m hnh sm nht, trong gii quyt t l h hp ca qu to "McIntosh 'nh l mt hm ca nng oxy. H s dng cc mi quan h h hp thu c trong cc nghin cu d on gi lo ha ti u cc iu kin cho to. Cc thng s bao b c xem xt l khi lng, din tch b mt v thm vo O2 v CO2. trng thi n nh, nng ca O2 v ca CO2 [gi s cc thng s h hp (RQ) = 1] thu c bng cch phng trnh sau y:

Vc = (c2) (19)

Vd = (P) (A) (x-1 2

) (P1 - p2)

(20)

Ni Vc = khi lng O2 tiu th (cc / gi x ngy) c2 = O2 tp trung trong gi phn mm th hin nh mt phn nh Vd = O2 khuch tn vo trong gi (cc / gi x ngy) 2

P = O thm (cc.mil) / (m. Day.atm) 2 A = din tch ca gi (m2) x = dy ca vt liu ng gi (triu) p1 = mt phn p lc ca O2 bn ngoi gi p2 = O2 bn trong trng thi n nh, c hai phng trnh (19) v (20) tr nn ngang bng nh sau:

Vc = Vd = (c2) = (P) (A) (x-1 2 ) (P1 - p2) (21)

Phng trnh (21) c th c vit li nh sau: P = (Vc) (x) / (A) (c1 - c2) (22) 2 phng trnh ny cho thy h s thm O2 ca MAP a ra cho sn phm ti sng l mt chc nng ca sn phm tc tiu th ca O2 (Vc), dy (x), din tch ca b phim (A) v tp trung s khc bit O2 qua cc b phim ( c1 - c2). Hayakawa et al. (1975) pht trin mt m hnh ton hc m phng kh trao i cc sn phm ti ng gi v sau thu c cc gii php phn tch cho m hnh.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

T cc gii php ny, h c ngun gc cng thc i s n gin cho vic ti u ha cc thng s bao b.

yeqi - y ------------------- Yeqi - Yoi im kinh nghim [-1 / V (Sky / + Woi ) ]

(23)

yeqi = (Ya ky / - qiw / s) / (ky / + Woi / s) (24)

zeqi - z ------------------ Zeqi - zoi im kinh nghim [-1 / V (SKz / + Woi ) ]

(25)

zeqi = (Za kz / + fiw / s) / (kz / + Wei / s) (26)

ni yeqi = th tch nng ca O2 trong gi sn phm ti sng (ATM) trng thi cn bng gi zeqi = th tch nng CO2 trong gi sn phm ti sng (ATM) trng thi cn bng gi y = th tch nng ca O2 z = th tch nng CO2 Yoi = th tch nng ca O2 khi = 0 W = trng lng ca sn phm ti mi mt gi (Kg) V = bn trong khi lng min ph ca gi (cc) S = din tch b mt ca gi sn phm ti thng qua kh thm K = thm ca b phim trng hp vi O (cc.mil / gi in2 atm) K = thm ca b phim cao phn t CO (cc.mil / gi in2 atm) = dy ca b phim cao phn t (triu) t = thi gian sau (gi) bao b Wei = gim lng kh CO2 t cc ng cong tc tin ha CO2 Woi = cn nng khi = 0 = t - ti: thi gian sau khi y tr thnh bng yi hoc sau khi tr thnh bng z zi; (V d, yi = gii hn (i - 1) ln th ng phn cho xp x mt ng cong ca Ry gi tr (tng t cho z) f = hng s c s dng xp x mt ng cong cho tc tin ha CO2 ca sn phm ti q = lin tc c s dng xp x mt ng cong cho mc tiu th O2 ca sn phm ti Phng trnh (24) v (26) cng tng t nh phng trnh (22) c pht trin bi Jurin v

Karel (1963). Deily v Rizvi (1981) tch hp nhng yu t nh tc h hp, trng lng v cc yu cu thnh phn kh ti u vi cc thng s bao b nh meability mi ln, din tch b mt v khi lng min ph vo mt tp hp cc phng trnh vi phn tch. Nhng equa-tions c th c gii quyt cung cp cc d bo ca cc gi tr thi gian thong qua v cn bng vi nng O2 v CO2 trong mt gi sn xut hoc ngc li, c th c s dng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

thit k mt gi phn mm ny s gip thit lp mt thnh phn c bit n kh. Cc phng trnh nh sau: y '= ya - (W / Sky) Ry (27)

y (t) = y '+ (y - y') e-Sky t / V

(28) z '= z + (W / SKz) Rz (29)

z (t) = z '+ (z - z') e-SKz t / V

(30)

Phng trnh (27) c th c vit li nh sau: K = nhm / A (ya - y ') (31) ni

y '= O2 tp trung trng thi cn bng gi (atm) z '= nng CO2 trng thi cn bng gi (atm) ya = O2 tp trung bn ngoi gi (ATM) za = CO2 tp trung bn ngoi gi (ATM) z = th tch nng kh CO2 bn trong gi sn phm ti sng (trong atm) y = th tch nng kh O2 bn trong gi sn phm ti sng (trong atm) K = O truyn dn tc ca mt b phim cao phn t (cc ca O / m2 ATM h) K = CO truyn dn tc ca mt b phim cao phn t (cc ca O / m2 ATM h) Ry = t l tiu th ca O2 (cc / Kg) Rz = tc tin ha ca CO2 (kg / cc) W = trng lng ca sn phm ti mi mt gi (kg) S = din tch b mt ca gi-sn xut thng qua O2 v CO2 c th xuyn qua (M2) t = thi gian sau (h) trn gi V = bn trong khi lng min ph ca gi (cc) Phng trnh (31) l tng t nh vy, tng t nh phng trnh (22) ca Jurin v Karel (1963). Cc tc gi gi rng phng trnh (27) qua (30) c th c s dng d on v nng cn bng qu trnh qu ca O2 v CO2 nhit khng i. K t thi gian t c trng thi cn bng s ph thuc vo khi lng bn trong gi phn mm min ph, h xut rng nng cn bng c c lp v thi gian, nh c ch ra bi phng trnh (27) v (29), mc d cc phng trnh khng chim khi lng. Ngoi ra, h cung cp phng trnh (28) v (30) tnh ton thi gian cn thit cho s cn bng t c. Cameron (1990) tnh ton t l hp th O2 v CO2 sn xut, gi nh rng h ngang bng vi t l thng lng ca cc loi kh tng ng trn phim nh sau:

R = P A x-1 22 ([O2] atm - [O2] pkg) W (32)

RCO = PC O A x ([CO2] pkg - [CO2] atm) W (33)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Nhng phng trnh ny mt ln na tng t nh ca Jurin v Karel (1963). V d, Equa-tion (32) (oxy hp thu) c th c vit li nh sau:

P = RO2 x W / A ([O2] atm - [O2] pkg) (34)

Cameron et al. (1989) pht trin cc phng trnh ton hc tiu th O2 m t nh l mt hm ca nng O2 (i vi c chua tri cy) v c im b phim m phng (O2 thm h s, din tch b mt, dy) l hm trng lng qu. d on cc c tnh thm phim cho mt gi kn c cha mt lng nht nh tri cy mang li mt s tp trung gi O2 mong mun, h pht trin cc phng trnh sau y: P A / x = RO [(O2) pkg] W / [O2] atm - [O2] pkg Phng trnh ny tng ng vi nhng iu sau y:

P = x RO [(O2) pkg] W / A ([O2] atm - [O2] pkg) (35)

phng trnh ny l mt ln na tng t nh ca Jurin v Karel (1963). Cameron et al. (1995) xem xt cc yu t lm hn ch kh nng kim sot nng kh trong cc gi MA. H cho rng trong khi nhiu nh nghin cu cng nhn rng p lc kh trong bu kh quyn mt phn gi c th c m hnh ha, khng c m hnh chnh xc s dng cc thng tin v thay i khng kh bn trong cc m thc vt. gii php ca h l s hp thu O2 m hnh da trn phng trnh Michaelis-Menton tnh n t l hp thu enzyme ca O2 trong cc m thc vt. H ngh phim, T cc phng trnh sau y nh gi thm O2 (Pi):

phim, T i = [x (W / A) Rmax, T 2 )]/[( O2) my l - (O2) pkg] (36)

R = t l tiu th ca O. Phng trnh mt ln vit li nh sau: 2

Pi = WRO x / A [(O2) my l - (O2) pkg]

ging ht vi Jurin v ca Karel (1963) Phng trnh (22). Talasila et al. (1995) pht trin mt th tc thit k MA gi cho sn phm ti c ti khon cho tng s thay i trong p lc bn trong gi. M hnh ca h cng b nh hng bi nhit xung quanh, h hp ca sn phm v kh nng-perme phim. H pht trin

phng trnh trng thi n nh xc nh p sut ring phn ca oxy v carbon dioxide nh sau:

APMA / 22.414E = (PA2 - PA1) = RAW APMB / 22.414E = (PB1 - PB2) = RBW (37) (38)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

ni A = din tch b mt ca b phim (m2) PMA = t l oxy thm RAW = oxy tiu th PA1 = nng oxy trong kh quyn (0,21 atm) PB1 = CO2 bn trong gi phn mm PA2 = oxy trong PB2 gi = CO2 trong kh quyn (0,0 atm) E = dy Phng trnh (37) v (38) c th c vit nh sau:

PMA = RAW 22.44E / A (PA2 - PA1)

l mt ln na tng t nh ca Jurin v Karel (1963) Phng trnh (22). H cng cho rng nu t l h hp ca sn phm khng thay i theo thi gian, nhng p lc ring phn ca kh bn trong gi phn mm ti bt k thi gian nht nh nh sau: PA1 (t) = PA1 (t = TSS) - [PA1 (t = TSS) - PA1 (t = 0)] exp [(-APMA GT1 / 22,414

EV1) t] (39) PB1 (t) = PB1 (t = TSS) - [PB1 (t = TSS) - PB1 (t = 0)] exp [(-APMB GT1 / 22,414 EV1) t] (40) Hai phng trnh sau ny cng xc nh thi gian cn thit t c bt k O2 c th v CO2 mt phn p lc. Exama et al. (1993b) cho thy rng c c nhng li ch ti a t S h thng, cc trng thi n nh nng kh phi tng ng vi Optima lu tr ca hng ha ng gi. H tnh ton cc yu cu tnh thm phim bng cch phn tch cc ng hc ca qu trnh MA. S pht trin ca cc phn khi lng ca O2 bn trong gi MA (yiO2) nh l mt hm ca thi gian (t) c xc nh bi nhng iu sau y:

dyiO2 / dt = [(APO p / VL) (yeO2 - yiO2)] - (WRO / V) (41)

Bi v trng thi n nh, yiO2 vn khng i [tc l pha bn tri ca phng trnh (41) bng zero], v bi v n l mong mun rng nh nc ny nng O2 ni ti ti u cho vic sn xut ng gi (yiO2 = yoO2), Phng trnh (41) c th c sp xp li cho thm yu cu O (PR): 2

(APO p / VL) (yeO2 - yoO2) = WRO / V (42) 22

O = WRO L / p (yeO2 - yoO2) (43)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Tng t, thm yu cu cung cp ti u nng CO2 l nh sau:

ni

R CO2

= WRCO L / p (yoCO2 - yeCO2)

(44) A = din tch b mt ca phim (m2) L = dy (triu) V = void khi lng bn trong cc gi (mL) P = O thm ca b phim 2 yiO2 = khi lng phn nh ca O2 bn trong gi phn mm yeO2 = bn ngoi phn khi lng O2 yoO2 = ni b ti u phn khi lng O2 W = trng lng ca sn phm (Kg) R = O tiu th (h hp) t l

2 RCO = CO2 t l sn xut p = p sut kh quyn (1 atm) C hai phng trnh (43) v (44) cng tng t nh ca Jurin v Karel (1963) Phng trnh (22). KT LUN V d ny cho thy rng nhng thch thc phi i mt vi cc MAP ca FCF khng th vt qua m khng xem xt cc tnh cht ro cn ca vt liu ng gi. Thit k thnh cng v ng dng MAP cho FCF phi xem xt cc permselectivity CO2/O2 nh l mt ti sn quan trng nh thm kh ca mt b phim cao phn t. Nu h s thm thu kh c th c xem nh l mt ti sn phi ph hp vi t l h hp cn-vic sa cha sn phm ti, sau permselectivity phi c xem nh l mt ti sn phi ph hp vi thng s h hp ca cc sn phm ti. Tuy nhin, do hu ht cc ng dng MAP c s dng cho ton b sn xut mi, cc permselectivity cc b phim thng thng c th p ng cc yu cu permselectivity vi thnh cng hn ch khng phi l thng c pht hin bi ngi tiu dng. Mt khc, b phim thng thng khng g l yu cu ca tri cy ti, ct, v do , nhanh chng suy gim ca sn phm l hin nhin. Do , cc nh khoa hc vt liu v k s phi hp tc vi physiologists nh my i mi b phim cao phn t c th p ng v p ng cc thm v permselectivity CO2/O2 yu cu ca FCF. Hng v v hng thm ti ct ca Tri cy v Rau qu

John C. Beaulieu v Elizabeth A. Baldwin

NI DUNG Gii thiu v Tng quan Fresh-ct Sinh l v Hng v Aroma v

Nhn thc hng v Khng ti ct Cht lng Ghi Hng v cht lng? Hng v cc hp cht trong sn xut ti ct Tin cht d bay hi v Biogenesis Este Cc hp cht thm Aldehyt v Pathway cc Lipoxygenase Hng liu Hng liu quan trng ng (cht rn ha tan), axit hu c v axit Titratable Cc yu t nh hng n hng v ti ct Xem xt hnh thi hc Lm lnh thng tch v lu tr Nhit ging, khu vc ang pht trin v chn Season ct, cng v ha cht x l v iu tr vt l Clo v ra mui canxi v khng sinh Antibrowning, sn n v cc hp cht iu tr khc Kim sot kh quyn, bin i kh quyn bao b v Hng v Hng v cuc sng so vi Kt lun Cuc sng K Sch v Ti liu tham kho nghin cu trong tng lai

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

GII THIU V TNG QUAN Trong sut na cui ca th k 20, nhiu iu tra t ra xc nh cc hp cht d bay hi trong nhiu loi cy trng lm vn. S tin khng l ca d liu d bay hi c to ra cho hu ht cc mt hng. Tuy nhin, chng ti ch c mt s hiu bit tng i hon chnh hoc kin thc ca cc hp cht hng v cn thit cho mt s cc loi tri cy ca chng ti ph bin nht v rau qu. Nhiu cng vic nh c thc hin lm sng t c ch hnh thnh hng thm. Trong chng ny, chng ti tho lun v

ngun gc v tm quan trng ca cc thuc tnh hng v, xem xt nhng nh hng ca ch bin v lu tr trn cc hp cht c chn trong mt s sn phm th trng mi ct. Ngoi ra xem xt l cc thuc tnh lin quan n hng v ng, axit hu c v axit titratable (TA) cc mt hng nht nh m cc hp cht ny c ng gp cn thit cho hng v. C mi thm lin quan n hin-rently t phn tch v cm gic d liu c sn v thay i hng v cho cc mt hng ti ct. V vy, chng ti t do tho lun v cc mc numer-c hi lin quan n tri cy v rau qu cha qua ch bin v lu tr ca h, v ngoi suy trao hu qu sinh l hp l lu tr ch bin cng trong ti ct gim. Cc preharvest v sau thu hoch yu t c th nh hng n cht lng hng v ti ct s c gii quyt, ni d liu c sn. Hng v v cm gic-THNG TIN THM thng tin thiu trong vn hc s c s dng cng vi gn y mi ct d liu mi ni trong cc ti liu v phng th nghim ca chng ti. Ti-CUT sinh l v hng v AROMA V Fresh-ct ch bin gy ra s gin on m ln nh cc enzym vacuolar, t bo cht v nucleic v cht tr thnh hn hp (Watada v Qi, nm 1999; Wiley, 1994; Watada et al, 1990.). Ch bin lm tng vt thng gy ra C2H4 v t l h hp, din tch b mt / lng n v v hot ng di nc (King v Bolin, 1989). Thm chi tit lin quan n cc hiu ng sinh l sinh t ch bin c th c tm thy trong Chng 5. thay i sinh l c th c i km vi mt mu nu hng v,, lm mm nhanh chng, co rt v lu tr mt cuc sng ngn hn. Tng tc mt nc v hot ng cung cp nc gia tng v gii phng carbon t ng ha tan tng cng tim-tial tn cng vi khun, c bit trong tri cy. Do , hng v v kt cu thay i / mt mt trong v sau khi x l l c bit quan tm trong lnh, vt ct, cha nghin cu nh xy ra trong lnh vc ny. Tng quan ny sau vch ra con ng quan trng v enzyme c cho l quan trng lin quan n ngun gc ca cc hp cht d bay hi hoc cc lp hng v ca cc hp cht. Nh vy, thng tin v ngun gc s c nhiu hng v sn c cho ngnh cng nghip mi ct. Nhn thc hng v Hng v l mt yu t quan trng cht lng ni b cho cc sn phm ti. Ngi tiu dng thng mua thi gian u tin da trn xut hin, nhng mua hng lp li c iu khin bi cc yu t cht lng ni b nh hng v v kt cu. Hng v bao gm cc hng v v mi thm lin quan ch yu l ng, acid v cc thnh phn d bay hi (DeRovira, 1996). Con ngi nhn thc v hng v l vt phc tp. Aroma hp cht

c pht hin bi dy thn kinh khu gic mi ( phn t) (DeRovira, 1997). Ngc li, v l pht hin ca cc hp cht khng bay hi ca mt s loi th trong

li ( phn trn mt trm). No x l tt c cc thng tin ny cung cp cho mt hng v kinh nghim tch hp. Tuy nhin, b no c th gii thch nhng thay i trong hng thm nh thay i hng v (O'Mahony, 1995), hoc ngc li. iu ny c chng minh bng cc nghin cu, ni mc nh hng n nhn thc ca cc hp cht thm panelist ngt v v chua ca c chua (Baldwin v cng s, 1998.), V mc ca cc thnh phn hng v nhn thc panelist influ-enced ca m t trong xoi thm (Malundo et al., 2001 ). Cc cht d bay hi trong thc phm c th c cm nhn bng cc mi ca con ngi c cho l ng gp cho hng v ca thc phm. ngng mi c th c thnh lp (cp ti mt hp cht c th c pht hin bi mi) nh m t ca Tng dn Phng php hn ch ca Hip hi M th nghim v Vt liu, ASTM 1991 (Meilgaard et al, 1991.). ng nhp n v mi sau c th c tnh t t l nng ca mt thnh phn c trong thc phm ngng mi ca n. Cc hp cht vi cc n v mi tch cc c kh nng ng gp cho cc hng v ca thc phm (b, 1989). iu ny c thc hin cho cc hp cht hng v c chua, cho cht d bay hi hin nay cc cp ca mt ppb tr ln (b, 1993) (khong 30 trong s hn 400 hp cht xc nh).

KHNG ti-CUT CHT LNG CH RA CHT LNG hng v? Fresh-ct rau x lch c khiu ni ca ngi tiu dng rt ln do s tin li ca h, tnh linh hot trong s dng v c th l do thc t l hng v hp dn ca h thng i v qua gia v (croutons, gia v hoc mc qun o), hay v nhiu sn phm to thnh mt hn hp hn hp. Tuy nhin, mt s loi rau c mi hng c trng c th (ch yu l S-hp cht) m phi c cm nhn ca ngi tiu dng. Ngi tiu dng chp nhn cc loi tri cy ti ct thng xuyn nht da vo cc hng v vn c v cht lng kt cu ca sn phm, t khi c m. Tht khng may, trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct, n thng c gi nh rng "nu n c v tt, n hiu tt." Slow th trng tng trng i vi tri cy ti ct c th l do e ngi ca ngi tiu dng lp li-edly mua cc sn phm vi khng ph hp hoc khng t yu cu hng thm v cht lng hng v. Ti u cht lng thu hoch, sau thu hoch cht lng v cht lng ct gim l rt cn

thit ti a ha tui th ct ngt. Thu hoch cc ch s c s dng ti u ha vn chuyn ton b tri cy v hay i khi lu tr khng c s dng cho cc loi tri cy mnh c x l. V d, mt ti trng ti u trng thnh ca da c th c vn chuyn x l mt, nhn c v sau b t chi bi v qu l qu mm hoc chn ct. Ngoi ra, kim sot khng kh (CA) c lu gi qu to vi hnh nh ti u ancexut hin v cng thng c hng thm cht lng km sau khi lu tr lu di (Fellman v Mattheis nm 1995; Harada et al, 1985.). Tng t nh vy, Crucifers c lu tr di O2 thp c th pht trin off-mi (Kaji v cng s, 1993;. Lipton v Harris, 1974) c th khng d dng tiu tan sau khi ch bin. B vi x l phi, do , hiu c sinh l ca tng mt hng, bao b v sn phm cui cng nh gi chnh xc khi no v nhng g x l. Thng mi, ti, ct gim "cht lng" thng ch nh gi trc quan, v cht lng hng v t khi nh gi (ngoi Brix hoc axit) trc hoc sau khi ch bin. Hu ht cc nghin cu ct ngt trong thp k qua tp trung vo vic duy tr cht lng da trn hnh thc trc quan v ch quan v phn tch sinh ha nhanh chng ph bin. Cch tip cn ny (thng c hng dn bng quan st thc nghim) thng l mt cng c vt l mt cch hp l ng tin cy cho ngi ch v m dy l nhng hng v lin quan n nghi ng ca tri cy c hm lng nc v rau qu. "Fresh-ct" nn c ngha l mt sn phm

l tng i mi v ngy k t ngy ch bin, v iu ny cng s gip bo v chng li hng v khng th trnh khi v mt mi thm. Do , la chn ging, iu kin thu hoch, trng thnh, lu tr v bo qun i vi cht lng hng v ang tr thnh lnh vc hot ng ca nghin cu trong cc vt ct ngt.

Hng v cc hp cht trong CUT-ti SN XUT Cc n c v ti ct cc phn ca cc loi rau v tri cy c ngun gc t cc m thc vt nhiu botanically khc nhau. Sau , c mt lot cc hp cht v com-pound cc lp hc c th quan trng trong hng v ngt ct, ph thuc vo m (s) c s dng. i vi hu ht cc phn, cc hp cht d bay hi c tho lun trong chng ny l nhng phn loi l t nhin (ni sinh). Tuy nhin, do vt ct ngt l "pro-cessed," mt cuc tho lun ca (sn phm phn ng) th cp l hp cht c lin quan. cht chuyn ha th cp cng c th c nhng ng gp hng v bao gm c cay ng, v d, c lin quan n sesquiterpene lactones trong rau dip xon (Peters v Amerongen, 1998), mn

do mui t nhin khc nhau, astringency lin quan n cht flavonoid hoc ancaloit (DeRovira, nm 1997; Zitnak v Filadelfi, 1985 ) v tannin (Taylor, 1993). Hp cht hng v t nhin l nhng thc th ni ti trong mt m nht nh, trong khi cc hp cht th cp thng gi sn phm ca hnh ng enzyme (xung cp oxy ha v thy phn lipid v cc sn phm ca h) do ch bin. Mc d vt ct ngt c ch bin, v trung sn xut cc hp cht c gi, rt t nghin cu gii quyt tc ng ca cc hp cht trung vo cht lng hng v ngt ct gim thng qua lu tr. y l mt im th v, c bit l xem xt thc t l cc hnh vi sn xut tiu th nhai trong hng v v cc hp cht hng v c trng nhiu mt hng. V d, cc hng v char-acteristic ca ti l do 2-propenyl 2-propenethiosulfinate, tuy nhin, hp cht ny ch c sn xut theo m b sng ty (Carson, 1987). Nhiu ngi trong s cc hng liu c trng trong bp ci (Crucifers, ni chung), da chut, u xanh, c chua, liu, mt s da hu, vv, ch c to ra sau khi ct gin on, nhai hoc m. Bi v cc hp cht enzyme trung gian th c bo co l c hai hp cht hng v mong mun v khng mong mun trong sn phm thc vt n c, n l an ton cho rng mt s lng ln hn nhiu ca "hng v" hp cht trong sch, ct gim trn thc t c th l "hp cht th cp." n nay, t hng v v cm gic cng vic c thc hin trn ti ct tri cy v rau qu. Hai bi bo gn y xem xt rt nhiu hp cht c xem l quan trng lin quan n hng v v mi hng cho hoa qu nhiu (Baldwin, nm 2002; Beaulieu v Gorny, 2002). Tin cht d bay hi v BIOGENESIS Hng v nhn thc da vo thc ca chng ta v hng v v mi. Th hiu, thng do cc loi ng, axit hu c v i khi phenol, tannin v cc hp cht ph khc (v d, terpenoit v carotenoids), l "ngt", "chua", "ng" v "mn." Trong hu ht cc loi tri cy, mt s mc ng (ngt) hoc mt ng-to-acid cn bng xc nh t l hi lng ca ngi tiu dng. Thng thng, quan trng nht hng v c trng cho tri cy v rau-Bles c cho l do cc hp cht mi hng c th. Cc cht d bay hi hng v cho hu ht cc commod-du khch v rt phc tp, bao gm mt dy cc ru trng lng phn t, aldehyt, este,

xeton, lactones, cc hp cht cha lu hunh v cc hp cht khc. V vy, nhiu con ng sinh tng hp c trch nhim sn xut hng v trong mt qu c hoc thc vt.

ti liu tham kho khc nhau s c thc hin minh ha con ng sinh tng hp c th dn n hng thm c trng hng v nhiu v cc hp cht trong tri cy v rau qu. Nhiu con ng lin quan n cc enzym khc nhau v nhiu cht c lin quan v c quy nh theo iu kin sinh l rt khc nhau. V vy, chng ti s khng c gng trit trang tri ngun gc ca cc hp cht hng v cho tt c ti ct commod-du khch v hin ang bn trn th trng, bi v n l trong phm vi ca tng quan ny. i vi s tng quan v ngun gc hng v, ngi c c gi l vn hc (Baldwin et al., 2000; Fellman v cng s, 2000; Sanz v cng s, 1997;.. Olas v cng s, 1993;. Galliard v cng s, 1977;. Yabumoto v cng s, 1977;. Hatanaka et al, 1975).. Este Hu ht cc loi tri cy khng c mi hng c trng hoc hng v cho n khi chng bt u chn. Khi chn bt u trong qu da xung hang, tng mc methionine v lm tng tng hp ethylene. Ethylene khi xng v phi hp nhiu con ng a dng sinh l c bn cht l kch hot mt lot cc qu trnh d ha. Tng sn xut ethylene thng lin kt vi mt gia tng min ph [amino acid v d nh b bi, alanine, leucine, valine, isoleucine v methionine trong muskmelons (Wyllie et al., 1996a)], cc s kin lm mm mng trung gian, v nh l phng php tip cn tri cy trng thnh, iu ny c i km vi sn xut d bay hi tng ln. Cc ngun nng lng ng sau hu ht cc s kin v ng h hp trong qu trnh chn l ng v axit hu c, m cng rt quan trng lin quan n hng v, v i khi tinh bt d tr. Hu ht cc mi hng chnh cc hp cht c to ra thng qua qu trnh oxy ha- ca cc axit bo, v trung combng ch yu c hnh thnh nh axit bo ang b oxy ha thng qua cc lipoxygenase (LOX) con ng. Nh cp, cht chuyn ha trung hc thng c vai tr quan trng trong hng v hng ha nht nh. Mc d c thng tin y lin quan n thnh phn tri cy d bay hi, c cng vic gii hn thc hin trn sinh tng hp hng thm v s ng gp lin quan n hnh thnh hng v cho ba lp hc chnh ca tin cht hng thm: cc axit amin, axit bo v carbohydrates. M t c im ca s hnh thnh d bay hi v hng v v / hoc thay i xy ra trong qu trnh chun b v bo qun ti ct gim hn na l thiu. Sinh tng hp acid bo v acid amin t lu chng t l quan trng trong sinh tng hp hng thm (Drawert et al, 1973;. Tressl v Drawert, 1973, Myers v cng s,. 1970). Trong thp nin 1960, cc hp cht hng v in hnh trong qu l c cho l c to ra thng qua qu trnh oxy ha- ca cc axit linoleic v linolenic (Jennings v

Tressl, 1964). Hu ht cc loi tri cy cn xanh, tng hp v catabolize nhiu axit bo C1-C20 v sn xut c ru tiu hc v trung hc. Cng vi nhau, cc hp cht ny tin thn ca mt trong nhng hng v quan trng nht v cc lp hp cht thm trong tri cy-este. Trong chui, axit amin n gin nh leucine [14C] v [14C] valine c con-verted vo tng ng methyl-nhnh alkyl v acyl este, ru v cc axt, trong khi C6 v C9 aldehyt v C9 v axit oxo C12 l kt qu ca qu trnh oxy ha cc axit bo (Tressl v Drawert, 1973; Myers v cng s, 1970.). Trong to, thng este acid bo chui c th c hnh thnh t qu trnh oxy ha- ca cc axit bo chui di, v cc phn nhnh chui acid moieties pht sinh t cc axit amin (Brackmann et al, 1993.).

Ni v s lng, cc axit bo l cc tin cht ch yu chu trch nhim v cc hng v c trng v cc hp cht d bay hi c mi tri cy. Phn ng u tin kch hot cc hnh xon c -oxy ha l khi mt bo bo ha hay khng bo ha (Goodwin v Mercer, 1988) acyl CoA (ngay c s nguyn t C) b oxy ha thng qua acyl CoA dehydrogenase. Mi chu k thng qua, v bc cui cng ca qu trnh oxy ha-, sn xut acetyl CoA, v mt acyl CoA bo, c xc tc bi acyltransferase acetyl CoA. Sau , thng chui acid este moieties xng sng cho nhiu ngi lun sn c thc vt, bi v tin thn trc tip ca h l trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ha acid bo- (Lehninger, 1975; Conn v Stumpf, 1973). Ethyl este chia s mt nn chung (cc phn na ethyl t ethanol), v este acetate chia s khc, nhm acetyl (t acetyl-CoA), v c hai c th c glycolytically moieties bt ngun t acid pyruvic (Yabumoto et al, 1978.). axit pyruvic l decarboxylated qua pyruvate decarboxylase, to thnh acetaldehyd, l gim thng qua ADH sn xut ethanol. Cc decarboxylation oxy ha ca acid pyruvic bng phng tin ca coenzyme A (CoA) cng c sn lng acetyl-CoA, c coi l tin thn trc tip ca este v acetat. N thng tin rng mt ester l enzyme c hnh thnh bng cch kt hp mt ru vi mt nhm acyl nh acetyl CoA (White et al., 1973; Forss, 1972). Cc tin cht ru cho sinh tng hp ester chui thng c cho l bt ngun t qu trnh oxy ha acid bo chui di qua nhiu chu k ca con ng -oxy ha dn n mt chui ngn acyl CoA. Acyl COA c gim n aldehyt tng ng acyl CoA reductase qua l gim hn na ru qua ADH (et al Bartley, 1985.). Ngoi ra, nghin cu vi

deuterium-nhn precur-sors nh acid linoleic trong to cho thy chui thng este c tng hp thng qua qu trnh oxy ha- ca cc axit bo cung cp cho cc axit axetic, butanoic v hexanoic, c th c gim n ru tng ng trc khi ester (Rowan et al., 1999). Hn na, vic s dng tin cht cho thy teri hexyl este c hnh thnh thng qua mt trung gian hexanoate, hn l hexanal (Rowan et al, 1999.). N thng tin rng trng lng phn t thp nhnh este chui (C3-C12) c tng hp bng cch kt hp enzym ca mt acid amin v phn na ru (Yabumoto et al, 1977.). Radio k thut tracer chng minh rng cc axit amin nh isoleucine, leucine hoc valine c chuyn i thnh cn chui nhnh v este trong muskmelon. Valine c chuyn i thnh este c cha cc cu trc 2-methylpropyl (2-methylpropanoates), leucine c chuyn i thnh este 3-methylbutyl (3 - methylbutanoates) v isoleucine c chuyn thnh 2-methylbutanoates (isobu-tyrates) (Yabumoto et al, 1977. ). To xm nhp vi isoleucine-L tng 2-methylbut-2-enyl v 2/3-methylbutyl este (Hansen v Thm d kin, 1993). Alanine c tm thy l quan trng nht amino acid trong vic hnh thnh ester trong du ty (Prez v cng s, 1992;. Drawert, 1981). Alanine l mt acid amin c bit th v ch n c th cung cp c hai nhm ethyl acetate v nhm tm thy trong cht d bay hi nhiu hng thm muskmelon (Wyllie v cng s, 1995.). este Aroma c cho l c tng hp t ru v enzyme acyl CoA qua acetyltransferase ru (AAT). AAT xc tc chuyn giao ca mt phn na acyl t acylCoA vo ru tng ng to thnh mt ester. AAT c phn phi rng ri trong tri cy v c iu tra trong to (Fellman v Mattheis nm 1995; Fellman v cng s, 1993a.), Chui (Ueda v cng s, 1992;. Harada et al, 1985.), Da

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

(Ueda v cng s, 1997.) V du ty (Ke v cng s, 1994;. Prez v cng s, 1993.). Nhiu nghin cu suy ra s hin din ca enzyme thng qua cc este ca ru ngoi sinh trong m qu, tuy nhin, nhiu cy bi qu thiu kh nng ny enzyme (Ueda v cng s, 1997.). Bt k, cng vic nh c tin hnh lm sng t cc tnh cht ca AAT, c bit l trong cc sn phm ti ct. Bc u tin trong vic chuyn i ca mt acid amin ester mt l deamination. Tip theo l decarboxylation, gim khc nhau v este ha cui cng (Prez v cng s, 1992.). Cc enzyme quan trng trong vic chuyn i isoleucine cho n 2-methylbutyl este v

2-methylbutanoate l -aminotransferase, decarboxylase -ketoacid, -ketoacid dehydrogenase, ADH v AAT (Wyllie et al., 1996b). Trong chui, cc-con centration ca leucine v valine tng sau khi tng xung hang trong h hp, nh lm cc nhnh chui tng ng este v ru (Tressl v Drawert, 1973, Myers v cng s, 1970.). Da trn cc v d trn, r rng l mt t l ln cc hp cht thm c cha cc thnh phn cu trc khc nhau c ngun gc t cc axit amin (et al Wyllie., 1996b) v cc axit bo.

Cc hp cht thm hp cht thm d bay hi c hnh thnh ch yu l do acid phenylalanine amino-L. Dglucose c chuyn i thnh cc hp cht phenolic acid thng qua con ng shikimic, nng sut cc acid amin tin thn hot ng, L-phenylalanine. Glucose tr thnh phosphoryl ha v ngng t vi phosphoenolpyruvate, v thng qua mt lot cc enzyme transforma chc, acid shikimic c ngun gc, c phosphoryl ha (thng qua shikimate kinase) ti 5 - phosphoshikimic acid. acid 5-Phosphoshikimic l cui cng deaminated (thng qua lyase amoniac phenyla-lanine, PAL) thnh axit trans-cinnamic v axit trans-p-coumaric, l tip tc chuyn thnh acid v acid ferulic sinapic. Cinnamic acid c th tri qua s thay th vng trong mt lot cc bc hydroxy v methyl ha, dn n cc axit khc nhau c th c kch hot, nh cc este tng ng ca h v CoA. Cc este ny c kch hot c th nhp vo con ng khc nhau dn n lignin, flavonoid, stilbenes, axit benzoic v cc hp cht khc (Schreier, 1984; Grisebach, 1981). Con ng hnh thnh sinh tng hp lignin (thng qua cc axit p-courmaric v ferulic) c trch nhim khc nhau com thm-pao nh ru, este, flavonoid, hydroxyacids v amit (Gross, 1981). Cinnamyl ru to thnh cc h bi cht dn n nhiu hp cht thm c trng thng qua chui ph gin di v s gim st (Gross, 1981). Sau khi ko di chui ph, ngi ta cho rng axit cinnamic tin hnh thng qua qu trnh oxy ha- to este benzoylCoA c th dng este acid benzoic hoc benzaldehyde v ru (Gross, 1981). Side-chui suy thoi, hiu qu loi b mt n v acetate t cc axit cinnamic, c xut l mt con ng quan trng dn n vic theo mution ca axit benzoic (Schreier, 1984). Mc d c nhiu con ng khc nhau cho s hnh thnh cc axit benzoic, bn chui suy thoi ca cc axit cinnamic l c ch quan trng nht (Gross, 1981). Hp cht thm c trng duction-pro ph thuc vo cc m hnh thay th ca cc axit benzoic c nhn da trn tin thn ca mnh phenylpropane (Schreier, 1984). Trong c chua, phenylalanine c th c chuyn i sang 1-nitro phenylethane

v sau phenylacetaldehyde trong ng nghim bng pH gim (b, 1993). [14C] phenylalanine l tin thn cho phenylethanol, phenethylacetate, butanoate phenethyl v te phenolic trong chui (Tressl v

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Drawert, 1973). Vic chuyn i phenylalanine c gn nhn vo cc te phenolic nh eugenol, methyl ether eugenol v elimicin c xc tc bi PAL, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, phenolase v methyltransferase (Tressl v Drawert, 1973). Sau khi ch bin, tng PAL hot ng dn n s trao i cht mu nu v phenol trong rau dip (Ke v Saltveit, 1989). Browning lin quan n cc hp cht phenolic oxy ha c lin quan ng gp cho off-hng v (Whitaker v Lee, 1995). Cc acid mevalonic con ng hnh thc terpenoit, carotenoids v (du Gera-nium) geraniol. tecpen thm thng c coi l trung v com-pao, nhng mt s v d nh limonene v tinh du bc h c mi thm thuc tnh l tt. Cc oxy ha cht d bay hi terpenoid linalool, neral v geranial, l quan trng i vi hng v trong mt s loi tri cy, c xc nh trong c chua chn (b v Ling, 1993). Lactones c hng v quan trng ca o v m c sn xut thng qua hot ng LOX (Crouzet et al, 1990.). Rng ri thng tin lin quan n s hnh thnh ca chiral -lacton v lacton- v cc con ng c xut bn (Tressl et al, 1996.). Mt s hp cht thm c cho l c hnh thnh nh cc sn phm phn hy t cc sc t khc nhau thm nh lycopene, carotene, vv, v cc hp cht ny dng nh xy ra nh cc sn phm oxy ha cng nh (b, 1981). V d, -ionone c l kt qu t s phn hy oxy ha ca -carotene. V vy, trong vt thng-ing, ch bin (ct hoc nhai), cc cm ng ca cc cht d bay hi nht nh (ch yu cht chuyn ha trung hc hoc qu trnh oxy ha sn phm) c th nh hng n hng v cc thuc tnh, c bit trong tri cy v rau qu vi nng cao d dng oxidizable sc t thm (v d, carotene) v cc axit bo.

Aldehyt v Pathway cc Lipoxygenase Cc mi d chu trong da chut c quy cho 2,6-nonadienal, v hai aldehyt khng bo ha (2-hexenal v 2-nonenal) v ba aldehyt bo ha (ethanal, propanal v hexanal) c xem l ng gp secondarily hng v tng th (Forss et al .,

1962). S dng da chut homogenates phng x vi 14C-linolenic (18:03) v 14C-linoleic (18:02), cc hng v hot ng aldehyt propanal (E) 2-hexenal v (E, Z) 2,6-nonadienal c lin quan n acid linolenic, trong khi hexanal v (E) 2-nonenal c lin quan n acid linoleic (Grosch v Schwarz, 1971). Tuy nhin, ct hoc my mc b sng ty m qu da chut c lin kt vi aldehyt enzyme sn xut (Fleming v cng s, 1968.). Sn xut cc mi to xanh ging, c bit l c lin quan n hexanal v (E) 2hexenal, tng ln khi nghin hoc ct t bo tri cy (Drawert et al., 1966). aldehyt C6 v ru c k t khi c thu hi sau khi ph v m trong nhiu loi cy trng (v d, to, chui, nho, l xanh m, liu v c chua) v c lin quan n ng LOX. Lipoxygenase (Galliard v Phillips, 1976), mt lyase hydroperoxide (HPL) (Galliard et al, 1976.) V (Z) -3: (E)-2-enal isomerase (. Phillips v cng s, 1979) cc enzyme c lin quan n hnh thnh cc cht d bay hi t tin cht acid bo. Con ng LOX cng chu trch nhim sn xut ca hp cht thm C6 [tc l, (Z) -3 - hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol v (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] trong m l v tri cy mu xanh l cy (Gardner, 1989 ). Acyl hydrolases (AH) c hiu qu xc tc cho s thy phn ca tri phiu ester trong monoglycerides, monogalactosyldiglycerides, lysoglycerophospholipides, diglycerides, digalactosyldiglycerides v glycerophospholipids nhng khng ester tri phiu

trong cht bo trung tnh. enzyme AH l rt tch cc v tiu dit hu ht cc mng lipid rng buc cc dn n cc h bi acid bo t do (C16: 0, C18: 2, C18: 3) khi m b ph v (Goodwin v Mercer, 1988). Lipid AH ph v acid linolenic, l hydroperoxygenated bi LOX thnh axit hydroperoxylinolenic, sau HPL s tch ny vo (Z)-3-hexenal v 12 oxo--acid dodecenoic (Z). Cc (Z)-3-hexenal l ph sequently gim qua ADH (Z)hexenol-3, sau c este ha n -3 (Z) - acetate hexenyl (Hatanaka, nm 1993; Anderson, 1989; Sekiya et al. , 1982). Cc LOX v HPL h thng enzyme tham gia lin kt vi cc mng thylakoid ca chloro-plasts trong l xanh. Lipoxygenase thm oxy stereoselectively axit bo cha bo ha c mt phn na (1Z, 4Z)-pentadiene (v d nh alpha-linolenic acid linoleic v), sn xut 13 - (S)-hydroperoxides c tip ct bi HPL ti cc lin kt gia C12 v C13 hydroperoxides cc mu C6 aldehyt (Hatanaka, 1993). "Xanh" v hng liu thc phm "c" thng do C6 hp cht hnh thnh t cc axit bo khng bo ha oxy ha bi bo C18 LOX v cht trung gian chuyn i thnh cc hp cht khc nhau cm quan thng qua HPL. V d, cc hng v c chua characteristic hp cht hexenal v (Z)-3-hexenal c cho l hp cht sec-ondary (Riley v Thompson, 1998). Tng t nh vy, cc hp cht hng v c trng ca t chung [hexanol, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, (E) -

] 2-hexen-1-ol v [da chut (E, Z) -2, 6-nonadienal, (E)-2-nonenal v] 2-hexenal c to ra enzymtically qua LOX, nh l mt hu qu ca ct hoc ng ha (Matsui v cng s, 1997;. Wu v Liou, 1986; Fleming v cng s, 1968).. LOX v HPL c tm thy trong nhiu loi hoa qu ti ct al thng (et Prez, 1999b; Matsui v cng s, 1997;.. Riley v cng s, 1996;.. Olas v cng s, 1993; Kim v Grosch, 1981; Vick v Zimmerman , 1976). Trong t chung, c hai HPL v LOX cc hot ng gim vi s trng thnh, v s tin ca C6 aldehyt v ru hnh thnh t s ng nht ca tri cy trng thnh cng gim (Matsui v cng s, 1997.). Sau , la chn ging vi LOX thp v hot ng HPL c th quan trng trong cc cy trng m ct c th gy ra-hng v. Hexyl acetat pht sinh t liu nghin c lin kt vi enzyme lipid degrad-ing cng nh mt h thng enzyme hon thnh dn n ghi ch mi mu xanh l cy (Olas et al., 1993). Triacylglycerol v phospholipid (ch yu l polyunsaturated) l thy lyzed ca AH. Sau s tch LOX cc kt qu axit linoleic v linolenic thnh 9 - v 13-hydroperoxides, v sau HPL chn lc s tch cc 13-hydroperoxide to hexanal v (Z)-3-hexenal. Hexanal v (i khi bao gm isomerizations) hexenal c gim qua ADH ru tng ng ca h. Cui cng, AAT, vi ngi tham gia vo cc pationacetyl-CoA (v th, khng phi l mt este ha trc tip), to ra mt ester t ru (Olas v cng s, 1993;. Prez v cng s, 1993.). Tng t nh cc kt qu lin quan n ester hnh thnh (i khi s dng ch n tin) thng qua LOX v oxy ho, ty thuc vo s sn acetyl CoA, c bo co trong to (Rowan et al., nm 1996, Nm 1999; Berger v Drawert, 1984), chui (Harada et al, 1985;. Myers v cng s, 1970). v du ty (Yamashita v cng s, 1975.).

QUAN TRNG HNG v hng liu Mc d b thng m gi aldehyde trung hc v sn xut ru, nhiu aldehyt c coi l truyn t mi c trng v mong mun thc phm, min l nng ca h l rt thp. Hn na, s ph v t bo l

i khi cn thit cho php cc enzym v cc cht nn c trc y l compartmentalized tng tc (b, 1993). V d, mt s hp cht thm c rng buc vi cc

loi ng nh glycosides (cn ty, rau dip) hoc glucosinolates (bp ci, c ci). Glycosidically rng buc furaneol (2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2H-furan-3-mt) v methyl ether mesifurane ca n l thnh phn quan trng trong du ty thm m dng nh D-fructose nh l mt tin cht (Prez et al., 1999a ; Zabetakis et al, 1996).. lin kt ny c th c ct bi hnh ng enzyme hoc nhit (nu). Gii hn cht d bay hi cng c tm thy trong tri cy nh m, xoi, nho v cy n qu nim am m (Chassagne v Crouzet, 1995). Nhng ngi khc l cc sn phm phn hy ca cht bo, axt amin, cc cht mu lignin hoc (b v Ling, 1993). cht chuyn ha th cp cng c th c sn xut do b thng m xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin (Wong, 1994). V d, c mt s tch ly ca glycoalkaloids trong c khoai ty b h hng v tng polyphenol trong nhiu m nu trn b mt ct, nh to v l, m nh hng hng v l l. Thioesters c bo co l c th xy ghi ch hng v chu trch nhim v "trn tc" v "musky" ghi ch trong muskmelon (Wyllie v cng s, 1994.). Ngoi ra, methionine c th c chuyn i thnh este thioether (Wyllie v cng s, 1995.). Glucosinolate (thioglu-cosides) l cht chuyn ha t nhin thc vt th c tm thy trong cc gia nh Cruciferae. Nhng cht chuyn ha (ch yu c cha lu hunh) chu trch nhim v hng v v mi, gi l "du m tt," trong cc loi rau (Ju v cng s, 1982.), c bit khi v t bo. Khi cc t bo Cruciferae l v, glucosinolates tri qua enzym thy phn vi cc enzym myrosinase ni sinh (thioglucosidase), pht hnh thioxyanat, isothiocyanates (Wattenberg, 1978) sulfate v glucose (Ju v cng s, 1982.). Do , bin php phng nga phi c thc hin bo m rng off-mi v hng v ngoi khng gy nguy him cho th trng ca sn phm vn Crucifer.

ng (ha tan solids), axit hu c v chua TITRATABLE ng gp quan trng cho hng v nhiu loi tri cy v rau qu c quy cho cc axit hu c v cc loi ng c th khc nhau. Glucose, sucrose v fructose l loi ng nht tm quan tant c nh hng n nhn thc v v ngt. Trong s ny, glucose c coi l t ngt v ng fructose ngt hn so vi sucrose. Nh vy, mt trng s ca cc loi ng trong quan h vi sucrose v tip theo kt hp c th cho mt "tng ng sucrose" gi tr duy nht (SE) cho mt mu (Koehler v Kays, 1991). ng thng c cho l ng ngha vi cht rn ha tan (SS). Tuy nhin, t l thc s ca ng o bng SS ph thuc vo cc loi rau qu, v iu ny c th vn khng cho thy r nhng ng gp cho hng v. V d, trong cam, SS xut hin c lin quan n v ngt, trong khi c chua, xoi, mi quan h khng r rng (Malundo v cng s, 2001;. Baldwin v cng s, 1998, 1999a.). C th l ct gim sn xut m tang vt cao h hp do vt thng

c th catabolize ng hoc acid nh mt ngun carbon trong qu trnh lu tr. SweetNess, tht sn chc v hng v rt c trng quan trng cho cht lng da ti ct. l mt thc t cng c thnh lp trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm c ng ni dung ni chung l tch cc tng quan vi cht lng hng v mong mun. Tuy nhin, i khi, qu nhiu ng c th c cm nhn tiu cc. Phm vi ng tt nht lu tr ca ct-ti da c tm thy l 10-13 Brix, tuy nhin, mt s ngi nh gi thnh qu nh

Hnh 12,1 Brix thay i (Atago PR-101) ti ti ct da ch bin t tri cy thu hoch ti cc k hn khc nhau, c t chc 4 o C (n = 30). Tt c c ngha l qu trt, tr ngy 0, c ngha khc nhau (0,05 ) t k hn khc theo phn tch ca khng ng thc hin vi nhiu th nghim tm ca Duncan.

qu ngt 13 Brix (Cha xc nh, nm 2000). Trong 17 ging da phng Ty, xy ra 5% trung bnh gim hm lng SS (t 0-11%) v trung bnh 8% gim nng ng (t 0-21%) khi khi c lu tr 12 ngy (trong khng kh) ti 5 C (Cantwell v Portela, 1997). Tng t nh vy, SS c tm thy gim o ct gim trong thi gian lu tr 2 C trong khng kh hoc O2 hoc l 2%, c nh hng n hng v (Mencarelli et al, 1998.). Brix gim 9,7% (t 2,3-13%) trong bng da chun b t bn pha ng ging c lu tr 8 ngy 0 C (Lange, 1998). ming da Tuy nhin, CA-lu tr cao hn nng SS hn khng kh-lu tr (10,3% so vi 9,5% v tng 10,2% so vi 9,1%, 10 C v 5 C, tng ng), sau 9 ngy 10 C v 15 ngy ti 5 C (Cantwell v Portela, 1997). Cht rn ha tan vn cn hi lin tc trong 7 ngy lu tr (4 C) trong ti ct da khi trng thnh c thu hoch t nht l trt na, nhng nhanh chng gim xung ch sau 5 ngy lu tr trong qu phiu khi (hnh 12.1). Khi ch bin t tri cy thu hoch ti phiu qu ng-icantly thp (0,05 ) Brix so vi tt c cc k hn thu hoch khc trn tt c cc ngy, tr ngy 0. Tuy nhin, trong to "Gala" ti-ct, ng vn khng i trong sut 14 ngy lu tr 1 C, mc d v ngt v hng v thm ngt tng sau gim (Bett et

al, 2001.). Titratable tnh axit v pH cng c s dng nh gi t l ng-to-axit trong mt s tri cy ti ct. Thay i trong h tr k thut, pH v SS trong lt to t 12 ging cy trng c bo qun 2 C trong 12 ngy l nh v a dng ca cy trng (Kim et al., 1993). Trong to 'Gala' ct, pH gim trong 2 tun lu tr 1 C, trong khi TA% tng ln sau gim v gic quan nhn thc v v chua cng dao ng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC (Bett et al, 2001.). Fresh-ct qu hng vng c lu gi trong CA trong 7 ngy ti 5 C tng SS trong 3 ngy sau gim ngy tm, v pH c xu hng tng qua cc lu tr (tr khi c lu tr di O2 2%) (Wright v Kader, 1997). A 17% tn tht trong SS v axit tng gp i ch xy ra sau 2 ngy lu tr 20 C trong lt da , nhng s thay i nng axit l do vi khun axit lactic (Lamikanra et al, 2000.). Titratable axit trong cam ti ct c lu tr 4 o C cho 8 ngy gim 36% (Rocha v cng s, 1995.). Cc axit hu c ch yu lin quan n cc ghi ch cho hu ht cc hng v tri cy c malic, citric, tartaric, succinic v axit quinic (Kays, 1997). ng l sn phm chnh ca quang, trong khi hu ht cc acid hu c c tng hp t tin cht glycolytic trong con ng axit tricarboxylic nh cc sn phm ca h hp. Mt hng v c trng thng do nng cao ca acid hu c mt (v d: acid citric trong chanh) hoc axit tng th hoc ng-to-acid t l vn c ca sn phm / nhiu (v d, c chua v to). Axit citric nh tri cy trong cam qut v c chua, tartaric trong nho v malic trong to, cho v cc loi rau hng v chua ca h. Mt s tri cy, nh da hu, chui, c acid rt t (Wyllie v cng s, 1995.). i khi, o lng ca SS, t l ca SS / TA hoc pH lin quan tt hn cho v chua hn TA t (Malundo et al., Nm 2001; Baldwin v cng s, 1998)..

YU T NH HNG hng v ti-CUT Nhn chung, mi v b nh hng bi di truyn, mi trng preharvest (al Baldwin v cng s, 1995c;.. Kim v cng s, 1993; Romani v cng s, 1983.), Vn ho, thc hnh (Romig, nm 1995; Wright v Harris, 1985), thu hoch v chn chn sau thu hoch x l

hoc lu tr (Baldwin v cng s., 1999a, b;. Gorny v cng s, 1998a; v v cng s, 1998a, b;. Watada v cng s, 1996; Mattheis et al,.. 1991, 1995; Fellman v cng s, 1993b).. Ni chung, hng v ca sn phm ti sng s khng ci thin sau khi thu hoch (ngoi tc ng ca qu trnh chn tip tc trong tri cy xung hang), v do , suy gim hng v cn c gim thiu. y l mt nhim v c bit kh khn trong sn phm ti ct, ni m nhng thay i sinh ha do b thng c th nh hng n tui th v cht lng hng v. X l k thut (Bolin v cng s, 1977;. Saltveit, Nm 1997; Wright v Kader, 1997), v sinh mi trng (Hurst, 1995), ng gi (Cameron et al. Nm 1995; Solomos, 1994) v qun l nhit trong qu trnh x l, vn chuyn v tip th (Brecht, 1999) cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr cht lng ct ngt. thay i vt l v kh quyn thp O2 tim nng trong cc gi c th to ra thay i ng k tiu cc trong hng v v mi thm. Ngoi ra cn c cc tng tc hip ng gia rt nhiu yu t nh ging, ngun gc, ma gii, trng thnh ban u, hn ch ti u, ct lt v thit b ct, GRAS phng php iu tr, container hoc ti [bao gm c ng gi khng kh bin i (MAP)], nhit qun l, vn chuyn, x l v di ca thi hn s dng. S tng tc hip ng gia cc yu t trn c th c hu qu tiu cc i vi thuc tnh hng v v chp nhn cm gic. Tuy nhin, t thng tin c sn lin quan n nhng tc ng tng hp cc yu t ny c cht lng hng v. Do , ng chun b, ng gi v x l cc sn phm ti ct l iu cn thit trnh mt hng v tim nng hoc thay i thc s c th gy ra s gim st trong s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

LU hnh thi hc Tri cy m, do tnh cht gii phu ca h c o, rt d b tn thng bm tm v c kh. iu ny rt khc vi hu ht cc loi rau ti, ct gim c th s c bt ngun t cc m gc rt bn (v d, c rt, c ci) hoc mm do l m (v d, rau dip tng bng tri, ci bp). Bi v lp biu b t nhin ca hng ha hoc hng ro da khuch tn kh b tn thng trong qu trnh ch bin, tng tc d bay hi mt hng v rt c th i km vi tng h hp v sn xut ethylene.

Lm lnh v nhit BO THNG TCH Mt loi thng tch lm lnh (CI) l s mt mt ca cc hp cht thm. Lnh c chua tri cy n 5 o C trong mt tun vi s chn tip theo 20 C nh hng n hng v tri cy (Kader et al., 1978). Trong cc nghin cu khc, c chua tri cy c lu tr ti 2, 5, 10 v 13 C c chng minh l c mc gim cht d bay hi quan trng (v v cng s, 2000; b v cng s,.. 1987). C chua bo qun 2, 5, 10 hay 12,5 C cng cho thy c t hng thm chn v mi v cng nh cc off-hng v so vi tri cy bo qun 20 C bng mt bng m t c o to (v et al, 2000.) . Ct c chua phi c bo qun 5 C hoc thp hn ngn chn h hng. Nu khng chn ng cch,> 27-49 Newton (N), trc khi ct, qu l d b chn bt thng c nh hng tiu cc n cht lng khi sn phm mi ct c bo qun nhit CI (Gorny v cng s, 1999a.). Mt s lng ln ca tri cy l CI nhy cm nh tri cy nguyn vn ton b trc khi ch bin. V d nh n qu nh da, da , da mt, da hu, qu xun o, o v xoi. Do vy, trong trng hp nht nh, lm lnh nhit trc khi t chc chuyn nghip-cessing v sau ct ngt sn phm nhit thp c th c hu qu tiu cc n cht lng hng v. Lin tc nng ln v nhit iu tr ngn-ments c s dng gim bt CI trong mt s loi cy trng. Tuy nhin, x l nhit ca qu to lm gim cc ri lon sinh l v bnh l c ch kh thi ca cc este d bay hi quan trng i vi hng v to (Fallik et al, 1997.). Hn na, thng mi thu hoch "Gala" qu to c x l nhit sau khi thu hoch v sau ct v lu tr cho thy mc thp hn nhm iu khin d bay hi hn so vi cc iu khin (Bng 12.1).

GING, TRNG KHU VC V MA Preharvest yu t nh nh sng mt tri, ngun nc, phn bn v ha cht Appli-cation chc chn nh hng n tnh trng ca cy trng. iu ny, ln lt, c th c nh hng n cc c tnh cht lng ni b ca sn phm thu hoch, bao gm c hng v. Preharvest iu tr vi aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) n p d bay hi pro-duction trong qu l bng khong 50%, trong khi tip xc vi ethylene o ngc cc suppression (Romani v cng s, 1983.). Ma ln xut hin trc khi thu hoch lm long cc hp cht hng v c chua (Baldwin v cng s, 1995a.). Qu t cy c chua c x l vi mc tng ca nit v phn bn kali ghi c thp hn trong phn tch cm quan v cho thy mc tng ca TA, SS v mt s cht d bay hi (Wright v Harris,

1985). c chua trong nh knh trng trng by cc cp thp hn ca nhiu nm bt nponents so vi cc i tc ca h pht trin trng (et al Dalal, 1967.). Theo mt bng iu khin cm gic c o to, mite kim sot trc khi thu hoch kt qu trong lnh vc trng

BNG 12,1 nh hng ca nhit-iu tr nguyn vn mt thng mi thu hoch 'Gala' Apple tri cy vo thnh phn d bay hi quan trng trong Fresh-ct gim trong thi gian lu tr ti 8 C. To cn nguyn vn phi chu n 38 C ti RH 98% trong 4 ngy Trc khi Slicing Ngy 0 Ngy 7 Hp cht d bay hi (ng g-1) Butanol Control 429 a1 nhit 73 c Control 200 b nhit 60 c Butyl acetate 499 mt c 14 b 17 c 148 Butyl butanoate 4 a 5 a c 0 1 b Butyl hexanoate 3 mt n.d.2 1 b n.d. 2-Methylbutyl acetate 15 mt b 4 4 b 3 b 2-Methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate 4 a 3 a 3 a 3 a Hexanal n.d. 7 b n.d. 14 mt Trans-2-hexenal 5 c 4 c 6 c 5 mt Hexyl acetat 19 mt c 1 5 b 1 c 1 trung bnh gi tr (n = 3) trong cng mt hng khng tip theo l s khc bit cng mt l th cho thy c ngha (p <0,05). 2 n.d. = Khng c pht hin.

du ty c v ngt hn v cng hn so vi nhng hng v khng nhn c iu trments (Podoski v cng s, 1997.). a dng ca tri cy v rau qu c hin th khc

bit trong hng v da trn phn tch cm quan v ha hc, phn nh s a dng di truyn ca h. V d, hng thm trong to khng phi l kt qu ca cc hp cht tng t trong mi cy trng, mc d mt s hp cht d bay hi m dng nh quan trng c ph bin n tt c 40 ging nghin cu (Cunningham v cc cng s, 1985.). Ging thc hin ti u trong cc khu vc pht trin nht nh v thng xuyn c bin sau thu hoch cht lng thuc tnh ty thuc vo tp qun vn ha, kh hu ma gii, v trng thnh thu hoch. T l cht d bay hi to chi phi a dng theo ma (et al Lpez, 1998.), V tht thm mong mun n nh hm lng du cao hn trong tri cy ma h hn l ma ng qu (Haagen-Smit v cng s, 1945.). Mt s bo co ghi r rng rng mt s ging cy trng tt hn nhng ngi khc c lin quan n tui th ct ngt v cht lng gi (Cha xc nh, nm 2000;. Gorny v cng s, 1998b, 1999b; Lange, 1998; Cantwell v Portela, Nm 1997; Kim v cng s, 1993).. Tuy nhin, t hoc khng c d liu c sn lin quan n hng v v cht lng cm quan cho ti ct gim sn xut t cc ging khc nhau sinh trng trong iu kin vn ha khc nhau. Harvest trng thnh cng c th nh hng n hng v ca sn phm chn. iu ny c bit quan trng cho ti ct gim sn xut, ni m thu hoch trng thnh cng c th nh hng n tui th ca sn phm. L tng nht l sn phm trng trt c thu hoch giai on m cho n cht lng ti u. Trong thc t, cht lng ti u ny thng hy sinh gim thiu thit hi vt cht trong qu trnh vn chuyn, x l v ch bin tng ti a thi hn s dng. Harvest trng thnh b nh hng hnh thnh ester trong to, ty thuc vo giai on xung hang chnh xc ti thi im thu hoch (Fellman v cng s, 1993a.). Acid mc gim nh nhng ngy sau khi n tng y cho to, v iu ny phn ng gic quan b nh hng cho

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

tartness (Plotto et al, 1997.). Tuy nhin, to thu hoch sau c tm thy s c nhiu tri cy v ngt so vi qu to c thu hoch hai tun trc (Cliff v cng s, 1998.). Harvest trng thnh c th hin nh hng n c vic phn tch cm quan v ha hc ca qu c chua chn (v v cng s, 1998a.). C chua c thu hoch giai on mu xanh l cy cha trng thnh dn n qu chn vi mc thp hn d bay hi hn so vi c chua xanh trng thnh thu hoch, trong khi thu hoch c chua chn bng hin th cng cao hn cho Ness-ngt, mn v c mi tri cy thm hoa (do mc

ca c hai thnh phn d bay hi v khng bay hi ) hn so vi mu xanh l cy hoc ngt hoa qu thu hoch (Watada et al, 1979).. Tng t nh vy, qu thu hoch giai on chuyn mu c ngt, t chua v nhiu hn na ging nh c chua, vi hng v t ln hn so vi tri cy trc thu hoch-(Kader v cng s, 1977.). Thu hoch cng b nh hng xp hng trng thnh ca ngi tiu dng chp nhn xoi v bng xp hng c o to descrip-chnh kp cho v ngt, v chua v m t hng thm khc nhau. Qu c thu hoch sau c ngt, t chua v ni chung c mi thm mnh hn char-acteristics (Baldwin v cng s, 1999a.). N khng phi l kh khn cho rng nhng pht hin ny cho tri cy nguyn vn c th p dng cho cc sn phm ti ct l tt. AT chn cng, ct v ch Nhiu loi tri cy c chn trc khi chng c y chn. Do , cu hi t ra nh nhng g xung hang trng thnh qu nn c khi mi ct ti u ha cuc sng k sn phm v n ung cht lng? C hai s trng thnh giai on thu hoch v cc chn ct gim s nh hng n cht lng postcutting v hn s dng ca cc sn phm tri cy ti ct. Mature-mu xanh l cy c chua chn tri cy bnh thng v t c so snh vi n-ing cht lng so vi nhng tri cy c ct lt sau khi ton b tri cy chn (Mencarelli v Saltveit, 1988). Tuy nhin, t nghin cu gii quyt vic bnh thng chn s tip tc trong tri cy xung hang khc nu qu trnh ct c thc hin trn qu cha chn. Trong l thi lt cha trng thnh v tri cy o, lm mm xy ra, nhng qu trnh khc lin quan n s chn nh pht trin hng v v kt cu c v bt thng khi tri cy c ch bin giai on qu non (Gorny et al., 2000; Beaulieu v cng s, 1999; Gorny v cng s, 1998a;.. Mencarelli et al, 1998).. Trng thnh ct cho nhiu loi hoa qu c th gip d on cht lng hng v tim nng thng qua lu tr. V d, tri cy cng ti u ban u cho qu l 'Bartlett, duy tr cng khng c mu nu trong lt ct ngt, c tm thy l khong 49 N (Dong v cng s, 2000;. Sapers v Miller, 1998). Ti ct lt qu l ch t cng ty "Bartlett v tri cy 'Bosc' (70-85 N) c qu nhiu cng ty v thiu hng v (Dong v cng s, 2000.). i vi tri cy xung hang, ban u tri cy cng c th, do , l mt ch bo tt v chn hoa qu i vi cht lng ti u hng v postcutting. Mt trng thnh mu xanh l cy da s khng c ng hoc cht d bay hi kt hp vi mt loi tri cy chn mong mun (Pratt, 1971). Da tri cy thu hoch trc khi chn hon ton (fulltrt) c pht trin ch c khong mt phn t tng s cc cht d bay hi so vi tri cy ba ngy tui chn y (Wyllie v cng s, 1996a).. Da trng thnh mu xanh l cy (tc l, <na phiu) s cung cp mt sn phm ti ct c hn s dng ti u hnh nh cuc sng, nhng ng (hnh 12.1) v cc cht d bay hi (Beaulieu v Grimm, 2001) s c nghim trng xm phm, v xu hng ny c bo tn thng qua lu tr ti ct 10 ngy 4 o C. Khi thu hoch k hn tng ln, s lng tng i

(SPME, GC-MS) ca 29 este tng, nhng, qu trt qu c khong mt phn ba cc Vola-gch so vi y trt tri cy (hnh 12,2). Sau nm n by ngy k t ngy lu tr,

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 12,2 Thay i trong tng s este thu hi (solid-pha microextraction kh ph Chromatography-i chng; SPME, GC-MS) t ti ct da vi tri cy chun b thu hoch bn k hn, c lu tr 4 o C (n = 3 lch chun). cht d bay hi gim nh trong khi c ch bin t tri cy> na phiu o hn. Nhng d liu ny c th cho thy s trng thnh sau thu hoch l rt quan trng cho cht lng hng v ti mi ct. HA V TH iu tr Nhiu phng php iu tr vt l v ha hc c p dng sn xut ton b, v hiu qu ca mt s trong nhng phng php iu tr hin ang b iu tra v ti ct gim. Tuy nhin, nh vi nhiu giao thc ni trn, hng thm rt t hoc lm vic hng v c thc hin ni sn n, kh trng, sn phm thc vt t nhin, hp ethylene, chiu x gamma, sc nhit, cnh tranh vi sinh vt v chiu x vi sng xung, c s dng trn cc vt ct ngt . bit thm chi tit sinh l v tho lun v vic s dng cc phng php iu tr hng ti m rng chp nhn ct ngt cht lng, xin vui lng xem Chng 9. Clo v ra Clo, nh thng c s dng cho v sinh salad ti ct, c th khng c mong mun cho tt c cc tri cy ti ct. Postcutting ra v / hoc nhng c th c tiu cc consequences nc v hot ng gia tng v "ra i" hng v ca cc thuc tnh mong mun. Nhiu b vi x l khng ra mi ct tri cy c t hoc khng c mu nu (v d, da hu v du ty), bi v phng php iu tr him khi p dng GRAS v bi v loi b nc (ly tm hoc quay) nghim trng c th tn hi cc m. Cc mui canxi v Antibrowning p dng cc dung dch nc ca mui canxi, ascorbate, acid citric, acid isoascorbic v erythorbate natri (thng thng cc gii php 0,5-1,0% / dips) gip c th duy tr

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC ti ct m v gim cng b mt mu nu (Gil et al, 1998;. Gorny et al. 1998b; Izumi v Watada nm 1995; Rosen v Kader, 1989; Sapers v Zoilkowski, 1987; Morris v cng s, 1985; Ponting et al, 1971, 1972)... Tht khng may, mt s iu tr-ments lm gim nu enzym hoc ci thin kt cu c th truyn t off-hng v. V d, canxi clorua c hin th truyn t mt off-hng v pht hin trong lt da cc nng trn 0,5%, trong khi canxi lactate ci thin cng m khng cn truyn t v ng (Luna-Guzmn v Barrett, 2000). Sau khi 10 ngy lu tr trong khng kh 0 C, 70% ngi tiu dng nh gi l 'Bartlett' ti ct c x l bng axt ascorbic 2%, 1% canxi lactate v 0,5% (w / v) cysteine c hng v chp nhn c khng th nhn ro t cc iu khin (Gorny et al., 2002). Nhiu hp cht mi th nghim (ascorbic acid-2-phosphate v ascor-BIC acid-2triphosphate, calcium propionate, cysteine, N-acetylcystein v 4-hex-ylresorcinol) ang c th nghim cho nng lc antibrowning. Tuy nhin, chng ti khng bit nhng g nh hng nht ca cc hp cht ny s c khi hng v v mi thm trong lnh, ct gim. l nghi ng rng 4-hexylresorcinol c th truyn t mt off-hng v khng th chp nhn cc sn phm tri cy. to "Red Delicious 'lt iu tr vi mt nhng antibrowning kt hp (4 - hexylresorcinol, isoascorbic acid, N-acetylcystein v propionate canxi) c t chc ti 5 C duy tr cht lng hnh nh trong nm tun, nhng vi sinh vt phn hy l hin nhin sau bn tun (Buta et al, 1999.). Phn tch ca cc axit hu c v cc loi ng chnh cho thy rng cc slices c iu tr bng cc hp cht kt hp antibrowning gi li cp cao hn ca axit malic v khng c s suy gim lng ng trong lc 5 v 10 C, ch ra rng cht lng cao c duy tr trong thi gian lu tr. Mt trong nhng mong i rng nhng kt qu ny cng nn chuyn thnh bo dng cht lng hng v. Khng sinh, n c ph v cc hp cht iu tr khc iu tr cc loi tri cy v rau qu vi ethanol, acetaldehyde hoc O2 thp (c th kt qu sn xut acetaldehyde v ethanol) dn n tng cng hng v ca qu l, c chua v qu vit qut (Paz et al., 1982), nho (Pesis v Frenkel, 1989 ), du ty (Pesis v Avissar, 1990) v feijoa (Pesis et al., 1991). V d, trong du ty, tng acetaldehyd, ethanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate v ethyl butyrat c tm thy sau khi ng dng ca acetaldehyde (Pesis, 1996). iu tr cc cam vi acetaldehyd kt qu tng hp cm ng ca ethylbutyrate (Shaw v cng s, 1991.). iu tr ca c chua, qu vit qut v

qu l dn n cht lng cm gic nng cao, mt phn do ng tng ln, v gim axit trong v v mu da cam (Paz v cng s, 1982.) (Pesis v Avissar, nm 1989; Hirai v cng s, 1968.). 'Red Delicious' to c lu tr trong mt bu khng kh hi c cha cn trong 24 gi, dn n tng nng gp ba ester ethyl (Berger v Drawert, 1984). Tuy nhin, n lc thc y cc thuc tnh d bay hi v cc gic quan vi acetaldehyd hi mi cht hoc ru tri cy ti ct c th c kh kh khn, bi v cc hp cht ny u c k hn v c hiu lc nng ph thuc vo s chn c ch hoc thc y (Beaulieu v Saltveit nm 1997; Beaulieu v cng s al, 1997).. Tuy nhin, iu tr ca ton b tri vi acetaldehyd, ethanol hoc O2 thp c th ci thin hng v ca sn phm ti, ct gim tip theo. Ngoi ra, acetaldehyde v ethanol c tnh khng khun. V d, Botrytis cinerea acetaldehyde gim

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 12,2 nh hng ca ngoi sinh Ethanol trn Ethyl Ester v d bay hi khc Ester Ni dung chnh trong To ti ct 'Gala' trong qu trnh lu tr ti 8 C. Tri cy cn nguyn vn c nui trong Ethanol bo ha hi 23 C trong 24 gi trc khi Ct lt, hoc ct lt c mc 70% trong 30 giy Ethanol Ngy 0 Ngy 7 Este (ng g-1) iu khin hi hi Control Dip Dip Ethylesters Acetate 22 e1 3386 mt 145 d 1032 c 2437 b 2585 b Propanoate 521 2912 c 9986 d mt c 865 d 2270 5682 b Butanoate 2 c 5 b 1 c 148 110 121 mt mt 2-Methylbutanoate 2 c 11 b 1 c 21 mt 16 mt 22 mt Hexanoate 2 b 4 a b 2 2 b 2 b 2 b Cc este chnh Butyl acetate mt c 240 535 399 104 b 158 d e f 63 Butyl butanoate 4 b 10 a, b 5 2 c 3 c 2 c Butyl hexanoate 4 b 12 a, b 6 2 c 3 c 3 c 3-Methylbutyl 2-methylbutanoate 0 b 2 l 0 b 0 b 0 b 1 a

Hexyl acetat 19 mt 16 mt 17 mt b 5 4 b 3 b 1 trung bnh gi tr (n = 3) trong cng mt hng khng tip theo l hin th cng mt l th khc bit ng k (P <0,05). v Rizopus stolonifer trn du ty v nho (Prasad v Stadelbacher, 1974). Ton b to c iu tr bng hi ethanol trc khi ct, v to ct lt nhn c nhng ethanol. Trong c hai trng hp, sau hai tun lu tr, nhng tri to ethanol c iu tr cao hn trong mt s cht d bay hi, bao gm mt s este (Bng 12,2). Hexanal l tin thn ca hng thm t nhin trong qu to l d dng chuyn i thnh cht d bay hi mi thm trong c th ca to ti thi lt ct (Song et al, 1996.). Hexanal khng ch lm tng mi hng ca to ti thi lt ct, nhng n cng gim nu enzyme b mt ct cng nh c ch nm mc, nm men v mesophilic v psychrotrophic vi khun trong slice 'Ganny Smith' c lu tr 15 C (Lanciotti et al, 1999.). Nghin cu hin ang giai on ban u cho vic s dng cc hp cht ny vo cc sn phm tri cy ti ct. Tuy nhin, hin ti khng chp thun cho s dng. Vi sinh vt h hng ca sn phm tri cy ct gim c th nh hng n cht lng hng v ca h, hn dng. Methyl jasmonate l mt hp cht d bay hi t nhin c tm thy nhiu loi thc vt v c bo co hot ng ging nh ni tit t nng rt thp. Exogenously p dng methyl jasmonate c chng minh l rt hiu qu trong vic gim tng trng mc trn ti ct cn ty v t v c th, trong tng lai, c nhng ng dng nh mt loi thuc dit nm c ngun gc t nhin (Buta v Moline, 1998). Citric acid l hp cht GRAS-lit k l mt acid hu c t nhin v c th c s dng nh mt acidulant, cht bo qun hay cht gia v trong thc phm. Bng cch axit ha b mt sn phm ct, citric acid c th gim ti vi khun v do ci thin hng v. Tui th ca v qu cam c m rng bng phng php iu tr truyn 0,5-1,0% citric acid c

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 12,3 nh hng ca iu tr nguyn vn 'Gala' tri cy vi 1-Methylcyclopropene (MCP) v Ni dung chnh d bay hi trong To ti ct trong thi gian lu tr ti 8 C. iu tr bao gm 1 MCP ppm trong 18 gi 20 C trc khi Slicing

Ngy 0 Ngy 7 Cc hp cht d bay hi (ng g-1) Butanol Control B1 201 MCP 296 mt Control 100 c MCP 73 d Butyl acetate 323 b 392 mt c 143 d 90 Butyl butanoate 5 a 5 a b 1 1 b Butyl hexanoate 2 l 3 a b 1 n.d.2 2-Methylbutyl acetate 28 29 a, b 3 3 b 2-Methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate 4 a 3 a 3 a 3 a Hexanal n.d. 6 mt n.d. n. d. Trans-2-hexenal 6 b 9 a, b 5 2 c Hexyl acetat 15 mt 16 mt b 6 2 c 1 trung bnh gi tr (n = 3) trong cng mt hng khng tip theo l s khc bit cng mt l th cho thy c ngha (p <0,05). 2 n.d. = Khng c pht hin.

c ch s pht trin ca vi khun lm hng (Pao v Petracek, 1997). Cn ty thi nh hng v v hn s dng c ci thin bng cch x l ca mu vi 0,5 v 1,0 kGy chiu x gamma so vi phng php iu tr truyn thng nh axit ha, chn v clo (Prakash et al, 2000.). Mc d tt c cc mu b mt hng v hn 22 ngy k t ngy lu tr, mu chiu x duy tr mu sc, kt cu v hng thm lu hn cc mu t phng php iu tr khc v c t off-hng v. Cm k cuc sng c m rng 7-29 ngy, mt phn do bn tnh hiu kh gim vi khun. 1-Methylcyclopropene (MCP) c th hin ngn chn hnh ng ethylene v, do , c ch phn ng nhiu ethylene nh chn, lm mm, vv, nh c th hin trn b (Phong et al, 2000.), M (Fan v cng s , 2000.) v chui (Harris et al., 2000). Tc dng ca MCP c th hu ch cho cc sn phm ti ct. Ton b to c iu tr bng MCP v sau thi lt v lu tr c vng chc hn, nhng cha hp cht thm di nontreated qu sau mt tun (Bng 12,3). S dng sn n c c th ci thin cht lng tri cy ti ct. Lt v ng gi sn phm cam qut c tui th khong 17-21 ngy, nhng cht lng r r c th c vn . n c sp ph microemulsion (ln n 12 cht rn%) gim r r ca cc phn on bi kh ng gi bng 80% sau 2 tun v 64% sau 4 tun lu tr (Baker v Hagenmaier, 1997). Lp ph bng sp carnauba c tm thy l hiu qu nht, v lp ph khng c pht hin bi cc tm hng v thc trc hoc sau khi lu tr (Baker v Hagenmaier, 1997). Ct to, iu tr bng sn c tnh axt, trin lm, thp hn dn s vi sinh vt, m khng c mt hng v qu chua (Baldwin v cng s, 1996.). Nghin cu

s dng sn n vo ngt ct gim gn y leo thang, nhng cng vic nh c xut bn lin quan n duy tr cht lng hng v. KIM SOT khng kh, iu chnh kh quyn ng gi v hng v Cc tc dng c li ca CA lu tr cho c tri cy v rau qu c c cc ti liu, v lu tr CA c nhiu ngi s dng ton ngnh cng nghip sn xut. Tuy nhin, CA lu tr lm thay i mi v ca qu to (Yahia, 1994), v nu ko di, lm gim pht thi d bay hi hn so vi tri cy khng kh c lu tr-(Fellman v cng s, 1993a;. Yahia, nm 1991;. Lidster et al, 1983), c bit l lipid c ngun gc t este (Mattheis et al., Nm 1995; Yahia v cng s, 1990).. Phn tch cm quan CA-lu tr to cho thy cng ca tri cy v m t hoa gim sau 10 tun CA, trong khi v chua v astringency cao hn so vi qu to c lu tr trong khng kh. Mt s thu hi hng c ghi nhn sau khi g b t CA vi khng kh (Plotto et al, 1999.). CA lu tr cng tng cht d bay hi nht nh trong c chua so vi khng kh qu c lu tr-(Crouzet et al., 1986). Do , nht nh ng gi cc sn phm ti ct c th yu cu hot ng modifica-tion ca kh quyn bo m hng v hp dn ti thi im tiu th. CO2 cao, thp O2 lnh CA lu tr rt c th kt hp vi sn xut gim este d bay hi, bi v h hp v chu trnh tricarboxylic acid (TCA) l downregulated. Cc tin cht cc ru v axit cacboxylic moieties hnh thnh ester trong to c cho l bt ngun t s chuyn ha acid bo v acid amin trong qu trnh oxy ph thuc vo cc s kin (Hansen v cng s, 1992.). Este ca ru vi s tin tng ng qua AAT acetat oxy ph thuc vo s c mt ca acetyl CoA. AAT l hot ng n p O2 thp (0,5-1,0%) lu tr CA trong to (Fellman v cng s, 1993a.). Khng ging nh da hu, axit amin, l tin cht gi nh cho mt s este, gim trong qu trnh chn to v vn cn tng i c nh trong lu tr (al Ackermann v cng s, 1992.). Sau , s tng hp ca tm quan tant axit amin c ngun gc t cc TCA v moieties ca h cng s c xng sng gim (Brackmann et al, 1993.), bi v gim d ha hot ng v oxy ho hn ch cc cht (ch yu l acetyl CoA v cc axit amin) cn thit lin tc sn xut cc cht d bay hi mi thm. i vi vt ct ngt, phng php lu tr c nhiu kh nng bao gm ng gi c th to ra mt bu khng kh thay i (MA) v lp ph c th n c, c th tng cng MA vi O2 gim v CO 2 cao cp, tng t nh ca CA. S dng sn n c cng c chng minh l c nh hng n hng v v mc ca cc hp cht d bay hi trong cam qut hng v nguyn vn (Baldwin v cng s, 1995b;.. Cohen v cng s, 1990), to (Saftner, Nm 1999; Saftner et al, 1999) v tri cy xoi (Baldwin v cng s, 1999b)... iu ny c th do h hp k kh, m gy ra tng hp ethanol v acetaldehyde, v by cc

cht d bay hi, bao gm c ethanol v acetaldehyde, bi cc hng ro ph (Baldwin v cng s, 1995c, 1999b.). Entrapment ca cht d bay hi c th c mong mun trong tri cy ct, bi v nhiu ngi s c nu khng b mt do off-gassing b mt ct. Ti ct 'Gala' to ng gi trong ti b phim c lu tr ln n 14 ngy b mt cht d bay hi bao gm hexanoate farnescene hexyl, v hexanoate 2-methylbutyl, trong khi hexyl acetat v hexane tng trong thi gian lu tr (Bett et al, 2001.). MAP c s dng rng ri cho ti ct rau v tri cy, tuy nhin, i khi, bu khng kh khng mong mun c th lm gim cht lng do s i mu v mi v ngoi gy ra do h hp k kh (Mateos v cng s, 1993;. Kader, 1986). Bng ci xanh l c bit nhy cm vi MAP, to ra lu hunh c cha cht d bay hi, bao gm methanethiol v dimethyl disulfide trong iu kin ym kh (Dan et al, 1997.) c th c prob-lematic trong chic hoa ti ct. mi hi c pht hin trong bng ci xanh chic hoa ng gi trong MAP sau 1-3 ngy lc 5 C khi nng O 2 gim xung di 1% (Ballantyne v cng s, 1988b.); c nu ra, CA (CO2 6% + 2% O2) 4 o C duy tr cht lng hng v (Bastrash et al., 1993). Sweet off-mi c pht hin ti ti ct rau dip c lu tr ti 5 C di MAP (5% CO2 + 5% O2) qua ngy 14 (et al Ballantyne, 1988a.). Hng v mt l ln nht v off-hng v c pht hin trong ti ct rau dip c lu tr ti 5 C trong ti polyeth-ylene bi ngy 10, v mi ngt c pht hin bi 17 ngy trong chn khng-PE kn ti (Heimdal et al, 1995.). Off-mi c pht hin trong ci bp bm nh c lu tr di CA (0-15% CO2 + 6% O2) sau su ngy 5 C, v khi sn phm c lu tr trong ti MA (vi O2 1,7%), ngoi cc mi c pht hin ch sau bn ngy ca lu tr (Kaji v cng s, 1993.). Bi v tri cy v rau khoan dung cho O2 gim v mc CO2 tng cao ch yu l do sc khng da khuch tn kh (Park et al., Nm 1993; Theologis v Laties, 1982), mt chnh li bu kh quyn ti u Ngoi phng php iu tr vt l v ha hc ct tri cy ti ang c tin hnh. Hu ht cc nghin cu ct ngt to tp trung vo mu nu, v rt t phn tch cm gic v hng v c thc hin. Trong qu to ti ct 'Gala' ng gi trong ti phim, hng v tng cng trong vi ngy u tin sau khi chun b v ng gi, sau tiu tan sau 5-9 ngy (Bett et al, 2001.). 'Gala' to lu tr trong CA gim trong sn xut khng n nh cng nh gim trong hng v tri cy (Plotto et al., 1999). Chng ti nh gi sau thu hoch v hng v thay i v mu nu-c ch (BI = 2 hoc 4% natri erythorbate + 0,1% clorua canxi) c lu gi ti ct 'Gala' to chun b ngay lp tc sau khi thu hoch (pre-CA) hoc sau khi CA lu tr (ba thng, CO2 v 1,4%

3% O2 + mt thng lm lnh 4 o C). Tt c tin CA Hunter gi tr L * cao hn post-CA cho tt c cc phng php iu tr trn tt c cc ngy k t ngy ly mu, v c hai phng php iu tr duy tr BI mu sc cho 14 ngy (Hnh 12.3). Nhn chung, nm mu tri hn trong hu ht trc CA CA so vi phng php iu tr sau trong sut 14 ngy lu tr. Mc d phng php iu tr duy tr BI mu sc, nht nm c lu tr trong polyethylene mt tuyn tnh thp (LLDPE) ti hoc khng c kinh nghim thng tng ester ngn hn, tip theo l gim ng k v ng thi tng ru. Hu ht ru hi phc (v d nh ethanol, 1 butanol, 1 hexanol-v 1 octanol-) tng ln ng k sau hai ngy k t ngy lu tr trong ti [Hnh 12.4 (a)], trong khi c gim nh nng ru trong khng kh lu thng qua- . Hu ht cc este lin quan n hng v ni chung tng ngy th hai v gim lin tc nu c t chc vo ti hoc gim cho n by ngy sau dn dn tng ln qua 14 ngy khi c lu gi trong dng chy thng qua container [Hnh 12.4 (b)]. Vi mt ngoi l (hexyl 2-methylbutanoate), BI-m iu tr c lu tr trong ti ni chung phc hi ester thp hn sau 14 ngy. Tch ly ca este trong ti LLDPE c th c gii thch bi mt v n ng h hp, hoc vt thng gy ra lin quan n gim sc khng cho cc cht d bay hi thot ra cc m, sau tng hp t chi vi sau d ha ca acid pyruvic thnh ru, tri vi cc TCA. Nhiu ester c cht d bay hi c kh nng nh hng n hng v trong to (v d, butyl acetate, 2 acetate-methyl-1-butyl acetate pentyl, hexanoate butyl acetate hexyl v hexanoate butyl) theo xu hng minh ha trong Hnh 12.4 (b), nh ti tip cn iu kin k kh (d liu khng c hin th). Mt khc, CA-lu tr o ti ct "Bounty" nm c lu tr trong khng kh hoc lung khng kh thng qua hoc CA (1% O2 + CO2 5%) c cu hnh tng t nh mi v rt d bay hi. Trong s b

Chun b sau khi thu hoch (pre-CA) Chun b sau khi CA v RA lu tr

Mi ct 80 Lu tr ti ct 4% Na-Er 2% Na-Er

75

70

65

60 027

14 0 2

7 14 0 2

7 14 0 2

7 14 Ngy lu tr (4 C)

Hnh 12,3 mu thay i trc v sau CA-CA (ba thng 1,4% CO2 v O2 3% 4 o C) v RA (mt thng trong khng kh 4 o C) c lu gi, nu-c ch (2% Na- erythorbate + 0,1 CaCl2%), ti, ct nm to "Gala" (n = 30 lch chun). ti ct th nghim o, s tp trung ca linalool (3,6 dimethyl-1 ,6-octa-dien-3-ol) tng vo ngy th hai trong cy chn (TR = thu hoch ti 29,7 N, ch bin ti <26,6 N) nm,

nhng b t chi trong thng mi chn (CR = vng chc hn, t trng thnh) nm [Hnh 12.5 (a)]. S tp trung ca lactones hng v c trng nht (v d, -decalactone) tng sau hai ngy k t ngy lu tr trong nm chun b t c hai TR v tri cy (OR) chn nhng t chi hoc nhanh hn trong so vi TR qua by hoc 12 ngy k t ngy lu tr, tng ng [Hnh 12.5 (b)]. Nhiu ng gi (MA), ct hoa qu ti c th b mt hng v ng k sau khong mt tun lu tr nu b phim khng c CO2 y v t l ly truyn O2 hoc nu tri cy trc y CA-lu tr, c bit l nu ct ngt sn phm l nhit b lm dng .

Hng v i VS. HN Hng v v hng thm cht lng c thng xuyn nht cc ch tiu thc s ca thi hn s dng t quan im ca ngi tiu dng xem. Tht khng may, "cht lng" ca cc loi rau v tri cy nguyn vn gen-ming nhn mnh duy tr xut hin, vo nhng thi im b mt hng v v kt cu (Sapers et al, 1997.). Nhiu bin i tn ti trong cc ti liu ti ct v kh nng chp nhn, da trn nh gi cm quan, v s bin i ny thng c th l do cm gic khc nhau phn tch a dng v thit k th nghim. V d, nh gi cm quan xc nh rng ct ngt ngt, kiwi, u , da v cantaphng i c lu tr 4 o C khng chp nhn c sau 7, 4, 2, ~ 7 v 4 ngy, tng ng (O'Connor-Shaw v cng s, 1994.). Tuy nhin, tri cy khng c kh trng v khng eo gng tay trong qu trnh chun b, v sau , su vi sinh vt v mt cu trc lin kt nhiu kh nng hn ch postcutting cuc sng. Fresh-ct da c lu tr 4 o C xut sc

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 12,4 tiu biu ru (a) (1-hexanol) v ester (b) (2-methyl-1-buytl acetate) bin ng cu hnh (SPME, GC-MS) cho nm ti ct 'Gala' nu cht c ch (2% Na-erythorgiam bt + 0,1% CaCl2) c lu gi 4 o C trong ti LLDPE hoc lu lng thng qua khng kh n (= 3 tiu chun lch).

hnh nh xut hin. Tuy nhin, khi phn di ca hp pht trin off-hng v kt hp vi qu trnh ln men vi sinh vt sau by n 10 ngy lu tr (Spanier et al, 1998.). ming da c lu tr ti 2 C trong sn sng phc v khay-gi c trc quan chp nhn c sau 19 ngy, nhng im s hng v rt thp sau 13 ngy (Silva v cng s, 1987.). Fresh-ct da ngt c lu gi trong khng kh ti 5 C trong su ngy c nh gi bi mt bng iu khin v chnh thc nh l phng trong hng v v thiu kt cu characteristics (K v cng s, 1998.). Fresh-ct phn on mu da cam c chp nhn xut hin-ance sau 14 ngy k t ngy lu tr c tm thy c cht lng hng v khng th chp nhn ch sau nm ngy lu tr 4 o C (Rocha v cng s, 1995.). Tng t nh vy, khng mong mun hng v l yu t hn ch ch quan trong thi lt, bc da hu c lu tr by ngy 5 C, mc d hng v vn cn chp nhn c v dn s vi sinh vt khng prob-lematic cho n sau tm ngy (Abbey v cng s, 1988.). An postcutting y ch quan thm nh cho thy cht lng sau thu hoch c chp nhn khng nht thit c ngha l mt sn phm c cht lng hng v hi lng.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh s b 12,5 SPME, GC-MS cu hnh d bay hi (a) (linalool) v (b) (gammadecalactone) cho cy chn hoc chn ti ct o 'Bounty' c lu tr trong Juice Catcher (JC) hoc cao cp (HP) deli container theo ng hng khng hoc CA (1% O2 + 5% CO2) 4 o C (n = 2). Nhiu bi bo ct ngt ang dn tch ly bng chng cho thy cht lng hng v l bnh thng b tn thng trc khi cht lng hnh nh. Tuy nhin, thit lp gii hn thi hn s dng tng th cho cuc sng ti ct tri cy trong khi dng cht lng hng v vo ation-xem xt l kh khn, v sn phm ban u bin i (v d, theo ma v hoc khu vc), phng php iu tr postcutting tim nng v / hoc bao b nh hng n hng v cc thuc tnh khc nhau. Hn na, cng vic nh c thc hin nh gi nhng nh hng ca nhit lu tr TURE-c khi sn xut n nh trong cc vt ct ngt. Sau , thng nht cht lng hng v v s chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng

tri cy ti ct da trn mi thm v hng v vn l mt khu vc y thch thc cho ngnh cng nghip. Hng v ti ct cht lng gn y tr thnh mt lnh vc nghin cu hot ng, v ngnh cng nghip cn tp trung s ch y l tt.

KT LUN V NGHIN CU TNG LAI Hin vn cn l mt phn khc th trng cho hu ht cc sn phm gi tr gia tng trong x hi ngy nay, v do , tip th sn xut, v nghin cu v ti ct tri cy v rau qu ang m rng. Chng ny minh ha nhiu lnh vc nghin cu hot ng hng ti vic ti u ha cht lng sn phm v nng cao s chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng tri cy ti ct

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

sn phm. Cc nh nghin cu v cng nghip cn phi lm vic cng nhau vt qua ro cn gy tr ngi giao hng quc gia c cht lng cao ct tri cy ti trong sut c nm. Khi ngnh cng nghip dch v thc phm v ngnh cng nghip thay th ba n gia nh m rng, s c mt nhu cu ln hn cho ti ct tri cy v rau qu c cht lng hng v chp nhn c. Mt s lng hp l cc cng vic c thc hin lin quan n ra mt hng v tri cy v ng enzyme quan trng c th xy ra. Trong sut chng ny, nhiu enzyme c cp c vai tr quan trng v ngun gc ca cc hp cht d bay hi hng v c th hoc cc lp hc ca cc hp cht. Tng i ni, cng vic c hon tt t lin quan n c trng cho con ng quan trng v iu kin ti u thin enzyme sn xut mong mun hp cht d bay hi. Tng t nh vy, cng vic nh c thc hin hn ch sn xut enzyme ca cc hp cht thm khng mong mun. y l mt khu vc m cho hot ng nghin cu, c bit l bi v ct gim h hp v lm trm trng thm cc sn phm sn xut n nh trung v c th dn n mt n nh hoc thay i hn na. Cc nh nghin cu v sn xut ct ngt ang tr thnh nhn thc c rng hng v cht lng s tr thnh mt ng lc ln trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct. Ht ging cng ty ang tm kim phng tin m tng li nhun ca h bng vic c s tham gia nhiu hn trong cc hot ng lin quan n nng nghip hoc cc ngnh cng nghip. Khng ging na s bn . Thay vo , thng hiu sn phm, tn, quyn sng ch c

th tr nn quan trng. Vi iu ny trong tm tr, trng tm nhiu kh nng s c hng dn i vi vic xc nh cht bay hi hng v ti ct quan trng v cc hp cht tin thn v gii thch nhng con ng sinh tng hp ca h i vi quy ch enzym. Mt ti ct thnh cng th trng, c bit l tri cy, thc s c th l ng lc cn thit ging hng v tr li vo mt s cc loi tri cy v rau qu quan trng ca chng ti. nh gi cht lng gic ti ct Tri cy v Rau qu

Karen L. Bett

NI DUNG Gii thiu hng v Texture Tin hnh phn tch m t cm quan Phng Thit k Phc v Ngh nh th Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ct ngt cm Tm tt Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU Thay i li sng trong thin nin k mi i hi phi di ng, an ton, dinh dng v cht lng cao mi ct sn xut. Bi v mi ngi mun cc tri cy ti v rau qu trong ch n ung ca h, nhng khng chn chun b n, cc phn khc th trng tn ti. Ph hp mi nh cht lng l nhng g s gi cho ngi tiu dng mua sn ti ct. Thng thng, thay i hng v xy ra trc s xut hin hnh nh hy (Cha xc nh, nm 2000). V vy, ngi tiu dng c cm thy t tin rng h s c mua mi ct sn xut vi cht lng cm quan tt mua lp li. i vi s pht trin tip tc ca hng v ny, cng nghip v thay i kt cu phi c hiu, v cht lng phi c theo di. Gic quan nh gi l rt quan trng hiu bit v theo di nhng thay i hng v v kt cu. Phn tch nh vy c th tn km, nhng n l iu cn thit hiu nhng g ang xy ra trong ming trc khi mi tng quan vi cc phng php c nn

c gng (Muos et al, 1991.). nh gi cm quan c th c s dng cho mc ch m bo cht lng v kim sot cht lng, nhng phng thc c, nu c, c nhiu nomical sinh thi trn c s thng xuyn. nh gi da trn tiu dng l ch quan v ph thuc vo cc h bi ca ngi tiu dng ang c th nghim. Tr khi ngi tiu dng c la chn ng cch, kim tra c th c thin v (v d, nhn vin cng ty khng i din cho dn s ni chung).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Ngi tiu dng hay kim tra tnh cm khng cung cp thng tin v s khc bit nhn thc (Poste v cng s, 1991.). Chng ny s tp trung vo phn tch m t cm gic ca hng v v kt cu, l hiu qu hn o lng s thay i cht lng hn so vi s dng ngi tiu dng cha qua o to. ASTM (1992) hng dn MNL 13 m t cc phng php khc nhau ca phn tch m t. Mc ch ca chng ny l cung cp cho mt tng quan v nhng g lin quan n vic nh gi cm quan ca sn phm ti ct. iu ny khng c ngha l mt cuc tho lun compre-hensive v o to v iu hnh mt bng iu khin cm gic, nhng n s h tr trong vic hiu bit v nhng g lin quan.

Hng thm Hng v ca nhiu loi tri cy v rau qu l duy nht. Mt qu to l khc bit t mt qu cam. Mt s c im hng v Tuy nhin, ph bin trong tri cy v / hoc rau. Mu xanh l cy, ngt, chua, cay ng v lm se c ph bin nhn vt-istics trong hu ht tri cy v rau qu (13,1 v 13,2 bng). Hng v ph bin trong nhiu loi hoa qu c caramel / mt ong, ha cht, estery hoc tri cy v hoa / perfumy. Nhng hng v c nh ngha trong Bng 13.3. Off-hng v ph bin trong cc loi tri cy ang b suy thoi / thi v ln men. Earthy / mc t gp hn. C nhng hng v c duy nht cho tri cy nht nh. V d, c mt hng v da trong da , to hng v trong to v hng v thm trong da. Chng ti c i khi quan st cc ance-xut hin ca hng v tri cy noncharacteristic trong to, v b ng v da chut hng v trong da .

iu ny c th xy ra bi v cc hp cht to nn hng v ny c mt trong tri cy v rau qu khc nng khc nhau. Cc bin th trong iu kin cli-matic, nhit lu tr v mc trng thnh l nhng v d ca condi-tions c th dn n vic sn xut ca cc hng v khng in hnh quan st. B hoc mi v da chut c quan st thy trong da cha trng thnh nhng t ph bin trong qu chn (Bett, nm 2000, cha cng b d liu). Thng thng, rau khng c xem l ngt ngo, vi mt vi ngoi l, chng hn nh c rt v khoai lang, nhng phn ln c cng thp v ngt. Bng ci xanh v ci bp c mt lu sulfury mnh. C ci c mt mouthfeel cay, v hnh c mt mi hng h hnh, ti. C rt c v ngt v c hng v cy inh hng. hng v ngt c s dng nh m t cho mi loi rau trong Bng 13.2, v mu xanh l cy / c c s dng m t mt s loi rau. Mt s thuc tnh c lit k trong Bng 13.2 c th xy ra trong cc loi rau nhiu hn l ghi li. Rau qu c th c c hng v-off, gim phm cht / thi (khng c lit k trong Bng 13.2), nhng n c ghi nhn trong mt s loi tri cy c lit k trong Bng 13.1. Hng v cng l sc mnh m mt hng v c bit c trong thc phm. Cng c th o c cng trn mt quy m ton cu, quy m sn phm c th hoc quy m thuc tnh c th. Universal quy m c mt s li th. Mt nhm cc chuyn gia c o to c th s dng cng mt t l cho bt k tri cy hay rau qu, ch bin, nguyn liu. H c th nh gi cc sn phm khc. Ngoi ra, mt ngha en c th so snh to v cam (da trn cng ca cc m t thng thng). Cc quy m ton cn rng bao gm y cc thuc tnh nhng ri rc cng nhn s khc bit nh trong cng . Universal ti liu tham kho quy m l cc sn phm thc phm c hng v lun th hin cng c th. Nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau c th c s dng trong quy m ton cu mt. Meilgaard et al. (1999) lit k nhiu loi thc phm thng mi sn c c th c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cng , cng vi cc hng v v cng ca n i vi

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,1 Hng v v s thch n ung thng c bo co trong Type-Sn xut tri cy

Blueberry Cherry nho Strawberry Orange Apple Pear Mai Mai Peach u

Nim am m Qu da Cht lm se x x x x x x x x x x 1 x x ng x x x x x x x x x x x x Caramel / mt ong x x x x x x x x x Ha cht x x x x x x x x x x B suy thoi / thi x x x x x x x x x x x x Estery x x x x x x x x x x x x Etheral x x x x x x x x x x Ln men x x x x x x x x x x x Hoa / perfumy x x x x x x x x x x x x Green x x x x x x x x x x x Chua x x x x x x x x x x x Sweet x x x x x x x x x x x Woody x x x x x x x x Mc / earthy x x x x x Tri cy sy kh x x x Citrus Artificial2 x x x x x x x xxx x Nguyn x x x x x x x x Fruity x x x x x x x

1Blank m t khng gian c ngha l khng c bo co trong loi qu ny trong ASTM (1996), nhng c th c th c tm thy trong . 2Not khuyn co nh l m t mt, bi v n c th c cp trong cc nh gi cng ca cc m t khc. Ngun: Phng vi s cho php t DS-66, Aroma v hng v t vng cho cm gic nh gi, bn quyn nm 1996, M Hi Th nghim v Vt liu (ASTM).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,2 Hng v v s thch n ung thng c bo co trong Type-Rau qu Sn xut

Bng ci xanh Ci bp C rt Cn ty da chut Onion

Chung Ht tiu Rau bina c ci

Ma h B c chua Cht lm se 1 x x x x ng x x x x x x x Earthy / mc x x x x x x Hoa x Mu xanh l cy / c x x x x x x x x Mn x x x x x

Chua x x x x Sweet x x x x x x x x x x x Lu hunh / sulfide x x x Umami x x Ln men x x Kim x x x x Brown caramel / caramel x x x x x Woody x x B x x Thuc l / paprika x x Viney x x Ghi x x 1Blank m t khng gian c ngha l khng c bo co trong cc loi rau ny trong ASTM (1996), nhng c th c th c tm thy trong . Ngun: Phng vi s cho php t DS-66, Aroma v hng v t vng cho cm gic nh gi, bn quyn nm 1996, M Hi Th nghim v Vt liu (ASTM).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,3 Danh sch M t vi nh ngha v Ti liu tham kho cho v gic, hng v v Mouthfeel ca Tri cy v Rau qu Ru thm c trng ca lp ha hc ca hp cht c bit n nh l ru. V / v: ethanol. H hnh, ti, gi nh ca ti hoc hnh ty, kt hp vi gia nh cc hp cht ha hc ca allyls. V / v: methyl anlyl trisulfide ti 0,05% trong nc hoc du (mi hng ch v chun b di mui xe l mt). Apple-thm c trng ca ging to khc nhau. V / v: to tp trung m khng c bn cht c thm vo. Cht lm se, cm gic yu t ha hc trn b mt li hay da khc ca khoang ming m t nh l nhn / kh v lin kt vi tannin hoc phn. V / v: 1% phn trong nc. Barny / chung-thm c trng ca kho hoc chung, kt hp phn, nc tiu, hay b mc, thc

n, mi chn nui. V / v: Cn Cy, y sc mnh. t chung thm kt hp vi t chung xanh. V / v: 0,01 ppm 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine. Cn t ha, cm gic cm thy trn li hoc trong ming v c hng. V / v: 0,15% t trong nc. -Hng v ng trn li kch thch bi cc gii php ca caffeine, quinine v mt s ancaloit khc. V / v: 0,1% gii php ca caffeine hoc quinin. Ghi / yu t cm gic nhit ha hc kt hp vi nng cao ca cht gy kch ng cho nim mc ca khoang ming. V / v: 30% ru gii php, 10% NaCl gii php, dm trng. B / diacetyl-thm kt hp vi b nhn to. V / v: 0,5 ppm diacetyl trong nc. Bp ci, nguyn ngt ngo, thm earthy lin kt vi bp ci sng. V / v: ti, ra ci bp. Caramel / vng caramel, ngt thm c trng ca ng vng v carbohydrate khc. V / v: ng caramel. Cardboardy-thm kt hp vi oxy ha cht bo v cc loi du nh, gi nh v bao b cc tng t. V / v: malonaldehyde hoc cc tng t hoc giy lc. Ha cht-mt thut ng rt chung chung kt hp vi nhiu loi khc nhau ca cc hp cht, chng hn nh dung mi, lm sch cc hp cht v hydrocacbon. V / v: sn phm c th, thuc ty, cc gii php kim lm sch. Citrus-thm kt hp vi n tng chung ca tri cy. V / v: tinh du cam qut. inh hng-a, ngt mu nu-gia v, gn nh bc h thm kt hp vi inh hng. V / v: eugenol. Da chut, hng v c trng ca da chut ti. V / v: liu da chut. B suy thoi / hng thm-thi lin kt vi thi, tri cy b h hng xung cp, / nguyn liu. V / v: hoa qu thi (c th). Hng v tri cy sy kh kt hp vi tri cy sy kh. V / v: kh to, m, o, l, mn, qu sung. Earthy / mc-thm c trng ca t m t, tn l t hoc hi cha nu chn khoai ty luc. V / v: 0,3 g geosmin / L nc, 30 ppb 2-methyl isoborneol hoc alpha 0,4 ppm fenchol trong nc. Estery qu chn nhn vt lin kt vi cc este. V / v: 0,5 ppm ethyl butyrat trong nc hoc tri cy khc hp cht. Etheral-hng v kt hp vi chloroform. V / v: 5 ppm acetal trong nc. Ln men-thm kt hp vi hoa qu ln men hoc rau. V / v: nc to ln men hoc WONF 3RA654 (McCormick). Hoa-mt ngt, thm thm kt hp vi hoa. V / v: du hoa hng, geranoil ppm 1 trong nc, 2 trang / pht phenyl ethyl alcohol trong nc.

Thm mi tri cy lin kt vi mt hn hp cc loi tri cy khng c hiu (qu mng, qu to / l, nhit i, da, thng khng c mi). V / v: 2 ppm ethyl butyrat, ethyl acetate caprilate v ethyl. (Tip theo)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,3 Danh sch M t vi nh ngha v Ti liu tham kho cho v gic, hng v v Mouthfeel ca Tri cy v Rau qu (tip theo) Mu xanh l cy to-the thm ti thu hoch lin kt vi cc ging mu xanh ca qu to. V / v: 5.0 ppm trans-2-hexen-1-al. Mu xanh l cy / c thm c trng ca l mi ct, c hoc rau xanh. V / v: 50 ppm cis-3-hexen-1-ol. Kim loi-mt cht ha hc phng cm gic yu t kch thch trn li bng kim loi. V / v: 0,1-1% st sulfate gii php trong nc. Mc-thm c trng ca nm mc hay nm mc. V / v: 10.000 ppm 2-etyl-1-hexanol trong glycol. Hnh ty thm kt hp vi hnh ty. V / v: 0,50 g c hnh trong nc ml bt 200. C chua chn thm kt hp vi c chua chn. Peely / v du hng v kt hp vi v hoc da hng v. V / v: to gt v, da nho hay du cam. Nguyn-thm kt hp vi cha qua ch bin v / hoc sn phm cha nu chn. V / v: tri cy hoc rau. Mn-hng v trn li kch thch bi cc mui natri, c bit l natri clorua. V / v: 0,3% NaCl trong nc. Seedy k t lin kt vi nhai v ging. V / v: qu mm xi v blackberry ht. Skunky / mecaptan-thm kt hp vi hp cht lu hunh, c trin lm mt nhn vt nh chn hi. V / v: 0,1% furfuryl mecaptan trong ru v nc. X phng, hng thm kt hp vi x phng khng mi. V / v: deconoic hoc dodeconic acid, Ivory Snow mnh.

Hng v chua-c bn trn li kch thch bi axit. V / v: citric acid, gim, lactic acid. Sunfua, lu hunh-thm kt hp vi hydrogen sulfide, trng thi. V / v: hydrogen sulfide bt nc (s dng thn trng), hoc luc trng c. Hng v ngt trn li kch thch bi cc loi ng v cht ngt hiu lc cao. V / v: 5% sucrose trong nc. Terpeny-thm kt hp vi cht d bay hi thng. V / v: 0,05% beta-pinen hoc alpha tecpineol-trong nc (nh hi cn thn). Thuc l / t bt thm kt hp vi t bt. V / v: t bt. C chua-mt thut ng chung, kt hp nhng c im thng lin kt vi c chua. V / v: 2-5 ppm methional. Umami / bt ngt yu t ha hc c th cm gic c kch thch bi bt ngt (MSG). V / v: 0,2% gii php ca bt ngt. Viney-thm kt hp vi cy xanh / tr nh chi nhnh hoc thn cy. V / v: alpha-lonone trn thanh ca nc hoa. Sp thm gi nh ca sp. V / v: gamma-undecalactone trn thanh ca nc hoa. Woody-thm kt hp vi kh, ti, ct g; thm hoc ging nh v cy. V / v: 10 ppb alpha-cu t chnh trong cc chip nc hoc ru hoc g. Ngun: Phng vi s cho php t DS-66, Aroma v hng v t vng cho cm gic nh gi, bn quyn nm 1996, M Hi Th nghim v Vt liu (ASTM).

Cng cc Spectrum quy m phn tch m t. Khng c cu trc quy m ng (6 inch hoc cm 15) thng c mt neo trn mi u c li th v quy m s trong khng c bc hoc "yu thch" s tn ti. Tham lun vin "c th c lp li kh khn hn t c, bi v cc v tr trn ng khng c lu tr trong b nh ging nh cc con s trong mt quy m s. Cc loi c quy m s dng c quyt nh bi cc nh lnh o ca bng iu khin, c tnh n mc tiu ca qun l ti khon.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Chch Extreme

Kt cu Kt cu, tri vi hng v, l cu trc v nh hng ca thc phm v phn ng ca thc phm n mt lc lng p dng. Nh trong hng v c trng, cc thuc tnh kt cu khc nhau c gn nhn v c xc nh, tng t nh mi v c trng. kt cu Cc thuc tnh ca sn phm c th c chia thnh bn khu vc: tnh cht b mt, ti sn cn u tin, nhai nut xung v sau khi ti sn (Meilgaard et al, 1999.). Bng 13.4 lit k cc thuc tnh kt cu vi cc nh ngha vi vic cao v cng thp ti liu tham kho chung cho hu ht cc loi tri cy v rau qu. B mt m (t) v nhm b mt l ti sn. Bung, kt cu, denseness, cng, m pht hnh, tinh co nhiu nc, nt v tnh thng nht ca cn l tt c xc nh trn cn u tin. Chewiness v kt cu ca khi lng c xc nh trong qu trnh nhai li. Ming ph c nh gi sau khi nut. Cc kt cu quy m cng l duy nht cho mi thuc tnh. Nhiu quy m thuc tnh cho cc phng php quang ph c cng b trn et al Meilgaard. (1999). Mt s cc thuc tnh tng th quan trng nht l gin, cng v m tinh co nhiu nc hoc pht hnh (c bin php hu nh cng mt thuc tnh). Crispiness l quan trng trong mt s loi tri cy hay rau qu, bi v n cho thy mc p lc turgor trong cc t bo hoc s tin ca ho din ra. cng ch ra s lo xy ra. Tinh co nhiu nc hoc pht hnh m c th l mt du hiu cho thy s tin b mt nc m xy ra. Quy m gii phng hi nc c pht trin ti Trung tm Nghin cu khu vc pha Nam (SRRC). Cc cng bao gm trong Bng 13.4 l i din ca cc u thp v cao quy m. Nhng quy m ton c th p dng cho tt c cc loi thc phm c nhng c im ny. i vi quy m s lng, tham lun vin c khuyn khch s dng phn mi gip xc nh s khc bit gia tri cy. Do , quy m c th cho cc loi tri cy v rau khng cn thit.

HOT m t cm gic PHN TCH THIT K PHNG Cc phng th nghim gic quan nn c thit lp ring cho mc ch nh gi sn xut mu. Cc phng th nghim nn c th truy cp nhng i t cc khu vc ng c, ni mc ting n c th c ln. Nu tham lun c rt ra t nhng ngi bn ngoi a im lm vic, cc phng th nghim nn c gn li vo mt nhng i t cc ca hng my mc, dy chuyn sn xut hoc nh bp phng n, ni m mi c th nh hng cng vic cm gic. Nu cc nhn vin c s dng nh tham lun vin, mt v

tr tt s c c cc chuyn gia i qua cc phng th nghim cm gic trn ng n cc tim n hoc phng ngh ngi. Cc c s kim tra nn bao gm cc gian hng nh gi c nhn ca cc mu, bng mt hi ngh v o to v mu chun b phng ring bit. gian hng c bit tnh nng tng cng oper-ation bao gm mt h thng tn hiu nh sng v nhp d liu mt thit b (bn phm, my tnh bng s ha hoc my tnh c nhn). Cc phng hi ngh phi ln cha

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,4 Tri cy v rau Texture M t cm quan * Giai on / Descriptor Definition / Quy m tham kho Giai on I. Gi mu ln mi v vt qua li trn b mt. t Lng m do mt h thng dch nc trn b mt. Low = khng p mui cracker soda ==> cao = Oscar Mayer ham tht n tra nhm S tin ca cc ht trn b mt. Low = gelatin mn trng ming ==> cao = Finn Crisp la mch en wafer Giai on II. nh gi trc hoc cn u tin. Kt cu Mc m bin dng mu hn l crumbles, vt nt, v. Low = bp Muffin ==> cao = sun-kh nho kh khng ht gin Lc lng v ting n m sn phm b v hoc gy xng khi nn vi cc rng ci. Low = Quaker Low Fat chewy granola Chunk thanh ==> cao = Pepperidge Tri c vng bnh ph mai cng Lc lng ny t c mt s bin dng nht nh (lc lng nn gia cc rng hm). Low = kem pho mt ==> cao = LifeSavers ko cng Tinh co nhiu nc ** S lng nc / m cm nhn trong ming. Low = chui ==> cao = da hu m pht hnh ** S tin t / tinh co nhiu nc pht hnh t mu.

Thp = (Betty Crocker) hay giai bay tm s ==> cao = nho Denseness Cc compactness ca mt ct ngang. Low = Tng thc phm Cool Whip ng u ==> cao = Farley Tri cy lt Giai on III. nh gi trong qu trnh nhai. Kt cu ca khi lng Mc m mt mu nhai gi cng nhau trong mt khi. Low = eo hp cam tho ==> cao = cng t v Cookies mm ma tt Chewiness Cc s lng cng vic nhai mu. m s nhai cn thit chun b cho nut. Giai on IV. nh gi sau khi nut. Ming ph S d cn li trong ming v trn b mt rng sau khi expectorating hoc nut. Low = bt bp nu chn ==> cao = rng bt (bt k thng hiu) * Lu : Hu ht cc m t nm trong Meilgaard et al. (1999). ** Hai m t l tng t, nhng sau ny c pht trin ti SRRC, v trc y l t Meilgaard et al. (1999).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

tt c cc tham lun vin (10-15 ngi). Mt bn hi ngh (hoc bng b tr theo phong cch hi ngh) l mt bng iu khin y ch ngi v "in t vit bng" l cn thit. p sut thp n sodium, bng n mu hoc b lc gel nh ht trn n recessed c th c s dng khc bit mu mt n. Cc phng chun b cho ti ct gim sn xut s bao gm mt phng ring bit t cc gian hng v phng o to. Nu x l c thc hin trong mt nh my hoc phng th nghim chun b thc n, sau yu cu c bn ca khng gian truy cp, bn ra v mt n v lm lnh s l . bit thm thng tin chi tit, tham kho tiu chun ASTM (1986) v ISO (1988) hng dn. Gian hng v phng hi ngh nn c t chc vo 22-24 C (72-75 F) v 45-55% RH Mt p lc tch cc nh nn

c duy tr ngn nga mi hi t c s n t xung quanh hoc chun b phng th nghim vo khu gian hng. PHC V NGH NH TH Fresh-ct tri cy v rau qu c ct thnh tng ming c kch thc v t trong 0,178 lt (6 oz) ly sa trng knh v ph knh 125 mm xem. Trnh cc sa trng vi vin rnh trnh mt mt cht d bay hi. Xem knh cho php cc cht d bay hi headspace by nh hi. mu lnh nn c cho php hm nng nhit mi trng xung quanh trc khi c trnh by cc chuyn gia cho php cc cht d bay hi hn pht ra. l iu quan trng nht m tt c cc mu c phc v ti mt nhit . Cng mt s lng xp x cng mt kch thc khi nn c t trong mi cc sa trng. Mt da nha mi m khng pht ra mt hng thm hoc kim loi mt ng ba sch c s dng nm mi mu. Trnh t trnh by s c chn ngu nhin gim thiu s thin v t hng. Cc mu u tin phi l mt, nonexperimental khi mu gip chun ha cc bng iu khin v gim thiu nh hng v tr trn cc mu u tin. Tham lun vin nn mi mu u tin v sau nh gi hng v bng ming v / hoc kt cu. Texture c mt th t hp l. thuc tnh b mt c nh gi u tin, tip theo cn u tin, sau nhai xung v cui cng, cc tnh cht o sau khi nut. Hng v c mt n t hng, cng. Mt s v nh ngt v mn v mt s ghi ch hng v c cm nhn ban u, trong khi nhng ngi khc c nhn thc sau ny.

Yu t nh hng ti-CUT cht lng cm Cy trng khc nhau c th c nh hng ng k hng v v kt cu. Vn ha v iu kin mi trng (kh hu, phn bn, ng dng, iu kin t ai) cng c th gy ra nhng thay i trong mt ging cy trng cho rng c th nh hng n hng v v kt cu. Mt s ging thng ngt ngo, c mt hng v mnh hn c tnh hoc kt cu mt nh nhng hn. Mt s ging gi li cht lng trong qu trnh ct ngt lu tr tt hn so vi nhng ngi khc. Gorny et al. (1999) quan st c 13 ging cy trng ca o ti ct trong lu tr v thy rng 'Flavorcrest,' 'Elegant Lady', 'Red Cal "v" cht lng gi li Cal ti ct trong lu tr di hn chn cy trng khc. Cng vic ny tp trung vo hnh thc trc quan v khng mi v v kt cu. Trong d liu cha c xut bn (Bett, nm 2000, cha cng b d liu), trong hai nm so snh ging cy trng da SRRC trong ct ngt lu tr, 'Pacstart' c kh hn v

"Athena" c mt nm v vn cn mm hn cng mt nm. Kim et al. (1993)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

bo co rng cng ca tri to ti ct gim vi lu tr, nhng "Golden Deli-cious 'to vn vng vng hn" Monroe,' 'Rhode Island xanh' v 'New York 674.' Mt s ging chu ng ct ngt lu tr tt hn so vi nhng ngi khc . Ging cy trng ang pht trin cc ngnh, ngh chn nui mi m tp trung vo cht lng ch bin ti ct. Ct trng thnh c mt tc ng ng k v cht lng ca sn phm ti ct. Gorny et al. (1998) bo co rng hoa qu chn c hn s dng ngn (hai ngy i vi o v 3-6 ngy cho xun o), trong khi tng trng thnh qu xanh v phn cng trong thi gian chn ti ct lu tr. Fresh-ct da trng thnh c nh gi SRRC gi li hng v tri cy ca n, trong khi cc qu da cha trng thnh tng cng tri cy vi lu tr. Tri cy cha trng thnh c xu hng c c kh khn hn trong thi gian lu tr hn so vi tri cy trng thnh. Tri cy trng thnh nh hng n cht lng qu, ng k (Watada v Qi, 1999). Cha trng thnh thiu cm gic cht lng tri tt, v tri cy qu hn thanh ton c kh nng gii hn thi hn s dng. X l mi trng l rt quan trng hng v v cht lng kt cu cng nh gim thiu cc vn vi sinh vt. Nhit ca phng x l cn c duy tr 2,8 C. Lin b mt cn c thng xuyn lau chi v kh trng. Nhn cn phi s dng gng tay sch s, tp d sch s, tc v phu thut bao gm mt n (Sargent, 1998). Cht iu kin ch bin c th ng gp ti nng Bial vi dn n suy gim cht lng cng nh vn an ton c th. Ct gim sn xut thng gy ra t l h hp gia tng. Do , ti thiu l tt hn cho ct hn s dng bi v n gi cho h hp gn hn vi cc sn phm cn nguyn vn (Watada et al, 1996.). Loi b cc thn cy t nho v v t du ty thay i t l h hp di lt v ct lt to. L tng nht, sn xut phi c x l lm cho n thun tin, nhng vi tn thng m ti thiu. V sinh c th truyn t mt hng v vo sn xut nu c php li trn b mt. Clo c mi c trng quen thuc, hydrogen peroxide v tia cc tm truyn t t hoc khng c thay i mi v hoc mi thm. Ozone c mt hng thm ozone m, nhng n mt i nhanh chng. Peroxyacetic acid c mt acid acetic nh / hng v dm. Chiu x c xut nh mt phng tin ko di thi hn s dng, nhng trong ton b tri cy v rau qu, cc liu lng cn thit cho t bo vi sinh vt gy h hng phng lm mm (Maxie v cng s, 1971.).

Browning ca b mt ct c th l mt vn trong sn xut mt s. Browning trong tri cy ct thng c gy ra bi qu trnh oxy ha xc tc bi enzym phenol polyphenol oxidase. Browning trong to c th lm tng hng thm ngt ngo hay hng v caramel. N thng c th c ngn chn trong tri cy ti ca lp ph b mt ct vi mt cht c ch nu, m trong mt s trng hp, c th truyn t mt hng v khc nhau cho sn xut. Sodium erythorbate v sodium lactate, v d, truyn t mt hng v mn trn b mt. Canxi clorua hoc lactate canxi c th truyn t mt hng v ng nh, nhng cng c, c th lm cho sn phm hi cng rn (Agar v cng s, 1999;. Luna-Guzmn v Barrett, 2000). Bao b thng thng to ra mt bu khng kh duy tr iu kin lm tng thi gian bo qun sn phm. Tnh thm ca b phim c th c la chn lm chm hoc tng cng s xung cp cht dip lc, iu khin mu nu, nm mc pht trin chm v tng trng chm ca mt s vi sinh vt (Cartaxo v cng s, 1997;. Senesi v cng s, 1999;. Watada, 1997). Tt c cc th nh hng n cc c tnh cm quan ca sn phm ti ct. La chn vt liu ng gi thch hp c th kim sot m tng i xung quanh qu

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

c th ngn nga mt nc ca m v kim sot s ngng t (Watada, nm 1997; Watada v Qi, 1999), c hai u gy ra suy gim cht lng cm quan. Nhit bo qun thch hp l rt quan trng cho cht lng vi sinh vt, nhng n cng nh hng n cht lng cm quan. Nhit cao thc y qu trnh h hp nh tng trng nu v vi khun. Vi sinh vt pht trin c th to ra ngoi v nh ln men, gim phm cht / thi v mc v c th tr nn mnh hn vi tc nhanh hn vi nhit cao hn (Abbey v cng s, 1988.). Cc hot ng enzim tng xy ra nhit cao lm tng tc v cc m mm mu nu (Watada, 1997). Lu tr nhit qu thp c th gy thng tch lm lnh. Lm lnh thng lm suy yu cc m, bi v h khng th thc hin qu trnh trao i cht bnh thng. Sau khi chn thng lnh, sn xut c th nhn m thanh, nhng khi nng ln mt cht, h pht trin cc triu chng nh r, vt da, i mu ni b hoc khng chn. Nhit gy ra mt s tin nh ca chn thng lm lnh c u tin hn nhit gy lo ha nhanh chng v suy gim vi khun (Watada v Qi, 1999).

Tm tt Hng v v kt cu ca sn phm ti ct rt quan trng n s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng. cht lng cm quan c th b nh hng tt c cc bc t sn xut n iu kin bo qun ni tiu th, v phn tch m t l mt cng c hiu qu o lng v gim st nhng khc bit ny. Sn xut ti u ha cn phi c xem xt ti mi im trong ch bin, sn xut v chui phn phi. Khi nh gi cm quan c thc hin trn ti ct gim sn xut, n phi c thc hin trong iu kin kim sot v nht qun. Chng ny a ra mt tng quan v nhng g c lin quan n phn tch cm gic m t v cch kha cnh khc nhau ca chui distri-bution ch bin v c th nh hng n c tnh cm quan. KT LUN

Khong 10 nm trc y, ngi ta cho rng a dng ha s thc y doanh s bn cc mt hng ti ct. S pht trin ca salad tri cy ti ct l mt trong nhng tng u tin. Tri cy ti ct Trong n lc u tin sn xut cc sn phm ny, cc cht ph gia hoc cht bo qun ch c s dng l axit ascorbic hay erythorbic. Tui th ca cc sa lt hoa qu trong nc ngn (nm ngy), v trn bn theo ngy, h rt nhim nm men (107-108 cfu g-1). Sn xut b ngng li sau mt nm hoc lu hn. Gn y hn, b vi x l ca B v H Lan sn xut sa lt tri cy ti vi xi-r n nh vi sorbat ( ngn chn s tng trng nm men), ascorbic acid (nh mt tc nhn antibrowning), v clorua canxi ( gim s c kt cu). Trong s cc ha cht ny, ch sorbat ang gy tranh ci. n nh sa lt hoa qu ti ng gi m khng cn bt k (xi-r hoc nc p tri cy) cht lng ch i hi mt vi ppm sorbat, bi v ch c cc lp u tin ca cc t bo b h hng phi c bo v (Varoquaux v Varoquaux, 1990). khi kh tri cy phi c ng gi trong bao b kn v gn nh theo anoxia ngn chn nu. Nit oxit (N2O) v lng kh carbon dioxide (CO2) l hiu qu hn N2. Khi cc khi qu c m, nng sorbat phi cao hn nhiu, t 350 ppm (socbic acid) khi c phn phi t 0 4 C n 1000 trang / pht khi bo qun nhit mi trng xung quanh (20 C). Cc cm quan

phm cht (mi v, cng, v s xut hin) l bo v tt hn trong phin bn "kh" hn so vi mt m. Rau trn Xo v cc ch phm khc c phc v vi tht ang ngy cng ph bin chu u. Nhng sn phm ny c pht trin ti Hoa K, ang c thch nghi vi th trng chu u. Sn phm thch hp Nm, bao gm c nm cc, v a phng salad trn, chng hn nh "mesclun" (mt s pha trn salad Medi-terranean), l nhng v d ca cc sn phm thch hp c sn. Tiu thuyt K THUT CH Ct t ng Cc ti ct cc cng ty ln ca Php pht trin my t ng ct ta. Trong my nh th, gc ca mt cy l rng c gi bi mt mng m quay, v th lm phng cc x lch bi lc ly tm. Cc cc xanh ca l rch nt bn ngoi l do dao tnh c t ti mt khong cch ti u v gc t trc quay. My ny c ci thin ng k v ang hot ng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC ti ba nh my ch bin Php v Anh. Trong mt my khc (khng cn s dng), nhng dao xoay quanh cc mn salad. Mt nghin cu cng c tin hnh, trong salad c ct vi mt my bay phn lc nc hng dn phn tch hnh nh trn my vi tnh. Cc d n khng kt qu trong mt tng t ng hot ng c. Clo-Free ti ct hng ha Nh cp, vic s dng clo kh trng trong ngnh thc phm ang gy tranh ci v b cm i vi thc phm hu c. Hiu qu ca zn, axit hu c, axit peracetic v

hydrogen peroxide, glucose oxidase h thng Lactoperoxidase, ion ha khng kh, v k thut khc ang c iu tra. Gamma tion irradia v in t tng tc c hiu qu trn cc loi rau c thi nh nhng kt qu trong mt s c kt cu kch tnh khi p dng cho x lch xanh. Bu khng kh thay i bao b (MAP) Ti u ha ca khng kh tch cc sa i v thm b phim ang c nghin cu lm cho MAP hiu qu hn. iu ny bao gm vic s dng ca nng oxy cao v kh him. Phng chng lm dng nhit ch s nhit Thi gian (TTI) c s dng trn hp Php pht hin s lm dng nhit trong khi vn chuyn v phn phi. Cc nh hng bt li ca temperature lm dng cng c th c m bng nhng bao b ti ct ti hoc punnets trong hp polystyrene thay v hp. K thut ny c s dng ti Php, nhng chi ph ca n ti chnh v mi trng c cao v cc container ng nhit khng th c ti ch.

Cc kha cnh an ton ca ti ct Tri cy v Rau qu

William C. Hurst

NI DUNG

Cu hi an ton thc phm ti ct yu t nguy c kim sot cc im ly mu Cch tip cn HACCP Ti sao s dng HACCP? HACCP l g khng xut x ca HACCP iu kin tin quyt ca HACCP Thc hnh nng nghip tt (khong trng) Th tc iu hnh tiu chun (SOP) Thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP) Th tc hnh Tiu chun v sinh (SSOPs) ton din v v sinh thc vt Nguyn tc chung C s (mi trng) V sinh mi trng Thit b v sinh V sinh Kim ton Cng c trc quan thanh tra gim st s dng vi sinh Pest Control Thc hnh v sinh nhn vin pht trin mt chng trnh HACCP hp o to HACCP HACCP Team Xc nh cc sn phm Xy dng mt s dng chy Thc hin mt s phn tch nguy (Nguyn tc 1)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn (Nguyn tc 2) Thit lp gii hn ti hn (Nguyn tc 3) Thit lp cc th tc gim st (Nguyn tc 4) iu g s c gim st? Khi gim st s c thc hin? Lm th no gim st s c thc hin? Ai s Thc hin gim st? Theo di thng k iu khin qu trnh Tch hp SPC v HACCP Gim st SPC ca CCP Thit lp hnh ng khc phc (Nguyn tc 5) Thit lp th tc xc nhn (Nguyn tc 6) SPC Xc Nhn / xc nhn ca mt qu trnh lp Record-Gi Th tc (Nguyn tc 7) Tm tt

Ti liu tham kho

THC PHM AN TON CU HI Khi thc n an ton tip tc l mt vn y t cng cng trn ton th gii, cc nghin cu dch t hc cho thy mt s gia tng ng k trong s cc bnh lin quan n sn xut thc phm trong ba thp k qua. Cc Trung tm kim sot dch bnh (CDC) bo co rng s lng trung bnh ca dch kt hp vi tri cy v rau qu tng hn gp i 1973-1987 (4.3 / nm) v mt ln na 1988-1991 (9,75 / nm). Salmonella spp. l ph bin nht lin quan n cc i l etiological dch ny. Ch ring trong nm 1995, ch yu pht sinh dch iu tra lin quan bnh nhim trng vi Stanley type huyt thanh Salmonella mm c linh lng, Salmonella Hartford cha c tit trng nc cam, Shigella spp. vi rau dip v xanh l cy hnh, Escherichia coli O157: H7 n rau dip, v vim gan virus A n c chua (Tauxe, 1997). Gn y ti Hoa K, Trung tm Khoa hc trong cng sut xp hng sn phm ti nguyn nhn th t cao nht ca tt c cc bnh thc phm t nm 1990 (Hnh 4.1), sau hi sn, trng, v tht b. D liu ny khng bao gm x lch ng bao, salad tri cy, hoc sn xut ch bin khc. Gi v x lch c th phm thng gp nht. Trong mt nghin cu lin quan, c nhn "a thnh phn thc phm," 14 dch trong thi gian 10 nm (1990-2000) c quy cho x lch ng gi cng nh cc thanh x lch v cc mt hng ch bin khng dnh c quyn sn xut mt hng (Scruton, 2000) . Tm quan trng ca sn phm ti sng nh mt phng tin truyn mm bnh v nhng tc nhn gy bnh dch t hc c th lin quan n cc bnh lin quan n sn phm ti c rng ri xem xt v ti liu (Doyle, 1990, Nguyn-Cc v Carlin, nm 1994; Beuchat nm 1996; Beuchat v Ryu, nm 1997; Tauxe v cng s nm 1997;. DeRoever nm 1999; Gillian et al, 1999).. Phng tin truyn thng ch n sn phm ti, ct ti v nng cao nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng-Ness ca sn xut an ton. Nm 1998, mt cuc kho st xu hng ti, c thc hin bi tp ch Packer, thy rng 60% ngi tiu dng quan tm nhiu hn ngy hm nay hn so vi mt nm trc y v vi khun Salmonella v cc vi khun khc trong sn xut. p ng mi quan tm ca ngi tiu dng, nh bn l ln (v d, Albertson v Safeway) v dch v n ung nh hng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Hnh 4,1 Cc trng hp bnh do thc phm lin quan n thy sn (vng trn), trng (rn v ng dy), tht b (rn line), v sn xut (hnh vung) cho 1990-1997. (D liu c in li vi s cho php ca Trung tm Khoa hc trong quan s liu cng cng cho nm 1998-2000. Cha c hon tt.) (V d, Taco Bell v Burger King) bt u cc chng trnh i hi cc nh cung cp ca h (ngi trng) c c lp bn th ba kim tra cc trang tri ca mnh xc nhn rng tri cy v rau ang c trng, thu hoch, v x l bng cch s dng phng thc qun l nng nghip tt (Hodge, nm 1998; Beers, 1999). B vi x l ca sn phm ti ct t lu hiu trch nhim ca mnh cung cp mt sn phm, microbiologically an ton cht lng cao cho khch hng. H lun lun thc hin mt thi tch cc i vi an ton. Trong thi hn hai nm thnh lp mt hip hi ngnh cng nghip ca b vi x l v nh cung cp trong nm 1987, mt lc lng v sinh nhim v c a vo m hnh pht trin hng dn v sinh cho cc thnh vin. nh im ca tc phm ny c mt n phm mang tn "khuyn ngh Hng dn v sinh cho sn xut cng nghip ch bin" c pht hnh vo nm 1992. Vn bn ny quy nh c bn v sinh tt Manufac-Turing thc hnh (GMP) v quy trnh chun ha ch

bin m bo cht lng ph hp v ci thin tin cy ca b vi x l vi nh nc, a phng v thanh tra thc phm lin bang m bo sn phm an ton cho ngi tiu dng (Hurst, 1992). Mc d cc cng ngh v gio dc c nhiu tin b trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct ngn trong lch s ca n, thch thc vn cn lm th no tt nht m bo an ton sn phm. Mc ch ca chng ny l xem xt mt s bin php kim sot v an ton v cung cp mt chin lc phng nga c chng minh hu ht cc li th gim thiu mi nguy an ton thc phm. Ti-CUT T RI RO mi nguy him thc phm c th c coi nh l ha cht, vi sinh vt, hoc vt l trong t nhin. Tuy nhin, do vi sinh an ton l vn ln cn quan tm trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct, n s l trng tm ca chng ny. Nhiu yu t c th c tham gia dch t hc ca bnh sn lin quan. Ri ro cho ct ti c th c chia thnh hai loi. Mt loi lin quan n cc yu t hay iu kin sn xut gy nhim mi vi tc nhn gy bnh bn a trong canh tc hoc thu hoch. y c

c gii quyt bi Hedberg et al. (1994) v Tauxe et al. (1997). Chng bao gm thc hnh ngho nng hc, s dng nc b nhim ti cy hoc thuc xt chem-ical trn, ng dng phn lm phn bn khng ng, v thiu s o to trong lnh vc lao ng v v sinh c nhn tt. Kim sot v sinh ngho trong cc hot ng x l sau thu hoch l mt c ch cho nhim mm bnh i vi sn phm ti. DeRoever (1999) bo co rng hai trng hp ln salmonellosis xy ra vo nm 1991 v 1993 do tiu th c chua ti. Cc c chua nghi ng c dch t hc lin kt vi mt packinghouse c chua duy nht. Mc d cc im gy nhim chnh xc cha bao gi xc nh, nguyn nhn c th bao gm lm sch thng rc khng ng, x, v xe ti s dng vn chuyn c chua t trng packinghouse vic, qua tp cht trong nc c chua b, v sinh c nhn km trong s cc nhn vin, v / hoc thit b lm sch khng ng cch thng xuyn i mt ma gii y m khng b tho ri lm sch. Mt th loi th hai c nguy c vi sinh l hot ng ct hoc ct trong nh my mi ct. Ni m ca sn phm ti thng c bo v t cuc xm lc vi sinh do cht sp da bn ngoi v v. Tuy nhin, ro cn ny ct hng vt l, cho php nc b r r t cc m

bn trong ln b mt ca tri cy v rau qu. Nhng loi nc c cha cc cht dinh dng thc y tng trng vi sinh. Cng vi s gia tng din tch b mt tip xc, dn s ln vi sinh vt, bao gm c mc tc nhn gy bnh c kh nng cao hn con ngi, pht trin v ct gim sn xut mt hng (Brackett, 1987;. Garg et al, 1990). Cc ri ro vi sinh ca sn ti ct c xc nh (Hurst, 1995; Fain, nm 1996; Zagory v Hurst, 1996) v bao gm: khng c bc git (nh nu n) trong qu trnh loi b tc nhn gy bnh tim nng con ngi, mt s tc nhn gy bnh (v d, Listeria monocy-togenes v Aeromonas hydrophila) l psychotrophic v c th pht trin nhit c s dng lu tr mi ct cc sn phm, nhng hn s dng di hn (10-14 ngy) m by gi l ph bin, do kim sot nhit tt v ng gi tinh vi, c th cung cp thi gian cho s pht trin mm bnh; kh quyn sa i ln ngn chn s pht trin ca sinh vt h hng, nhng mt s tc nhn gy bnh (vi khun Listeria monocytogenes) tn ti v thc s c th pht trin mnh trong iu kin ny, v khng ging nh truyn thng ch bin (ng hp v ng lnh) tri cy v rau qu, sn phm ti, ct gim tiu th nguyn liu KIM IM nhim mm bnh ca con ngi v sn phm ti c th xy ra bt k giai on trong qu trnh sn xut, thu hoch, x l, ch bin, lu tr, hoc phn phi cho cc Sumer-con. Nh vn, nh ng gi, v cc ch hng ca sn phm ti gn y c cung cp mt hng dn v cch gim thiu mi nguy him an ton vi sinh trong cc hot ng nng nghip. Ti liu ny (CFSAN, 1998) nu ra thc hnh nng nghip tt (khong trng) cho ngi sn xut thc hin ti cc c s trang tri ca h. Ngoi ra, n tp trung vo ba thng ip gio dc: nng cao nhn thc ca cc microbiolog-ical mi nguy him thng gp trong tri cy v rau sn xut, nhn mnh phng, chng nhim hn mt ln hnh ng khc phc nhim xy ra, v thit lp mt nh dng pht trin mt h thng trch nhim thc hnh v sinh cc cp ca

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

nng nghip v packinghouse mi trng. Cc ti liu khong cch xc nh u v lm th no kim sot ri ro vi sinh gia cc trng v cc nh my pro-cessing ti ct. Trong khi khong cch a ch thc hnh v sinh mi trng, thc hnh sn xut tt

(GMP) cung cp khun kh gim thiu nhim sn phm trong cc nh my processing. FDA nhim v GMP cho tt c cc c s x l thc phm. Fresh-ct b vi x l phi c mt chng trnh v sinh ton din, bao gm cc c s, thit b v nhn s, nh l mt phn ca h thng m bo cht lng ca h. GMP l nhng dng u tin ca quc phng trong vic kim sot s tch t mm bnh trong sn phm hoc mi trng ca mt nh my ch bin ti ct.

Ly mu kim tra GMP kim sot, x l thc phm c truyn thng s dng th nghim sn phm cui cng nh gi cht lng vi sinh v an ton thc phm ca h. kim tra vi sinh vt c thc hin trn mt s cc mu c thu thp t mt hot ng sn xut, hoc rt nhiu, cc sn phm. Khi s dng mt chng trnh ly mu kim tra s hin din ca vi sinh vt, mu phi c rt ra theo cch nh vy m cht lng vi sinh vt c xc nh bi kt qu l i din chnh xc ca cc char vi sinh-acter ca rt nhiu ngi. Tuy nhin, nh th hin trong hnh 4.2, cc vi sinh vt khng phi l ngu nhin phn phi trn ton thc phm. Thay vo , tng hp to thnh mt phn phi contagious (Jarvis, 1989), mt loi phn phi nonhomogenous t bo. Mt s loi

Hnh 4,2 th loi phn b khng gian ca cc vi sinh vt trong thc phm. 2 , khng ng; , c ngha. (In li vi s cho php t Jarvis, 1989 thng k phn tch cc kha cnh ca Microbio-hp l ca thc phm, Volume 21.. Elsevier xut bn Khoa hc.)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0,1% khim khuyt

0,01% khim khuyt

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 S mu

Hnh 4,3 Xc sut pht hin mt mu b li (dng tnh vi mm bnh) da trn cc defectives% trong rt nhiu. (In li vi s cho php t Toledo, 2000.)

phn b xc sut c th c s dng i ph vi cc d liu khng ngu nhin. S phn b xc sut c s dng m t cc thuc tnh thng k da trn k hoch ly mu xt nghim vi sinh thc phm l cc nh thc (ICMSF, 1986). Vn ca vic s dng thuc tnh ly mu (da trn s phn b nh thc) trong vic tm kim patho-Gens trong cc sn phm ti ct l khi cc p cp li (v d, tc nhn gy bnh) l rt thp, mt s lng rt ln cc mu ti ct n s phi c th nghim a ra mt xc sut cao l mt trong nhng n v b li s c tm thy. Hnh 4.3 minh ha s v ch ca th tc ny. N l mt th ca cc xc sut pht hin t nht mt mu b li (tc nhn gy bnh tch cc) mu c kch thc khc nhau khi mc ca cc n v khim khuyt l 0,1% v 0,01%. Cc ng cong thp hn, i din cho xc sut pht hin khi c mt mc 0,01% ca cc n v b li, thm ch khng tip cn 0,5 xc sut ti mt kch thc mu ca 5.000 n v! Mt khc, mt kh nng tip cn c hin th khi kch thc mu phng php tip cn 5000 mc 0,1% ca cc n v khim khuyt. V s lng mu xt nghim tng ln, do , hin s t tin ca chng ti trong cc kt qu, nhng, nh vy qu khng chi ph ly mu. Nh vy, nu kim tra gn 100% phi c s dng pht hin cc mc thp ca cc mm bnh trong mt sn phm mi ct, r rng, ly mu l mt phng tin khng m bo an ton trong cc sn phm ri nh my ch bin. Bi v ly mu

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

k thut khng bao gi cung cp mt cu tr li tt, kim sot vi sinh an ton, chng ta phi nhn vo cch tip cn khc.

CC PHNG PHP TIP CN HACCP Nh nu trn, theo di mt sn phm thc phm thnh phm khng m bo an ton bi v mu khng an ton c th thot khi pht hin. iu cn thit l mt cch tip cn tp trung hn i vi an ton thc phm kim sot. Nhng chng trnh nh l phn tch mi nguy v im kim sot (HACCP) khi nim. HACCP l mt phng php cu trc nhn bit, nh gi, vic sa cha nguy c (kh nng xy ra v mc nghim trng), v kim sot cc mi nguy him lin kt vi mt quy trnh sn xut thc phm hoc thc hnh. a ch HACCP nguyn nhn gc r ca cc vn an ton thc phm trong sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn, vv, v phng nga (FDA, 1994). N nhm xc nh cc vn c th trc khi chng xy ra v thit lp cc bin php kim sot cc giai on trong sn xut l rt quan trng an ton sn phm. Mt trong nhng mc ch ca HACCP l thit k an ton vo qu trnh ny, do lm gim s cn thit phi kim tra vi sinh vt phong ph ca cc mu in-line v thnh phm (Silliker, 1995). Thit k v thc hin mt h thng HACCP bao gm vic sau by nguyn tc c bn hoc cc bc (Stevenson v Bernard, 1999). Bc 1: Tin hnh phn tch nguy him. Lu lng s cc bc ca mt qu trnh xc nh ni tn ti mi nguy him ng k v nhng bin php kim sot cn c thit lp. Bc 2: Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP) cn thit kim sot cc mi nguy him c xc nh. CCP c bt k bc ni nguy him c th c ngn chn, loi b, hoc gim n mc chp nhn c. Bc 3: Thit lp gii hn ti hn (CLS). y l nhng thng s k thut (cc gi tr mc tiu v dung sai) m phi c p ng bo m rng CCP c kim sot. Bc 4: Thit lp cc th tc gim st CCP. Chng c s dng iu chnh qu trnh duy tr kim sot ca CSTQ.

 Bc 5: Thit lp hnh ng khc phc phi c thc hin khi kim tra cho thy mt lch t mt gii hn quan trng c thnh lp. Bc 6: Thit lp cc th tc xc minh xc nh nu HACCP h thng l hot ng chnh xc. Bc 7: Thit lp hiu qu lu gi h s th tc ti liu H thng HACCP. HACCP cho ngnh cng nghip mi ct phi c xy dng xung quanh mt lot cc yu t cht bo qun (tr ngi) kim sot s pht trin mm bnh, v khng c bc git dt khot trong hot ng ch bin. Ro cn cng ngh s dng mt s kt hp ca iu kin pht trin ti u trong mi yu t mt mnh l khng ngn chn s pht trin ca mm bnh, nhng khi kt hp trong thi trang cho ph gia kim sot hiu qu (Gorris v Tauscher, 1999). Fresh-ct ro cn bao gm mua sn phm t ngi trng xc nhn / ng gi, thc hin chng trnh nh my v sinh ton din, s dng cc tc nhn c hi numer-khng khun (Beuchat, 1998) trong nc ra, s dng k thut bin i bao b atmo-cu (Gorris v Tauscher, 1999), v sau y qun l ph hp nhit thp.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Ti sao s dng HACCP? C l l do quan trng nht thc hin HACCP vo mt hot ng mi ct l sn sng cho cc quy nh ca chnh ph sp xy ra. HACCP tr thnh mt chng trnh bt buc cho mt s ngnh cng nghip thc phm trong nhng nm gn y. FDA t cc ngnh cng nghip thy sn theo HACCP vo cui nm 1997 (FDA, 1997), v USDA yu cu tt c cc c s tht, gia cm phi c theo HACCP ca 25 thng 1, 2000 (FSIS, 1996). Gn y nht, FDA a ra mt nc c th ti HACCP nhim v, m vn cn ang c xem xt (FDA, 1998). FDA sa i 1999 Thc Phm ca n, thng bo rng tt c cc doanh nghip bn l c th x l, phn phi, hoc qu trnh thc phm phi thc hin mt k hoch an ton thc phm da trn khi nim HACCP (FDA, 1999). Thng ip l r rng, tt c cc b vi x l thc phm s c HACCP trong tng lai ca h (Stier v Blumenthal, 1995). HACCP chc chn s l h thng an ton thc phm ca tng lai s dng qun l (Corlett, 1998). HACCP l mt phng php c chng minh hiu qu ti a ha an ton thc phm,

bi v n tp trung vo kim sot nguy him ti ngun ca n. N cung cp h thng iu khin bng bao gm tt c cc kha cnh ca sn xut v x l t cc nguyn vt liu chun b ngi tiu dng. HACCP c xy dng lng tin ca khch hng rng an ton thc phm ang c hiu qu qun l ti mt hot ng mi ct. Do kim sot nghim ngt ca n, HACCP s mang li ci thin-ments cht lng sn phm. N th hin ni nhm mc tiu cc ngun lc gim thiu ri ro. HACCP thc hin s lm gim thit hi t sn phm thu hi hoc lm li. Qun l cht lng HACCP b sung tng s bi v n cung cp vn phng lin tc.

KHNG G HACCP Mc d HACCP thc hin c th dn n ci tin cht lng sn phm, n phi l mt chng trnh r rng ring bit, khng kt hp vi kim sot cht lng trong mt hot ng mi ct. HACCP l mt h thng an ton thc phm v nn tp trung hon ton vo vn an ton (Scott, 1993). V d, HACCP s c thit k ngn nga E. coli O157: H7 nhim trong rau dip ct ngt nhng s khng m bo s vng mt ca l mu nu trong mt ti 2-lb (Hurst, 1995). Trong nhng ngy u ca HACCP pht trin, cc khu vc c qu nhiu c ch nh l "nghim trng", gy ra s chng cho ca cc im an ton v cht lng. Kt qu l s tht vng v lm vic qu sc trong s cc nhn vin c trch nhim v gim st v ghi li cc khu vc ny. Trn an ton v cht lng cc kha cnh trong cng mt k hoch gy ra mt pha long trong nhng khu vc thc s quan trng v tht bi ca nhiu k hoch HACCP. HACCP khng phi l mt thay th ca FDA v sinh GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices). Trong thc t, hiu qu v sinh phi l mt iu kin tin quyt cho thnh cng mentation-imple ca mt chng trnh my HACCP. th tc v sinh c th, tuy nhin, tr thnh t chc thnh mt cng c kim sot trong k hoch HACCP ngn chn mt mi nguy him t tr thnh mt thc t. V d, so tht trn mt dng ct rau dip c th th hin l mt thch hp cho mm bnh vi sinh vt da trn cc cuc nh gi thit b, nu cn thn v sinh khng tc kim sot khu vc ny. Ngoi ra, k hoch HACCP, khng ging nh GMP, khng c thit k trang tri tt c cc lnh vc kim sot v sinh trong hot ng thc phm. Thay vo , h sut tp trung vo cc lnh vc c th m mi nguy him c th c gii thiu. Tt c cc yu cu GMP l bng nhau t gc qun l. V vy, bi bn theo GMP, v s hin din ca n trn thit b l mt vi phm.

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Tuy nhin, theo HACCP, kim sot ca bi l mt bc i v sinh nhng khng quan trng, bi v s hin din ca n l khng gy nguy him an ton.

Ngun gc ca HACCP Khi nim ban u c hnh thnh HACCP do Cng ty Pillsbury trong vn t, hp tc cng qun i M Natick Nghin cu pht trin v phng th nghim Quc gia Hng khng v Khng gian Hnh chnh pht trin cc thc phm an ton cho cc phi hnh gia trong thp nin 1960. Pillsbury thy rng cch duy nht cung cp cho bo m 100% rng cc loi thc phm khng gian c min ph ca cc mm bnh vi sinh c th tt c cc sn phm. Hon tt th nghim sn phm ny khng thc t, bi v hu ht cc sn phm c s dng ht trong tnh cht ph hoi ca cc th tc kim tra. Mt phng php tt hn v bo m an ton thc phm c r rng l cn thit, v y l cch HACCP c sinh ra (Stevenson, 1993).

iu kin tin quyt ca HACCP Nh HACCP c tch hp vo cc h thng qun l ngnh cng nghip thc phm, n tr nn hin nhin rng HACCP khng th tn ti nh l mt chng trnh c lp. Sperber et al. (1998) ch ra rng HACCP khng th c p dng thnh cng trong chn khng, nhng ng hn, n phi c h tr bi mt nn tng vng chc ca cc chng trnh tin quyt. Trong khi phn khng chnh thc ca HACCP, chng trnh, iu kin tin quyt phi c pht trin v thc hin trong mt hot ng ch bin thc phm trc khi c gng t mt k hoch HACCP ti ch. cc chng trnh tin quyt c bng vn bn, th tc thc hin cc iu kin a ch opera-tional v cung cp cc ti liu hng dn gip mt hot ng chy thng sut hn duy tr mt chng trnh bo m an ton thc phm ton din. Fresh-ct b vi x l nn pht trin cc chng trnh bng vn bn iu kin tin quyt cho hot ng sau y: liu bn i-Rial tip nhn, lu tr; ra cht lng nc, thit b bo tr, kim sot sn xut phn loi, ra, ct, sy, ng gi, nhit v sinh hc vi iu khin; Kim sot ha cht, kim sot v sinh cho cc thit b, c s, v ngi lao ng; sn phm v m ha truy xut ngun gc, kim sot th tc thu hi v hon thnh sn phm lu tr v

kim sot phn phi.

GOOD nng nghip PR ACTICES (khong cch) Nm 1997, Tng thng Clinton cng b Sng kin an ton thc phm ca mnh gia lc p lc cng cng v phng tin truyn thng ci thin an ton trong vic cung cp lng thc ca M. Mt kt qu ngay lp tc c rng FDA kt hp vi cc B Nng nghip M cng b hng dn ca ngi dng cho ngnh cng nghip sn xut mi c ti liu ny, m khng quy nh "Hng dn Gim thiu cc vi sinh an ton thc phm Haz-ARDS cho ti Tri cy v rau.", Xc nh tim nng ngun nhim vi sinh cho tri cy v rau-Bles trong sn xut v x l cp trang tri, cung cp xut v "thc hnh nng nghip tt" gim thiu cc mi nguy him (CFSAN, 1998). Specifi-Cally, c a ch nhim tim nng t cc ngun nc, s dng phn bn (phn chung hoc phn hu c), nhn vin y t v v sinh, v trng v v sinh packingshed, v cc cuc gi cho s pht trin ca cc du vt, tr li th tc cho cc sn phm ti.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

HOT NG TIU CHUN TH TC (SOP) Tri tim ca bt k chng trnh iu kin tin quyt l cc tiu chun iu hnh th tc (SOP). SOP c vit ti liu tham kho dng m t mt trnh t c th ca cc s kin cn thit thc hin mt nhim v (Harris v Blackwell, 1999). Ni cch khc, h ang tng bc hng dn phc tho mt hot ng nh th no s c thc hin. Quy trnh tc nghip phi c vit cho c s an ton v nhim v hot ng nonsafety. V d, mt th tc chi tit cn phi c vit theo di v duy tr mc chnh xc cht kh trng nc ra sch, ct m bo an ton sn phm. Tng t nh vy, mt SOP c th kim tra nhit sn phm cn c xy dng cung cp cho ch dn v ni v cch thng xuyn thc hin nhim v duy tr cht lng sn phm, hn dng. SOP c s dng m bo rng cc bc x l quan trng c hon thnh v cng c th c s dng o to nhn vin.

THC HNH TT SN XUT (GMP)

GMP l nhng v sinh v x l yu cu ti thiu cn thit m bo sn xut thc phm lnh mnh (Harris v Blackwell, 1999). yu cu FDA cho GMP c lit k trong 21 Tiu , Phn 110 ca B lut ca Lin bang quy nh. GMP c vit cho cc vng cy trng sau y: xy dng v c s vt cht, thit b, dng, thc hnh nhn vin, kim sot su bnh, sn xut v quy trnh kim sot, v thc hnh kho. GMP c rng ri bng vn bn, ni chung trong t nhin, v khng d nh c cy trng c th. GMP c th c s dng gii thch cng vic m l mt phn ca nhiu cng n vic lm (v d, GMP c vit cho v sinh c nhn v n mc khng phn bit chc v, qun l, duction-pro, m bo cht lng, bo tr, vv.) GMP khc vi HACCP trong mt s cch. Th nht, h khng c thit k kim sot mi nguy him c th; th hai, h khng cung cp phng php theo di haz-ARDS; v th ba, h khng yu cu c th lu gi h s th tc. GMP khng c s dng thit lp gii hn lch v khng m t yu cu hnh ng khc phc. TIU CHUN V SINH HOT NG TH TC (SSOPs) V sinh quy trnh tc nghip tp trung nhiu hn v th tc c th phm vi hp cho php mt nh my ch bin ti, ct t c iu khin qu trnh v sinh trong hot ng hng ngy ca mnh. SSOPs c th c phn loi thnh hai loi. SSOPs tham kho cc th tc v sinh c s dng trc khi bt u sn xut (preoperational v sinh). OSOPs (hot ng v sinh mi trng iu hnh th tc) cp n hnh ng v sinh thc hin trong thi gian sn xut ngn chn nhim sn phm hoc pha trn gi mo (Stevenson v Bernard, 1999). Preopera-tional th tc v sinh c vit ti liu tham kho m t lm sch ca ment-trang b, dng c, hng ch bin, v din tch c s. hng dn c th phi bao gm mt m t ca thit b tho g, s dng ho cht c ph duyt ph hp-ing hng nhn, lm sch k thut, reassembly thit b, v s dng hp l v sinh c ph duyt.

Hot ng quy trnh tc nghip l nhng thc hnh v sinh phi c thc hin v ti liu hng ngy xc nhn rng ct ngt an ton sn phm c duy tr trong thi gian sn xut. C nm yu t chnh vit mt OSOP. Chng bao gm mt k hoch hnh ng bn xc nh nhim v, tn s ca cng vic, ngi chu trch nhim cho cng vic, ngi chu trch nhim thm tra cc hot ng, v hnh ng khc phc thc nu kt qu mong i khng c p ng. Bng cch thit lp chng trnh hiu qu iu kin tin quyt trc khi thit k v thc hin HACCP, s lng cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP) d nh trong mt k hoch cho cc nh my mi c th c ct gim. HACCP tr nn "thn thin" v qun l bi v ngun ti nguyn c th c tp trung vo cc mi

nguy him lin quan n sn phm, khng phi l mi trng x l. Nu SSOPs v / hoc OSOPs c bao gm nh l mt phn ca k hoch HACCP, h phi vay mnh cho tt c cc kha cnh ca mt CSTQ, bao gm thnh lp cc gii hn quan trng v gim st, hnh ng khc phc, lu tr h s, th tc xc minh. TON DIN v sinh thc vt GMP l c s cho cc chng trnh v sinh thc phm thc vt c u quyn ca FDA. Ton din nh my v sinh phi gii quyt ba lnh vc: mi trng c s nguyn, thit b ch bin, v tt c nhn vin (Zagory v Hurst, 1996). Mt ngi desig-phi ng b (v sinh hoc), ngi tt hon thnh mt chng trnh chng nhn v sinh thc phm phi chu trch nhim bng vn bn k hoch chnh thc v th tc s c thu thp vo mt hng dn v sinh. Cc thnh phn ca s tay ny nn bao gm cc yu t lit k di y. NGUYN TC CHUNG 1. khu vc nh my c th (v d, nh v sinh nhn vin, phng ngh, khu vc thi, ch bin v sn phng kho) phi c lm sch v kh trng hng ngy da trn cc th tc bng vn bn. Idle thit b, vt t bao b, v pallet c ly ra t khu x l trc khi dn dp. Lu tr v cu trc c s, lm mt, v cc khu vc nh my khc nn c lm sch v kh trng trn c s thng xuyn l tt nht xc nh bi kim ton trc quan v vi sinh. Ngy, thi gian, i l c s dng, ngi lm nhim v, v ngi xc minh cc hot ng phi c ghi. 2. Tt c cc thit b ch bin phi c lm sch v kh trng theo quy trnh bng vn bn, ti liu, v xc minh. Cc v sinh hoc s chu trch nhim bng cch tp hp tt c cc SSOPs, OSOPs, v quy trnh tc nghip ca GMP vo trong mt hng dn v sinh. 3. Bn ngoi s hu, chng hn nh xy dng bc tng bn ngoi, cn c, v t scaping-nn c bao gm trong chng trnh v sinh. 4. Mt nht k v sinh hng ngy ca preoperational v hot ng condi v sinh-tions phi c lu gi trong h s. nhn sn xut phi c o to bo co bt k iu kin thiu v sinh gim st ca h ngay lp tc. 5. Mt chng trnh cha m phi c bt u. Container cho UCT-sn v nhng cht thi phi c phn bit r rng v khng bao gi trao i.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC o to nhn vin nn tp trung vo vic phn loi chnh xc, x l v lu tr ca tt c cc thnh, trong qu trnh, v cht thi tri cy v rau sn phm.

6. Cc v sinh hoc nn thit k v thc hin gio dc lin tc ng h v thc hnh v sinh gram cho nhn vin mi v hin c. C S (mi trng) v v sinh Mi trng ca mt c s ch bin ti ct c th l mt ngun l tng ca nhim vi sinh. m cao v hc c cu khuyn khch tch t rt nhiu vi sinh vt, m thng b b qua trong qu trnh thit b thng xuyn lm sch-ing v v sinh (Gabis v Faust, 1988). Mi quan tm ln nht l s hin din ca mi trng tc nhn gy bnh Listeria monocytogenes. Fresh-ct cc c s sn xut c th phc v nh l mt t chn nui cho L. monocytogenes, v h l lnh v m t, v vi sinh vt ny c tm thy trn cc loi rau ti n t lnh vc ny. ngn chn n t c mt ch ng trong kho lnh, phng ch bin, mt chng trnh v sinh mi trng phi c thnh lp (Ryser v Marth, nm 1991; NACMCF, 1991). Thng tin v cc ni lm sch v nhng g s dng c th c tm thy trong cc lch trnh v sinh tng th ca Bng 4.1. phng php kh, lm sch nn thay th lm sch nc cc lnh thnh phm, bao b, vt liu v ha cht khu vc lu tr, v cc khu vc thay nhn vin ca nh my. vt liu lm sch, chng hn nh kh, kh nn, v cc cng c, chng hn nh bn chi, chi, v my ht bi, c th c s dng loi b bi bn, bi v mnh v khc c kh nng thu ht ng vt gm nhm. Thng xuyn theo di s hin din c th c ca L. monocytogenes cn c thc hin hc ca n thng c bit n trong nh my. Ni chung, y l nhng nonproduct b mt tip xc nh vy l tng nc, cng rnh, lm sch vin tr, ngng t tt cc thnh phn cu trc, ngng t bt cho theo n v in lnh, vv Xc minh cho s hin din ca L. monocytogenes c th t c bng cch kim tra vi sinh trong khng kh, nc, v nc vt t c s dng trong cng trnh. Nhng d liu ny rt hu ch trong vic xc nh cc trang web ni tch t v chuyn ng ca vi sinh vt trong khng kh v khc xy ra trn khp c s. Thit b v sinh thit b ch bin phi c thit k trnh hc tng trng vi sinh (khng th tip cn khu vc c by d lng sn phm v nc). hng dn c th nn c vit cho mi phn tho d thit b. Quan trng nht, i v sinh phi c o to thc hin theo cc th tc trong qu trnh lm sch v kh trng. Mt s nh sn xut thit b cung cp cc vn bn hng dn v / hoc bng hnh lm sch v kh trng thit b (Shapton v Shapton, 1991). th tc lm sch chi tit cn c ghi cho tng chc nng ca cc thit b nh mt phn ca chng trnh tng v sinh mi trng. Mt lch trnh v sinh preoperational c a ra trong Bng 4.2 cho mt shredder Urschel c rt CC. Quy trnh tc nghip hot ng thng tp trung vo v sinh lao ng, x l sn phm, iu kin thiu v sinh c th pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut, v dn dp mt gia ca.

Bng 4.3 cho mt v d SOP ra tay / kh trng.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,1 Nh my ch bin v sinh mi trng Thc s Lch

Din tch V sinh mi trng Cng c phng php Lm sch Vt liu tn s Walls Foam, bn chi, ra sch Trn xp, bn chi, ra sch Bn chi nylon mm Nylon bn chi, cao p my Clo-Qut-da sch Clo-Qut-da sch hn Mt ln / thng Mt ln / thng Ra sn, ra sch chi lng cng, vi Ca Foam, ch kh c ra pad, vai Clo-Qut-da sch Clo-Qut-da sch hn

Hng ngy Mt ln / qu Rm ca nha Scrub, ra kh c ra sch pad Clo-Qut da trn Mt ln / qu ng ng trn khng, ng ng dn in, kt cu dm Bt, brush Brush, x, nc p lc cao, my Clo-Qut-da sch hn Mt ln / thng Hoist Lau, nc sch v sinh m, nh sng, x bng Mt ln / qu nh sng trn cao c Lau sch, lm sch nc ming, nh sng, x bng Mt ln / qu Ra sch cun lnh, kh trng ng p lc cao Nc, kh trng Mt ln / qu Thit b lm lnh kh c ra kh c ra sch pad Acid Khi cn / kim ton Phn phi khng kh lc thng nha ngm x phng da trn Clo Mt ln / qu Cng, rnh sch, l lt bn chi nylon mm, 50 gallon container Brush li nylon brush, p sut cao my Clo trn amoni bc bn x phng st trng Clo trn x phng Hng ngy

Mt ln / tun X l cht thi, cc khu vc dumpster Bt, bn chi, ra sch Nylon brush, p sut cao bt my Nng clo-da sch hn Hng ngy Nhn vin ngh phng / phng tm Ra sch, ra sch bn chi nylon, khn lau mt Clo trn x phng Hng ngy Loi b cc khu vc bo tr, ra sch bn chi ty nhn Nylon i l Mt ln / thng Ngun: In li vi s cho php t Zagory v Hurst, nm 1996, an ton thc phm Hng dn Fresh-ct Sn xut Cng nghip, IFPA.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,2 Th tc hnh Tiu chun v sinh (SSOP) cho mt my Urschel Ngy

Fresh-ct, Inc 1 / 2 Trang Standard Operating Procedure Pre-Op SSOP sa i # # 8 Urschel CC Carrot Shredder Tn s: Nightly Phng nga an ton: 1. Lun eo knh bo h hoc l chn mt y bt c khi no x l, lm sch, v / hoc kh trng sn phm. 2. m bo thit b c kha mt trng thi c kh s khng trc khi bt u lm vic hoc lm sch. Rt phch cm dy in bt k dch v. 3. Thc hin theo hng dn trn nhn ha cht. Khng dng ho cht khng c php gim st thch hp. 4. eo knh khi s dng kh nn. 5. Mc mt b t (ma o nha), ng cao su, nha cng mt hat-, v gng tay chng ha cht. 6. t ti nha trn ng c in, hp in, kt ni, vv Hy b cc ti sau khi tc phm c hon thnh. Ha cht bt buc: Loi Xy dng FCC-2 (Clo Alkaline Cleaner) 1 lt FCC-2-10 lt nc sch c bit Acid 1 phn acid 5-10 phn nc Bio-Guard ( t Ammonia) 200 ppm m Th tc: 1. Hy b bo v bao gm bnh xe dao v bnh xe dao hi v ni lm sch thng. 2. Hy b v thay th bt k dao cn mi. 3. Hy b d lng tch ly c sn xut bng cch s dng nc m. 4. p dng lm sch cc b mt ni tht v ngoi tht. Ra sch. 5. Lm v sinh ni tht v cc b mt bn ngoi. 6. Hy b d lng tch ly, x phng, ra v lm v sinh khun kh ni tht v ngoi tht ca shredder. 7. Tp hp li tt c cc thit b. 8. Kim tra cho sch s. Th tc hai tun mt ln: 1. Hy b bo v bao gm bnh xe dao v bnh xe dao hi v ni lm sch thng.

2. Hy b v thay th dao cn mi. 3. Hy b d lng tch ly c sn xut bng cch s dng nc m. 4. p dng mt lp mng ca axit vo ni a trn cc b phn c cp v ni tht ca shredder loi b cc b phim xy dng; cho php p dng acid ng t 8-10 pht. 5. Ra sch tt c cc phn k lng.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,2 Th tc hnh Tiu chun v sinh (SSOP) cho mt my Urschel (tip theo) 6. Lm v sinh ni tht v cc b phn bn ngoi ca my ct, bao gm c khung. 7. Re-lp rp cc thit b. 8. Kim tra cho sch s. Lu : Brushes hoc lm sch cc dng c khc c s dng gip lm sch Urschel CC Carrot Shredder phi c xc nh s dng v lu gi ring lm sch bn chi hay bt k dng c khc c s dng lm sch sn nh, phng tm, vv Trch nhim: Ph chun: Ngun: In li vi php t Zagory v Hurst, nm 1996, an ton thc phm Hng dn Fresh-ct Sn xut Cng nghip, IFPA.

BNG 4,3 Hot ng tiu chun Th tc hnh ra tay Ngy Fresh-ct, Inc Trang 1 ca 1 Standard Operating Procedure

Quy trnh hot ng sa i # # 3 Nhn vin ra tay Mc ch: m bo ng tay ra v kh trng gim v kim sot kh nng nhim cho sn phm. Chu trch nhim c nhn: Dng gim st Th tc 1. Tt c nhn vin phi s dng x phng chng vi khun tng thi gian c ra tay. 2. Dng nc m nht c th khi ra tay. 3. Ra bng tay ch xt mnh m vi nhau trong 20 giy trong mi ra. (ng qun bn di mng tay v gia cc ngn tay.) 4. Ra tay mi ca cc thi gian sau: a. trc khi bt u dch chuyn mi ngy b. sau mi ln ph v hoc khi tr li lm vic khu vc c. sau khi x l bt k mc no khng thc phm. 5. Sau khi ra k lng, nhng tay 80-10 giy trong mt dung dch kh trng thch hp trc khi tr li my trm. Hnh ng sa cha: Thm cht v sinh khi cn thit, b sung gii php v sinh sch mi 4 gi. Xc minh: Kim sot cht lng kim tra k thut kh trng mi gi.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC V sinh kim ton Kim tra trc quan Trc khi sn xut mi thnh lp, gim st v nh my ng trc quan nn kim tra v sinh hoc thit b ch bin m bo v sinh mi trng thch hp c hon thnh (Linjacki, 1996). s ch c bit nn cho quan st bt k rnh, ng nt, hoc hc khng th tip cn ni sn xut ra cc mnh v tr thnh nhng. Mt danh sch kim tra v sinh mi trng hoc ng nhp c s dng cho mi dy chuyn sn xut. Nghim tc b sn hoc nt tht lng, tch t m tha, hoc cc loi ht ri, bn l, hoc bu lng phi c bo co cho nhn vin bo tr sa cha trc khi bt u ln ng.

Sn xut s bt u ch sau khi mt thanh tra trc-op c hon thnh vi kt qu kh quan. Gim st vi sinh Mt cuc iu tra vi sinh vt c th c s dng nh gi hiu qu ca v sinh thn cedures, xc nh ti trng vi sinh trn thit b lin quan n kh khn ca cc thit b lm sch (da trn thit k) v tn s lm sch, xc nh khu vc nhim trn ton nh my gp phn gim sn phm k cuc sng v nhim mm bnh c th, v xc nhn k hoch HACCP (Plusquellec v LeVeau, 1995). cc khu vc quan trng kim tra l nhng ngi lin h vi sn xut trn c s ph hp. cc cuc iu tra vi sinh vt c th xc nh kh khn t c cc trang web trong nh my hoc trn cc thit b ch bin, m phc v nh l khong trng cho s tng trng vi sinh. Bt c khi no mt khu vc c tm thy l mt v sinh (da trn s lng vi sinh cao), cng mt khu vc cn c kim tra li xc nh xem nhng thay i thit lp bi cc thuyn vin v sinh c hiu qu. D liu thu c qua thi gian t cuc kho st s cho php mt b x l pht trin mt c s cho cc tn s ly mu. Nhng khu vc ny cn c kim tra ngu nhin. tng cng kim sot gim st v sinh, nhiu nh my ct ngt bt u s dng ATP-pht quang sinh hc. Cng ngh ny cung cp kt qu gn nh tc thi ca s sch s ca mt b mt da trn cc n v nh sng tng i (RLUs), trong tng ng vi trnh chung ca d lng hu c (Flickinger, 1997). Vi b dng c ATP, b vi x l c th thc hin quyt nh ti ch v vic liu mt thit b hoc khu vc c lm sch ng cch thch hp hnh ng khc phc c th c thc hin trc khi khi ng. iu quan trng l nhn ra rng trong khi cc d liu ATP c lin quan hin nay mc cht hu c, n khng thch hp trong nh gi s an ton vi sinh ca cc b mt (Kornacki, 1999). Cng c s dng Mt s k thut vi sinh vt c th c s dng xc nh nhim trn b mt trang bl, do , xc nhn tnh hiu qu ca v sinh mi trng. y c th c chia thnh ba loi: truyn thng, thay i, v nhanh chng, thi gian thc nghim. Mt s i din ca mi nhm c lit k trong Bng 4.4. Giese (1995) xut bn mt danh sch hon chnh hn v cc b dng c xt nghim nhanh vi sinh vt v dng c.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,4 Th tc vi sinh vt trong Chng trnh Kim tra v sinh HACCP Tn Phng php chung Th tc u nhc im RODAC (ti to Lin Sinh vt Agar trc tip) Tm lin h D b truyn thng nng ln thch (nonselective). B mt p vo b mt thit b, v cc tm c 48 gi 32 C (89,6 F) pht trin thuc a. Brush truyn thng v trng, lm m tm bng trn khu vc c nh ngha v thm nc v trng / canh. Chun b dung dch pha long thch hp v thm vo a petri. Lp ph vi mi trng thch v trng v 48 gi 32 C (89,6 F) pht trin cc thuc a. FDA / USDA c ph duyt. C th thay i mi trng thch. Chun b cc tm. FDA / USDA c ph duyt. C th s dng cho cc khu vc b nhim nng. Thch hp cho kh tip cn cc khu vc c khng u, th rp v seamed. Nhiu lao ng chun b. C th s dng ch trn bng phng, b mt b nhim nh. Nhiu lao ng chun b. Petrifilm thay i hot tnh mng mng ca thch p vo b mt thit b. Sau khi rejoining vo li, Petrifilm c 24 gi ti 32 C (89,6 F) pht trin thuc a. Redigel Presterilized i cht dinh dng trong mt ng c vo mt nguy c ph canxi gy ra mt b mt cng to thnh. Sau s dng nh tm RODAC. Loi b cc tm thch . Linh hot s dng trn cc b mt khng u. Thun tin. AOAC chp thun cho mt s loi thc phm. Loi b cc tm thch . Tube khng cn lm nng trc khi thm vo tm petri. AOAC ph duyt. Trung bnh chi ph.

Trung bnh chi ph. Khng phi linh hot. Lightning Biolumine-scence h thng Nhanh chng, thi gian thc S dng pht quang sinh hc ATP chun b xc nh nhim trn b mt thit b tng trong 1-2 pht. Portable. Khng c chun b tinh khit bi v tt c ha cht c cha trong chi n v trong ng. u t ban u trong luminometer l tn km. Tng cc bin php ATP. Khng th pht hin s khc bit gia vi khun v nonmicrobial ATP. (Tip theo)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,4 Th tc vi sinh vt trong Chng trnh Kim tra v sinh HACCP (tip theo) Tn Phng php chung Th tc u nhc im Gim st v sinh Lumac Kit Nhanh chng,

thi gian thc S dng pht quang sinh hc ATP chun b xc nh nhim trn b mt thit b tng trong 1-2 pht. Portable. C th xc nh tng s vi sinh vt ATP ATP hoc trn cc b mt. V vi khun ATP c th c o, phc v tt hn ch s nh s vi sinh vt trn b mt. u t ban u trong luminometer l tn km. Lin quan n tinh khit hn trn lm tng nguy c li iu hnh. Ngun: In li vi s cho php t Zagory v Hurst, nm 1996, Hng dn an ton thc phm cho ti ct Sn xut Cng nghip, IFPA. PEST CONTROL Mt chng trnh kim sot dch hi l cn thit v sinh thc vt tt v phi c duy tr bi mt nh iu hnh dch hi kim sot c chng nhn (Katsuyama, 1993). 1. V sinh nhn nn duy tr mt up-to-date kim tra tt c cc trm mi, by c kh, v keo-trm v cn t vn cho kim sot su bnh cc chuyn gia ca khu vc trong nh my, ni cc vn su bnh ang xy ra. Bait trm khng c s dng bn trong cc c s ch bin. Bait by c th c s dng ngoi tri. 2. Tt c cc ca s bn ngoi, ca ra vo, v cc b mt xy dng nn c kim tra nh k gim nguy c su bnh vo phng. 3. Bin bn phi c duy tr bi cc nhn vin v sinh bao gm nhng cng vic sau: mi trm, c kh by v keo-ga a im v kim tra hot ng, h thng cn trngelectrocuting v lm sch, thanh tra c s, v cc ng dng thuc tr su. 4. Nu mt cng ty kim sot su bnh ngoi c thu qun l cc chng trnh, cht lng trong nh m bo b phn nh k nn nh gi hiu qu ca chng trnh kim sot dch hi. NHN VIN V SINH THC HNH Tm quan trng ca nhn vin v sinh c nhn m bo an ton thc phm c cc ch ca mt s nh gi bao gm c nhng bng Troller (1993), Zagory v Hurst (1996) v Marriott (1999). V mt an ton, nhn vin l mt trong nhng ngun tim nng ln nht ca truyn mm bnh ca con ngi ct sn phm ti. iu ny l bi v h th cht phi x l cc sn phm trong qu trnh chun b ca mnh. Salmonella

(Pether v Gilbert, 1971), Shigella (Davis et al, 1988.), V spp Listeria. (Kerr v cng s, 1993.) C tt c chng minh kh nng vn cn tn ti lu trn tay cng nhn thc phm "lm bn sn phm. Mt ch hiu qu ra tay l tim n v v sinh tt. Cc cuc tranh lun hay khng s dng gng tay nh l mt ro cn vt cht cc tc nhn gy bnh truyn gia cc b x l thc phm v thc phm, cng nh hiu qu ca v sinh tay, vn cha r rng. Thc Phm nm 1999 i hi phi tun th thc phm gng tay ca cng nhn ngn chn chuyn mm bnh vo thc n sn sng n. Tuy nhin, ln da c th tr nn b nhim nng trong mi trng, m p (do m hi) m theo gng tay. Nu chic gng tay ny l vi phm, bi mng tay sc nhn hoc trang sc, sau ln nhim thng qua s r r s c chuyn giao cho cc sn phm (Troller, 1993). Trong khi vn hc y t v cc c quan qun l bo v ngi ng h gng tay, Fendler et al. (1998) bo co rng bn tay c hiu qu nht l khi h thng ra tay khng c ra v lm v sinh theo gi. Th tc ny cp sanitization tay cao hn ng k sau khi bao tay c s dng. gim thiu nhim da, Taylor (2000) ngh s dng kem dng da, bo v cht kh trng trn tay trong gng tay. Miller et al. (1994) thy rng cht ra tay ngay lp tc dn n mt s gia tng ng k s lng vi khun trn tay, trong khi Taylor (2000) bo co ny l hu ch khi git l khng th, nhng, h khng c tc dng lu di. Bt k phng php c s dng, o to nhn vin v sinh phi bt u ti thi im lm vic. Cng nhn nn c mt bn sao ca cc quy tc ca cng ty thc hnh v sinh v cch n mc khi ban u thu. Hn na, qun l phi chu trch nhim pht trin chng trnh gio dc truyn nhn thc v v sinh gia cc nhn vin trn c s tip tc. AN PHT TRIN PROGR HACCP AM HACCP thit k, thc hin v bo tr l khng d dng. N i hi s h tr mnh m t qun l hng u. Mt cam kt ca ngun nhn lc v tin t l cn thit lm cho h thng hot ng. Khi Pillsbury u tin quyt nh thc hin HACCP, gim c iu hnh cng khai tuyn b rng tt c tng, khuyn mi, v nh gi s c da trn pht trin v thc hin HACCP m bo sn xut thc phm an ton (Stier v Blumenthal, 1995). By gi l mt tuyn b mnh h tr! Nhn vin cui cng xc nh s thnh cng hay tht bi ca HACCP. V vy, chng trnh o to c Essen-tial pht trin mt thi tch cc v an ton thc phm v gip trao quyn cho nhn vin duy tr chng trnh HACCP. Bi v chng trnh iu kin tin quyt xy dng qu ti tion ca HACCP, chng phi c xem xt li, v tnh hp l ca h phi c xc nhn trc khi bt u HACCP. Thc hin HACCP cn c thi gian. Kinh nghim cho thy ci t v thc hin c t su thng n hai nm.

Lp rp cc i HACCP Sau khi qun l ng vi khi nim HACCP, mt iu phi vin HACCP nn c b nhim lnh o, phi hp, v xy dng i HACCP. Cc nh lnh o nhm nghin cu c th yu cu mt nn gio dc trong HACCP. Ngoi k nng lnh o v phi hp, ngi ny phi c sng to, c giao tip tt v k nng nghe, v 2002 bi LLC bo CRC c mt kin thc tng th ca cc hot ng thc vt v sn phm ca mnh. Mt i ng lnh o l rt quan trng bt u chng trnh HACCP v nhm bo m n s c thc hin v duy tr trong thi trang chnh xc. Bi v h thng HACCP l mt phng php tip cn an ton, nhm nghin cu phi c nhn vin multital-ented t c qun l v sn xut c lin quan. H cn phi c mt kin thc lm vic thc s ca cc hot ng v sn phm. Fresh-ct sn xut cc i nn bao gm cc nh qun l, m bo cht lng / nhn vin v sinh, sn xut oper-ations, k thut bo tr /, mua bn / mua sm, tip th, v lao ng (on-line nhn). Cc nh lnh o phi hng dn cho i HACCP v nhng g m vai tr ca i s c. HACCP O TO Bi v mc chuyn mn k thut cn thit bi i HACCP nhin s ln hn cn thit cho phn cn li ca ngi lao ng, o to ny l tt nht thc hin trong hai giai on (Mayes, 1994). Giai on I: o to cc nh qun l, gim st, v cc thnh vin i HACCP nn tp trung vo phn tch mi nguy v cc vn nh gi ri ro, v biu dng chy, xc nh cc im kim sot quan trng trong qu trnh, v thu thp d liu trn biu kim sot. o to ny bao gm cc hi tho, hi tho, v thm ch mt ngy-mt trong nhng hng dn v cch thit k, thc hin v duy tr th tc HACCP. Giai on II: Tp hun cho mt trn sn xut, bo dng v v sinh mi trng s thng xuyn nht lin quan n vic thay i thi lin quan n hot ng x l, to ra nhn thc ca nhn vin, v ch n chi tit, v n lin quan n an ton. Line nhn vin phi c dy nhng khc bit gia cc mi quan tm cht lng v quan tm an ton. Quan trng nht, nhn vin cn phi ng di cc HACCP c th thay i hot ng cng vic c th ca h v ti sao s thay i ny l cn thit. Trong o to nhn vin, lu s khc bit sc tc v vn ha ca nhn vin. Ting Anh khng phi ngn ng chnh cho mt s lng ng k ca cng nhn sn xut mi ct. Thng th trong s b khng nng lc hoc mt vic lm ca mt ngi, mt nhn

vin s cho bit s hiu bit v chnh sch, th tc khi iu ny c th khng phi l trng hp. Cu ro cn giao tip v m bo hiu bng cch cung cp o to v hot ng hng dn s dng bng ngn ng bn a hoc cc ngn ng ca cc nhn vin ca bn (Rosete, 1998). DEFINE SN PHM HACCP phi c ty chnh thit k cho mi sn phm ti ct gim trong mt ation cy trng c-oper. Mc d m hnh chung c th phc v nh l cng c hu ch chng minh lm th no to ra mt k hoch HACCP, cc m hnh ny khng phi lun lun p dng cho mi sn phm, ch bin ng, hoc c s vt c th. iu quan trng l nhn ra rng HACCP khng phi l mt h thng cha kha trao tay. Mi k hoch HACCP s c sn phm, dy chuyn ch bin, v c th nh my.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,5 M t sn phm, s dng, v phn phi

Tn thng gi:

M T SN PHM Rau dip ct nh; ch bin t rau dip tng bng lnh; ta, li v ct, ra trong dung dch nc sch v clo Loi gi: Thc phm ng gi trong ti nha cp, 8 oz. n 10 n v Chiu di ca thi hn s dng, nhit no?: Ti u k cuc sng ca 14 ngy nu lm lnh 34 n 38 F (1,1 n 3,3 C) Hng dn ghi nhn: Ti v / hoc hp cha "x l vo" hoc "s dng" ngy

Ni m n s c bn?: Hot ng dch v thc phm v th trng bn l Mc ch s dng v tiu dng: s dng trong x lch v bnh m cho khch hng dch v thc phm, ng gi sn cho cc n v trong nh s dng bi ngi tiu dng Phn phi c bit kim sot: Sn phm c phn phi theo lnh, lu tr trong t lnh 34 n 38 F (1,1 n 3,3 C) Ngun: In li vi s cho php t IFPA y ban k thut, nm 2000, HACCP cho vic ctFresh Sn xut Cng nghip, IFPA.

Trc khi HACCP thit k bt u, mt s nhim v s b phi c hon thnh. Mt khi cc i HACCP c lp rp v o to, mi sn phm phi c m t, v d nh s dng ca n phi c xc nh. iu ny bao gm cc chi tit hnh thc, kch thc ca n, bao b v cc yu cu lu tr, phng php x l, v khch hng d nh. Bng 4.5 cho thy mt m t sn phm mu, phn phi, s dng d nh, v khch hng.

PHT TRIN Mt S LU Mt qu trnh dng chy nn c xy dng cho mi sn phm n tng chi tit lm th no sn phm c to ra t sn xut nguyn liu, thng qua ch bin v ng gi, bution-distri v s dng ca ngi tiu dng. Mc ch ca n l xc nh cc khu vc c th m mi nguy him c th xy ra. Mc d mt s hon chnh lu lng a vo xem xt ton b qu trnh sn xut t nng tri n bn, k hoch HACCP cho cc b x l thng lin quan n ch nhng phn ca qu trnh m kim sot c th c thc hin (xem hnh 4.4). Fresh-ct b vi x l s dng nh cung cp chng trnh xc minh ti liu c an ton ca cc thnh phn th ca h trc khi kim ton ch bin v bn l / bn bun xc minh x l an ton sau khi ri khi nh my sn xut. Sau khi hon thnh, cc biu lu lng cn c xc nhn vi ngi gim st trc tuyn cho y v chnh xc. Thng thng, n phi c nh dng li hoc sa i bng cch s dng nhng t miu t l d hiu hn bi tt c cc thnh vin ca i HACCP. Cc s dng chy nn c xem xt trn c s hng qu. Mt s chng trnh phn mm my tnh (v d, doHACCPZ phin bn 2.3, v HACCP Ti liu phn mm, phin bn 2)

thc hin cp nht cc thay i ch bin lu lng vo mt hot ng nhanh chng v d dng.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

S khi quy trnh

Nguyn rau dip nhn / kim tra

Liu lu tr lnh

Sn phm chun b (Ct, ly mu li, chm im)

Kch thc gim (ct, dicing, ct lt) Bao b tip nhn nguyn liu

Mng nc ra Kh lu tr

Mm gi

Spin

T ng in / trng lng my

Nhit du d kim loi

hon thnh kho lnh Palletize Hp

Phn phi

Hnh 4,4 V d v mt hot ng mi ct rau dip.

Thc hin phn tch NGUY HIM (Nguyn tc 1) Bc u tin trong thit k HACCP chnh thc c tin hnh mt phn tch mi nguy him (Nguyn tc 1) ca qu trnh. Mc ch ca vic phn tch mi nguy l danh sch tt c cc mi nguy him tim nng l ng k, c kh nng gy bnh hoc chn thng nu khng kim sot c hiu qu. Mt danh sch y cc nguy c c th c ca mt cht ha hc, vi sinh, hoc bn cht vt l c th c truyn t n thc phm c xem xt bi Rhodehamel (1992).

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Phn tch mi nguy l mt quy trnh hai bc. u tin, nhm nghin cu HACCP phi xc nh tim nng ca tt c cc mi nguy him xy ra ti mi bc trong s dng chy. Mt khi xc nh, iu quan trng xem xt lm th no c th tr thnh mi nguy him kt hp thnh mt sn phm mi ct. ng no v phn tch nguyn nhn v kt qu l hai cht lng k thut ci tin c th c s dng nh gi cc ngun nhim nguy him (Rao et al., 1996). ng no l mt k thut c s dng to ra, thng qua t duy khc nhau, mt s lng ln ca kh nng sng to cho s nghip ca mt vn . Mt phn tch nguyn nhn v kt qu c th cung cp cc cu trc b sung cho no bng cch nhm cc conver-gence cc tng c to ra vo nhng nguyn nhn quan trng s c gii quyt bng hnh ng hn na. S dng mt s nguyn nhn v c hiu lc, cc mi quan h gia mt hiu ng cho hay vn v tt c cc nguyn nhn c xc nh tc ng c th b hn tp trung. Hiu qu hay vn (v d, nhim vi sinh vt) c i din bi mt mi tn nm ngang hoc ct sng, v nguyn nhn ch yu c xc nh bi cc mi tn vo ct sng. nguyn nhn ch yu ca hiu ng bt k c vn hng ti su ngun chnh ca s bin i, c th l, my mc, vt liu, phng php, o lng, nhn vin, v mi trng, tt c u l mt phn ca qu trnh no. Mi mi tn hiu trng c th c mi tn th i din cho tiu gy ra. Hnh 4.5 minh ha mt phn ca mt s nguyn nhn v kt qu ni bt trong mi trng nh l mt ngun nhim c th c ca Listeria ti ct rau dip. Khi mt nguyn nhn v kt qu ton din s c xy dng v tt c cc nguyn nhn c th ca mt vn xc minh, bin php ph hp phi c lp kim sot cc nguy him. Bc hai trong s nhng phn tch mi nguy him l mt nh gi ca mi nguy him c xc nh da trn ri ro v mc nghim trng ca n. Ri ro l mt c tnh c kh nng xy ra nguy hi, trong khi mc nghim trng l mc nguy him ny. V d, Listeria monocytogenes v botulinium Clostridium l mi nguy him tim nng vi sinh vt trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct. d liu dch t hc v nghin cu khoa hc, tuy nhin, cho thy L. monocy-togenes l mt nguy c ln hn trong cc sn phm ti ct, mc d C. botulinium s c coi l gy nguy him nghim trng hn da trn t l t vong. V vy, thng mn hnh-ing ca mi trng gia cng cho L. monocytogenes s c bo hnh gi n trong cc sn phm ti ct. Sau khi tt c cc mi nguy him tim nng c lit k, v cc bin php kim sot

 c tha thun, i HACCP phi i mt vi nhng thch thc trong vic xc nh "ng-icance" ca mi nguy him c xc nh da trn phng php nh gi ri ro. Truyn thng-ng minh, phn tch mi nguy him c nh gi bng cch s dng cc th tc nh gi ri ro v cht lng c ch quan v khng y xc nhn an ton sn phm (WHO, nm 1995; Buchanan, 1995). Mt phng php nh lng thng tin thu c qua vic s dng cc vi sinh vt hc tin on, ni vi khun pht trin tr li c tm tt theo mi trng khc nhau to thnh cc phng trnh ton hc (McMeekin et al., 1993). Trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu tc gi (Notermans v cng s, 1995a;. Miles v Ross, 1999) cng b nghin cu chng minh "nh gi ri ro nh lng vi sinh vt," ni m cc m hnh d bo c tch hp vo k hoch HACCP cung cp mt cch khch quan xc nh s lng v xp hng da trn vi sinh vt nguy him nh gi ri ro. V dng c vi sinh hin nay tin on, microbi-ological thch thc th nghim (MCT), v th nghim lu tr (ST) l chm v tn km, Panisello v Quantick (1998) pht trin phn mm my tnh tin on microbiol-ogy h tr trong nh gi ri ro vi sinh trong h thng HACCP .

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Nguyn nhn-v-Effect S

V sinh km trong sn xut lnh T chc k

Air

Thng

Pallet

in ng dn

Cho nh git Trng hp Nc ngng Fan li

Ngho v sinh trong phng ch bin Trn Chi ph qun l ng ng Lm sch vin tr (Bn chi, bt bin)

Lnh n v

Cng thot nc (nc trong rnh / mng) Tng (vng nc)

Nhn vin Mi trng

My

Listeria b nhim rau dip

Phng php o Vt liu Hnh 4,5 phn ca mt s nguyn nhn v hiu ng lm ni bt cc thnh phn mi trng nh l mt ngun nhim L. monocytogenes. Mt phn tch mi nguy him k lng l iu cn thit cho vic thit k mt k hoch HACCP c hiu qu. Nu iu ny khng c thc hin mt cch chnh xc v cc mi nguy him ng k kim sot bo hnh trong k hoch khng ng cch xc nh v nh gi, sau HACCP s khng c hiu qu bt k tt nh th no k hoch l tip (Bernard, 1997). Nh c th hin trong Bng 4.6, khi nhm nghin cu HACCP hin mt phn tch mi nguy trong sn xut rau dip ti ct, mm bnh vi sinh vt s l mi nguy him sinh hc lin quan

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,6 Trch t phn tch mi nguy Worksheet Phn tch mi nguy TH TC (Nguyn tc 1) iu g kim sot Gii thch r cc bin php tim nng c th c C tim nng gy nguy him cho ng dng Sinh hc kim sot, xc nh mi nguy Gim hoc Ha cht qu trnh gii thiu, ng k? Loi b cc mi nguy ny Bc vt l hoc nng cao C / Khng c mi nguy ngha? B nc ti s dng nc Y mm bnh; Clo vo mng kim sot mm bnh v theo di ra gii thiu ra nc; vo nc lnh v nc qua qua c pH ti u nhim cho clo hnh ng Ngun: In li vi php t IFPA y ban k thut, nm 2000, HACCP cho vic ct-Fresh Sn xut Cng nghip, IFPA.

bc nc mng ra. Tch t s l tc nhn gy bnh quan trng, nu khng con-trolled, v ti s dng nc v nhim cho theo thi gian. Chlorina-tion ng l bin php kim sot p dng gim bt s nguy him ny.

XC NH QUAN TRNG IM KIM SOT (Nguyn tc 2) Mt khi cc mi nguy him ng k v cc bin php kim sot c xc nh qua phn tch nguy him, i HACCP phi xc nh l ni tt nht kim sot cc mi nguy him trong qu trnh ny. Qu trnh ny, c gi l thit lp cc im kim sot ti hn

(CCP), l trung tm ca k hoch HACCP. Mt im kim sot ti hn l mt bc m kim sot c th c p dng v l iu cn thit ngn chn hoc loi b mt mi nguy an ton thc phm hoc gim n n mt mc chp nhn c (NACMCF, 1998). i vi mi mi nguy ng k xc nh, mt hay nhiu CCP phi c ch nh kim sot cc nguy him. Cc CCP l nhng im trong qu trnh hp HACCP hot ng kim sot s xy ra. Tuy nhin, n c th khng y c th ngn nga hoc loi b mt mi nguy him ng k, ch gim thiu n n mt mc chp nhn c. V d, clo trong nc mng trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct c thc hnh gim thiu s xut hin ca mm bnh vo trong nc thng qua nhim cho ca cc mt hng sn xut c ra sch. S dng nc clo ra rau dip xon l xt lt "sn sng s dng" x lch, Nguyn-Cc v Prunier (1989) thy rng, trn trung bnh, 103 vi khun / ml c tim vo trong nc ra. iu ny l thp so vi cc s 105-106 cfu / gram tm thy trn sn phm, nhng n chng minh rng cc vi sinh vt c th c ra sch ct ra b mt bng cch ra. Mc d khng c mm bnh ca con ngi c bo co, c l, h c th c c mt phn ca h vi. c bit, hiu qu nh thuc kh trng clo l

b nh hng bi cc c tnh ho l nht nh ca nc. Clo hot ng khng khun i vi c hai nh my v cc mm bnh ca con ngi (Bartz v Eckert, 1987;. Maier v cng s, 2000) gim khi cc ht vt cht trong nc tng. Ht vt cht c th nh hng bng cch phn ng ha hc vi cc cht kh trng, do v hiu ha hnh ng ca mnh, hoc che chn c th sinh vt t cc cht kh trng. R rng, mc tiu trong nc clo mng l duy tr mc 1 ppm chlorine c sn min ph (IFPA, 2000) v gi cho bt k tc nhn gy bnh truyn nhim t n cp trong nc c th c truyn t cho cc sn phm ti ct. Nhiu im trong mt s dng chy khng xc nh l CCP c th c coi l im kim sot. Mt im kim sot (CP) l bt c bc no m ti cc yu t sinh hc, vt l, hoc ha cht c th c kim sot (NACMCF, 1998). Nhiu loi k t / giy c th tn ti trong mt hot ng mi ct. H bao gm nhng a ch qun l cht lng (mu sc, hng v, kt cu), kim sot v sinh (SSOPs, GMP), v kim sot qu trnh (y trng lng, ng du). Ch r cc CCP phi l mt kha cnh quan trng nht v vn ca mt chng trnh HACCP c hiu qu (Demetrakakes, 1997). HACCP l v an ton, khng phi v cht lng. C l sai lm ln nht ca b vi x l lm l xc nh CCP qu nhiu, mt s trong c thc s k t / giy, trong chng trnh HACCP ca h. Cht lng v vn an ton l nhm ln v hai l do. Cht lng l quan trng mt sn phm ca cng ang c trn th trng, c th cm d b vi x l nng n ln mc

cao nht ca gim st. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc qu trnh c nhng im m mt s c c th nh hng n cht lng v an ton. gi cho chng trnh HACCP thc vt thn thin v bn vng, Bernard (1997) recngh cc rng s lng cc CCP phi c gi mc ti thiu v khng nn c d phng. D tha s lm cho chi ph lu tr h s. Kinh nghim cho thy rng k hoch HACCP c rm r khng cn thit c th s l nhng ngi tht bi. Mt CSTQ nn c gii hn im hoc nhng im m ti kim sot ca cc mi nguy him ng k nht c th t c. V d, mt mi nguy him kim loi c th c kim sot bi cc thnh phn tm ngun cung ng, cc nam chm trong mng nc, mn hnh, v mt my d kim loi, tt c trong mt dy chuyn ch bin. Tuy nhin, nam chm tm ngun cung ng v mn hnh s khng c xem xt CCP (nhng thay v ngc dng k t / giy). Mt kim loi c th gy nguy him tt nht l kim sot bng cch s dng mt my d kim loi v loi b sn phm vo cui dng bao b (Lockwood v cng s, 1998.). y l mt v d v ni m Trung Cng c th c mt s tin trnh bc i t im m mt mi nguy him ng k c th c gii thiu. h tr trong vic tm kim ni CCP chnh xc nn c t trong mt hot ng n v, chng ta c th s dng mt cng c gi l CSTQ Quyt nh Tree. Mt s phin bn ca cng c ny c th c tm thy trong vn hc (NACMCF, nm 1998; Mortimore v Wallace nm 1994; ci, 1999a). Cy quyt nh l mt lot cc cu hi hp l c hi cho mi mi nguy him c xc nh mi bc quy trnh. Cu tr li cho mi cu hi s i theo mt qu trnh loi tr v cui cng dn n quyt nh l c hay khng mt CSTQ l cn thit bc . S dng mt cy quyt nh thc y t duy CSTQ cu trc v m bo mt cch tip cn ph hp ca tt c cc mi nguy him tng bc. N cng c li ch ca buc v to iu kin tho lun nhm HACCP, lm vic theo nhm, v nghin cu (Mortimore v Wallace, 1994). Tuy nhin, nh ch ra bi Wedding (1999a), iu ny khng phi l mt cng c hon ho v khng th thay th cho thc v kin thc thng thng qu trnh ny, bi v hon ton da trn cy quyt nh c th dn n nhng kt lun sai. p dng cch s dng cy quyt nh cho nhim kim loi CSTQ ti mng nc c th hin trong hnh 4.6. Nu cu tr li cho Q1, nh th hin, l c, sau yu cu qu 2.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC Quyt nh p dng cc cy CSTQ

Bc: mng nc

Q1: Do cc bin php kim sot tn ti cho cc nguy him c xc nh?

Sa i bc, quy trnh, hoc sn phm

Xc nh mi nguy: Vt l (kim loi nhim)

Cc bin php kim sot: Trong dng nam chm

C C Q2: Liu bc ny loi b hoc lm gim s xut hin mi nguy him c th c ca mt mc chp nhn c?

NO NO

Kim sot c bc ny cn thit cho an ton?

NO C

CSTQ KHNG A CSTQ STOP

C NO

KHNG A CSTQ

C KHNG A STOP CSTQ

NO

CSTQ STOP

Hnh 4,6 S dng cy quyt nh CCP minh ha cho d kim loi nhim bc

mng nc, nn c mt CP hoc mt CSTQ.

tr li cu hi ny, xem xt nu y l bc i tt nht m ti kim sot cc nguy him. Nu cu tr li l c, sau l mt bc CSTQ; di chuyn sang bc tip theo vi mt mi nguy him ng k. Nu cu tr li l khng, nh c hin th, sau yu cu qu 3. Cu hi ny cp n contam-ination xy ra hoc lm tng n mc khng th chp nhn vt bc ny. Nu cu tr li l khng, sau bc khng phi l mt Trung Cng i vi mi nguy him . Nu cu tr li l c, sau yu cu qu 4. Nu cu tr li l khng, sau l mt bc CSTQ. Nu cu tr li l c, sau bc ny khng phi l mt Trung Cng i vi mi nguy him ny. Trong trng hp ny, nam chm l mt CP, nhng khng phi l Trung Cng v cht gy nhim kim loi quc giac th xy ra bt c ni no trong dy chuyn ch bin. Cc v tr tt nht ch nh mt CSTQ cho nhim kim loi trong sn phm l cui ng bao b. HACCP i thng hi, "Lm th no nhiu CCP no chng ta cn trong k hoch HACCP ca chng ti?" (Wedding, 1999a). Tht khng may, khng c, cu tr li r rng n gin ny tion-ques. N ph thuc vo b tr nh my v thit k, sn phm c sn xut, nguyn liu c s dng, tui v tnh trng thit b, ch bin cc phng php lm vic, v c bit l hiu qu ca cc chng trnh iu kin tin quyt thc hin. Tnh hnh ny thng pht sinh ni mt bc tng t c th c ch nh mt CCP trong mt c s nhng c bo him theo chng trnh tin quyt trong cc c s khc. Mi b vi x l phi xc nh v tr tt nht ch nh CCP trong hot ng duy nht ca mnh (IFPA, 2000). SET QUAN TRNG GII HN (Nguyn tc 3) gii hn quan trng l cc ranh gii an ton phi c lp cho tng CCP c xc nh trong bc phn tch nguy him. Mt gii hn quan trng (CL) l mt ti a v / hoc gi tr ti thiu m mt, sinh hc, ha hc, hoc tham s vt l phi c kim sot ti mt CCP ngn chn, loi b, hoc gim n mt mc chp nhn c s xut hin ca mt mi nguy an ton thc phm (NACMCF , 1998). N phi c hiu rng CCP khng imple-ment s kim sot ca mi nguy him; h ch l b nh hng bi h. Cc tham s thc s kim sot mi nguy him l gii hn quan trng. H l nhng gi tr c nhn, khng trung bnh, nhn bit liu cc bin php kim sot ti mt CSTQ l "trong" hoc "out" kim sot (Wedding, 1999b). gii hn quan trng xc nh ranh gii gia cc sn phm an ton v khng an ton. i vi cc i HACCP thit lp gii hn chnh xc rt quan trng, h phi c kin thc chuyn su v cc mi nguy him tim nng, y hiu bit v cc yu t lin quan n vic phng nga hoc kim sot ca

h, v kin thc ca cc c ch kim sot qu trnh (Mortimore v Wallace, 1994) . Tiu chun hoc cc yu t to nn gii hn ti hn c th c nhm li thnh mt s hng mc nh th hin Bng 4.7. V gii hn quan trng phi c o lng trong thi gian thc, hn ch vi sinh vt khng thch hp cho vic kim sot CCP. Kim tra thng thng mt ngy i vi kt qu,

BNG 4,7 Tiu ch s dng trong ngnh cng nghip ti ct t Quan trng gii hn Ha cht vt l Nhit clo pH Khng c ti liu nc ngoi (kim loi, vv) Titratable axit ORP (millivolts)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

v thm ch c cc phng php kim tra nhanh chng c th mt vi gi. hn ch vi sinh vt s khng cho php hnh ng ngay lp tc c thc hin khi xy ra mt lch CSTQ. Ngoi ra, xc sut ca cc cp mm bnh thp, nonrandomly phn phi thng qua t mt, sig-nificantly lm tng c hi khng thc hin pht hin mm bnh khi thng k sam-pling c s dng (Moberg, 1992). Mt ngoi l gn y cc quy lut chung ca vi sinh khng hiu qu c s pht trin ca ATP pht quang sinh hc. Mc d thc s l mt phng php th nhanh, tc l, kt qu trong vi pht thay v gi, n c s dng bi mt s b vi x l mi ct kim tra v sinh ti cc CCP. Tuy nhin, cng ngh mi ny c mt s hn ch. ATP l khng c hiu trong vic phn bit gia cc sinh vt nhn chun v hp l microbio ATP (Griffiths, 1996), n tn hiu ca n c th c dp tt hoc nng cao bng cch lm sch / kh trng d lng (Velazquez v Feirtag, 1997), v cc gii hn ca tivity ca n l 1000 t bo nhy cm (Forsythe v Hayes, 1998), m ln hn liu tc nhn gy bnh truyn nhim cho mt s thc phm, bao gm c E. coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, v Shigella spp. (Doores, 1999). Nhng hn ch ny lm cho ATP mt cng c tt hn cho ph hp v sinh mon-itoring vi cc chng trnh tin quyt (v d,

SSOPs v GMP) hn phc v nh l mt tham s gii hn quan trng. Khi mt gii hn ti hn b vi phm, c du hiu cho thy mt mi nguy him tim nng c th c gii thiu ti m CSTQ, v vy, bin php kim sot ngay lp tc phi c thc hin a tr li Trung Cng trong phm vi CL ca n. Vt qu gii hn kim sot cho thy rng mt trong nhng tnh hung sau y xy ra (Moberg, 1992): bng chng v s tn ti ca mt nguy c sc khe trc tip (v d, pht hin ca Listeria monocytogenes trong mt sn phm rau ti ct) bng chng cho thy mt nguy c sc khe trc tip c th pht trin (v d, clo hoc i l khng c khng sinh khc c s dng nc ra v sinh ti lu thng tr mng) ch dn rng mt sn phm khng phi sn xut theo cc iu kin m bo an ton (v d, my d kim loi khng chy trong mt ca sn xut) du hiu cho thy mt nguyn liu c th nh hng n s an ton ca sn phm (v d: E. coli O157: H7 tm thy trong u ton b bp ci t nh cung cp) Mi CCP phi c mt hoc nhiu CLS i vi tng mi nguy him ng k, v chng phi c c s khoa hc (NACMCF, 1998). Trong nhiu trng hp, cc CL thch hp c th khng sn sng r rng hoc c sn cho cc thnh vin i HACCP. Wedding (1999b) lit k mt s ngun tham kho thng tin ca mnh. Chng bao gm cc bi bo nghin cu, ti liu ca chnh ph, hng dn hip hi thng mi, trong nh my nghin cu, cc n phm khuyn nng cc trng i hc, v cc chuyn gia ngnh cng nghip. Nu cc ngun bn ngoi c s dng thit lp CL, h cn c ghi nhn v tr thnh mt phn ca k hoch HACCP nh th hin trong Bng 4.8. Do nhu cu "thi gian thc" theo di v phn hi d liu nhanh chng, ha cht v cc php o vt l thc hin ti CLS cng phc v nh l mt bin php gin tip kim sot vi sinh ti CCP. Trong trng hp ny, s tng quan gia ha hc v vt l cc thng s v cc thng s vi sinh phi c nh trc thit lp gii hn kim sot an ton. Vi tng quan ny, vt gii hn cht ha hc hoc vt l c ngha l cc gii hn tng ng vi sinh b vi phm, v mt nguy c sc khe tim nng c th tn ti hoc pht trin (Moberg, 1992). Notermans et al. (1995b)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 4,8 Trch on ca Trang HACCP Tm tt k hoch ct ti Rau dip Gim st Quy trnh Bc CSTQ # sinh hc Ha cht vt l m t mi nguy

Gii hn trng th tc / Ngi Tn s / Trch nhim Hnh ng khc phc / Th tc xc minh Ngi ph trch / Ngi ph trch

H s HACCP Nc L. monocytogenes nc ung Trc khi bt u ca nhn vin QC s QC nhn s iu phi vin HACCP mng E. coli O157: H7 c cha 1 ppm v ch bin mi 30 iu chnh nc duy tr nh gi clo tt c ra pht min ph cn d sau , QC ha hc theo di cc bn ghi, pH h s HACCP CSTQ 1B Salmonella v clo cho 30 nhn vin s theo di duy tr pH v nhit theo di hng tun, HACCP Shigella spp. v giy; pH clo t do s dng chlorine thm vo cc bn ghi, CSTQ lch / iu phi vin s vi sinh vt khc 7,0 tiu chun kim tra b, duy tr CL; hnh ng khc phc t chc cc bn ghi, hiu chun thc hin tc nhn gy bnh v pH mt sn phm hiu chun s c hiu chnh cc bn ghi cho cc xt nghim, nh my mt s c dng nhit k rewashed v CL, kim tra pH v nh gi qun l theo di pH nc ba lch ghi nhn trong mt b th nghim clo c s dng, h s hng ngy, nh nc ln, mi ln thay i ng nhp thanh tra vi sinh thc phm kim tra / s c chy trn thnh FDA kim ton, sn phm t nht khch hng kim ton / mt ln / nm xc thc trong / T vn khng c mm bnh, kim ton mt ln / nm, tt c k hoch HACCP s c h s lu gi ti

revalidated t nht t nht mt nm, mt ln / nm ly mu ngu nhin / th nghim sn phm m bo qu trnh xc minh Ngun: In li vi php t IFPA y ban k thut, nm 2000, HACCP cho ti ct Sn xut Cng nghip, IFPA.

xut mt phng php nh lng mc vi sinh vt v gim ca h mi CSTQ. Cch tip cn ny s i hi kin thc v cc loi v s lng vi sinh vt c kh nng c hi trong vt liu thc phm ti sng v s dng cc m hnh my tnh, cc xt nghim lu tr, v th nghim vi sinh thch thc d on s tn ti vi sinh v t l t vong mi giai on ca qu trnh sn xut. Khi CLS c thit lp cho tt c cc CCP, nhim v l gi cho cc tham s c o kim sot trong cc dung sai thnh lp. iu ny c th hoc khng c th l mt cng vic d dng ty thuc vo loi bin th trong tin trnh. Thit lp cc gii hn hot ng l mt phng tin thit thc gip ngn nga vi phm thng xuyn ca CLS (Wedding, 1999b). gii hn hot ng l tiu ch c cht ch hn gii hn quan trng v c thnh lp mt mc m c th t c trc khi cc gii hn ti hn b vi phm (Lockwood v cng s, 1998.). Quy trnh iu chnh cn c thc hin khi vt qu gii hn hot ng l trnh s mt kim sot v s cn thit phi c hnh ng khc phc gii hn quan trng.

GIM ST TH TC THNH LP (Nguyn tc 4) Gim st l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng nht ca k hoch HACCP, bi v n l nhng g i HACCP da vo duy tr kim sot ti cc CCP. N ti liu c mt qu trnh c th hot ng lin tc trong CL kim sot cc mi nguy him c xc nh. Theo nh ngha (NACMCF, 1998), theo di mt chui cc k hoch ca cc quan st hoc o nh gi xem CSTQ l kim sot sn xut mt bn ghi chnh xc s dng trong tng lai xc minh. Gim st phc v ba mc ch: th nht, theo di hot ng ca mt qu trnh v cho php xc nh cc xu hng tin ti mt gii hn quan trng m c th kch hot qu trnh iu chnh; th hai, xc nh khi no v u c mt s mt kim sot (mt lch xy ra ti Trung Cng ) nh vy m hnh ng khc phc l cn

thit,. v th ba, cung cp ti liu hng dn bng vn bn ca h thng iu khin qu trnh (Lockwood v cng s, 1998). Nhm HACCP s chu trch nhim thit k cc hot ng gim st ti mi CCP. Th tc phi xc nh nhng bin php kim sot s c theo di, gim st thng xuyn nh th no phi c thc hin, nhng th tc s c s dng (col-sach day nghi l d liu phng php v thit b), v ai s thc hin vic gim st. iu m s c gim st? Gim st thng c ngha l o mt cht ha hc, vt l, hay tham s cm gic, hoc dng mt quan st ca sn phm hoc qu trnh xc nh ph hp trong mt CL. V d trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct bao gm: kim tra xem mt ca nh cung cp giy chng nhn v an ton i km vi rt nhiu nguyn vt liu sn xut (theo yu cu ca mt s khch hng) o lng mc clo t do trong nc ra mng kim tra cc my d kim loi cui dng bao b o nhit ng gi sn phm cui dy chuyn x l (theo yu cu ca mt s khch hng)

Khi gim st s? nm quyn kim sot y , tn sut gim st phi ph hp vi nhu cu ca cc hot ng lin quan n s bin ng vn c trong cc bc kim sot (Bernard, 1997). Lin tc gim st ti mt CSTQ lun lun a thch, nhng mt s ln,, n c th khng thc t hoc c sn s dng. Khi bn khng th theo di mt CL mc 100%, hoc lin tc, sau n l cn thit thit lp mt khong thi gian theo di (v d, khng lin tc) s c tin cy, m bo s nguy him trong cu hi l kim sot. iu quan trng l cc th tc ly mu c s dng gim st CCP c thng k hp l. Cc chng trnh thu thp d liu s c hu ht cc chnh xc v cc li ch ln nht nu c thnh lp theo mt h thng c cu trc kim sot qu trnh thng k. Mt v d v mt h thng gim st khng lin tc (v d, clo d o min ph nh k) cho CSTQ ch bc mng nc ra sch ct ca rau dip c m t trong Bng 4.8.

CCH gim st s? Nh o trc , vt l v ha hc l nhng phng php theo di thch, bi v th nghim c th c thc hin nhanh chng. Cc thit b chn cho CSTQ Gim stMoni phi c mc nhy cm kim sot chnh xc mi nguy him. Trong ti ct ch bin, CSTQ gim st thit b bao gm cc nhit k, my o pH, ORP mt, b dng c th nghim clo v cc u d, kim loi n v pht hin, vv hiu chun hng ngy hoc tiu chun ha cc thit b ny l cn thit m bo tnh chnh xc. H s phi c duy tr trn cc thit b hiu chun v phi tr thnh mt phn ca ti liu h tr cho k hoch HACCP. AI S THC HIN CC GIM ST? Mt khi nim c bn ca HACCP l thc y nng cao nhn thc an ton cho ngi lao ng dy chuyn sn xut. Mt cch tt t c mc tiu l lin quan n chng trong cc hot ng gim st. Gim st bi cc nhn vin v cc nh khai thc thit b c th c thun li bi v h ang tip tc xem cc sn phm v / hoc cc thit b v ang v tr tt nht quan st cc thay i t nh mc mt cch nhanh chng. Ngoi ra, c li ch ca mt c s rng s hiu bit, cam kt, v quyn s hu cho chng trnh HACCP. Vai tr ca cc nhn vin kim sot cht lng c th thch hp hn trong xc minh hoc "kim tra kim tra" (Bernard, 1997). Theo Lockwood et al. (1998), ngi c trch nhim gim st mt bin php kim sot ti mt CCP phi thc hin nh sau: c o to v cc k thut gim st CCP hiu y v tm quan trng ca CSTQ gim st c quyn truy cp sn sng hot ng gim st bo co chnh xc tng hot ng gim st ngay lp tc bo co quan trng, hn ch nhng vi phm hnh ng ngay lp tc khc phc (Nguyn tc 5) c th c thc hin Nu bt k s c bt thng v / hoc sai lch theo CL xy ra ti mt Trung Cng, theo di vic c trch nhim thc hin hnh ng khc phc ngay lp tc. Tt c cc qu trnh

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

iu chnh phi c bo co v hnh thc hnh ng khc phc. Tt c h s v documents lin kt vi CSTQ gim st phi c k kt hoc k tt ca ngi lm cng tc gim st.

THNG K GIM ST KIM SOT TRNH Mt cng c dng khng ng mc theo di v kim tra h thng HACCP l vic s dng kim sot qui trnh thng k (SPC). Thc hin cc k thut SPC l cch hiu qu nht t c iu khin qu trnh. Kim sot qu trnh l g? Hubbard (1996) nh ngha n nh l mt qu trnh hot ng hoc hot ng trong mc ti u kh nng vi cc nguyn nhn ph bin ch (vn c) s bin i xy ra gia cc sn phm sn xut ca mnh. Cc loi bin th v kh nng ca n ang c kim sot ch c th c xc nh bng vic p dng cc s liu thng k p dng. Hurst (1996) trnh by mt hng dn h thng thc hin cc cng c thng k trong vic gim st cht lng ca sn phm ti ct cng c th c p dng cho vn an ton. Kim sot qu trnh khng phi l mt trng thi t nhin. Hu ht cc qu trnh khng hot ng ti mt nh nc kim sot. Hn na, mt khi kim sot, qu trnh s khng cn . Ngi ta khng bit liu mt qu trnh l "trong" hoc "out" kim sot cho n khi n c o bng cch s dng cc k thut SPC. SPC l mt h thng qun l cht lng c s dng cng c ha v thng k phn tch, kim sot, v gim s bin i trong mt qu trnh. Tri tim ca SPC l thng k kim sot , cng c c th theo di iu khin qu trnh. L thuyt iu khin da trn biu l khi nim m cc tham s c o, trong khi kim sot thng k, s thay i bnh thng (v d, ch ph bin gy ra s bin i) v mt gi tr trung ng (ICMSF, 1988). Biu kim sot phng php l ch SPC cng c c th phn bit gia chung gy ra (vn c) v c bit gy ra (unnat-Ural) dao ng trong quy trnh. Cc biu kim sot cho php lm ni bt cc c gy ra s thay i, nu c, khi gim st mt qu trnh. Nu ngun gy ra s bin i c c th c tm thy v loi b trong qu trnh ny, sau qu trnh s trin lm ch c chung gy ra s bin i. Ch khi chung gy ra s thay i l hin nay, l qu trnh trong mt nh nc ca iu g lm cho thng k kim sot rt quan trng "kim sot thng k."? Bn cht ca vic kim sot thng k c d on trc. Mt qu trnh l d on c khi n ang trong mt tnh trng kim sot thng k, v n l khng th on trc khi n khng trong tnh trng kim sot thng k (Wheeler v Chambers, 1992). Ngoi kh nng d bo, c hai l do khc m thanh cho t mt qu trnh vo kim sot thng k (Clements, 1988). Qu trnh ny tr nn n nh (c ngha l n ang

hot ng bnh thng vi s tin d kin s ch dao ng), v n tr nn c kh nng (c ngha l thng s c o c th p ng cc c im k thut hoc ranh gii m trong n c cho l hot ng). Cch hiu qu nht trnh gy nguy him an ton l phi c mt qu trnh c n nh, c kh nng, v d on c.

Tch hp SPC v HACCP C hai tp trung SPC v HACCP vo kim sot qu trnh. S khc bit gia hai l HACCP tp trung vo vn an ton, trong khi SPC cp vn kim sot cht lng v Sn Phm-tion. V kim sot quy trnh, tuy nhin, HACCP c hai hn ch c hu. u tin, n c lch s c thc hin nh mt cng c qun l

sn phm an ton, khng phi kim sot qu trnh sn xut dng (Giese, 1999). Th hai, h thng gim st HACCP c cch tip cn thuc tnh an ton. Qu trnh m mt s tham s nh nhit , ang c theo di ti Trung Cng (Critical Control Point) l mt trong hai loi l "an ton" (trong gii hn quan trng), hoc "khng an ton" (vt qu gii hn ti hn ca n). Thuc tnh biu khng phi l mt cng c cnh bo tn hiu tt cho mt s thay i sp xy ra trong qu trnh dn n gy nguy him an ton trong sn phm. Thuc tnh bng xp hng khng c th v tr tng i ca mt tham s ang c theo di trong gii hn quan trng ca n. V vy, h l nhng cng c tt cho qu trnh thay i d on (Surak et al, 1998.). V vy, lm th no HACCP c th c thc hin mt cng c phng chng hiu qu hn cho mi nguy him an ton trong qu trnh sn xut? Cha kha nm vic tch hp k thut SPC vo k hoch HACCP. Trng tm phi c v qu trnh khng phi l sn phm. Ngoi ra, mt loi biu kim sot quy trnh phi c thc hin. C th, kim sot cc biu bin c s dng. bng xp hng cc bin c tt hn so vi bng xp hng thuc tnh theo di v kim sot qu trnh xc minh ti HACCP CCP. bng xp hng bin c s dng cho nh lng v o lng qu trnh sn xut v xc nh nu sn lng ny c th vn cn trong gii hn kim sot thng k c xc nh. Quan trng hn, cc biu bin c th bo hiu s khi u ca s c trong mt qu trnh da trn cc m hnh im c v hnh ng c th c thc hin trc khi gy nguy him an ton c thi gian tr thnh a vo sn phm. S tch hp ca SPC vo mt k hoch HACCP s lm tng hiu qu ca n bi v c hai h thng tp trung vo cng tc phng chng, c hai u l nhng cng c lin quan n

qu trnh (nu biu bin c s dng), c hai c th c s dng ti liu v xc minh sn phm an ton cho khch hng, v c hai p ng quy nh yu cu.

SPC GIM ST CA CCPS Biu thng k kim sot l l tng cho HACCP gim st ca CCP c ch nh, bi v n cung cp mt tn hiu cnh bo sm v khi c hnh ng sa sai trc khi CSTQ vt qu CL ca n. Vic p dng cc SPC cho php mt b x l mi ct kim sot CCP ca ng c h thng, on trc c, v quan trng nht, c trnh din (Grigg, 1998). c th d on tng lai an ton ca sn phm cho khch hng v c bng chng thng k hp l (ti liu bng xp hng) sao lu cc bo co ca bn l mt cng c tip th mnh m. iu quan trng cn lu , tuy nhin, iu khin qu trnh HACCP c th khng c kim sot. Nu nhng bin th ph bin-nguyn nhn ca tham s theo di mt CSTQ l qu ln, qu trnh c th vt qu gii hn quan trng. Nh vy, mt quy trnh kim sot thng k c th khng c kh nng sn xut mt sn phm an ton. Tng t nh vy, cc tham s theo di mt CSTQ c th c trong CL nhng khng kim sot thng k. Trong thc t, bt k mt trong bn kch bn c th tn ti, nh th hin trong hnh 4.7. C mt s khc bit ln trong cch thc thit lp SPC gii hn so vi gii hn HACCP. SPC gii hn c thit lp da trn lch chun ca cc m mu thng k t d liu khi trng thi ca qu trnh ny c gi nh l trong kim sot thng k. Ni cch khc, b rng ca cc gii hn kim sot SPC c da trn nhng bin th ph bin, gy ra bi qu trnh trin lm. Ngc li, gii hn HACCP quan trng phi c thit lp da vo bng chng nghin cu chng minh hp l c gii hn an ton cho cc thng k c v.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

p dng SPC gim st CCP HACCP

Gim st Clo Gim st Clo

120 80 UCL X 120 80 UCL X

LCL 40 CL 40

CL LCL

Thi gian (0,5 gi) Thi gian (0,5 gi)

(A) Quy trnh kim sot thng k, trong CL (B) Quy trnh kim sot thng k nhng ngoi CL

Gim st Clo Gim st Clo

120 80

40 UCL X LCL CL

120 80 40 UCL X LCL

CL

Thi gian (0,5 gi) Thi gian (0,5 gi)

(C) Quy trnh kim sot thng k, nhng trong CL (D) Quy trnh kim sot thng k v ngoi CL

Ch thch: UCL - Kim sot gii hn trn () LCL - Kim sot thp hn gii hn () C_L quan trng gii hn () X - c ngha l () Hnh 4,7 Clo gim st ca nc ra bng cch s dng SPC v phng php HACCP. SPC gii hn phi c bin i t hn so vi HACCP gii hn (Vn Schothorst v Jongeneel, 1994). N phi c nh rng bt k biu thng k da trn d liu m mu trung bnh c th lm m cc gi tr cc oan c th gy nguy him sc khe (ICMSF, 1988). Trong khi v trung bnh cho mt Trung Cng c th trong gii hn quan trng, cc gi tr c nhn c th l trn hoc di cc CL cho an ton. V l do ny, bn nn gim st CCP u tin s dng cc gi tr c nhn v trn c nhn / al di chuyn nhiu bng xp hng (et Surak., 1998) c mt s h c th vn cn trong vng CLS ca h c xc nh trc. Mt khi qu trnh n nh t c, sau ngi ta c th tin hnh xy dng bng xp hng trung bnh nhiu /. y l nhng ch s tt hn ca bt k qu trnh chuyn i c th xy ra cho mt Trung Cng trong CL. hnh lp khc phc HNH NG (Nguyn tc 5) Mc d HACCP c thit k nh mt chin lc phng nga cc mi nguy him vo

qu trnh, iu kin l tng khng lun lun thng th. C th c sai lch so vi CLS, v hnh ng khc phc c th cn thit. Theo nh ngha, mt hnh ng khc phc c thc hin khi c mt lch CL xc nh bng cch theo di mt CSTQ (NACMCF, 1998). Tompkin (1992) ch ra rng hnh ng khc phc bao gm bn hot ng: 1. Mang theo qu trnh tr li vo CL ca mnh thng qua qu trnh iu chnh 2. Xc nh v chnh xc nguyn nhn gy ra lch 3. Xc nh b tr ca sn phm khng tun th 4. Ghi li cc hnh ng khc phc thc v b tr ca sn phm khng tun th Khi CLS b vi phm ti mt Trung Cng, c xc nh trc (c pht trin trc cho mi CSTQ v c trong k hoch HACCP) th tc hnh ng khc phc phi c thit lp. Mc ch l iu chnh qu trnh ti ch gim thiu s lng sn phm khng tun th v xc nh cch x l an ton ca sn phm b nh hng (Lockwood et al., 1998). S a dng ln trong cc sn phm ti ct v bin cc trang thit b, loi hnh gia cng, nguyn vt liu cht lng, vv, i hi phi c hnh ng khc phc c th c phtOPED cho mi CCP theo cc thng s ca qu trnh ch bin. V d v cc hnh ng correc-chnh kp thi s c thc hin nu CL cho clo trong nc khng th c tm thy trong Bng 4.8. C nhn c mt s hiu bit thu o v quy trnh, sn phm, v k hoch HACCP nn c phn cng trch nhim cho cc vn bn v gim st cc hnh ng khc phc c thc hin (Bernard, 1997). Ti thiu, k hoch HACCP phi xc nh nhng g c thc hin khi lch xy ra, nhng ngi c trch nhim thc hin hnh ng khc phc, v nhng g xy ra vi cc sn phm khng tun th. H s chi tit chnh xc phi ti liu tt c nhng hnh ng v th tc.

Thnh lp th tc thm tra (Nguyn tc 6) Mc ch ca cc bc thm tra l xc nhn thng qua cc ti liu rng k hoch HACCP c theo nh thit k v thc hin. Cc bc xc minh pro-vides m bo rng chng trnh HACCP l t c mc tiu thnh lp ca an ton thc phm (Prince, 1992) v rng k hoch s hot ng nht qun trn c s hng ngy. Xc minh c nh ngha l nhng hot ng, ngoi gim st, xc nh tnh hp l ca k hoch HACCP v xc nh rng h thng ang hot ng theo k hoch (NACMCF, 1998). Mt vn c hu ca cc xc minh l xc nhn ban u ca k hoch HACCP. Trc

khi thc hin HACCP, i HACCP phi xem xt li k hoch xc nh rng n l chnh xc trong tt c cc chi tit. Xc nhn, theo quy nh ca Stevenson v Gombas (1999), l yu t xc minh rng tp trung vo vic thu thp v nh gi cc thng tin khoa hc v k thut xc nh xem k hoch HACCP c hiu qu s kim sot cc mi nguy him.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Theo Hudak-Roos (1999), xc minh l mt hot ng hng ngy m cn tr li cc cu hi sau y: Cc hot ng ca mnh ph hp vi k hoch / vit HACCP thc hin? Ngc li, xc nhn l mt chc nng thc hin nh k mi su thng n mt nm. N s tr li cu hi: u l nhng bng chng khoa hc rng k hoch HACCP c thit k ph hp? n gin ch cn t, xc nhn l bng chng rng kt qu d kin c th t c. N l bng chng v kh nng x l (Sperber, 1999).

SPC NH GI / THM TRA TRNH A i vi mi CSTQ trong k hoch HACCP, s c mt cn phi xc nhn rng, trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, qu trnh ny c th c duy tr trong vng CL ca n. Ni cch khc, l qu trnh kim chng? Mt cch l tng ca mt qu trnh nh gi liu c kh nng cn li trong gii hn quy nh l s dng phn tch thng k. Thng k xc thc ca mt qu trnh xc nh xc sut (t tin) v kh nng ca mnh li trong quy nh (quan trng) gii hn c gi l qu trnh thit lp kh nng ca n (Mortimore v Wallace, 1994). Hy nh rng, tt c cc quy trnh cn c xc nhn trc khi k hoch HACCP c thc hin. Thc hin mt qu trnh phn tch kh nng hon thnh hai mc ch (xem hnh 4.8). u tin, qu trnh c th c xc nhn n c kh nng t c nhng gii hn quan trng (CLS) c thnh lp? Th hai, qu trnh c th c xc minh n c kh nng c kim sot? C th n thc t vn cn trong CLS trn c s hng ngy? Mt nghin cu tin trnh kh nng xc nhn c hoc khng kim sot CSTQ c th t c v xc minh c hay khng nhng qu trnh c th vn cn ph hp. Cc nh dng thng k cho qu trnh tnh ton cc kh nng c xem xt bi Hubbard (1996) v l ha th hin trong hnh 4.8. Mi k hoch HACCP s bao gm cc th tc xc minh cho CCP c nhn. Cc hot ng xc minh chnh bao gm kim ton nh my, hiu chun cc cng c thit b /, mc tiu

ly mu v th nghim vi sinh, v HACCP xem xt h s (Lockwood v cng s, 1998.). Kim ton c thc hin bi mt ngi khng thin v khng chu trch nhim thc hin cc hot ng gim st. Mc tiu l thc hnh thc t so snh vi nhng g c vit trong k hoch HACCP. Kim ton c th c thc hin bi mt thnh vin ca i HACCP, qun l nh my, cc chuyn gia bn ngoi hoc chuyn gia t vn, c quan qun l, v khch hng. Hiu chun cc cng c v thit b c s dng gim st CCP l v cng quan trng. Nu cc thit b gim st c trong hiu chun, sau kt qu s khng c chnh xc. lch ng k c th khng c ch , to ra mt nguy c sc khe tim nng. Nu iu ny xy ra, CSTQ c th c coi l ngoi tm kim sot bi v h thng h smented cui cng chp nhn c hiu chun. Tnh hnh ny phi c xem xt khi thit lp tn s theo di. Xc minh cng c th bao gm nhm mc tiu ly mu v th nghim vi sinh. theo ngi bn hng c th kim tra ly mu nhm mc tiu khi nhn c ti liu l Trung Cng v thng s k thut mua l da vo nh l gii hn kim sot. kim tra vi sinh vt c th c s dng nh mt cng c xc minh xc nh xem cc hot ng tng th l kim sot. Tt c cc bn ghi kt ni vi cc hot ng trn phi c xem xt. c bit quan trng l Trung Cng h s; lch, hnh ng khc phc, v h s b tr, h s hiu chun, v kt qu xt nghim vi sinh. Xc minh phi c thc hin

Phn tch nng lc qui trnh

Quy trnh khng c kh nng Bn ngoi gii hn

Min Max CL CL Quy trnh c kh nng

Min CL Max CL

Hnh 4,8 hin th ha ca mt qu trnh khng c kh nng so vi kh nng. bt c khi no c du hiu cho thy mt qu trnh l khng n nh hoc khng kim sot hoc bt c khi no c s thay i trong sn phm, thit b ch bin. cy HACCP nn c revalidated trn c s nh k, thm ch nu khng c thay i quan trng xy ra trong tin trnh. Bng cch ny, cc k hoch ny s gi li c s h tr ca n (Bernard, 1997). V d v cc hot ng xc minh cho ti ct rau dip bc ra mng nc c tm thy trong Bng 4.8. Thnh lp GHI-TH TC GI (Nguyn tc 7) Lu tr h s chnh xc l mt phn thit yu ca bt k chng trnh HACCP thnh cng. Lu gi h s m bo rng khng c bng chng bng vn bn ca tt c cc hot ng HACCP xy ra trong nh my. h s HACCP nn c gi trong mt file ring bit t cc h s kim sot cht lng ch sn phm an ton cc h s c xem xt trong qu trnh HACCP kim ton. File ny ch nn cha mt bn ghi ca cc cuc tho lun (cc cuc hp) ca i HACCP v ti liu cho tt c cc kha cnh ca k hoch. N

s bao gm tt c h s HACCP c to ra, bao gm c bin minh cho vic thit lp cc gii hn quan trng, chi tit v ly mu v gim st cc th tc, phng php phn tch,

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

hnh ng khc phc c thc hin, b tr sn phm, chi tit v tt c cc quy trnh tc nghip iu kin tin quyt, thi-ples ca tt c cc hnh thc, th tc v nh gi ca k hoch HACCP (Bernard, 1997). FDA i hi h s HACCP c lu gi t nht mt nm k t ngy sn xut i vi thc phm trong t lnh (v d, ti, ct gim sn xut). Mc d ghi chp s c th xut hin c mt gnh nng, c mt s l do chnh ng cho hot ng ny, c li cho b x l. Trc tin, h s cung cp ti liu hng dn thc hin CCP trong CLS ca mnh m bo an ton sn phm. H s l nhng tham kho b vi x l c sn truy tm sn phm ca mnh mt khi n c phn phi trn th trng. H s cung cp mt cng c gim st iu chnh qu trnh c th c thc hin trc khi c s mt kim sot qu trnh. H s l nhng d liu cn thit cn thit cho kim ton tun th quy nh v tiu chun HACCP do iu chnh v khch hng. Cung cp bng chng khng th chi ci Records rng cc th tc hp l / quy trnh c theo di theo ng yu cu ca HACCP (Wedding v Stevenson, 1999). Lu gi h s bao gm cc bn ghi m i xa hn nhng ngi m c sn xut trn c s hng ngy. NACMCF (1998) ng h vic duy tr bn loi h s:

1. Tm tt cc phn tch nguy c bao gm c bin bn tho lun nhm HACCP v l do c bn xc nh nguy c v bin php kim sot 2. K hoch HACCP cho mi h s bao gm cc sn phm phn phi sn phm, m t v s dng cui cng, xc minh s dng chy, v tt c cc bn tm tt k hoch HACCP gii quyt nhng by thnh phn cn thit 3. H tr ti liu-CSTQ h s, CL theo di h s v cc h s hnh ng correc-chnh kp thi, xc minh v xc nhn h s 4. H s hng ngy hot ng, k c h s c to ra hng ngy v thc s kim sot qu trnh HACCP cho tng CCP (C th, bao gm cc gim st, hnh ng khc phc, v xc minh.)

Thng tin c tm thy trn cc h s HACCP c th kh a dng. V d, FDA yu cu tt c h s theo di c nhng iu sau y: Tiu ca hnh thc Tn / a im ca b vi x l ngy / thi gian hot ng nhn dng sn phm (bao gm c loi sn phm, kch thc ca gi, ch bin, ni di, m sn phm nu ph hp) quan trng gii hn thc t quan st / o lng iu hnh hoc tt ca ch k nhn xt ca ch k hoc tt ngy ca tng quan

Mt v d v mt dng ti ct HACCP theo di clo / pH trong nc c chua b c minh ha trong hnh 4.9. h s c th xc nhn v xc minh CSTQ kim sot ti bc ra mng nc ca mt hot ng rau dip ti ct c tm thy trong Bng 4.8.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Chlorine / Gim st hng ngy ng pH S & W Donaldsonville Nh c chua, Georgia Ch bin ng: ng phn loi c chua V tr c th: nc trong b Quan trng gii hn: Clo 150-200 ppm / pH 6,5-7,5 Tng Clo pH iu Hnh Ngy 7:15 Thi gian sng 09:30 12:15 02:30 07:15 am 12:15 pm vit tt

Ngy ph bnh: Xc nhn:

Hnh 4,9 V d trong h s theo di HACCP.

Tm tt p ng nhng thch thc ca vn an ton thc phm hin nay, FDA tng trng ca n i vi cc chng trnh c nh hng ch ng v phng chng. Cc chng trnh, c s khoa hc ton din nht cho n nay gim nhim mm bnh trong cc sn phm ti, ct l HACCP. Cch tip cn HACCP tp trung vo kim sot mm bnh ti gc ca chng hn l c gng pht hin chng trong sn phm hon chnh. kim tra sn phm cui cng l v ch, bi v theo thi gian ny, tc nhn gy bnh c c hi cc khu vc nh my gy nhim qua nhiu v ti ct sn phm. Quc t ti ct Hip hi Sn xut (IFPA), l hip hi thng mi trong hn 530 b x l ct ngt v nh cung cp ti 25 quc gia, c rt tch cc trong vic cung cp thng tin an ton thc phm tr thnh thnh vin ca n. N pht hnh hng dn an ton thc phm, thit k cc m hnh HACCP cho thc hin trong hot ng mi ct, to ra mt cuc hi tho hng nm k thut v cc ch hin ti, v thnh lp hai hi tho ba ngy HACCP cho cc thnh vin. y, ngi tham gia tm hiu cc c ch c th t nh my cng cc chng trnh HACCP. Theo mt 1997 IFPA thnh vin kho st, 61% s ngi tr li c mt, vn bn thc hin, kim chng chng trnh HACCP ti ch (DeRoever, 1999). Mc d hu ch trong vic ngn nga v gim t l tht bi ti CCP, chng trnh HACCP c mt im yu c hu. N khng a ra cnh bo tin tin khi CSTQ mt c mt xc sut cao ca qu CL ca n, do i ra ngoi tm kim sot. Cc chng trnh HACCP ca tin cy v hiu qu nh mt cng c phng nga c th c rt nhiu sc mnh, cn bi s kt hp ca k thut thng k. SPC c th cung cp mt mc tiu, thng k c ngha l gi tr ca CSTQ kim sot d on trong thi gian theo di

v verifica-tion hot ng. Hi nhp ca SPC vo mt chng trnh HACCP ch c th gip xc nhn v xc minh thc hin HACCP.

Tri cy v Rau qu Peter M. A. Toivonen v Jennifer R. DeEll NI DUNG Gii thiu Sinh l nh hng ca ct vo m Ethylene sn xut H hp Mng suy thoi Cht chuyn ha trung tch ly Mt nc Nhy cm vi hng vi sinh Cc yu t nh hng n p ng cho ct Ging cy trng Qun l cy trng Preharvest Sinh l trng thnh Mc nghim trng hoc Mc ct-cm ng iu tr chn thng trc v sau ct Thnh phn kh quyn Hu qu ca tai nn thng tch ct cm ng-on Duy tr cht lng Kt lun Ti liu tham kho GII THIU c mt s nh gi v sinh l hc ca ct-ti (ti thiu pro-cessed) tri cy v rau qu (Rolle v Chism, 1987; Watada v cng s, 1990;. Brecht, Nm 1995; Watada et al, 1996).. Chng ny c dnh cho s hi nhp ca cc nguyn tc trnh by trong cc nh gi v mi y cng b thng tin v ti ct tri cy v rau qu. Cc nguyn tc c bn c bn cht lng ti ct tri cy v rau qu l h ang sng m, v kt qu l, cho thy phn ng sinh l Cng vic ny c thc hin bi PMA Toivonen v JR DeEll cho S Nng nghip v

nng nghip thc phm, Chnh ph Canada. B trng B Cng chnh v Chnh ph Canada Dch v nm 2001, trung tm ng gp s 2146.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC th tc x l ti thiu cng nh x l sau ch bin v phng php iu tr v cui cng i vi mi trng gi, trong h c km theo. Ngoi ra, sinh l hc thc cht v cht lng ca sn phm nguyn liu s c nh hng n vic p ng vi ch bin ti thiu v ng gi. tng trng vi sinh vt chu nh hng ca sinh l hc ca sn phm ch bin ti thiu, v do , cng phi c xem xt-ered. Cc qu trnh sinh l dn n lo ha t bo v s suy gim c th gim thiu hoc iu ch thng qua vic thc hin mt cch tip cn tch hp lin quan n la chn cy trng thch hp, qun l trc khi thu hoch, phng php iu tr trc v sau ch bin, v p dng cc bao b thch hp, cung cp ti u atmo-cu. Tt c nhng vn s c tho lun chi tit, v mt bn tm tt v hu qu cht lng s c trnh by. Sinh l ct V TC NG CA M ethylene Lm b thng cc m thc vt t lu c bit l gy ra sn xut ethylene, v cc dng thi gian cho vic bt u cc phn ng ny c th l bt c ni no t mt vi pht n mt gi sau khi b thng, vi mc gi ti a c sn xut gia 12/06 h (Abeles et al, 1992.) (Hnh 5.1). Nhng nh hng tim nng ca ethylene vt thng l ph thuc vo loi v sinh l ca cc m trong cu hi. tng ln trong sn xut ethylene, nh l mt hu qu ca ct, c th hin trong qu kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa L.) (Watada v cng s, 1990;.. Agar et al, 1999), c chua (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (Lee et al , 1970;. Mencarelli v cng s, 1989;. Abeles v cng s, 1992;. Brecht, nm 1995; Arts et al, 1999), ma ng b (Cucurbita maxima Duch) (Abeles et al, 1992), u (Paull... v Chen, 1997), v du ty (Fragaria x ananassa

Hnh 5,1 nh hng ca vt thng trn t l ca ethylene sn xut [nl (g FW) -1 h-1] t m rau dip. Tt c cc m x lch c 5 C. Cc thanh li ng i din cho SE ca trung bnh. (T K v Saltveit nm 1989, c s dng vi s cho php ca nh xut bn quc t Munksgaard.) 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Duchesne) (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Tuy nhin, c mt s sn phm c phn ng khc nhau lm b thng. V d, l (Pyrus communis L.) khng cho thy s gia tng trong sn xut ethylene p ng vi ct (Gorny et al, 2000.). Trong mt bo co khc, ct lt qu l c tm thy c sn xut ethylene thp hn so vi ton b tri cy (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Mt vi kt qu tri ngc nhau v tc dng ca ethylene lm b thng trn duction-pro c bo co trong chui (Musa spp. AAA) v da (Cucumis Melo L., var. Reticulatus). Slicing ca chui c hin th tng sn lng ethylene trong mt trng hp (Abe v cng s, 1998.), Trong khi khng tng trong sn xut ethylene c quan st trong mt (et al Watada, 1990.). Cc kt qu mu thun c th c gii thch bi thc t l s trng thnh ca chui l khc nhau trong hai nghin cu, trong nghin cu u tin, h giai on u xanh, v trong nghin cu th hai, h n mt mu vng y , sau xung hang sn khu ti thi im ct. Ct da trong mt trng hp (Hoffman v Yang, 1982) dn n sn xut ethylene tng ln, nhng trong mt nghin cu khc, kt qu l gim sn xut ethylene (Luna-Guzmn et al., 1999). Mt ln na, s khc bit c th c gii thch bi thc t l vt thng gy ra sn xut ethylene b nh hng bi hn tri cy, trong trng hp u tin, cc loi tri cy c ct gim trong giai on trc khi xung hang, trong khi trng hp th hai, cc loi tri cy b ct trong xung hang sau giai on, khi m nng lc sn xut ethylene b t chi (Luna-Guzmn et al, 1999.). Do , s trng thnh ca sn phm (c bit l tri cy xung hang) phi c xem xt trong s hiu bit hiu qu ca ct sn xut ethylene. Ethylene l a ho sn xut m trong vng ln cn gn cc vt thng hoc thng tch ct. N c ch ra rng s gia tng sn xut ethylene c gii hn trong mt vi milimt trn b mt ct trong chui thi lt (Dominguez v Vendrell, 1993). Tm quan trng ca phn ng ph ca cc m ln cn cc t bo c ct ch mt phn ti liu (Rolle v Chism, 1987), nhng iu ny c th gii thch ni a ha ca cc hin tng nh mu nu mt ct. Nhit lu tr cng c nh hng n sn xut ethylene vt thng gy ra (hnh 5.2). N c ch ra rng dung lng ca ming da 0-2,5 C gn nh hon ton s ngn chn vt thng gy ra ethylene so vi nhit lu tr cao hn (Madrid v Cantwell, 1993). gim tng t trong ethylene tion-Sn Phm cho tri cy v rau ct gim khc s c d kin nhit lu tr thp sau ct. H hp Gy thng tch cho kt qu trong tng h hp, nhng vic bt u cc phn ng ny l chm so vi hng cho ethylene vt thng gy ra-(Brecht, 1995). H hp gia tng p ng vi ct c th ph thuc vo cc hng ha theo ation, xem xt, v chui khng xut hin hin th mt tng nhng Kiwi lm (hnh 5.3). S gia tng v h hp c gi

nh l do tng cng h hp mitochon-drial hiu kh. Gi nh ny c h tr bi thc t rng nhng thay i trong cu trc ca ti th v lm tng s lng v chc nng ca h c chng minh l gy ra bi b thng (Asahi, 1978). t l h hp c lin quan n sn phm tim nng hn s dng, vi mc gi cao ca h hp l tng quan vi thi hn s dng ngn (Kader, 1987). V vy, n c 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 5,2 C2H4 sn xut c chua 'Durinta' ton v ti ct 2 v 10 C trong nhng gi u tin sau khi ct v ln n by ngy. Mi im i din cho ngha ca su qu ton b hoc su ti ct tri cy. Dc ng i din cho S.D.s. (In li t Arts et al. 1999, Sinh hc v Cng ngh sau thu hoch, Vol. 17, trang 153-162, vi s cho php ca Elsevier Khoa hc.)

Hnh 5,3 t l h hp ca chui thi lt v ton b v Kiwi t chc ti 20 C. Chui c ct lt phn chiu di 4-cm v Kiwi n 1-cm lt dy. (T et al Watada. Nm 1990, c s dng vi s cho php ca Vin k thc phm.)

c gi nh rng tng h hp mang li bng cch ct gim d kin s dn n tui th ngn hn (Rolle v Chism, 1987). Mt lot cc sn phm ti, ct gim cho thy tng ng k trong h hp, v ni chung, hiu ng ny ch c thy khi cc sn phm ct c lu tr nhit cao hn (et al Watada, 1996.). C mt s trng hp ngoi l-l v lt du ty c chng minh nghi hi mt t l ln hn ton b tri cy c 2,5 v 20 C (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Gorny et al. (2000) khng tm thy mt hiu qu trc mt ca vic ct vo s h hp ca l, nhng t l h hp lt tng sau su ngy 10 C. S gia tng chm tr trong h hp p ng vi ct c th c lin quan n s pht trin ca microorganisms trn lt ct, nh c xut trong cc sn phm khc ti ct (Varoquaux v cng s, 1996a.). H hp gia tng p ng vi ct c th c kh ng k trong mt s trng hp. Ct

lt c chua xanh trng thnh kt qu trong h hp tng ln 40% khi c lu tr ti 8 C, so vi sn phm cn nguyn vn (Mencarelli et al, 1989.). Nhiu loi tri cy v rau cho thy tng ln nh vy trong h hp, ch yu l khi bo qun nhit cao hn (Watada et al, 1996.) (xem hnh 5.4 v 5.5). Cc c s cho s tng h hp c th khng phi lun lun c hon ton gii thch bi mt nng cao trong h hp hiu kh. N c chng minh trong khoai ty ct gim vic gia tng s h hp sau khi ct hoc lm b thng t nht mt phn l kt qu ca qu trnh oxy ha- ca cc axit bo chui di (Martin v Stumpf, 1959; Laties, 1964;

Hnh 5,4 t l h hp ca bp ci cn nguyn vn v bm nh c lu tr l 2,5 C (36,5 F), 5 C (41 F), 7.5 C (45 F), v 10 C (50 F). Ngi ng u nguyn vn ca bp ci c thu hoch, lm mt bng nc, v x l cng mt ngy. (T nm 1992 Cantwell, c s dng vi s cho php t Hi ng i hc California ca lo.) 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 5,5 t l h hp ca c C v c chua 'Durinta' ti ct 2 v 10 trong nhng gi u tin sau khi ct v ln n by ngy. Mi im i din cho ngha ca su qu ton b hoc su ti ct tri cy. Dc ng i din cho S.D.s. (In li t Arts et al. 1999, Sinh hc v Cng ngh sau thu hoch, Vol. 17, trang 153-162, vi s cho php ca Elsevier Khoa hc.) Laties et al, 1972).. Gia tng tiu th O2 kt hp vi qu trnh oxy ha -cide-xu vi cc quy trnh mng co hai, m s c m t trong mt cuc tho lun ring v s suy gim mng. H hp gia tng p ng vi ct c th c d kin s c t nht mt phn gii thch bng cch loi b cc ro cn (tc l, periderm hoc lp biu b) trao i kh trong cc m. Tuy nhin, n c th hin trong qu to m x l ti thiu khng ng gp cho h hp tng do gim sc khng ph bin cho O2 (al Lakakul v cng s, 1999.). Do , vic loi b cc ro cn vt l ca s khuch tn kh khng c th l mt yu t quan trng trong cc phn ng sinh l ct. Mt kha cnh khc ca s h hp v ch bin ti thiu l s nhy cm trao i cht k kh. Khi sn phm ct c t vo lo ha khng kh thay i, ng gi, n c tip

xc vi CO2 cao v / hoc O2 thp, v s nhy cm ca sn phm ct sa i kh quyn c th hon ton khc so vi ton b sn phm. Ct rau dip m hn t d b pht trin s trao i cht ln men hn c u khi tip xc vi CO2 cao (Mateos et al, 1993.). Ngc li, c rt thi nh d b chuyn ha k kh pht trin hn so vi c rt c, v iu ny c th c kt hp vi yu cu ca m cung cp cc yu cu m bo s tn ti ATP t bo (Rolle v Chism, 1987). 2002 bi LLC bo CRC Mc trao i cht k kh c xc nh bi cc ngng O2 cho cm ng trao i cht k kh, cng nh nhit x l ca sn phm tri cy hoc rau (Lakakul et al, 1999.). Bu khng kh mc tiu cho thc t phn phi phi phn nh mt tim nng cho tip xc vi nhit l tng khng, v gi atmo-O2 lnh vc thng c thit k c thp nhit l tng (v d, 0 C). Nu gi c tip xc vi nhit cao hn trong phn phi, c mt nguy c tch t cht chuyn ha k kh. Nguy c i-hng v p ng vi s tch t cht chuyn ha k kh l cao mt s cy n qu, trong khi nhng ngi khc, ri ro l thp hn nhiu (Ke et al, 1991.). Trong mt s mt hng, chng hn nh rau dip tng bng, ni mt hng v mc qun o c s dng bi ngi tiu dng ca sn phm, mt s tch ly cc cht chuyn ha k kh c th c dung th (Smyth v cng s, 1998.). Mng suy thoi Mng suy thoi kt qu trong decompartmentation cu trc t bo v Orga nization-v mt chc nng t bo bnh thng. Nhiu s kin th hai l mt h qu ca suy gim mng, ang c ph bin nht c cng nhn m nu (Rolle v Chism, 1987; Brecht, 1995). Mt l s pht trin ca off-mi (Brecht, 1995). Lm b thng cc m c th dn n suy gim tng i nhanh trong mng, v iu ny c gn vi sn xut gc oxy t do p ng vi b thng (Thompson v cng s, 1987.). Trong khoai ty, lm b thng c th hin nhanh chng gy ra s c mng lipid (Galliard, 1970). B thng cng c hin th cho kt qu trong suy thoi enzym ca cc thnh phn mng. Cm ng ca hydrolaza lipid acyl (Wardale v Galliard, 1977) v phospholipase D (Galliard, 1979) activ-du khch v kt qu trong sn xut axit bo t do t mng lipid. Nhng axit bo gii phng c th ph v chc nng t bo thng qua ly gii trc tip ca cc bo quan v thng qua cc rng buc v ngng hot ng tip theo ca cc protein (Galliard, 1979). Cc bo t do axit cng b oxy ha thng qua hoc qu trnh oxy ha- (Galliard v Matthews, 1976; Laties et al, 1972). Hoc hot ng lipoxygenase (Galliard v Phillips, 1976). Vt thng

h hp c t nht mt phn do qu trnh oxy ha- ca cc axit bo trong cc m khoai ty (Laties v Hoelle, 1967). Ethylene sn xut nh l mt hu qu ca trao i cht ca cc axit bo t do ca lipoxygenase c chng minh trong c chua (Sheng et al, 2000.), cho rng vt thng gy ra s c mng c th c kt hp vi sn xut ethylene vt thng gy ra. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c tri cy v rau cho thy mt s c mng lipid vt thng gy ra, vi c rt, qu b, chui l v d ng ch (Theologis v Laties, 1980). TRUNG cht chuyn ha TCH LU Phenolic tch ly l mt trong nhng hin tng nghin cu nhiu nht phn ng li b thng. B thng c hai tc ng trn s trao i cht phenolic (Rhodes v Wooltorton, 1978). u tin l qu trnh oxy ha ca phenolics ni sinh do hu qu ca s phn hy mng t bo, cho php pha trn ca phenolics vi cc h thng enzyme oxy ha, m thng c phn cch bi mng. th hai l kch thch cc t bo lin k vi cc thng tch sn xut phenolics hn trong mt n lc bt u qu trnh sa cha (v d, lignification). Phenolic tch ly c bt u thng qua cc hot ng tng ln trong phenylalanine 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 5,6 Thay i trong vt thng gy ra hot ng PAL [mol (g FW) -1 h-1] nh l b nh hng bi khong cch t vt thng. Cc con s trong ngoc n i din cho khong cch t b mt b thng. Cc thanh li ng i din cho SE ca trung bnh. (T K v Saltveit Nm 1989, c s dng vi s cho php ca nh xut bn quc t Munksgaard.) ammonia lyase hot ng, v lm b thng c r rng cho thy tng hot ng ca enzyme ny trong rau dip tng bng tri (hnh 5.6). Chlorogenic acid cng c th tch t trong c rt thi nh khi c lu tr trong khng kh (Babic v cng s, 1993.). Isocoumarin mc tng phn ng tip xc vi ethylene, ct, hoc bm tm trong c rt (Lafuente v cng s, 1996.). Phn ng ny khng thy trong v ct-v ('b') c rt mc d, c th do thc t l hu ht cc s trao i cht phenolic l a ho trong cc m v (Sarkar v Phan, 1979), c loi b trong qu trnh ct-v-v. Tuy nhin, nu c rt l nhng vt bm tm hoc tip xc vi ethylene trc khi x l, sau tch lu isocoumarin s xy ra, nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm ct-v-v. B thng tng axit phenolic v anthocyanins trong cc m midrib ca rau dip c sc t mu , tuy nhin, khng c tc

dng ng-icant trong cc m mu xanh v (Ferreres et al, 1997.). Hnh m, khi b gin on, enzyme s sn xut mt hp cht ng (hoc mt triterpenoid hoc flavonoid) theo thi gian, v tch ly ca n c th c iu khin bi qu trnh axit ha (Schwimmer, 1967). Tin thn ca mt sc t mu hng tch ly p ng vi vt thng do hot ng alliinase (Shannon et al, 1967.). Nhng tin cht phn ng vi axit amin t do v carbonyls pht trin mt sc t mu hng trong cc m hnh ty ct. Cc hp cht cha lu hunh cng c th tch ly p ng vi b thng. Mt s hp cht sulfur kh chu c th tng theo thi gian sau khi ct bp ci cc m, chng hn nh methanethiol v dimethyl disulfide (Chin v Lindsay, 1993). Cc accu-mulation ca cc hp cht nh vy c bit n l lin quan vi s suy gim mng. Nhng mt mt ca compartmentation di ng cho php cc enzym nh cysteine sulfoxide lyase tip xc vi cc cht nn khc nhau c cha lu hunh v xi ha chng thnh cc cht d bay hi sulfur kh chu (Dan et al, 1997.). Anlyl isothiocyanates cng c th tch t trong ng ph vi ct trong ci bp bm nh (Yano v cng s, 1986.). M gin on ca cc kt qu t chung xanh trong vic sn xut nhanh chng ca sucacbon aldehyt v ru, m l mt h qu ca qu trnh oxy ha t do 2002 bi LLC bo CRC axit bo c enzyme (bi lipoxygenase v hydroperoxide lyase) pht hnh t mng (Wu v Liou, 1986). Mt s ca cc hp cht ny c kt hp vi off-hng v trong t. Tch t ca chui di cc hp cht bo (axit bo hoc ru) m bao gm cc polyme suberin xy ra p ng vi b thng trong qu c chua (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) V qu u (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Dean v Kolattukudy, 1976). Vic sn xut suberin l mt phn quan trng ca qu trnh dn n vt thng cha bnh. MT NC Tht thot nc trong tri cy v rau qu c xc nh bi nhiu yu t, c l quan trng nht l in tr ca periderm lp biu b bn ngoi hoc ment transpirational-di chuyn ca hi nc (Ben-Yehoshua, 1987). Tuy nhin, gt v v ct kt qu trong vic gim hoc loi b cc khng bi nhng ro cn ny thot hi. Hai vn quan trng i vi nc mt: gim s lng ln cc m, ngha l, tng din tch b mt t l khi lng, v loi b cc m periderm bo v. C hai Mecha-nisms cho kt qu tng mt nc, c chng minh bi thc t l ct cc kt qu Kiwi mc mt nc, v loi b v sau t kt qu lt trong mt tng thm trong gim cn (hnh 5.7). Tng t gi kt qu mt nc trong tnh nhy cm ln hn ho v / hoc co qup. Ct ca qu l dn n t l mt m t b mt ct, l mt yu t quan trng trong vic lm gim cht lng (Gorny et al, 2000.). Bc v "Majestic" khoai ty c

mt s mt nc ca 3,3-3,9 cm mg O H-2 mbar WPD-1 h-1 , Trong khi nonpeeled, cha khi khoai ty c t l mt m ca cm 0,007 mg O H-2 mbar WPD-1 h-1 (Ben-Yehoshua, 1987). Phng php lt ca c rt nh hng n s mt nc sau ch bin lt ti. Lt mi mn th kt qu trong ba ln gim cn nhiu hn

Hnh 5,7 nh hng ca vt thng v mt mt khi lng ca ton b qu Kiwi, ton b qu Kiwi gt v, lt v lt, v lt cha gt v bo qun 20 C trong ba ngy. (T et al Agar. Nm 1999, c s dng vi s cho php ca Vin k thc phm.) 2002 bi LLC bo CRC lt ng gi so vi lt lm t c rt gt v bng tay (Barry-Ryan v O'Beirne, 2000). Slices lm t c rt c mi mn bng cch s dng mt tm bc lt tin pht c mc trung gian ca s mt nc. Qu trnh ct cng c th nh hng n s mt nc trong lt c rt, vi sn phm my nc ct gim 30% nhanh hn so vi sn phm dao co-lt bng tay (Barry-Ryan v O'Beirne, 1998). Nhy cm vi vi sinh vt h hng Mt lot cc vi sinh vt c tm thy s c tch cc pht trin v gi nin, tri cy v rau qu ch bin ti thiu, v bao gm cc vi khun mesophilic, vi khun acid lactic, coliform (mt s phn c ngun gc), v nm men v nm mc (Nguyen-Cc v Carlin, 1994). Gia tng dn s vi sinh vt trn cc sn phm ch bin ti thiu thng c kt

hp vi tng t l h hp r rng vi thi gian lu tr (hnh 5,8). su m lin kt cht ch vi cc hot ng vi sinh vt (vi khun hiu kh v lactic). Hng ca gi u ng gi i km vi vic gim mc O2 trong gi phn mm, v s tch t ca acetate v lactate lin kt cc h hng vi cc hot ng vi sinh vt (Varoquaux v cng s, 1996a.). Nhiu vi sinh vt

Hnh 5,8 Thay i trong (mt) t l hp th oxy v (b) tng s lng lu tr ca aerobic trong gi u nhit khc nhau. Kt qu c th hin nh h mmol-1 kg-1 v cfu g-1 trng lng ti, tng ng. (T Varoquaux et al. 1996a, Bn quyn thuc Hip hi Cng nghip ha cht ti bn vi s cho php.. Giy php c cp bi John Wiley & Sons Ltd thay mt cho SCI.)

sn xut pectin enzym xung cp, dn n lm mm m v cc s c. Tuy nhin, tng i cao, s lng vi khun c th c tm thy trn nhng g c coi l chp nhn c cht lng sn phm (Watada et al, 1996.). Trong mt s sn phm, vi sinh vt h hng khng xut hin c quan tm. V d, n c bo co l ch bin ng gi ti thiu bp ci Trung Quc khng th hin bt k vi khun h hng, ngay c sau 21 ngy k t ngy lu tr ti 5 C (Kim v Klieber, 1997). Cc qun th ln nht ca cc vi sinh vt c tm thy trong cc t bo vn hoc cc m ln cn cc t bo b ph v sau khi sn phm ti ct ng gi c lu tr (Watada et al, 1996.). C l, cc m b h hi v cc t bo b ph v cung cp cht dinh dng v mi trng bo v cho s tng trng ca hu ht cc loi vi sinh. iu ny c th hin bi thc t l vi sinh vt tng trng ln hn nhiu sn phm ch bin ti thiu so vi sn phm cn nguyn vn. V d, ct rau dip thng cao hn s lng vi khun hn so vi u cn nguyn vn (Priepke et al, 1976.). Ngoi ra, dn s cao hn ca cc vi khun c lin quan vi t l phn r nhanh hn ca m trong sn phm ch bin ti thiu (King v Bolin, 1989, vua v cng s, 1991.). Cc t bo t cc sn phm ch bin c ngun gc ti thiu c th xc nh t l tng trng dn s vi khun. Ni (tr) l rau ng c dn s nh hn vi khun, c th c gii thch bi cc tc dng ca l bo v bn ngoi (Jacques v Morris, 1995). Tuy nhin, s pht trin ca vi khun nhim vo bn trong cc l ny l c ch so vi bn ngoi (c) l. iu ny cho thy rng c mt c s sinh l cho cuc khng chin ca m nh tng trng ca vi khun.

Ging cy trng YU T NH HNG NG PH ct Romig (1995) tho lun v tm quan trng ca vic la chn thch hp v pht trin cc ging rau qu c bit cho s dng trong cc sn phm ti ct. Hiu qu ca vic la chn ging cy trng trn nguyn sinh l ban u v cht lng sn phm c xem l c tc ng tip theo trn s chp nhn ca mt tri cy ng gi mi ct, hoc sn phm thc vt trong th trng bn l. Trong mt vi trng hp, nhng c im c th c ci thin thng qua nhn ging thng thng v / hoc bin i gen c la chn cho cc loi rau nht nh (Romig, 1995). Tuy nhin, cc ti liu khng c thnh cng c th trong lnh vc ny. c nhiu bo co v vic xc nh cc cy trng khc nhau, v chng s c gii quyt trong cc cuc tho lun sau. ging bp ci khc nhau s to ra mc khc nhau ca cc cht d bay hi khc nhau lu hunh trong phn ng vi chn thng (Chin v Lindsay, 1993). Mt s ging cy trng sn xut dimethyl disulfide trisulfide dimethyl nhiu hn v p ng vi ct, v cc hp cht ny c xem l kh chu. iu ny s thng tin, do , cho thy ging sn xut s lng ln cc cht d bay hi vo khng ct c s dng cho x lch bp ci ti. ging bp ci khc nhau cng sn xut cc mc khc nhau ca isothiocyanates anlyl, v ti khon ca h tch ly gim mc sn xut mu nu v ethylene ca sn phm vn (Yano v cng s, 1986;. Nagata, 1996). Khng c s khc bit trong vt thng gy ra tch t phenolic v nu ca "Baby" v "Romaine" rau dip (Castaer et al, 1999.). Trong rau dip butterhead, cc ging cy trng "Ritmo 'sn xut cao hn nng CO2 trong 30 m polypropylene dy 2002 bi LLC bo CRC gi hn 'ng sao' hoc 'Nancy', v n cng d b tn thng m trong gi phn mm p ng vi CO2 cao, dn n mc cao hn ca m nu (Varoquaux et al., 1996b). Ti thiu ch bin 'Calmar v rau dip tng bng tri "bin xanh" l d nht nu trong tm th nghim, v' Nerone "l nhy cm nht sau su ngy k t ngy lu tr ti 5 C (Couture v cng s, 1993.). Ngoi ra cn c s khc bit trong b thng-tch ly cm ng ca phenol c depen-vt lm trn cy trng cho c rt thi nh (Babic v cng s, 1993.). Khng ging cy trng to duy nht c th nghim ti tiu bang New York cho thy mt s thch hp tng th tt hn s dng nh ng gi lt ti. Cc ging cy trng s 'NY 674' devel-OPED cc mu nu nht ca tt c 12 th nghim, tuy nhin, n c cc cng ty t nht ca tt c cc ging cy trng (Kim v cng s, 1993b.). Ngc li, "Liberty" l ging cy trng firmest, nhng n c d b ct b mt mu nu. l kt lun rng 'NY 674', 'Cortland,

"Golden Delicious", " ch" v "ngon" c xem l chp nhn c cho lt ti, trong khi 'Mutsu "v" Rome " km thch hp cho mc ch ny. C s khc bit v h hp trong lt lm t trong 12 ging cy trng, nhng khng phi lin quan ph hp cho ng gi, lt ti (al Kim v cng s, 1993b.). Khng c gii hn bng chng cho thy c s khc bit trong t l cy trng ca suy gim mng p ng vi ch bin ti thiu. Mng suy thoi trong c rt thi nh p ng vi qu trnh bm nh l ph thuc vo ging cy trng, vi 'Caropak' hin th t l ln hn ca s suy gim mng hn so vi "Apache" (Picchioni v Watada, 1998). S tch ly ca cc sn phm ln men p ng vi CO2 cao c th b nh hng bi cc ging cy trng ca cc loi rau qu c xem xt. CO2 trong kh quyn cao kh quyn gi c xut nh l mt phng php tt bo qun cht lng ti ct lt du ty (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Tuy nhin, n c tm thy rng c mt bin i ln trong phn ng ca cy trng du ty CO2 cao (Watkins v cng s, 1999.). Ngoi ra, Watkins et al. (1999) thy rng cc cy trng khc nhau cho thy mc khc nhau ca ci tin vng chc trong bu kh quyn CO2 cao. s khc bit tng t trong phn ng ca ging mm xi ng gi gi mc CO2 c chng minh (Toivonen v cng s, 2000.). C s khc bit ln trong kh nng hn s dng cho o v qu xun o lt lm t cy trng khc nhau (al Gorny v cng s, 1999.). Ngi ta cho rng nhng khc bit ny lin quan n s khc bit v sinh l hc lin quan n qu trnh chn ca cy trng. Nhy cm vi s h hng vi khun cng c th b nh hng bi cy trng. Tui th ca cy trng khc nhau ca rau chn vt ng gi c tm thy l ph thuc vo cc iu kin lng ma trong thi gian sn xut (Johnson v cng s, 1989.). Cc ging 'By R "v" Grandstand "c hn s dng tt nht trong iu kin lng ma bnh thng, trong khi "Gladiator" v "Melody" c hn s dng tt nht trong iu kin lng ma cao. S khc bit trong thi hn s dng c ch yu lin quan vi s khc bit trong tnh nhy cm su vi sinh trong sn phm ng gi. PREHARVEST qun l cy trng Rt t thng tin c cng b i vi cc preharvest qun l cy trng trn sinh l sau thu hoch ca ti ct tri cy v rau qu. Mt lot cc nh gi v preharvest yu t v nh hng ca h trn tri cy v rau qu c cng b

gn y (Crisosto v cng s, 1997;. Prange v DeEll nm 1997; Weston v Barth, 1997), v mt s cc cuc tho lun trong cc nh gi l thch hp y. Tt su bnh hi qun l c th l yu t quan trng nht nh hng n preharvest cht lng ca tri cy ti ct v cc sn phm thc vt. Cc vn khc c v nh lun quan trng i vi

tri cy v rau qu cht lng c ti dinh dng v canxi. Gi ca thy li v dinh dng canxi c tc dng v phn r sau thu hoch v trn m cng. D kt qu thy li trong pht trin ca m m d b bm tm v thng tch (Prange v DeEll, 1997). Trong mt s trng hp, c nhng phn ng sinh l nit v pht pho th tinh (Prange v DeEll nm 1997; Weston v Barth, 1997), tuy nhin, y l nhng thng b lu m bi nhng tc ng ca bin i kh hu (Prange v DeEll, 1997). D thy li cng s lm gim hm lng cht rn ha tan trong ni dung ca tri cy v rau m (Crisosto et al., Nm 1997; Prange v DeEll nm 1997; Weston v Barth, 1997), v iu ny c th c nh hng n t l h hp (Blanchard v cng s, 1996).. Cc iu kin kh hu, trong tri cy v rau c sn xut c th c mt nh hng ng k n cht lng sn phm ti ct. Muskmelon l bng m trc khi thu hoch c th c mc thp hn v acetaldehyde sucrose cao hn v mc ethanol, v iu ny c th dn n cc m tht "ngm nc". Vn ny c th hin c th xy ra theo ngu si n n, mt ma h iu kin trng trt (Nishizawa v cng s, 1998.). C rt ca cng mt ging cy trng c trng trong cc khu vc a l khc nhau s to ra mc khc nhau ca phenolics p ng vi bm nh (Babic v cng s, 1993.), Tuy nhin, c s nhng khc bit ny khng hiu r. Pht trin khu vc cng c nh hng n tui th ca lt qu l (Gorny et al, 2000.) L lin quan n cc hiu ng v mu nu v lm mm, nhng mt ln na, nhng hiu ng ny khng hiu r. C rt t thng tin v dinh dng cy trng trn cc phn ng sinh l ct tri cy v rau qu ch bin ti thiu. Canxi l nghin cu tt nht ca tt c cc cht dinh dng cy trng v cht lng sau thu hoch (Fallahi et al, 1997.). Nhn chung, dinh dng canxi preharvest ci thin cng v duy tr s chm tr suy gim mem-brane v ton b qu trnh chn trong tri cy. Gn y lm vic cho thy rng trc khi thu hoch ng dng canxi c th ci thin vic lu gi vng chc trong t xanh v mu (Toivonen, cha cng b d liu). Hn na cng vic c yu cu trong lnh vc ny, bi v ci thin dinh dng c th c tc ng rt ln n cc phn ng sinh l x l ti thiu. Sinh l trng thnh Cc k hn sinh l ca tri cy hay rau c bit l nh hng n phn ng b thng. iu ny c bit ng i vi cc loi tri cy xung hang. Da thu hoch sm 1 phiu) duy tr cht lng tt hn (phn r / i mu) hn nhng thu hoch 41 cui k hn ( phiu) (Madrid v Cantwell, 1993). Mnh ct t 4 trt qu sn xut ethylene t hn, c t l h hp di, v li vng chc hn so vi nhng ct t tri cy phiu y . Slices t mt phn hoc hon ton mu mu t chung c gi li cht lng tt hn trn 12 ngy trong mi trng c kim sot hn lt t t

chung xanh (Lpez-Galvez v cng s, 1997a.). iu ny l ngc li vi kt qu tm thy vi tiu ton b hp y chn (mu ) tri cy b h hng nhanh hn nhiu so vi tri cy (mu xanh) cha trng thnh (Lurie v Ben-Yehoshua, 1986). Cha trng thnh sn xut c rt

2002 bi LLC bo CRC ln hn s tin ca isocoumarin, mt hp cht chu trch nhim v cay ng, p ng ethylene hn so vi c rt trng thnh (Lafuente v cng s, 1996.). X l ti thiu Imma-TURE tng bng rau dip l t nhy cm vi mu nu hn so vi rau dip trng thnh hoc overmature (Couture v cng s, 1993.). V vy, trong khi hu ht tri cy v rau qu l tt hn ph hp vi ch bin ti thiu trong giai on trng thnh t sinh l, mt s sn phm nh t chung c th l thch hp nht nhiu giai on tin tin ca s trng thnh. Qu u da 55-80% vng c tm thy l thch hp nht x l ti thiu (Paull v Chen, 1997). Tri cy c t hn 55% cho thy vng da tng ln hn trong sn xut etylen v h hp p ng vi ct v de-ht ging, v cc sn phm tht ch bin khng c mm mi c chp nhn cho tiu dng. u kia ca quang ph, qu u c mu vng y ti ct cho thy tng t ethylene hoc h hp, v cc mnh c d dng thm tm v qu mm x l. L vi cng N 44-58 c tm thy c ti u cho cht lng ca cc lt ti (Gorny et al, 2000.), V t tri cy (122-135 g) c d b nu hn so vi tri cy ln (152 g). o v qu xun o mt cng ca 18-31 N c tm thy c ti u cho ng gi lt ti (Gorny et al, 1999.), Tuy nhin, khng nhiu thng tin c a vo cc c tnh k hn ti chn. nhng ni c gc cy trng c th c li trong t v thu hoch trong ma ng (v d, Ireland), c rt c thu hoch sau khi ma ng lt sn xut phn hy nhanh hn so vi c rt c thu hoch sm hn vo ma thu (Barry-Ryan v O 'Beirne, 2000). iu ny c l do ti trng cao hn vi sinh vt trn c rt thu hoch sau ma ng. kt qu tng t cng c bo co cho c rt thi nh ca Babic et al. (1992). Do , gc cy trng c s dng cho cc sn phm ti phi c thu hoch ct gim ngay khi chng trng thnh. Mc nghim trng hay mc tn thng gy ra ct Cc mc ct c th c nh hng ln n sn xut ethylene v t l h hp (Hnh 5,9). Trong chui, n c tm thy rng, cng nh cc gc ct c tng ln, tng mc ct gim din tch tng ln, v iu ny dn n tng song song vi t l h hp v sn xut ethylene (Abe v cng s, 1998.). Nhng khc bit v h hp v sn xut ethylene c lin quan n thi hn s dng ca chui thi lt. Trong mt nghin cu khc, khoai ty ct

c tm thy c hai ln t l h hp ca khoai ty lt v nguyn , n lt n, tng gp i h hp cn nguyn vn cha gt v khoai ty (Gunes v Lee, 1997). Nhy cm vi s trao i cht k kh cng c th b nh hng nghim trng th tc ct. V d, si c rt cho thy mt s tch ng k ca ethanol v acetaldehyde, ngay c trong 2 O2%, l khng c coi l ngng k kh (Kato-Noguchi v Watada, 1997a), cho thy cc thng tch m rng n cc m gy ra s trao i cht k kh trong cung cp cc yu cu ATP cho s sng cn ca t bo (Rolle v Chism, 1987). trao i cht Phenolic cng b nh hng bi mc nghim trng ca phng php ch bin. Khi tng mc tn thng m, do , hin phenylalanine amoniac lyase (PAL) hot ng trong cc m (hnh 5.10). iu ny dn n tch ly tng ca phenol trong cc sn phm nh rau dip (Ke v Saltveit, 1989). Mc mi mn trn b mt ca c rt gt v nh hng n mc lignification ca b mt, v s dng mt sc nt 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 5,9 nh hng ca vt thng trn C2H4 (a) v CO2 (b) Mc gi sn xut ca ton b qu Kiwi, ton b v qu, v, lt v, v lt tri cy cha gt v c lu tr 20 C trong 6 h. (T et al Agar. Nm 1999, c s dng vi s cho php ca Vin k thc phm.)

Hnh 5,10 phenylalanine lyase amoniac (PAL) hot ng [ mol (g FW-1 h-1)] l lin quan n mc gy thng tch. B thng c thc hin bng cch thng nht thng c din tch 8 cm2 ca midrib m vi mt cy kim v trng di da 26-gauge. Tt c cc php o c chp vo ngy th hai ca bnh. Cc thanh li ng i din cho SE (tiu chun li) ca trung bnh. (T K v Saltveit nm 1989, c s dng vi s cho php ca nh xut bn quc t Munksgaard.) 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 5,11 nh hng ca phng php lt v gim cn ca a c rt trong thi gian lu tr ti

8 C. Gi tr l phng tin cho bn xc nh, mi lm thnh hai bn, cch nhau bi s khc bit ng k nht ca Fisher (P <0,05), k hiu bng ch ci khc nhau. (T BarryRyan v O'Beirne nm 2000, c s dng vi s cho php t Blackwell Khoa hc Ltd) li ct hon ton ngn nga cc lignification ngay c 35 ngy k t ngy sau qu trnh lu tr ti 2 C (Bolin v Huxsoll, 1991). Tuy nhin, nu phn ln cc m c rt bn ngoi c ly ra vi qu trnh lt, s c t vn vi lignification, m c th do thc t l trao i cht, my mc sn xut lignification l a ho trong cc m v bn ngoi (Sarkar v Phan, 1979) . Cc loi qu trnh ct gt v hoc cng c th nh hng n mc phn ng vt l hp l ca m. M lt mi mn kt qu trong gim cn di ca lt ng gi c lm t c rt gt v so vi lt mi mn th, m gy tn thng m hn (Hnh 5,11). Ngoi ra, t l h hp ca mi mn lt lm t c rt gt v m c thp hn ng k so vi cc lt lm t mi mn th-c rt gt v. C rt c lt v bng tay vi mt li dao nhn (m nguyn nhn s tin t nht ca cc tn thng m) trng by mt nc thp hn, h hp, v m vi khun hn lt lm t hoc mi mn mn hoc loi th, c rt gt v. Cc mc nghim trng ca chn thng t cc th tc ct cng c tc dng trn s mt nc v s pht trin ca vi khun trong c rt thi lt (Barry-Ryan v O'Beirne, 1998). My ct lt tri vi hng dn ct vi mt kt qu dao co li mnh hn nm men, vi khun, nm mc v tng trng trong ng gi thi lt c rt. Trng lng mt mt cng tng ~ 30% trong cc sn phm my ct lt l compared vi cc sn phm th cng ct lt. S khc bit ny lin quan n mc ca m thng tch gy ra bi cc slicer my (Barry-Ryan v O'Beirne, 1998). Lt tay vi mt li dao sc nt v kt qu l dung dch kim lt mt t mu nu hn so vi mi mn lt trong khoai ty (Gunes v Lee, 1997). Lt enzym sn xut ch bin ti thiu cam (Citrus sinensis) phn on dn n vic mt mt na trng lng hn so vi cc phn on lm t cam tay bc v, c l do vic gim thng tch cho cc phn on vi lt enzyme (Pretel et al., 1998).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC Hng dn lt kt qu tng trng ca vi khun ln hn lt enzyme cho cc phn on ny cam. PRE-V POST-CT iu tr Mt trong nhng nghin cu nhiu nht phng php iu tr sau ct l s dng cc th trng yu canxi. CaCl2 (1% w / v) c hin th trnh lm mm ca du ty v lt qu l, c bit khi kt hp vi bu kh quyn sa i (Rosen v Kader, 1989). CaCl2

cng hiu qu trong vic lm chm qu trnh chn v lm mm trong c chua xt lt khi ng gi c bo qun 2 C, nhng khng phi 10 C (Arts et al, 1999.). CaCl2 nng t 1 n 5% (w / v) c ch h hp gy ra vt thng trong phng i mi-ctcanta nhng khng c hiu lc t ngy sn xut ethylene (Luna-Guzmn v cng s, 1999;. Luna-Guzmn v Barrett, 2000). dips CaCl2 nng 0,05 M b tr hon cc d ha ca cc phospholipid mng t bo trong m l bp ci (Chour et al, 1992.), tr hon lo ha trong cc m. dips CaCl2 tng cng bo tr cu trc mng t bo v chc nng trong c rt thi nh (Picchioni v Watada, 1998). Canxi chm lactate c th tng tui th ca lt o qua cc hiu ng v lu gi cng (Gorny et al, 1999.). cc axit hu c nh axit citric cng c dng iu khin thay i sinh l cc m ti ct. Citric acid dips (tc l pH thp) s lm gim lignification b mt b bong gy ra trong ti thiu ch bin c rt ct-v-v, c th do s bt hot ca enzyme chu trch nhim v qu trnh dn n lignification (Bolin v Huxsoll, 1991). Citric acid chm ca 1 mM hoc nng cao hn vin ng gim t l h hp ca c rt thi nh 50% tr ln (Kato-Noguchi v Watada, 1997b). Acid ascorbic (vitamin C) l mt cht kh thng c s dng ngn chn phn ng oxy ha nh mu nu, tuy nhin, c th c tc dng trn qu trnh sinh l khc trong cc m ct. Ascorbic acid dips gim h hp ca qu to 'Fuji' lt c lu tr trong mt bu khng kh O2 0% (Gil v cng s, 1998.). Trong bu khng kh khng kh, cc th trng yu acid ascorbic lm gim sn xut ethylene v tng s h hp ca cc lt to (Gil v cng s, 1998.). Browning ca lt gim c hai khng kh v kh quyn O2 0%. Vic s dng cc phng php tr liu nhit nh c tm thy c su sc sinh l tc ng ct tri cy ti v cc sn phm thc vt. Phng php iu tr sc nhit 45 C 120 s, 50 C trong 60 s, hoc 55 C trong 30 s gim PAL hot ng m kt qu t vt thng gy ra tch t phenolic trong rau dip tng bng tri (Loaiza-Velarde et al., 1997). x l nhit trc khi ct (45 C) c hin th gim mu nu v tng cng cng ca ming gi c lm t qu to c iu tr (al Kim v cng s, 1993a.). Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc ging cy trng p ng thun li 'ngon' nhit ch iu tr v "Golden Delicious" cho thy mt li ch ng k cho lt sau tm ngy k t ngy lu tr 2 C. Ngc li, ging cy trng khc (v d, "Liberty", "Munroe", "Rome", v 'RI xanh') cho thy tng nu p ng vi cc phng php iu tr nhit (Kim v cng s, 1993a).. Cc c ch ca phn ng x l nhit c lin quan n hiu qu ca cc qu trnh sinh l; nhit iu tr c ch tng hp ethylene, m phn ng vi ethylene, v suy thoi thnh t bo lin kt vi cc enzym thy phn nh polygalacturonaza v galactosidases (Lurie v Klein, 1990; Lurie, 1998 ).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Trong khi h hp l bc u nng cao, n sau gim xung di mc tm thy trong cc sn phm nontreated ton. Cc hiu ng ny c th gii thch ti sao phng php iu tr c ch ct nhit gy ra nhng thay i trong tri cy v rau qu. phng php iu tr nhit ln n 60 C trong 1 pht cng c ci thin s hp thu v lu gi cng CaCl2 trong ti ct da (Luna-Guzmn et al, 1999.). Phng php bo qun sau thu hoch v / hoc thi gian c th c xem l phng php iu tr sau thu hoch v c, trong mt vi trng hp, hng nh hng n sinh l sau ct. Lu tr trong 30 ngy s lm gim s tch t isocoumarin p ng vi ethylene bi severalfold trong c rt ti, ct gim, so vi c rt ti thu hoch (al Lafuente v cng s, 1996.). Va mi thu hoch qu l v nhng ngi c lu gi trong CA (2% O2, 98% N2) sn xut lt cht lng tt hn so vi nhng ngi c lu gi trong khng kh (al Gorny v cng s, 2000.). sn n c cung cp mt s li ch c th ct ngt tri cy v rau qu. lp ph ny c th cung cp mt bu khng kh sa i cho cc mnh ct, v do , c th lm gim s mt nc t b mt ct. Vi s kt hp ca cht ph gia hoc preserva-hp tc x th h c th kim sot b mt ct nu v vi sinh vt pht trin trn cc m b h hng (Baldwin v cng s, 1995.). Cng ngh ny vn cn ang ni ln, nhng c nhiu pht trin thnh cng bng cch s dng mt lot cc nguyn vt liu, bao gm c cht bo,charides polysac, v / hoc protein nh l cc thnh phn c bn trong cc lp ph. ph gia chc nng d kin s ci thin cc li ch t vic s dng cc lp ph. Kh nng bo qun ph gia ang c coi l acid benzoic, natri benzoat, acid socbic, kali sorbat, v axt prpionic (Baldwin v cng s, 1995.). ph gia chng oxy ha c th bao gm acid ascorbic, acid citric, acid phosphoric, v cc hp cht khc. Mt da trn cellulose n c ph p dng ct to v khoai ty c hiu qu nht trong vic kim sot mt m khi xy dng c cha protein u nnh (Baldwin v cng s, 1996.). Vic b sung acid ascorbic cho vic xy dng chm nu b mt, trong khi vic b sung cc benzoate natri hoc kali sorbat gip kim sot s tng trng ca vi khun. iu chnh pH n 2,5 kt qu kim sot ti u ca c hai tng trng nu v vi sinh vt (Baldwin v cng s, 1996.). Mt bc c lm t b phim n c nghin gm tri cy v vt cht lipid c tm thy l mt cch tip cn hiu qu mt kim sot m v b mt mu nu trong lt to (McHugh v Senesi, 2000). Liu thp chiu x ion ha ang b iu tra l mt cch tip cn lm v sinh tri cy ti ct v cc sn phm thc vt. Cc tc dng ca phng php iu tr nh v sinh l v cht lng tri cy v m thc vt phi c xc nh chc chn xc nh s chp nhn ca phng php ny v sinh sn phm. Chiu x liu thp (0,19 kGy) lm gim ng k dn s vi khun trong ng gi, ct rau dip tng bng tri v va h hp gia tng (Hagenmaier v Baker, 1997). Nhn chung, cht lng ca rau dip ct ng gi c ci thin bi vic x l chiu x. Vic s dng 2 kGy chiu x gia tng s h hp ca c rt thi nh nhng lm chm li s mt mt ca cc loi ng v c ch s pht trin ca vi khun acid lactic v aerobic mesophilic (Chervin v Boisseau, 1994). Cht lng ca c rt thi nh chiu x cao hn nhiu so vi nhng ngnh cng nghip thc hnh v sinh bng cch s dng thng thng (tc l,

ra clo). Hagenmaier v Baker (1998) thy rng mt liu 0,5 kGy chiu x gamma ch c mt tc ng nh v h hp nhng gim ng k dn s vi khun trong c rt thi nh so vi clo, ra sch c rt thi nh. Hiu ng ny c ko di hn chn ngy lu tr trong bao b khng kh thay i (MAP). 2002 bi LLC bo CRC Liu dng ln n 2,4 kGy gim sn xut ethylene v gy ra mt s gia tng tm thi trong h hp ca cc lt to (Gunes v cng s, 2000.). Lm mm cc m l kt qu ca liu trn 0,5 kGy, tuy nhin, n khng bit liu mc lm mm thng mi l quan trng. Thnh phn kh quyn Cc nguyn tc c bn cho vic s dng ng gi, sn phm ti ct l bu kh quyn sa i c v mt l thuyt d kin s kim sot cc thay i sinh l v cht lng trong sn phm. O2 v CO2 thp cao, c bit l ngn chn hnh ng ethylene (Burg v Burg, 1967) (Hnh 5,12). i vi mt s loi tri cy hoc rau, O2 l yu t chnh iu khin h hp. V d, t l h hp trong khi c rt ng gi c ph thuc vo mc O2 trong gi phn mm m khng b nh hng bi cc mc CO2 (Sode v Kuhn, 1998). Mc c ch h hp l mt bu khng kh iu khin c th gy ra ph thuc vo sn phm. Hn na, s nhy cm ca h hp CO2 cao v mc O2 gim ph thuc vo cc mt hng ti tion-ques. Cc h hp ca c rt ct dng nh khng b nh hng bi mc CO2, v chng cng tng trn 21%. Mt khc, ct rau dip trong mt container tng i khng thm xut hin duy tr mt s cn bng 21% gia kh CO2 v O2 (Priepke et al., 1976). Rau dip h hp chm li nh gi khng kh tr nn sa i, cho rng rau dip ct l t nhy cm vi s pht trin ca olism k kh-metab hn so vi c rt ct. Cn ty, hnh x tng t nh c rt, trong khi hnh c ci mu xanh l cy, v rau ng hnh x tng t nh rau dip. s khc bit tng t c nhn thy trong tri cy ti ct. N c ch ra rng mt bu khng kh ca 2 O2% v 10% kh CO2 ng k

Hnh 5,12 nh hng ca nng xy bn ngoi v phn ng ca cy ging bng ht u ethylene. Inset: tc dng ca O2 ni b v s tp trung ca ethylene cn thit cho mt na phn ng ca KA p ng ti a. (In li t nm 1999 Beaudry, Sinh hc v Cng ngh sau thu hoch, tp 15, trang 293-303, vi s cho php ca Elsevier Science..)

BNG 5,1 Carbon Dioxide sn xut, Gi hp th oxy ca ct-Fresh Sn phm lu tr trong khng kh v kh quyn kim sot

Hng ha C Khng kh CO2 sn xut (Ml kg-1 h-1) O2 hp thu (Ml kg-1 h-1) Kiwi lt 0 Air 2,1 2,8 1% O2 + 5% CO2 2,3 1,8 5 Air 2,4 2,6 1% O2 + 5% CO2 3,3 2,4 Peach lt 0 Air 3,0 3,0 0,5% O2 + 10% CO2 3,1 1,0 5 Air 5,5 4,6 0,5% O2 + 10% CO2 3,9 1,1 Muskmelon ln khi 5 Air 4,0 4,0 1% O2 + 10% CO2 2,3 0,8 10 My 9,6 10,6 1% O2 + 10% CO2 5,4 2,2 Muskmelon nh khi 5 Air 2,7 3,8 1% O2 + 10% CO2 5,5 2,1 10 My 5,2 7,0 1% O2 + 10% CO2 6,5 3,2 Bng ci xanh chic hoa 0 Khng 12,9 15,8 0,5% O2 + 10% CO2 6,9 8,1 5 Khng 22,6 31,0

0,5% O2 + 10% CO2 7,7 11,3 10 Khng 41,2 68,0 0,5% O2 + 10% CO2 15,3 20,5 Ngun: Trch t Watada et al. (1996), Sinh hc v Cng ngh sau thu hoch, 9: 115-125, c s dng vi s cho php ca Elsevier Science.

gim h hp v sn xut ethylene trong da hu ct ngt nhng c mt tc ng nh hn nhiu trn du ty ct v o (K v Watada, 1997). V vy, n phi c cng nhn rng bu kh quyn kim sot hoc sa i c th khng c tc dng nht qun hoc d on v sn xut kh CO 2 v hp th O2 trong cc loi m khc nhau, v iu ny khng p ng ph hp l phc tp hn do tc ng ca nhit lu tr (Bng 5.1). Do thiu cc d bo v phn ng vi kh quyn cho cc phm vi khc nhau ca cc sn phm, nhng tc ng tim nng ca kh quyn cui vo mt qu c th hoc cc sn phm thc vt, do , phi c xem xt trn c s c nhn. V d, mt bu khng kh c cha O2 0,5% c tm thy l c hiu qu trong vic ngn nga nu v lm mm trong l thi lt, trong khi mt bu khng kh c cha CO2 12% ngn nga lm mm trong du ty (Rosen v Kader, 1989). Ngc li, CO2 cao v bu khng kh O2 thp u c tc ng c hi n cht lng CO2 cao c rt thi nh dn n tng cng s pht trin vi khun lactic, v O2 thp dn n suy gim cht lng (hng v v kt cu) (Barry-Ryan v cng s, 2000. ).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

CO2 cao kh quyn c th c tc dng r rng tri ngc v s pht trin ca vi khun v nm, ty thuc vo sn phm. Mt bu khng kh CO2 cao (30%) c ch c hai hot ng amoniac lyase phenylalanine v tch ly ca phenol trong c rt thi nh, nhng vi khun axit lactic tng trng nhanh chng (Babic v cng s, 1993.). Cc axit phenolic c th hin c tnh khng khun trong hot ng (Harding v Heale, 1980; Barber v cng s, 2000.). Dng suy ngh c h tr bi cc quan st vi khun axit lactic khng bao gi pht trin trong c rt thi nh din ra trong bu kh quyn khng kh (Carlin et al., 1990). u kia ca ph phn ng l hin tng ni ting ca tc ng km nm ca bu kh quyn CO2 cao (Wells v Uota, 1970). Vi sinh vt tng trng b c ch bi O2 thng mi thp, cao, cc gi khng kh CO2 ca tng bng ti thiu ch bin rau dip

(King v cc cng s, 1991.). CO2 cao (10%) cho thy c ch s pht trin nm v vi khun trong ti ct ngt, du ty, v o (K v Watada, 1997). Oxy kh quyn thp (1 hoc 3%) t c tc ng tng trng ca vi sinh vt trong cantaloupe ct, nhng l mt s kt hp ca O2 thp (3%) v CO2 cao (7,5 hoc 15%) c hiu qu trong vic kim sot s tng trng ca vi sinh vt v su trong cantaloupe ct ( Portela et al, 1997).. CO2 cng c th c phn ng v duy tr cht lng cc sn phm khc nhau. CO2 cao (15%) ci thin cng lu gi trong cantaloupe ct (Madrid v Cantwell, 1993), trong khi CO2 cao gy ra lm mm m v r r in trong t ct (Lpez-Galvez v cng s, 1997a.). tc ng tiu cc ca CO2 vo cht lng sn phm c th khng c r rng cho n khi sn phm c ly ra bu kh quyn khng kh. CO2 cao (20%) tng lyase chit amoniac phenylalanine (PAL) trong m rau dip ct, mc d tch ly phenolic v nu m khng phi l mt vn trong khi rau dip vn cn trong gi (Mateos et al, 1993.). iu ny l do cc hot ng PAL thp ti ch, v CO2 d dng ha tan trong t bo v do lm gim pH t bo cht, do , c ch hot ng ca cc enzyme. Sau khi loi b vi khng kh, tng pH m v ti ch tng PAL, cung cp cht nn cho cc phn ng ha nu. Hin tng ny c bo co cho rau dip butterhead trong mu nu c lin kt vi cc cp CO2 cao gi, nhng mu nu khng xy ra cho n khi x lch c chuyn giao cho khng kh (Varoquaux v cng s, 1996b.). O2 thp (0,25%) lm gim h hp, sn xut ethylene, mt trng lng, mu nu, v s lng vi sinh vt trn zucchini thi lt (Izumi v cng s, 1996.). O2 thp cng c tm thy gim mu nu trong rau dip ct (Lpez-Galvez v cng s, 1997b;.. Smyth v cng s, 1998) v xut hin lm gim s mt nc trong chic hoa bng ci xanh (Bastrash et al, 1993).. Nhanh chng pht trin ca O2 v CO2 cao thp cng l cha kha nu mt ct kim sot, v tch cc sa i bao b khng kh l thng mi c s dng trong cc sn phm rau v khoai ty (Gorny, 1997). Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht l cc gi khng kh bin i khng th cung cp O2 chp nhn c v nng CO2 i vi mt s mt hng. Do vy, trong nhiu trng hp, bu kh quyn c th t c l kh d thng t nhng ngi c coi l ti u (Beaudry, 1999). Trong khi cc khuyn ngh c thc hin cho bu khng kh ti u, trong gi hu ht cc sn phm rau qu, thc t l khng phi tt c hng ha c th c duy tr trong mi trng thch hp bng cch s dng cc b phim bao b (Hnh 5,13 v 5,14). V d, ct rau dip v rau dip x lch c ng gi trong kh quyn m rt khc vi nhng ngh t cc bo co nghin cu trc (Hnh 5,13) v xut hin lm tng i tt trong thc t thng mi

20 thng mi pkgs. rau dip

15

10 ti ty bng ci Brussel Mm Rau

NM mng ty

Mui ty

Rau dip 0 BEANS BP CI Cn ty, rau dip xon, sp l

C Tiu atis c ci Rau bina t c bu kh quyn u bp 0 5 10 15 20 Oxy (kPa)

Hnh 5,13 khuyn ngh O2 v CO2 kt hp cho vic lu tr cc loi rau. Cc vng c t bng m t bu khng kh trn l thuyt c th t c bng cch ng gi khng kh bin i (MAP) s dng polyethylene mt thp (LDPE, ranh gii thp hn) v cc gi c (pha trn, ng gch gch). Din tch ti i din cho bu khng kh quan st thy trong cc gi khng kh thng mi sa i ca hn hp, x lch rau dip trn. (In li t nm 1999 Beaudry, Sinh hc v Cng ngh sau thu hoch, tp 15, trang 293-303, vi s cho php ca Elsevier Science..) (Lpez-Galvez v cng s, 1997b.). C mt s ri ro lin quan vi bao b nh vy, nhng trong thc t, bng cch s dng mong i k cuc sng bo th, nhng ri ro ny c th c chp nhn (Smyth v cng s, 1998.).

HU QU CA THNG TCH ct gy ra-ON GI CHT LNG Vt thng gy ra sn xut ethylene c lin kt vi mt t l gia tng ca qu trnh chn trong tht u (Paull v Chen, 1997) v lm mm trong qu l v lt du ty (Rosen v Kader, 1989). iu ny dn n kt lun rng ethylene loi b s c li duy tr cht lng ng gi sn phm mi ct. Tuy nhin, li ch ca vic loi b kh ethylene trong gi sa i vn cha c con qu-strated c khen ng k. loi b Ethylene c hin th gim mm ening trong qu Kiwi v chui lt c t chc trong mi trng khng kh v vng ct rau bina, nhng ethylene loi b c cc li ch khng c trong vic lm gim vng ca bng ci xanh chic hoa (Abe v Watada, 1991). N c ch ra rng hu ht ti ct gim kh quyn gi c nh gi cao sa i, m cao CO2 v O2 thp chc chn s ngn cn hnh ng ethylene, nu khng hon ton ngn

chn, v cc m ti ct (Gorny, 1997). iu ny c h tr bi cng vic ca Howard et al. (1994) cho thy s hp th ethylene c t, nu c, nh hng n cht lng c hnh ty ct nh c t chc vo cui

20

15

Da 10 Mango u Hng n i

DU BLACKBERRY Blueberry CHERRY FIG

Cy c mi

Qu 5 xung hang TRI CY Nham l Mn

t c bu kh quyn

Nho Olive 0 0 5 10 15 20 Oxy (kPa)

Hnh 5,14 khuyn ngh O2 v CO2 kt hp cho vic lu tr ca tri cy. Cc vng c t bng m t bu khng kh trn l thuyt c th t c bng cch ng gi khng kh thay i bi thm phim mt mnh (polyethylene mt thp, LDPE, thp hn ranh gii) v thng qua l mt mnh (trn, dashed line), hoc s kt hp ca h (bng khu vc). (In li t nm 1999 Beaudry, sau thu hoch Sinh hc v Cng ngh, Vol. 15, trang 293-303, vi s cho php ca Elsevier Science.)

bu kh quyn (2,65% O2, 3,65% CO2 trng thi cn bng). Trong thc t, h tm thy tng trng ca vi sinh vt trong cc gi c cha cc vt liu hp ph ethylene. iu ny c th do thc t l cht d bay hi lu hunh cng c ly ra t gi headspace do hp th, v n c bit rng mt s cht d bay hi lu hunh c sn xut bi cc m hnh b thng c c tnh khng sinh (Blanchard v cng s, 1996.). Khng c phn ng hay ci thin cht lng c tm thy vi vic s dng ca ethylene trong adsorbents c rt ch bin ng gi ti thiu, que (Howard v Griffin, 1993). Mt vn khc lin quan hot ng ca ethylene-ing b thng m gy ra vic sn xut cc isothiocyanates anlyl trong bp ci, v cc hp cht ny l cht chng oxy ha mnh c th ngn chn c hai vt thng gy ra sn xut ethylene v nu (Nagata, 1996). Do , mulation accu-ca cht chuyn ha ph c th p vo phn ng sinh l

khc ct, ph thuc vo sn phm trong cu hi, v do , phi c lu gi trong tm tr. Mt kha cnh khc ca cc vt thng gy ra thay i l vic sn xut cc cht d bay hi khc vi ethylene. cht d bay hi lu hunh c trong hnh thng c sn xut trong gi ct, v sn xut ca h c th ko di trong vi ngy (Toivonen, 1997a). Nu nhng cht d bay hi khng c loi b khi cc m (v d, vi adsorbents thch hp), sau thay i sinh l v sinh ha c th c bt u p ng vi s tch ly ca h (Toivonen, 1997b), dn n gim cht lng m. l, do , rt quan trng gim thiu nhng nh hng ca cc phn ng ct gim trong giai on u kim sot s thay i cht lng. Ngoi ra, n c chng minh rng vic sn xut ca qu trnh oxy ha mt s

sn phm ca cc axit bo t do nh l mt hu qu ca vt thng gy ra mng vn tdeteri c th dn n off-hng v (Rolle v Chism, 1987). Nhit bo qun sau khi ct chc chn s nh hng n hiu qu ca lm b thng v cht lng sn phm. N c xc nh rng cht lng ca lt c chua ng gi c tt hn duy tr mc 2 C so vi 10 C. iu ny c kt hp vi thc t l ethylene v h hp tng ln mc sn xut bng cch ct gim ti cc perature thng lu tr cao hn so vi nhit lu tr thp hn (Arts et al, 1999.), Mc d thc t rng bu kh quyn trong cc gi t sa i ti cc lu tr thp hn nhit . Trong v d khc, hnh khi ngt c vng chc hn v gim respiration v ethylene sn xut trong mt O2 4% v 10% kh CO2 10 C, trong khi khng c phn ng ng xem ti 5 C (K v cng s, 1999. ). iu ny c th do thc t l nhit thp hn l kim sot s suy gim cht lng, v khng kh thay i c th cung cp nhng li ch nh b sung theo cc-ditions con. Tuy nhin, n phi c cnh bo rng cht lng ca hnh khi ngt c ngho (kim sot khng kh hay khng) 10 C. Qun th vi khun c thp hn kim sot khng kh iu kin hn trong khng kh c 5 v 10 C. Cc d bo t l h hp l mt yu t rt quan trng trong vic la chn b phim ng gi ph hp cho cc sn phm ti ct (Lee et al, 1997.). Mt plethoria thng tin v sn xut CO2 ca sn phm ti ct tn ti (xem Bng 5.2), tuy nhin, mc oxy trong gi phn mm c l l quan trng, nu khng phi l quan trng hn, trong vic la chn gi. Trnh nhng iu kin thiu oxy hoc k kh trong cc gi c coi l quan trng m bo cht lng ca sn phm ti ct (et al Lakakul., 1999). M hnh ha ca phim l tng cho mt sn phm tng i n gin nu cc kh

l tng ature-c gi nh cho vic lu tr v x l (Lee et al, 1997.), Tuy nhin, trong th gii thc, cc sn phm ch bin ti thiu nht l tip xc vi nhit l tng khng trong qu trnh phn phi v bn l (Talasila et al, 1995.). Mt vi nhm nghin cu xut phng php tip cn m hnh ha i ph vi cc tnh hung nhit khng l tng. Nhiu phng php tinh vi m hnh ph thuc vo nhit ca h hp h tr thit k phim MAP c cng b (Makino v cng s, 1997.). C l qun l nht l mt trong xc nh rng tnh hnh c ni dung xu nht c th c kim tra bng cch s dng mt n superoptimal nhit C 7 (Jacxsens et al, 2000.) v a ra mt la chn hp l cho cc b phim c th s dng trong khong t 2 n 10 C. Vn ln nht trong vic c c gi tr h hp m chnh xc l phng php c s dng xc nh tc h hp ca bu kh quyn khc nhau. C hai m thng thc hnh: s dng cc dng chy thng qua cc thit lp h hp, m c xut cung cp cho sinh l gn nht gi tr chnh xc (Lee et al, 1997.) V h hp mt cch tip cn ng ca hoc tnh, ni h hp c nh gi, hoc trong mt phim linh hot na thm gi (Lakakul et al, 1999.) hoc trong mt cn phng khng thm nc (Beveridge v Day, 1991; Cng v Corey, nm 1994; Jacxsens et al, 2000.). Cch tip cn ng ca v c hnh vi h hp c th l mt m phng tt hn ca mt gi khng kh bin i, bi v c chng c-Cng dn ca mt dng chy thng qua h thng khng thay i bn sao chnh xc cht lng thc t trong mt tnh hung gi (Ben-Arie et al, 1991. Larsen v Watkins, 1995). Mt kha cnh khc ca vn l hu ht cc gi O2 v CO2 permeabilities thay i theo kiu khc vi s gia tng nhit (Moyls v cng s, 1998;. Lakakul et al, 1999.). Trong mt s trng hp, tng CO2 truyn nhanh hn truyn dn O2 (al Lalakul v cng s, 1999.), V nhng ngi khc, s gia tng nhanh hn so vi truyn O2 truyn CO2 (Moyls et al, 1998.).

BNG 5,2 Gi h hp ca tri cy ti v rau ct ti 0-2,5 C v 10 C

H hp (mg kg CO2

h-1)

Hnh thc ch bin hng ha 0-2,5 C 10 C u xanh ct 39,7 7.1a Zucchini thi lt 23,9 6.1a Da chut thi lt 4,9 1.7a Vng ma h b thi lt 9,0 3.3a t chung thi lt 7,1 3.6a C chua thi lt 5,1 0.7a Kiwi ct mng 11,9 3.7a Chui, khng lt v ct lt 10,7 4.0a Du ty b v thi lt 3.1a 11,3 8,5-11.2b Nho xanh khng ht m khng c thn cy 2,9 1.0a o thi lt 9,5 3.1a Muskmelon (loi ln) mt ging tiu 6,2 1.9a Muskmelon (loi nh) mt ging tiu 5,0 1.4a Crenshaw da mt ging tiu 4,6 0.6a Honeydew da mt ging tiu 4,2 1.2a 'Anjou' l ct lt 1.7-3.8a 6,4-7,5 'Bartlett' l thi lt 2,8-4.9a 9,9-11,8 'Bosc' l ct lt 1.7-2.7a 7,3-7,8 'Red Anjou' l thi lt 1,7 6,1-8,1 4.4a 3.0c c khoai ty 'Bintje', trc mt na 9,0 bc v thi lt 5.0c 4.0c 12,0 20,0 4.0c 'Van Gogh' ton b khoai ty, bc v trc 10,0 na thi lt 6.0c 4.0c 11,0 20,0 C ci c, tin 10,0 mt ging tiu bc v 2.0c 5.0c 6.0c 20,0 14,0 grated C rt, t ton b phn chung t, tin bc v thi lt 9,0 3.0c 6.0c 5.0c grated 17,0 20,0-25,0 C rt, t ton b t ct, trc khi lt v ct lt 11,0 4.0c 6.0c 8.0c 27,0 15,0-18,0 grated Ton b hnh ty, lt v 4.0c 7.0c vng 11,0 20,0 12,0 bo 6.0c Bng ci xanh chic hoa 12.9a 41,2 bp ci Trung Quc na 5.0c 9.0c vn th 9,0 25,0 30,0 thi vn 12.0c (Tip theo)

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 5,2 Gi h hp ca tri cy ti v rau ct ti 0-2,5 C v 10 C (tip theo)

H hp (mg kg CO2

h-1) Hnh thc ch bin hng ha 0-2,5 C 10 C bp ci trng 'Apex' quartered 4.0c 9.0c vn th 12,0 25,0 30,0 thi vn 12.0c 'Lennox' phn bp ci trng th tm 4.0c 8.0c vn th 10,0 22,0 27,0 thi vn 9.0c 'Ngon' to ct lt 2.4 3.5c "Golden Delicious 'to thi lt 2,9 5.1c 'Fuji' to ct lt - 3,0-8,5 Iceberg x lch x nh 3.9b 6,4 a0 C, b2.5 C, hoc c2.0 C. Ngun: Trch t Rosen v Kader (1989), Kim et al. (1993b), Mattila et al. (1994), Watada et al. (1996), Gil et al. (1998), Gorny et al. (2000).

V vy, cc tnh cht truyn dn c th nhit khc nhau ca b phim ang c xem xt phi c xc nh chc chn tt hn d on phn ng nhit khng kh gi x l khc nhau. Qu trnh ct gim c th gy ra nhiu phn ng sinh l c th tng tc vi nhau trong cc h thng ng gi. V d, ci bp bm nh c th, ty thuc vo ging cy trng, sn xut mc quan trng ca isothiocyanates anlyl (Yano v cng s, 1986.). Vic tch ly cc hp cht ny c tc dng c ch h hp mnh, hot ng ca polyphenol oxidase,

lyase amoniac phenylalanine hot ng, Sn Phm ethylene-tion, v ACC synthase (Nagata, 1996). V vy, ton b cc cu tr li sinh l phi c hiu l d on chnh xc cc cu tr li cht lng ti thiu ch bin ng gi tri cy v rau qu. Ngoi ra, nhiu sn phm ti ct l hn hp ca hng ha khc nhau. Trong trng hp ca x lch rau dip ct, c th hn hp con-taining ci bp bm nh c t mu nu hn so vi hn hp khng cha bp ci? y l mt trong nhng th h tip theo ca cu hi phi c nghin cu trong ng gi cc sn phm ti ct. KT LUN Cc hiu ng sinh l ca b thng l nhng yu t quan trng trong vic xc nh cht lng v thm cuc sng ca hu ht cc sn phm ti sng, ct tri cy v rau. Trong khi t l h hp thng c cho l quan trng trong vic xc nh thi hn s dng, khng c bng chng r rng rng t l h hp thay i p ng vi vic ct trc tip lin kt vi cc qu trnh co hai dn n ht thi hn s dng hu ch. iu ny c th l do qu trnh khc c nhiu hn ch hn s dng hn so vi h hp. Tuy nhin, t l h hp ca cc sn phm ti ct rt quan trng trong vic la chn cc b phim bao b. l

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

ng ngc nhin rng t l h hp ca nhiu ti ct tri cy v rau ri vo ba hoc bn dy (Bng 5.2). Do , nu gi tng t nh bu kh quyn c mong mun cho tt c cc mt hng, sau ch mt vi gi permeabilities b phim s c yu cu cho mc ch thng mi. Ngoi ra, s pha trn ca cc mt hng khc nhau sn xut salad trn s l tng i n gin, bi v hu ht cc-ponents com c th c d kin s c nhng yu cu phim thm tng t. Tuy nhin, nu bu kh quyn bao b cc k c yu cu, v d, nhng ngi cn thit kim sot nu trong rau dip tng bng tri (Hnh 5,13) (Smyth et al., 1998), sau c bit perme-kh nng yu cu cn phi c xc nh. Ngay c vi trng hp nh vy, iu quan trng c thng tin v t l h hp ca sn phm cc b phim thch hp c th c la chn trnh bu khng kh gi k kh. Vic s dng adsorbents ethylene loi b cc vt thng gy ra ethylene c th c d phng nu bu kh quyn c sa i (Gorny, 1997). O2 gim (<5%) v CO2 cao (> 5%) s c ch ng k hiu ng ethylene. Nhanh chng thnh lp ca bu kh quyn mod-ified c bit c li trong vic ngn nga nhng nh hng ca lm mm v

suy gim sn xut do hiu ng ethylene (Gorny, 1997). N c th l hnh ng n p ca ethylene l mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng nht ca bao b khng kh thay i trong cc sn phm ti, ct, tip theo tht thot nc kim sot. B thng cng kt qu trong mt lot cc hiu ng sinh l trn nhiu kha cnh cht lng, bao gm c tch ly cht chuyn ha trung, tng trng vi khun, v mt nc. La chn cy trng thch hp, qun l cy trng, phng php iu tr sau khi ct, v bao b c th gim thiu nhng hiu ng ny. y l thch thc ca cc hc vin ti ct thng mi tch hp cc thng tin sinh l l c sn v c th c p dng cho sn phm ca h v xc nh cc thng tin m khng th p dng trc tip. Thch thc i vi cc nh nghin cu l lp ch trng hin ti ca kin thc cc thng tin quan trng c sn cho ngnh cng nghip mi ct.

Hiu ng enzyme v hng v v texture ca Tri cy ti ct v Rau qu

Olusola Lamikanra

NI DUNG Gii thiu Lipoxygenase S ph bin v chc nng nh hng ca Lipoxygenase trn Aroma trung gian lo ha v Lipoxygenase C ch khng v Hng v Lipoxygenase hp cht v hp cht Phenolic Lipoxygenase trong Tri cy v Rau qu Mng ty Apple Bng ci xanh da chut c chua Kiwi Strawberry Melon Peroxidase Peroxidase-trung gian phn ng S ph bin v tnh n nh nh hng ca peroxidase trn chn v gi i nh hng ca peroxidase v phn ng Nh my Quc phng peroxidase, xc tc Browning Peroxidase trong Tri cy v Rau qu

Mng ty c rt da chut Apple Bng ci xanh

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Peach Mango Orange Pear Melon Du Zucchini Squash Tri cy v rau khc Polyphenol oxidase Ph bin v phn phi Polyphenol oxidase-trung gian phn ng Browning nh hng ca oxidase Polyphenol v C ch c ch m thc vt Quc phng ca Polyphenol oxidase-trung gian phn ng Browning Polyphenol oxidase trong Tri cy v Rau qu Apple da chut Rau dip Mango48 Nm Melon Pear Prunus Qu da Enzym pectic Lm mm ca Tri cy v Rau qu Polygalacturonaza Lyases Pectinesterase Pectic enzyme trong Tri cy v Rau qu Kiwi Apple Peach Mango Melon Pear c chua Kt lun Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU Enzyme v cht thng c t trong khoang khc nhau ca t bo, v chuyn giao ca h ang tch cc quy nh. Ct ca sn xut loi b vic bo v t nhin ca lp biu b v ph hy cc compartmentation ni b m gi h sepa sut. S thay i u tin quan

st trc quan trn b mt ct ca m thc vt l kh

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

ca lp u tin ca cc t bo b hng v mt cho mt thm vi lp subtending ca cc t bo (Kolattukudy, 1984). M gin on tng tnh thm v pha trn ca cc enzym v cc cht nn c nu khng c lp trong khng bo. S gia tng conse-quent trong hot ng enzim c th gy ra deterorations gic nh s i mu, ngoi hng v v mt cng. M ct tri cy ti v rau qu, do , d h hng hn v d b lo ha, so vi cc c quan cn nguyn vn t h thu c. V mng i cng gy nn nhng thay i trao i cht m bao gm cc qu trnh cha lnh vt thng (Picchioni v cng s, 1994;. Ramamurthy et al. Nm 1992; Bernards v cng s, 1999).. Chng ny l mt nh gi ca, s xut hin chc nng, phn phi v ti sn ca mt s enzyme c th nh hng ng k hng v v kt cu ca sn phm ti ct. Cc enzym chnh ph ang lipoxygenase,, oxidase peroxidase polyphenol v cc enzym pectic. Cc phn ng lin quan enzym v cc iu kin c tim nng nh hng n hot ng ca h trong tri cy ct v car-bn cng c tho lun.

Ph bin v chc LIPOXYGENASE

Lipoxygenase (linoleate: oxy oxireductase-EC 1.13.11.12) (LOX) hin din trong hu ht cc m thc vt, v trong s hin din ca oxy, xc tc qu trnh oxy ha ca polyunsaturated axit bo (PUFA) c cha mt, cis-1 cis, 4 - pentadiene cu trc. Cc thut ng thng c chp nhn cho cc isozyme LOX ph bin nht l nh sau: LOX I, trng by cc vt kim pH cho hot ng ti a v im isoelectric ca khong 5,7; LOX II, vi cc hot ng pH ti u v im isoelectric khong 6,5 v 6,25, respec-tively; v LOX III, vi pH ti u hot ng rng trung vo pH 7 v isoelectric 6,15 im

(Siedow, nm 1991; Boyes v cng s, 1992.). Trong khi c ba LOX loi c th c mt trong cc nh my nh: ht cy h u (Siedow, 1991), mt s loi LOX c nhiu u th trong nhng ngi khc, chng hn nh LOX II ti Kiwi (Boyes et al., 1992), mng ty (Gavanthorn v quyn hn, 1989), da leo (Feussner v Kindl nm 1994; Wardale v Lambert, 1980), c chua (Bonnet v Crouzet, 1977) v to (Kim v Grosch, 1979). LOX ti chuyn i acid linoleic u tin cho 13-hydroperoxide dn xut, LOX 2 mu 9hydroperoxide hp cht trong khi LOX III sn lng mt hn hp ca hydroperoxides. LOX loi II v III, vi s c mt ca axit bo v oxy ha tan, ng oxy ha carotenoids (Lebedev v cng s, 1978;. Canfield v Valenzuela, nm 1993; Ueno et al, 1982.) V cht dip lc (Cheour et al, 1992. ; Zhuang v cng s, 1994, 1997).. LOX II c kch hot bi canxi, trong khi LOX III l c ch canxi (Siedow, 1991). Trong a tht to, tri cy giu canxi v / hoc pht pho thp hn LOX ni dung (Marcelle, 1991). Kato et al. (1992) bo co s xut hin ca mi LOX (LOX IV, V, VI) trong l mm u tng ny mm. LOX V, VI u tin sn xut 13 (S)hydroperoxy-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienioc acid (13S-HPOD) nh l mt sn phm phn ng ca acid linoleic, trong khi LOX IV sn xut c hai 13S-HPOD v 9 (S)-hydroperoxy-10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadienoic acid. Tt c ba isozyme c pH Optima l 6,5, khng c hot ng pH 9.0 v a thch linolenic acid linoleic n nh l cht nn. Lin hp axt hydroperoxy (HPO) sn xut bi tri qua s trao i cht xc tc LOX bi lyase hydroperoxide (HPO lyase). HPO lyase xc tc tch

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

ca HPO aldehyt, chng hn nh cis-3-noneal v hexanal t HPO acid linoleic v cis-3-, cis-6-nonadienal v cis-3-linolenic acid hexenal t HPO (et al Grun., Nm 1996; Wardale v Galliard, 1975). Bn cnh hydroperoxidation, hnh thnh cc oxoac-id v ketodienes c xc tc bi LOX (Vick v Zimmerman, 1980;. Sanz v cng s, 1993). Hydroperoxide isomerase cng c th xc tc cho isomerization ca oxit-hydroper nh l mt con ng phn ng trung gian (Vick v Zimmerman, 1976). HPO lyase l mt enzyme membrane-based/bound hin din trong mt lng nh trong m thc vt. Trn c s cc c trng b mt, lyase HPO c phn thnh ba loi: 9-HPO lyase, 13 HPO-lyase v lyase HPO khng c hiu (Perez v cng s, 1999a.). Cc c trng c cht xc nh thnh phn hng thm ca cc sn phm thc vt nhiu,

mc d cc hnh ng c th ca LOX. S hnh thnh ca cc aldehyd chui di bin ng ca C9 C6 v lan rng trong tri cy v rau qu (Kim v Grosch nm 1981, Gray v cng s,. Nm 1999; Perez v cng s, 1999a) v tin thu c nhanh chng khi t bo thc vt b gin on trong s hin din ca oxy.. Siedow (1991) m t hai con ng trao i cht cho HPO (Hnh 6.1). Mt lin quan n hot ng ca lyase HPO vo sn phm LOX, 13-thu-peroxylinolenic acid, dn n s hnh thnh cc acid hexanal v 12-oxo-cis-9dodecenoic. Sau l sau isomerized vo acid 12-oxo-trans-10-dodecenoic n nh hn, cn c gi l traumatin hoc nh Traumatin c bit l bt chc mt s tc dng sinh l kt hp vi lm b thng trong cc m thc vt, gy divi "vt thng ni tit t."- sion v hnh thnh m so sau ny. N cng c th c chuyn i thnh cc axit phi sinh ca mt qu trnh oxy ha nonenzymatic ca phn na aldehyde. Chn Thng acid cng xut hin

Hnh 6.1 "lipoxygenase ng" cho cc sinh tng hp acid jasmonic, traumatin v acid chn thng tm l t cc sn phm lipoxygenase, 13-hydroperoxylic acid (Siedow, 1991).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

c tham gia vo phn ng nh my lm b thng. Con ng th hai c khi xng bi cc cyclase hydroperoxide enzyme (HPC) c xc tc s hnh thnh ca 8 - [2 (cis2'-pentenyl)-3-oxo-cis-4-cyclopentenyl] octanoic acid, thng c gi l 12 - oxophytodienoic acid. Hp cht ny phc v nh l tin thn cho s hnh thnh cc axit jasmonic cng c xut l mt promoter ca lo ha nh my v c dn truyn tn hiu lin quan n cy trng. HIU QU CA LIPOXYGENASE v c ch lo ha v khng Tng LOX hot ng l mt tnh nng ph bin trong m thc vt hoa gia. Cc xc tc

ca cis, cis-1 ,4-pentadiene cu trc c lin quan n vai tr quan trng ca LOX trong lo ha t bo thc vt. iu tr cho rng tr hon s khi u ca lo ha, chng hn nh vic b sung cc cht chng oxy ha cytokinin hoc gim mc ca LOX ni sinh lin quan n kim sot khng c iu tr (Siedow, 1991). S c ch s chm tr LOX chn v lm mm trong o (Wu v cng s, 1999.) V Kiwi (Chen et al., 1999). LOX hot ng cng c tng quan vi s pht trin t bo thc vt (McLeod v Poole, Nm 1994;. Tanteeratarm et al, 1989), cng nh tc nhn gy bnh (Avdiushko v cng s, 1993a;. Gardner, nm 1991; Ohta et al, 1990) v cn trng (Avdiushko v cng s, 1997;.. Duffey v Stout, 1996; thaler et al, 1996). c ch khng. C ch bo v lin quan l cc d ha hn na cc sn phm oxy ha thnh axit jasmonic v methyl jasmonate, l thnh vin ca mt chui dn truyn tn hiu trong t bo chuyn tn hiu n ht nhn v la chn biu hin gen kch hot (Gardner, Nm 1991; Feussner v Kindl nm 1994; Avdiushko v cng s, 1993a).. Tng LOX xy ra ng thi vi s gim st trong linolenic v linoleic acid v tng s cc axit bo trong cc nh my da chut tim virus Colletotrichum lagenarium hoc hoi t thuc l (Avdiushko v cng s, 1993b.). S tham gia ca LOX trong bnh tance-resis ca Kiwi c chng minh bng cc hot ng LOX tng trong Botrytis cinerea qu tim phng (McLeod v Poole, 1994). Linoleic acid v LOX sn phm ca acid linoleic cng c ch s ny mm v pht trin ca Botrytis cinerea lt c rt (Hoffman v Heale, 1989). Gorst v Spiteller (1988) pht hin mt lng ln cc hp cht khng bo ha LOX-oxy ha acid bo, 10-hydroxy-octadeca-8, 12 - dienoic acid v acid 10-hydroxyoctadeca-8enoic, trong homogenates dch nc ca du ty va hi. Cc hp cht ny hot ng c nm c v xut hin c tham gia vo c ch t v ca nh my. LIPOXYGENASE trung gian v cc hp cht hng v AROMA Aroma hp cht trong sch-ct tri cy v rau qu v s tham gia ca LOX trong biogenesis hng v c xem xt trong chng 12. Hng v sn xut bi LOX ng ni chung l hot ng g, tr khi c kch hot bi ngm hoc tn thng t bo (Gardner, 1989). Min ph cp tin trung gian trong cc phn ng mng thit hi sinh hc (Eskin et al., 1977), v mt h bi ca cc axit bo t do kt qu t thy phn lipid (Biale, 1975). Trong chic hoa sp l (Brassica oleracea L., nhm Botrytis), LOX trung gian tng t l pht-to-protein lipid xy ra thng qua trung gian gc t do (Voisine et al., 1991). Trong mng phong b t rau bina (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloro-plasts, LOX xc tc phn hy nhanh chng ca hydroperoxides acid bo (Blee v

Joyard, 1996). Axt bo l s lng cc tin cht d bay hi ln ca com-pound chu trch nhim v hng thm ca cc sn phm cy trng. hng v tiu biu c to ra bi LOX c chng minh bng cch x l LOX chit xut t to bin xanh (Enteromorpha intestinalis) vi acid linolenic (Kuo et al, 1996.). Ti nh to, xanh, da leo, xoi v hng liu to c tm thy trong bin ng tp trung. Vic b sung LOX nghin u xanh cng gy ra mi v v hng thm thay i m t nh l "chui cn xanh", "c", "rm" v "amoniac" (Williams v cng s, 1986.). LOX ng gp vo cc v chua trong nhuyn. Lactones c hng v quan trng ca o v m c sn xut thng qua hot ng LOX (Crouzet v cng s, 1990;. Sevenants v Jennings, 1966). LOX sn phm ng t rau dip (Letuca sativa L.) l ch yu cis-3-hexenal, cis-3hexenol v cis-3-hexenyl-acetate (Charon v cng s, 1996.). Trong c hai homogenates tiu xanh v chung, vic b sung cc acid linoleic tng ln ng k mc hexanal v hexanol, trong khi mc cis-3-hexenal v-2 trans-hexenal c tng cng ng k bng cch cho thm acid linolenic (Luning et al., 1995). Trong nm (Agaricus bisporus), mt mi quan h r rng tn ti gia vic sn xut ca 1-octen-3-ol v cc hot ng LOX (Belinky et al, 1994.). LIPOXYGENASE v cc hp cht phenolic Cc hp cht phenolic c ch LOX hot ng v c tim nng ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha LOX qua trung gian ca carotenoid trong rau qu (Oszmianski v Lee, 1990). echin Ct-v epicatechin c tim nng c ch cao nht, v acid p-coumaric v ferulic trin lm hiu qu thp nht c ch. Nhn chung, flavans hin th hiu ng cao nht tip theo flavonols c ch v cc hp cht phenolic acid. Nh vy, s tp trung ca phenolics xut hin c mt tng quan cao vi cng tc phng chng ty trng carotene. Cc c ch c ch LOX c v l do gim trung gian gc t do c hnh thnh trong lipoxygenation (Takahama, 1985). LIPOXYGENASE trong rau qu Apple Khng bo ha chui thng cht d bay hi este xut hin pht sinh trong to ch bng con ng LOX (Rowan v cng s, 1999.). Mt cuc iu tra ca cc sinh tng hp ca R-octane v R-5-cis-1 ,3 octene-diol, hai khng sinh t nhin trong to v l sau khi p

dng cc cht nn v cht chuyn ha c nhn LOX LOX-c ngun gc cho thy rng hu nh tt c cc tin cht p dng c mt phn chuyn thnh R-octane1,3-diol (Beuerle v Schwab, 1999). Cc dn xut acid linolenic, vn cn cha 12,13-cis tri phiu tng gp i v octanol dn xut oxy-chc nng ha ti carbon 3 l tin cht hiu qu nht ca cc 1,3-diol. Mi quan h gia ni dung khong sn, sinh tng hp ethylene v cc hot ng LOX trong to "Jonagold 'l mt trong tri cy giu canxi v / hoc pht pho c thp hn LOX hot ng, 1-aminocyclo-propane-1carboxylic acid (ACC) ni dung v pht thi ethylene , trong khi tri cy giu kali v / hoc magi vi tng i cao K / Ca c mt hot ng LOX cao hn, mc pht thi ACC v ethylene. Cc ni dung khong sn tri cy l mt tc nhn tc ng ln LOX hot ng v h thng hnh thnh ethylene vi mt hiu qu v dung lng lu tr (Marcelle, 1991).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Mng ty Mng ty LOX ch s dng axit linoleic monolinolein v l vt cht nhng hot ng thp, hoc di-tri-linolein cht. enzyme ny c mt hot ng pH ti u l 5,5-6,0 v n nh pH 4,5-8,0 khi bo qun 2 C (Ganthavorn v quyn hn, 1989). Ganthavorn et al. (1991), da theo tnh cht ng hc bc nht ca bt hot nhit, cho rng LOX isozyme trong mng ty khng c stabilities nhit khc nhau. Tuy nhin, Pizzocaro et al. (1988) quan st mt m hnh hai pha nhit tivation-inac v nhit tng i n nh trong mng ty LOX so vi LOX chit xut t u, c rt v zucchini. Bng cai xanh Nhit lm dng trong qu trnh lu tr v x l kt qu bng ci xanh trong gim poly-axit bo khng no (PUFAs) ni dung v hot ng LOX v lm tng phn ng acid thiobarbituric cht so vi nhng ngi bo qun 2 C (Zhuang v cng s, 1994, 1997.). iu tr ca bng ci xanh u nhng vo nc nng (45 C trong 14 pht), tuy nhin, kt qu trong lu gi tt hn v cht dip lc v ni dung protein ha tan trong khi bo qun 20 C. iu tr ny cng lm gim LOX v chlorophyllase hot ng (Kazami et al., 1991). PH ti u ca bng ci xanh Hoa con LOX xy ra 5,5-6,0 (Zhuang et al, 1994.).

c thay i khng kh lu tr ng gi (MAP) (7,5% kh CO2 v O2 11,2%) ca bng ci xanh dip lc t tng chic hoa (CHL) v gim LOX-suy thoi gy ra ca C-18 PUFA (Zhuang v cng s, 1994.). Thay i trong hot ng LOX nc ha tan trong MAP v mu nonpacked theo mt xu hng tng t nh PUFA. LOX hot ng, PUFA C18, C18 PUFA hydroperoxides, axit bo tng s, thiobarbituric acid phn ng cht (TBA-RS) v CHL cng tng n hoa hoa gia bng ci xanh trong thi gian bo qun sau thu hoch hoa n bng ci xanh ti 5 C. Thiu bao b nguyn nhn lm gim ng k m, PUFA, LOX hot ng, CHL v ha tan protein, v tng thiobar-bituric cht acid phn ng (TBA-RS) (Zhuang v cng s, 1995.). Da chut Min ph v polysomes kt ng gp cho LOX tng hp, v cc isozyme c t trong khoang khc nhau ca t bo thc vt. Qu da chut thng c s dng nh mt m hnh chit xut v nh v cc bo quan (Feussner v Kindl nm 1994; Wardale v Lambert, 1980). Trong vic xc nh v tr ni bo v cu trc lin kt organellar cc hnh thc LOX trong c th lipid, microsomes v cytostol, Feussner v Kindl (1994) qu-strated rng LOX isozyme xy ra trong cc khoang khc nhau ca t bo thc vt. Cc tnh cht xc tc ca c th-lipid v LOX microsomal trong da chut cng c tm thy s c khc nhau. PH ti u cho c th lipid-LOX l 8.5, trong khi ca LOX micosomal l 5,5. Wardale v Lambert (1980) quan st hot ng LOX cao nguyn sinh da chut cn nguyn vn t cc m c v v tht qu da chut. t khng bo nguyn vn v gim hot ng xy ra sau v LOX thm thu hn t cc m c tm t. Vic hu ht cc cht hot ng cho LOX da chut l linoleic acid (100%), acid linolenic (77%) v acid arachidonic (23%) c pH ti u v thng perature-l 5,5 v 40 C, tng ng. Canxi, EDTA, dithiothreitol, imidazol, cysteine v axit P-chloromercuribenzoic khng c ch hot ng LOX da chut.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Kiwi LOX Kiwi cha t nht mt loi II LOX. Cc enzyme l tng i n nh nhit, tang vt

hot ng cao hn so vi cc loi qu khc (et al Boyes, 1992.). Cc axit bo ch yu trong qu Kiwi chn c palmitic (16:00), stearic (18:00), oleic (18:01), linoleic (18:02) v linolenic (18:03). hot ng LOX c th tng quan vi s gim cng ca hoa qu bo qun 20 C. 0 C, tuy nhin, LOX l c ch ng k n di 30% ca nhng ngi trong tri cy c lu tr 20 C, v chn chm (Chen et al., 1999). Cc h s pH ca LOX Kiwi l mt trong hai pH cc i (6,2 v 7,6-8,0) xy ra khi linoleic acid l cht nn. Linolenic acid gy ra mt s thay i trong hot ng cao im n 5,75 v 7,4-7,7. LOX ti a hot ng ca qu xy ra ti 36-46 C. Da gang Cantaloupe da (Cucumis Melo reticulatus) cho thy khng c hot ng LOX trong mesocarp trung (mesocarp) m ca tt c cc k hn khng ging nh trong cc mesocarp-hypodermal (di da) (Lester, 1990). Linolenic acid linoleic v trong m di da v ton vn mng huyt tng cng gim 30 ngy sau khi n. Trong cc m di da, xut hin LOX ng vai tr quan trng trong s lo da cantaloupe bi vic sn xut cc peroxit t acid bo t do, do , kt qu trong bation-pertur ca mng t bo. Enzym hot ng tng vi chn v lo ha. LOX hot ng trong qu trnh phn bo da cantaloupe v thi gian m rng pht trin cng cao hn so vi tri cy trng thnh. Trong ngt lai (Cucumis Melo inodorus Naud.), LOX hot ng xy ra trn c hai-hypodermal v trung bnh mesocarp m (Lester, 1998). Cc m hypodermal-mesocarp, tuy nhin, cho thy hot ng cao hn so vi cc m trung mesocarp trong tri cy trng thnh. s khc bit nh vy trong hot ng LOX c th c quy cho s khc bit trong s pht trin ca cc m v trong tnh trng thiu nc m. Homogenizing tht ca da cantaloupe LOX kch hot v hot ng lyase HPO v lm thay i thng tin hng thm ng (Wyllie v cng s, 1994.). LOX hp cht c ngun gc t nh cis-2-hexenol c sn xut ng thi vi mt s mt mt ng k cc este. Nhit v pH Optima cho LOX trong cantaloupe l 20 C v 7, tng ng (Lester, 1990). Hybrid ngt LOX ch c mt nh cao hot ng pH 6,8 v nhit ph thuc vi cc hot ng cao hn tem cao peratures. Tng LOX hot ng trng hp vi nhng thay i sinh l trong mng lipid huyt tng lai ngt cng xy ra vi mt s mt mt dn n tnh ton vn mng (Lester, 1998). Du LOX v HPO lyase trong du ty (Fragaria ananassa Duch X.) Tri cy c t ch yu

 phn micosomal (Perez v cng s, 1999a.). Linolenic acid l mt cht nn thch cho LOX du ty, hnh thnh 13 - v 9-hydroperoxides trong t l 70:30. HPO lyase trong du ty s tch 13-hydroperoxides ca acid linoleic (13 hot ng% tng i) v acid linolenic (100 hot ng% tng i) to thnh hexanal v 3-cis-hexenal, tng ng. Mt nh hng bt li ca vic iu tr hng v du ty ozone trn xy ra vi mt lng kh thi gim cc este d bay hi trong tri cy ozonated (Perez v cng s, 1999b.).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

C chua LOX-do chuyn i v cc nhm acyl linolenoyl alpha-linolenoyl bo hexanal v hexenal (cis-3-hexenal v-2 trans-hexenal), tng ng, trong thi gian ngm cc loi tri cy c chua rt nhiu ng gp vo s kt hp ca cc hp cht d bay hi xc nh c chua hng v (Gray v cng s, 1999.). Hnh thnh cc C6 aldehyt t C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) tin thu c bng cch tun t mt h thng enzyme lin quan n LOX (m u tin oxygenates v tr-9) tip theo l mt h thng phn ct hydroperoxide l, tuy nhin, c th cho cc 13-hydroperoxy v tr (Gallard v Matthew, 1977). LOX v activ HPO lyase-du khch v c xc nh trong phn microsomal, mt vin sau microsomal (PMP) v phn cytosolic ca c chua cho thy hnh thc microsomal ca LOX c s gia tng ln nht trong hot ng, vi s pht trin qu gia cc-trng thnh xanh v my ct giai on (Riley et al, 1996.). Hot ng t chi nh l tri cy chuyn sang mu , khng ging nh lyase HPO, trong cc hot ng phn microsomal thng tr trong tt c cc giai on pht trin. HPO lyase trong c chua l khng nhy cm vi pH trong khong 6-8 v khng th hin bt k thay i ng k trong hot ng vi s chn. Ha tan LOX hot ng cng chim u th trong cc phn s PMP ca tri cy cho tt c cc giai on pht trin. i vi cc phn phn on subcellular, LOX hot ng l cao hn pH 6 hn so vi pH 7 v pH 8 tt c cc giai on pht trin (Riley et al, 1996.).

Peroxidase Peroxidases (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) l cht xc tc st-porphyrin hu c c phn phi

rng ri trong cc nh my v dng nh l thnh phn bnh thng ca t bo thc vt nht. Hu ht cc thay i hng v tri cy nguyn v unblanched v rau qu c th c tng quan vi hot ng POD, v c mt mi quan h thc nghim gia cc hot ng peroxidase cn d, ngoi hng v v off-mi trong thc n (Burnette, 1977;. Loaiza-Velarde et al, Nm 1997; Cano v cng s, 1998).. Thay i xy ra trong cc hot ng POD ngi b thng v ti ct tri cy v rau qu ng gp ng k cht lng sn phm ca h (Svalheim v Robertsen nm 1990; Loaiza-Velarde v cng s, 1997;. Lamikanra v Watson, 2001). PHN NG peroxidase trung gian Phn ng xc tc bi enzyme POD thng peroxidatic, oxidatic, catalatic v hydroxy (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). Phn ng peroxidatic l quan trng nht. Cc c ch ca phn ng c bn lin quan n mt hnh ng oxy ha bng cch mt hnh ban u ca mt trung gian phc tp vi mt ngi chp nhn hydro. Vic chuyn giao hydro t cc nh ti tr mt cht kt qu trong mt ln th hai phc tp lin ha gii trc khi ti to ca cc enzyme POD v s hnh thnh ca mt sn phm phn ng. Phn ng c th c tm tt nh sau: ROOH + AH2 H2O + ROH + A ROOH c th c HOOH hoc mt s peroxide hu c khc, AH2 l nh ti tr hydro trong cc hnh thc gim, v A l nh ti tr hydro dng oxy ha. Cc nh ti tr khu phc hp hydro v oxy ha univalent hai bc trung gian xy ra:

POD + H2O2 Complex ti Complex I + AH2 Complex II + AH Complex II + AH POD + A Peroxidative phn ng c th din ra theo cch ca mt s phn ng trung gian lin. Mc d hnh ng enzyme xut hin c kh nng tin hnh theo cch ca con ng heterolytic (Dixon v Webb, 1964), hot ng peroxidase c th c xc tc bi cc gc t do v chm pht trin do n xc thi gc (Adak v cng s, 1997.). Enzyme POD cng c th tng cng trit ti sn nht rc (Staehelin et al.,

Nm 1992; Wang, 1995). pH v nhit ti u cho hot ng peroxidase ph thuc vo ngun gc ca enzyme. PH ti u c th khong 1,8-8,5 (Lee v Tu, Nm 1995; Rodrigo v cng s, 1996;. Otter v Polle, 1997). Nhit ti u dng nh l 25-60 C (Koshiba v Matsuyama, nm 1993; Campos v cng s, 1996.), Nhng c nhng trng hp c bo co trong hot ng peroxidase tng theo con ngditions (Scott, 1975; Cano et al. , 1998). Ph bin v N NH Peroxidases xy ra c dng ha tan v b rng buc trong tri cy v rau qu (Sanchez v cng s, 1993;. Brzyska v cng s, 1992; DaSilva v cng s, 1990;.. Ingham v cng s, 1998.). Cc POD isoelectric im m khc nhau 3,5-9,5 bng chng v s tn ti ca c hai hnh thc cation v anion ca POD thc vt (McLellan v Robinson, 1983). Bound POD thng km theo cc tng tc ion cc thnh t bo trong t bo nguyn vn (Giordani, 1977;. Thompson v cng s, 1998), v c th khc bo quan nh ty th v ribosome (Hideg v cng s, 1991;. RAA, 1973) . Ti sn ca POD rng buc khc vi ca POD c lp vi phn ha tan ca t bo (Penon et al, 1970.). POD enzym trong rau qu thng c tnh n nh cao vi nhit v, v iu ny, chng thng c s dng nh l cc ch s x l nhit hiu qu trong rau qu ch bin. Nhit n nh v ti to ti sn ca POD thng chu nh hng ca vic h ang trong trng thi ha tan hay b rng buc. Ionically POD rng buc hn nhit n nh trong xoi v cam (Khan v Robinson, nm 1993; McLellan v Robinson, 1984) trong tng phn vi nhng pht hin cho to POD (al khun mu v cng s, 1987.). Trong l, tuy nhin, c hai POD ha tan v ionically rng buc c nhit khng n nh vi ch khong 2% trong nhng hot ng enzim gc cn li sau 2 pht 80 C (khun mu v cng s, 1989.). Nhit ngng hot ng ca peroxidase l phi tuyn. S suy gim ln trong hot ng c quan st trong cc giai on ban u ca mt qu trnh nhit nht nh, nhng t l ngng hot ng sau thay i cho mt qu trnh chm hn nhiu (Clemente, nm 1998; Quyn hn v cng s, 1984.). Tnh cht hai pha ca bt hot nhit ca enzyme c lin quan n s hin din ca isozyme vi stabilities nhit khc nhau trong cc loi rau (Yamamoto v cng s, 1962.). Ti sinh ca POD sau ngng hot ng nhit ca cc enzym t Brussels v ci bp (McLellan v Robinson, 1981), to (khun mu et al., 1987), Kiwi (Prestamo, 1989) v xoi (Khan v Robinson, 1993) xy ra. POD hon ton bt hot sau khi x l nhit 20-10 pht ca sp l 80110 C (Bottcher, 1975; Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981), v n ch mt 15 pht lm gim hot ng POD ca mnh bng 98% 50 C (Lee et al, 1984.). A chu nhit

isozyme trong sp l c trch nhim t hn 5% hot ng POD ca n, tuy nhin, phi mt hn 30 pht lm gim hot ng n 50% 50 C (Lee v Pennesi, 1984). Regen-eration sau ngng hot ng nhit ca Brussels khng c quan st cho phn lp POD isoenzymes (McLellan v Robinson, 1987A). Arroyo et al. (1999) khng bt hot POD trong rau dip, c chua, mng ty, sp l, rau bina, hnh kt hp vi p lc cao v phng php tr liu nhit thp. Phng php iu tr sc nhit (rang-ing t 45 C trong 120 giy n 55 C trong 60 giy), tuy nhin, gy ra mt s gim xung trong khong 30% trong POD hot ng t letuce tng bng tri (Loaiza-Velarde et al, 1997.). Cc v tr v cc loi enzyme POD trong m thc vt c m t bi kVAR al-et atskhelia. (1997). Nh my v c phn thnh hai loi (Welinder, 1992). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX; lp ti), m l t thc vt v cystol lp lc, c phn bit vi POD cy c in (loi II) isozyme bi s khc bit ng k trong c cu chnh ca h. APX l mt POD H2O2-nht rc m s dng nh l mt nh ti tr ascorbate in t trong thc vt v to (Miyake v Asada, nm 1996; Asada, 1992). APX xy ra trong hai ng dng v ni a ha t bo ca n. Mt ng v ca APX c bn a ho trong lp lc v c tm thy c hai hnh thc (tAPX) thylakoid v to thnh mt ha tan trong stroma (sAPX). tAPX dn sch cc H2O2 l photoproduced trong thylakoids. Cc hnh thc khc ca APX c bn a ha trong t bo, v chc nng ca n dng nh l nht rc ca H2O2 sn xut trong bo tng (Miyake v Asada, 1996). Trong qu trnh pht trin cy trng, hot ng APX c quy nh bi ni dung ascorbate. B thng, nh trong ti ct ch bin, thng dn n s gia tng sinh tng hp ascorbate v ni dung (Diallinas v cng s, 1997;. OBA et al, 1994.). C in, tit thc vt POD c chung 50-95% trnh t tng ng trong siu h ca POD (loi II) c phn cng n lp III (Welinder, 1992). V guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) thng c s dng nh mt cht nn gim, cc men ny cng c gi l POD guaiacol-loi. Hu ht cc tit POD cy trng l glycosylated (Johansson v cng s, 1992.). Khng ging nh POD guaiacol l c im c trng rng i vi cc nh ti tr in t v tham gia vo nhiu qu trnh sinh l, chng hn nh sinh tng hp ca lignin v ethylene, ascorbate vt POD nhy cao cho ascorbate l nh ti tr in t (Asada, Nm 1992;. Amako et al, 1994) v c c th trong vai tr sinh l ca n trong nht rc c kh nng gy hi H2O2 (Dalton v cng s, 1998) v cc gc t do (Wang, 1995).. Trong s hin din ca cht flavonoid, guaiacol POD c th tham gia nht rc H2O2 c in vivo v in vitro bng xc tc qu trnh oxy ha H2O2 ph thuc ca flavonoids.

Trong phn ng POD flavonol-guaiacol, ascorbate c tim nng ti sinh flavonols bng cch gim cc sn phm oxy ha (Yamasaki v cng s, 1997.). nhy ca POD ascorbate thuc th thiol (Chen v Asada, 1992) v p chloromercuriben-zoate (Amako et al., 1994) phn bit n vi POD guaiacol. Phc tp, ti c hnh thnh bi APX trong mt ng phn ng peroxidatic POD l cc k khng n nh v nhanh chng c chuyn n phc tp II m khng c s b sung ca mt nn gim (Patterson et al., 1995), trong khi POD guaiacol c c trng bi n nh phc tp I.

HIU QU CA peroxidase v s chn v lo ha Mt chc nng quan trng ca POD c lin quan n vai tr ca n trong hnh ng indole acetic acid oxy ha (IAA), do n tham gia trong cc quy nh tng trng (Acosta v cng s, 1986;. Grambow, 1986). Peroxidases c coi l ch s ca s chn v lo ha (Haard, 1973;

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Scott, 1975; Vamos-Vigyazo et al, 1981).. Cc cm ng ca isoenzymes POD trong lo ha etylen gy ra, l mt phn ng thng gp cy trng ca C. sativus, cc loi khc ca Cucumis v cc chi khc ca Cucurbitaceae (al Abeles v cng s, 1989.). Trong qu chn xung hang, POD v isozyme oxidase IAA c cng c vi s trng thnh ng h gressing, trong khi trong tri cy nonclimacteric, ni ethylene khng thay i ng ch trong qu trnh chn, ch c nng IAA oxidase isozyme tng, trong khi nng isoenzyme POD gim (Vamos-Vigyazo , 1981). Trong o pht trin, hai POD nh hot ng tng ng vi hai giai on ca tng cn (Flurkey v Jen, 1978). Vai tr ca POD trong suy thoi thnh t bo ca c chua c chng minh bi Araujo (1985). p dng cc POD cht bao gm IAA, NADH, KI v Na2SO3 dn n vic tng gim cn ca c chua chn m. 7-Hydroxy-2 ,2-dimethyl-2 ,3-dihydrobenzofuran c ch phn hy m. POD tng hot ng v ni dung IAA gim trong khi pht trin v senes cence-ca ci bp Trung Quc, bp ci v rau bina (Zhang v Zong, 1988). Trong con ngi i, POD hot ng gia tng cc m bt giy ln sn khu, xung hang ca s chn. Trong mt cch song song, s lng ca cc protein chit gim t preclimacteric qu chn hoc hoa gia. Thay i trong ba isozyme POD xut hin c lin quan n qu trnh chn

(Marin v Cano, 1992). Cc hot ng ca POD v phyllase-chloro trong v ca qu xoi chn mu xanh l cy cng c khong mt na ca tri cy chn vng (Ketsa et al, 1999.). Thay i trong hot ng POD tng ng vi cc xung hang v bt u ca lo ha trong to "Golden Delicious" (Gorin v Heidema, 1976). Hot ng ti a POD c th cng xy ra ti "mu xanh l cy nh" v "mu xanh l cy ln" chn on ca du ty (Civello et al, 1995.). Kinetin, mt cytokinin lin quan n h hp v ethylene sn xut, tuy nhin, khng c tc dng xc tc vo POD da cantaloupe (Lamikanra v Watson, 2000). Guaiacol POD hnh nh l lp POD chnh tham gia vo lignification ca thnh t bo, dation degra-ca IAA, sinh tng hp ca ethylene, cha lnh vt thng v chng li tc nhn gy bnh (Gazaryan v cng s, 1996; Kobayashi v cng s, 1996..).

HIU QU CA peroxidase v phn ng phng th NH MY POD c cho l quan trng trong mt lot cc phn ng bo v cy trng chng li tc nhn gy bnh. S tham gia trong c ch bo v thc vt POD c lin quan n vai tr ca n trong con ng trung gian shikimate trong tng hp ca cc axit amin thm, acid acetic indole (auxin), axit cinnamic (tin thn ca phytoalexin phenylpropanoid), coumarin v lignins (Biles v Martyn, 1993 ). enzym khc tham gia vo con ng shikimate, nh PAL, isomerase chalcone, polyphenol oxidase v dehydrogenase Shikimate, cng c kt hp vi c ch bo v thc vt hoc lo ha. POD hot ng tng nhanh hn trong kh nng chu hn so vi da chut hypoco d b-tyls sau khi tim phng vi cc tc nhn gy bnh Clasdoporium cucumerinum Ellis v Arth. (Svalheim v Robertsen, 1990) v Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. v Hals. (Hammerschmidt v Kue, 1982). Cc m hnh ca isozyme c gy ra bi nhim nm hoc thn mm khng tng t nh m hnh ca isozyme gy ra bi b thng. enzyme POD t muskmelon, da hu, da chut cm ng vi C. langenarium c tm thy l khng nguyn v electrophoretically tng t (Smith v Hammerschmidt, 1988). Tuy nhin, da trn s bt lc ca ethylene to ra sc khng, v s bt lc ca thiosulfat bc tng tnh nhy cm, Biles

et al. (1990) kt lun rng POD khng xut hin chi mt vai tr trong vic hn ch pht trin bnh, da chut trong C. lagenarium h thng, mc d hnh ng ethylene vn xut hin l cn thit cho s pht trin tn thng v lo ha. Tc nhn gy bnh v vt

thng do hot ng-POD c chng minh trong tri cy v rau qu (Biles v Martyn, nm 1993; Mohan v cc cng s, 1993;. Madi v Katan, nm 1998; Mayer v Harel, 1979; Miyazawa v cng s, 1998; Moran, nm 1998; Sutha et al, 1996)... Lu tr n nh xut hin c lin quan n POD hot ng trong cc loi rau ct. Baardseth v Slinde (1980) bo co mt s tng quan gia cuc sng thi hn s dng ca cc loi rau ct v POD v catalase (CAT) hot ng. Thy in (Brassica napus L.), trong c lu tr lu di n nh trng thi ct, c hot tnh cao ca POD v CAT lin quan n ct c rt vi POD trung v hot ng ca CAT. Hot ng ca POD v CAT tng i thp Brussels. Ngoi cc hot ng tng i ca cc enzym trong cc-bng car, Thy in cng c s tin cao nht ca axit ascorbic mi mg protein. Ascorbic acid, hot ng nh mt cht kh v cht ni sinh cc chui h hp m cung cp cho ATP, cng c th ng gp ng k vo s n nh ca Thy in ct gim. Tng cng hot ng POD cng c tng quan vi lignification, protein lin quan n pathogenisis, glycoprotein hydroxyproline giu v suberization (Biles v Martyn, 1993). POD hot ng, c bit l APX hot ng, c th l du hiu ca stress oxy ha trong m thc vt (Gueta-Dahan v cng s, 1997;. Kampfenkel et al, 1995.). hot ng POD trong du ty , da v rau dip cng ngh c ch nh ca cc cp tng i ca qu trnh xy ho trong cc sn phm ti ct (Lamikanra v Watson, 2000). Peroxidase, xc tc BROWNING Kh nng ca POD ng gp cho nu enzyme c lin quan n mi quan h ca mnh chp nhn mt lot cc nh ti tr hydro, chng hn nh polyphenol (Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997). H c th xi ha catechin (Lopez-Serrano v Ros-Bacelo, 1997), cc dn xut acid hydoxycinnamic v flavans (Robinson, nm 1991;. Nicholas et al, 1994) v flavonoid (Miller v Schreier, 1985, Richard v Nicolas, 1989, Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997). Hai c ch c th c xut cho POD xc tc cc phn ng ha nu. Mt lin quan n cc th h ca H2O2 trong qu trnh oxy ha ca mt s hp cht phenolic c s dng nh trong mt hnh ng peroxidatic bnh thng tip tc xi ha cc phenol, trong khi th hai lin quan n vic s dng cc hnh thc hp cht Quinonic nh l cht nn ca POD. C hai c ch cho thy s hin din ca enzyme polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) s tng cng POD qua trung gian cc phn ng ha nu (Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997). POD xi ha (+) catechin nng thp H2O2 thng qua s hnh thnh ca ti phc tp v phc tp II. Trong phn ng ny, (+) catechin cng l mt o diphenol-tuyt vi gim phc tp II (Lopez-Serrano v

Ros-Barcelo, 1997). Peroxidase trong rau qu Apple POD hot ng tng ln vi chn ca to vi mt nh cao trong hot ng xung quanh sn khu xung hang ca chn trong v v m bt giy (Prabha v Patwardhan, 1986; Kumar v Goswami, 1986). Hot ng cng tng ln trong thi gian lu tr atmocu kim sot (Gorin v Heidema, 1976) v dng nh trong thi gian lu tr lnh thng thng

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

to, mc d cc bin th xy ra vi ging cy trng (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). Cc mu isozyme khc nhau gia cc ging cy trng v c th c s dng phn bit ging cy trng (Barnes, Nm 1993; Manganaris v Alston, 1993). Mng ty C bn isozyme im isoelectric (pI) ln hn chn chim u th trong POD mng ty. Cc phn phn on c tnh axit hn c tm thy trong cc tip gio (Quyn hn v cng s, 1984.). Ti u hot ng ca mng ty xanh POD xy ra pH 7. Cc regen enzyme-erated sau khi phi chu nhit gia 90 v 125 C trong thi gian ngn. Mng ty ti sinh t POD hot ng ti a ca n sau khi b lu tr su ngy 25 C (Rodrigo v cng s, 1996, 1997.). Cc phn c bn v c tnh axit cng tng t nh s n nh nhit, mc d cc phn nh c tnh axt l d dng hn ti sinh sau khi x l nhit 70 C (Quyn hn v cng s, 1984.). Bng cai xanh Toivonen v Sweeney (1998) chng minh tm quan trng ca bo v chng oxy ha c cung cp bi POD v superoxide dismutase (SOD) duy tr mu xanh trong bng

ci xanh. POD v SOD hot ng c khong 30% cao hn trong "vnh ai xanh", mt ging cy trng c tnh nhy cm vng thp hn so vi ging cy trng d b 'Hong '. T l superoxide dismutase peroxidase hot ng cng thp hn 'Greenbelt.' POD v SOD cng tham gia vo cc peoroxy ha lipid tng cng trong mng t bo b cng thng xy ra hn hn. Vi thi gian v cng ca stress kh hn, hot ng ca SOD v POD gim trong hai ngy u, tng ln trong hai ngy qua su, sau gim xung trong nhng ngy su n tm ca stress hn hn (Yang v Yang, 1998). Khng c s khc bit trong POD, oxidase ascorbate v kt cu gia MAP bng ci xanh ng gi v nonpacked (Barth v cng s, 1993a.). Gim gi acid ascorbic, m, cht dip lc tng s v duy tr mu sc trong bng ci xanh c, tuy nhin, hn khi ng gi trong mt bu khng kh c cha CO2 8% v 10% O2. Barth et al. (1993b) quan st thp hn POD gio hot ng trong bng ci xanh ng gi bng cch s dng mt b phim na thm cao phn t v c lu tr 96 gi 20 C so vi bng ci xanh nonpackaged gio. Ascorbic acid cht dip lc, v duy tr m cng ln hn trong bng ci xanh ng gi. Mt bu khng kh O2 1,5% so vi khng kh bnh thng hot ng c ch rng buc ionically POD trong rau dip tng bng tri (Ke v Saltveit, 1989a). Bao b ca rau dip c lu tr di bu khng kh ny cng c ch ethylene v h hp, gy ra ethylene pht trin ti ch nu v PAL v indoleacetic acid (IAA) hot ng, v n lm gim hm lng phenolic tan trong rau. Tip xc vi m rau dip CO2 tng cao ionically rng buc POD khng ha tan v ionically rng buc hot ng oxidase IAA nhng gim hot ng ha tan oxidase IAA (Ke v Saltveit, 1989b). Vic s dng mt cm bin sinh hc ethanol di kim tra bao gm cc chromatogen mt v c nh enzym (POD v ru oxidase) pht hin nhng thay i cht lng khng kh trong bao b khng ng thit k chnh sa m kt qu mc O2 thp gy tn hi hoc li dng nhit c bo co Smyth et al. (1999). Cc cm bin sinh hc c hiu qu trong pht hin thng tch thp O2 MAP mu ca bng ci xanh ct, sp l, rau dip v cc gi ci bp bm nh.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

C rt S i mu trn b mt c rt ct xy ra ng thi vi mc tng ca phenolics ha tan, POD lignin, lyase amoniac phenylalanine (PAL) v syrin-galdazine oxidase (SOX) hot

ng theo thi gian. Hi nc iu tr v stor tip theo tui ti 2 C lm chm s i mu b mt bng cch c ch s trao i cht phenylpropanoid. Ha tan phenolic v isocoumarin sn xut, hnh thnh lignin b c ch, v POD, PAL v SOX b bt hot trong c rt ct c iu tr (al Howard v cng s, 1994.). Trong mt nghin cu xc nh nhng tc ng ca mt ethylene hp th v lu tr 2 C vo s i mu b mt v nhng thay i phenolic trong MAP c rt, lignin hnh cng xy ra v tng ng vi s pht trin ca s i mu trng trong lu tr. Ct kch thch PAL v POD hot ng, v c cc hot ng enzyme vn tng cao trong thi gian lu tr (Howard v Griffin, 1993). Da chut Ant POD isozyme t qu da chut thay i nhiu trong cht nn c trng ca h, nhng u tin phn ng vi cc amin thm (Miller et al, 1990.). Trong rau bina, s xung cp ca cht dip lc xut hin c iu chnh thng qua con ng peroxidase-hydro peroxide, m m vng porphyrin, do to nn mt hp cht khng mu (Yamauchi v Watada, 1991). An isozyme anion trong bp ci vi mt im isoelectric (pI) ca 3,7 v tng i n nh nhit, trong khi mt isozyme cation, pI 9,9, c d dng hn bt hot bi nhit (McLellan v Robinson, 1987b). Nhit thp lm gim hot ng lu tr nu v PAL nhng khng c hiu lc t ngy POD hot ng trong ci bp bm nh (Takahashi v cng s, 1996.). Mango Mt s isozyme POD c trch ra t xoi. Khan v Robinson (1994) bo co bn POD isozyme-anion hai v cc cation hai khc. Cc isozyme anion c trng lng phn t cao hn l 40 v kDa 44, tng ng, so vi isozyme cation vi trng lng phn t ca 22 v kDa 27 (Khan v Robinson, 1994). Marin v Cano (1992) tm thy ba isoenzymes ca POD trong chit xut t xoi 'Smith' m di chuyn v pha cc dng pH 8.3. Cc mu isoen-zyme ca POD ca cht chit xut t xoi 'Lippens' ng k khc nhau, hin th-ing bn bng tn di chuyn nhanh hn ngoi ba ban nhc c trng ca tri cy xoi 'Smith ". Pulp POD hot ng tng vi mc chn trong xoi (Marin Cano v nm 1992; Prabha v Patwardhan, 1986). Da gang Da hot ng da POD xut hin ph hp vi iu ca peroxidase ascorbate

da trn cc cht c ch ascorbate khi guaiacol c s dng lm cht nn v c ch bi mercaptoethanol-, L-cysteine v p-chloromercuribenzoate (Lamikanra v Watson, 2000, 2001). Nhit hot ng ti u cho enzyme da cantaloupe l 50-55 C. Cc enzyme c n nh nhit di 40 C v 50 C cho n 10 pht. Trn 90% tng s hot ng b mt 80 C trong vng 5 pht. Cc Optima pH rng, 5,5-7,5 50 C v 6-7 30 C, l du hiu ca s hin din

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

ca nhiu hn mt isozyme POD trong tri cy (Lamikanra v Watson, 2000). Hai bn in di POD bng vi trng lng phn t xp x 240 v 170 kDa, tng ng, bao gm su tiu n v c tnh axit (pI 5,1-6,1) c mt ti da (Lamikanra v Watson, 2001). POD hot ng trong cantaloupe ct gim l inhib-ited bi acid ascorbic. Hiu qu c ch xut hin c lin quan n mt phc tp ascorbatePOD trung gian. Cc ascorbate-POD trin lm c tnh chng oxy ha c lin quan n du vt ng yu t ion kim loi. iu ny tng cng chng oxy ha bo v ti sn carotene v ko di thi hn s dng sn phm. Honeydew da hu v POD trin lm cc hot ng ti u khong pH 7 v 6.5, tng ng. Trong khi trc y hot ng ti a ca n 50 C, POD trong da hu l tng i n nh nhit cao hn so vi da ngt, da v qu kiwi, v c nhit hot ng ti u trong khong 70 C (Lamikanra v Watson, cha xut bn). Da cam Da cam c cha mt POD tim n, m xc tc qu trnh oxy ha ca mt s tri cy ca ++ thnh phn cu to ca H2O2. Mn c yu cu cho cc hot ng ca POD nh oxidase mt vi O2 (Bruemmer v cng s, 1976.). Trong h thng H2O2 peroxidase, cc constit phn ng nht hp cht axit ascorbic uent c, caffeic v gentisic. Quercetin l tr trong kho nghim ny, khng ging nh POD t mt s loi tri cy v rau qu

(Hemeda v Klein, ++ 1991). Trong O2 v Mn h thng, acid ascorbic v catechol v p-phenylene diamine tr. Trong nc cam, tuy nhin, POD hot ng l rt thp, apparently v ni dung H2O2 thp ca qu (Bruemmer v cng s, 1976.). Cation v anion POD vi cc gi tr khc nhau, pI gia 4.5 v 9.0 v trng lng phn t 22-44 kDa cng c phn lp t cam (Clemente, 1998). ao POD hot ng thay i vi ba giai on pht trin trong o. Cc hot ng POD ha tan l cao nht trong mesocarp v exocarp giai on II, v thay i isoenzymatic trong nhng m ny tng ng vi qu trnh chuyn i t isoenzymes cation, ch yu giai on I, n isoenzymes anion giai on III. Cc hot ng peroxidase ionically rng buc trong nhng m ny l cao nht giai on I (Sanchez-Roldan et al., 1990). Cc v qu trong cc drupes tr thnh lignified, trong khi mesocarp vn mnh-enchymatous vi pht trin cy n qu. Axit POD t v qu trong lignifying cng tng t nh ca mesocarp nhiu tht. v qu trong c mt s lng ln hn v s POD c bn hn so vi mesocarp (Abeles v Biles, 1991). L S nh hng ca ngy thu hoch v s xut hin ca chng ri lon sinh l trong qu l c th lin quan n cc h thng nonenzymic v enzym chu trch nhim v d ha ca cc loi oxy hot ng. L (cv. 'Hi ngh') thu hoch by ngy sau khi thi gian l tng cho thu hoch thng mi duy tr mt hot ng POD i lin quan n nhng thu hoch v thi gian, nhng APX tng 2,5 ln. Concommitantly, hot ng ca SOD v CAT gim khong gp nm ln v gp i, tng ng, khi tri cy c

chn trng thnh hn, cho thy mt tim nng cao hn cho s tch t cc c t bo O2-v HO, tng ng (Lentheric et al, 1999.). POD hot ng khng u dis-

22 tributed trong tht ca ging qu l, v mc khng ng nht khc mi cy trng (Vamos-Vigyazo v Nadudvari-Markus, 1982). Ni a ha ca POD vo phn ht di ng c kt hp vi pht trin sclereid. Khong dinh dng trong qu su sc c th thay i s trao i cht lignin bi nh hng n ization, a phng v, do , vic kim sot trao i cht ca POD (Ranadive v Haard, 1972). POD mu isozyme trong qu l c trng c th, v iu ny c th c s dng quan n vic xc varietal-identi (Santamour v Demuth, 1980; Hudina et al, 1996.). Pear POD ang tch cc tham gia vo phn ng enzym nu ca n (Richard-Hy qun i v Gauillard, 1997), mc d mc POD khng th c s dng nh mt ch bo ca mu nu tim nng (Vamos-Vigyazo v Nadudvari-Markus, 1982;. Zhang v cng s, 1994). Du Du qu hot ng gim ng k POD vi chn hoa qu, v enzyme c tm thy ch yu dng mng kt (Civello et al, 1995.). enzyme ny cho thy s n nh thp nhit, v hot ng ca enzym ti a xy ra 30 C v pH 6.0. Hai isozyme POD c bn ca khi lng phn t 58,1 v 65,5 kDa c pht hin ti cc k hn khc nhau ca cc loi qu bi Civello et al. (1995). Lopez-Serrano v Ros-Barcelo (1995, 1996, 1997), tuy nhin, tm thy mt isozyme POD c bn ca isoelectric im cao trong qu du ty chn qu trnh, l thnh phn duy nht ca tnh a hnh POD trong ton b tri cy. isozyme ny c kh nng oxy ha phenol ch c s hin din ca H2O2 v thiu cresolase, catecholase v cc hot ng lacaza. Zucchini Squash Thun ha nhit lnh trong qun th c tham gia vo cc hot ng ca POD, cng vi mt s enzyme nht rc gc t do. S pht trin ca cc triu chng tn thng lnh zucchini b (Cucurbita pepo L.) c lu gi ti 5 C b tr hon bi preconditioning cc tri cy nhit 15 C trong hai ngy (Wang, 1995). Nhit iu tr preconditioning n p gia tng hot ng peroxidase v gim s suy gim ca hot ng CAT trong b trong thi gian lu tr tip theo 5 C. SOD hot ng cng vn cn cao hn trong iu kin nhit b hn trong bng qun khng c iu tr trong lu tr. Cc hot ng ca reductase ascorbate gc t do, peroxidase ascorbate v reductase dehydroascorbate ban u sau khi lu tr tng t bn n tm ngy v gim xung sau kim sot v tri cy precondi-tioned, nhng hot ng enzyme tng ln n mt mc ln hn v vn cao hn trong tri cy preconditioned

hn trong iu khin (Wang, 1996). Tri cy v rau khc isozyme POD trong c rt, c chua, qu kiwi, sp l, u xanh v ci nga c bao gm ba v su isozyme, tng ng trong c rt (36-70 kDa) v c chua (38-62 kDa), mt trong sp l (70 kDa), hai trong qu Kiwi (45-43 kDa) v mt lot cc isozyme (36-120 kDa) trong ci nga (Prestamo v Manzano, 1993). Ascorbic acid c ch hot ng POD trong chit xut.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Polyphenol oxidase xut hin v pht Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) l bao gm mt nhm cc enzyme protein phc tp ng xc tc qu trnh oxy ha ca cc hp cht phenolic sn xut sc t mu nu ct hoc b h hng b mt ca tri cy v rau qu. thc vt, PPO ch yu l nm trong lp lc mng thylakoid (Sherman v cng s, 1991;. Hind et al. 1995) v c th tn ti trong trng thi hot ng hoc trng thi n (Mayer v Harel, 1979). Cc tin cht protein ca enzyme c cha cc trnh t nhm mc tiu cn thit nhp khu vo lp lc v a vo trong mng thylakoid (Sommer v cng s, 1994.). Lax v Cary (1995) bo co rng PPO c tng hp nh protein tin thn c mt chui qu cnh vn chuyn vo lc lp, nhng c v thiu t cho c th nhm mc tiu vo cc mng thylakoid. S phn b ca PPO trong cc phn khc nhau ca tri cy v rau qu cng nh t l ca cc enzym ht rng buc v ha tan vi k hn khc nhau ng k. Bo co v s phn b ca PPO trong to, v d, c v khng ph hp. Mc d hin din trong tt c cc phn ca qu, mt s bo co (Harel v cng s, 1964;.. Stelzig et al, 1972) ch ra mc ng k cao hn trong v hn l trong tht, trong khi nhng ngi khc (Klein, 1987;. Janovitz et al, 1989) c tm thy PPO cao hn trong v no hn so vi v. Murata et al. (1993) chng minh rng cc enzyme PPO trong nm ch yu l ging to a ho gn li v arily th hai gn da. Trong qu trnh chn, nng ca ht enzym gim vi s xut hin ng thi ca mt phn ha tan. Trong qu to chn, ni khng bo chim hu ht cc t bo, PPO c pht hin immunochemi-Cally gn thnh t bo c s dng cc khng th chng to PPO. Trong cc t bo ca tri cy cha trng thnh v nui cy m, PPO c pht hin trong cc bo quan khc vi cc khng bo, c l trong plastid (Murata v cng s, 1997.). Lm r cc loi nc p t qu l

c thc tin, khng c cc hot ng tically PPO, v PPO hot ng vn gn nh hon ton vo bt giy (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). Trong l xanh, PPO l ch yu nm ccchlo roplasts (Golbeck v Cammarata, 1981; Chazarra et al, 1999.).

Polyphenol oxidase trung gian BROWNING PHN NG PPO hnh ng thng kt qu trong vic hnh thnh cc quinon d phn ng sau c th phn ng vi cc nhm amin v sulfhydryl ca protein v enzym cng nh vi cc cht nn khc, chng hn nh cc dn xut axit chlorogenic v flavonoid (catechin, anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanidins, flavonols v cc dn xut acid cinnamic ). Nhng phn ng ph c th mang li nhng thay i v c tnh vt l, ha hc v dinh dng v cng c th nh hng n cc c tnh cm quan ca tri cy v rau qu. Quinon cng gp phn vo s hnh thnh sc t mu nu bng cch tham gia trong cc phn ng trng hp v ngng t vi cc protein (Shahidi v Naczk nm 1995; Mayer v Harel, 1979; Mathew v Parpia, 1971; Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981). enzyme PPO c phn loi da trn c trng b mt. Chng bao gm monophenol monooxygenase, cresolase hoc tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), diphenol oxi-dase, catechol oxidase hay diphenol oxy oxireductase (EC 1.10.3.2) v lacaza hoc p-diphenol oxy oxireductase (EC 1.10.3.1). Hnh thnh cc o-quinon t

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Hnh 6.2 (a) oxy ha ca monophenol diphenol v oxy ha (b) ca diphenol mt quinone (Whitaker v Lee, 1995).

C ch hnh 6,3 catechol v suy thoi gy ra phenolase ca anthocyanin (Shahidi v Naczk, 1995).

monophenols, v d, tin thu c bng cch monophenolase (creolase) xc tc hydroxy o-diphenols tip theo diphenolase (catecholase) xc tc oxi-dation ca o-phenol oquinon (Hnh 6.2). BH2 l vit tt ca mt pound o-diphenolic-com. Cc hot ng u tin cho thy mt khong thi gian tr (Chazarra v cng s, 1999;. Perez-Gilabert v Garcia-Carmona, 2000) c gii thch bi c tnh n cc bc chem-ical ca tyrosinase hnh ng l cn thit sn xut-o diphenol (Cabanes et al., 1987), trong khi cc hot ng catecholase cho thy khng c hin tng chuyn i chm (PerezGilabert v Garcia-Carmona, 2000). Ty thuc vo cc phenol, o-quinon cng cho thy s khc bit rt ln trong s n nh, v cng mu khc nhau t mt trong nhng phenol n khc (Lee v Jaworski, nm 1988;. Rouet-Mayer v cng s, 1990). Hnh ng ca PPO trn cht nn c kt qu trong gim hot ng, mt s mt mt ca ng t cc trang web hot ng ca PPO, v sa i ca mt hoc nhiu d lng histidine rng ligand ng (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995). o, l, chui PPO khng c hot ng creolase (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995). -Quinones cng c th ng gp vo suy thoi PPO tng tc ca anthocyanins thnh cc sn phm khng mu. Cc c ch degra-dation lin quan n vic PPO v catechol trong mt qu trnh tun t (hnh 6.3). C tm anthocyanins, v d, ang nhanh chng xung cp do phenolases s c mt ca catechin v axit chlorogenic (Sakamura et al, 1966.). PPO chit xut t qu du ty v catechin-D vi nhau cng gy ra mt 50-60% trong cc sc t anthocyanin sau 24 gi nhit phng (Wesche-Ebeling v Montgomery, 1990).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

B thng v gy ra cc hot ng sn xut ethylene PAL r rng bi cc c ch ring bit (Abeles v cng s, 1992;. Lopez-Galvez v cng s, 1996;. Hyodo v Fujinami, Nm 1989; K v Saltveit, 1989a). PAL l enzyme xc tc cam kt u tin v bc hn ch tc , s trao i cht phenylpropanoid trong sn xut cht xc tc phenolase oxidizable (Ke v Saltviet, 1989a; Martinez v Whitaker, 1995). PPO c kch hot nh l mt kt qu ca s ri lon ca t bo v ton vn khi ni dung ca cc plasid v khng bo c trn ln. Gy thng tch cho r rng u tin gy ra s gia tng hot ng PAL, v do , s gia tng cht oxidizable.

HIU QU CA polyphenol oxidase v thc vt v c ch M

Active PPO xut hin c mt trong tt c cc sinh vt quang hp v thc hin mt s chc nng cn thit trong cc nh my, bao gm c ngn chn cc loi cn trng v nm gy bnh (Manibhushanrao v cng s, 1988;. Hoagland, nm 1990; Sherman v cng s, 1995.). Cc downregulation antisense kt qu biu hin thanh lp v gy ra PPO trong tibility-hypersuscep vi mm bnh trong c chua, cho thy vai tr quan trng cho qu trnh oxy ha phenol PPO trung gian trong vic bo v cy trng (Thipyapong v Steffens, 1997). Tng cng cc hot ng ca PPO, POD, LOX, chitinase v alphaglucosidase cng c pht hin trong l da chut trong vng ln cn ca cc tn thng gy ra bi cc mm bnh hoc ng dng pht pht (Avdiushko v cng s, 1993b.). Bng chng v s tham gia PPO trong rn e ca patho-Gens trong tri cy v rau qu khc bao gm to (Sharma v Kaul, 1996), nm phng (Jolivet v cng s, 1998.), Ht tiu v c tm (Ouf et al, 1998.).

S c ch trung gian polyphenol oxidase PHN NG BROWNING ng k cc nghin cu v cc iu kin theo PPO hnh ng ny l c ch hoc chm pht trin trong cc h thng thc phm v trn cc hp cht c tc dng inhibitive v hot ng PPO c thc hin. Cht c ch nu PPO xc tc c th hot ng bng cch kt hp cc ng phn ng. Mt s hp cht ngn nga melanosis bi hnh ng gim trc tip trn PPO (Kahn v Andrawis, 1986; Sayavedra-Soto v Mongomery, 1986), bng cch gim o-quinon diphenols (nguyn Golan-Goldhirsh v Whitaker, 1984, Richard-Qun et al, 1992) hoc Cu2 + cho Cu + (al Hsu v cng s, 1988) do s tng tc vi s hnh thnh ca cc sn phm o-quinone.. (Embs v Markakis, 1965; Sanchez-Ferrer et al. 1989) hoc bng cch gim s hp thu ca O2 cho phn ng (Embs v Markakis, 1965;. Chen v cng s, 1991a). Mt s thuc c ch phn ng xc tc PPO c th hot ng bi nhiu hn mt c ch. Thiol hp cht, v d, c th hot ng bng cch gim Cu2 PPO trang web hot ng + cho Cu + l d dng hn mt t PPO (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995), nhng hnh ng c ch trc tip trn PPO (Dudley v Hotchkiss, nm 1989; Robert et al, 1996. ), gim quinone-o (Kahn, 1985; Richard-Qun et al, 1992) hoc bng cch to phc vi quinon hnh thnh cc hp cht khng mu (Richard et al, 1991;.. Richard-Qun et al, 1992).. Ascor-giam bt hnh vi nh mt tc nhn lm gim t hiu qu hn cysteine (Janovitz-Klapp et al., 1990) v chuyn i o-quinon tr li tng ng o ca h-diphenols. N cng bt hot PPO trc tip, v trong s hin din ca cc mc thp ca ng, aerobically c th ph hy d lng histidine ca PPO, gii phng ng

bng mt c ch gc t do (Osuga v Whitaker, 1995). Sodium erythorbate cho thy khng c tc dng c ch PPO, nhng n phng chng nu l do gim quinon hnh thnh trong phn ng enzym tr li cc hp cht phenolic gc (Gopalan v cng s, 1999.). Benzoic acid, kojic acid [5-hydroxy-2(hydroxymethyl)--pyrone] axit v cacboxylic cinnamic ca lot cng c chng minh cho thy tc dng c ch PPO trong tri cy v rau qu (Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981; Chen et s, 1991b).. Hiu qu c ch canxi xut hin c lin quan n vic bo tn cu trc mem-brane hoc c ch trc tip ca PPO. Thn mu nu trong rau dip c th c gim bng cch ra gc a vi cc gii php clorua canxi l 0,3 M, 0.1 mM 2,4 -. Acid dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) hoc M 0,5 acetic acid (Thomas-Barberan et al, 1997). Canxi cng gy ra s st gim 60% trong hot ng PAL nhng khng c nh hng ng k v s tch t ca cc hp cht phenolic. Khng ging nh acid acetic m khng th phc hi c ch hot ng PAL, 2,4-D c mt s c ch 60%. N cng c tc dng inhibitive v sinh tng hp cc hp cht phenolic. Mt hn hp gim v dung dch axt acetic cng c th c s dng ngn nga s i mu mng rau dip (Castaner et al., 1996). Cysteine, resorcinol, EDTA v axt citric cng c hiu qu trong cng tc phng chng rau dip nu trong lu tr. Kahn (1985) th hin s bt lc ca thy phn casein v albumin huyt thanh b c ch nm (Agaricus bisporus) hot ng PPO. L-Lysine, glycine, L-histidine v Lphenylalanine ( tng hiu qu) c ch activ-ITY ln n 60%; L-cysteine l 0.4 mM c ch hon ton. Glycine, diglycine v triglycine (theo th t tng) c hiu qu trong vic gim mc cui cng ca melanin mu c hnh thnh bi cc hnh ng ca PPO nm trn dehydroxyphenylalanine. iu tr nm vi hexylresorcinol-4 c bo co to ra s i mu ca nm-phng. S kt hp ca 4,5 erythorbate natri%, 0,1% cysteine HCl v 100 ppm EDTA, iu chnh pH 5.5, c kh hiu qu trong vic ngn nga nu (Sapers et al., 1995). Monophenolase v cc hot ng diphenolase ca PPO nm l c ch bi agaritine [-N-(-L (+)-glutamyl)-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine]. Hiu qu c ch l khng nhiu nh tropolone nhng l tng ng vi cc acid L-mimosine v benzoic, v mnh hn axit azeliac (Cabanes et al, 1996.). Agaritine, mt hp cht phong ph v c trng t cc chi Agaricus cng loi b cc enzyme to ra o-quinon. N nh vy c th c cho rng agaritine ng mt vai tr trong c th trong quy ch ni sinh ca hot ng PPO nm v nng o-quinone (Espin v cng s, 1998a.). Sau y l mt nh gi gn y (Beaulieu v Gorny, 2002) v hiu qu ca mt s hp

cht chng nu trn tri cy ti ct. Ascorbic acid c tm thy c hiu qu hn trong vic ngn nga acid erythorbic b mt mu nu trong 'Winesap' v 'Red Delicious' to cm c lu tr 24 gi nhit phng, v 1% acid citric nng cao hiu qu ca h (Sapers v Zoilkowski, 1987). Browning hn ch hiu qu trong lu tr (4,4 C) chn khng ng gi lt carambola c iu tr bng 1 hoc 2,5% acid citric cng vi 0,25% acid ascorbic (Weller v cng s, 1997.). Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate v ascorbic acid phng php iu tr-2-triphosphate cng gim nu trong phch cm to "Red Delicious 'trong 24 gi nhit phng (Sapers et al., 1989). to 'Fuji' lt iu tr bng 2% acid ascorbic khng c mu nu ng k hoc mt cht lng hnh nh cho n 15 ngy, khi bo qun 10 C trong O2 0,25 kPa (Gil v cng s, 1998.). Canxi, kt hp vi acid ascorbic (c hai thng p dng nh chm 1%), c hiu qu cao trong vic ngn nga s i mu ca qu to ti ct

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

(Ponting et al, 1972.) V l (Gorny v cng s, 1998;. Rosen v Kader, 1989). Browning chm trong hi 'Bartlett' di chn v 'd'Anjou' l c iu tr bng erythorbate natri, CaCl2 v 4-hexylresorcinol sau 14 ngy k t ngy lu tr 4 C, tuy nhin, ti ct 'Bosc' qu l v nhiu b khng phn bit mu nu-inhib itor iu tr (Sapers v Miller, 1998). Mt nhng sau ct vi 0,01% 4-hexylre-sorcinol, acid ascorbic 0,5% v 1% canxi lactate m rng thm cuc sng ca 'Anjou, 'Bartlett v qu l' Bosc 'lt cho 15 n 30 ngy (Dong v cng s, 2000.). to "Red Delicious 'lt iu tr bng mt dip chng nu kt hp (4-hexylresorcinol, isoascor-BIC acid, N acetylcystein v calcium propionate) v c t chc ti 5 C duy tr cht lng hnh nh trong nm tun, nhng vi sinh vt phn hy l hin nhin sau khi bn tun (Buta et al., 1999). Phn tch ca cc axit hu c v cc loi ng chnh cho thy rng cc slices c iu tr vi cc kt hp ca cc hp cht chng nu gi li cp cao hn ca axit malic v khng c s suy gim lng ng trong lc 5 v 10 C, ch ra rng cht lng cao c duy tr trong thi gian lu tr. Browning gim ng k ti ct lt chui x l bng axt citric (0,5 M) v N-acetylcysteine (0,05 M) c lu tr ti 5 C hoc 15 C trong vng by ngy, v khng c su vi sinh vt c quan st trong by ngy lu tr (Moline et al, 1999.). Mt s kt hp ca geenan-Jerzy Dudek 0,5% v 0,5% acid citric cng c ch nu trong lu ct nh 'Granny Smith' v to 'Red Delicious' cho 7-9

ngy ti 3 C (Tng v Hicks, 1991). Khi cysteine c s dng nh mt cht c ch enzym nu trn qu to ct lt (Walker v c mu, 1964) hay qu l (Sapers v Miller, 1998), hng nht, off-mu com-pao c hnh thnh do phenol ti sinh vi s hnh thnh mu sc su ( Richard-Qun et al, 1992).. Nu hnh off-mu sc c th c ngn chn, cysteine c th chng minh l mt thay th hiu qu bisulfites, bi v cysteine l mt axit amin t nhin c GRAS tnh trng s dng nh l mt iu bt (M s ca Lin bang Regu-lations 21:184.1271 v 21 : 184,1272). Browning c gim xung ch mt ngy 0 C trong "Golden Delicious" qu to ti ct c iu tr bng cysteine 0,1% (Nicoli et al., 1994). Thiu hiu qu ca vic iu tr cysteine l do qu trnh oxy ha trong cc gi v c c th do nng thp c p dng. Gn y, Gorny et al. (2000) bo co rng mt dip sau ct (pH 7) ca axt ascorbic 2%, canxi 1% lactate, cng vi 0,5% (w / v) cysteine ng k ko di thi hn s dng ca cc lt qu l 'Bartlett "bi mt c ch ca cng slice v ngn nga ct b mt mu nu. Ngi tiu dng khng th phn bit gia cc lt qu l c iu tr bng cc gii php bo qun v kim sot lt qu l. Sau 10 ngy k t ngy lu tr trong khng kh 0 C, 82% ngi tiu dng nh gi iu tr lt qu l c chp nhn trong xut hin, v 70% nh gi hng v c chp nhn. Khi s dng kt hp vi acid ascorbic, 4 hexylresorcinol- c bo co l mt cht c ch rt hiu qu ca mt ct nu trn nhiu loi tri cy ti ct, bao gm c to v l c bit (Dong v cng s, 2000;. Luo v Barbosa-Cnovas, 1996, 1997; Moline v cng s, 1999;.. Monslave-Gonzalez v cng s, 1993; Sapers v Miller, 1998). Gia 1 v ppm 7 / hexylresorcinol d-4 l cn thit ngn chn nu trn qu l ti lt ct, lu tr ln n 14 ngy 2-5 C (ng et al, 2000.). Mc d hexylresorcinol-4 c hiu qu trong vic ngn nga mt ct lt qu l mu nu trong sch-ct, n khng phi l hin ang xem xt GRAS ca FDA v c th khng hin ang c s dng thng mi trn cc sn phm tri cy ti ct. Tuy nhin, 4hexylresorcinol cng c th truyn t mt off-hng v khng th chp nhn cc sn phm tri cy. nh gi cht lng gic ti ct Tri cy v Rau qu

Karen L. Bett

NI DUNG Gii thiu hng v Texture Tin hnh phn tch m t cm quan Phng Thit k Phc v Ngh nh th Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ct ngt cm Tm tt Ti liu tham kho

GII THIU Thay i li sng trong thin nin k mi i hi phi di ng, an ton, dinh dng v cht lng cao mi ct sn xut. Bi v mi ngi mun cc tri cy ti v rau qu trong ch n ung ca h, nhng khng chn chun b n, cc phn khc th trng tn ti. Ph hp mi nh cht lng l nhng g s gi cho ngi tiu dng mua sn ti ct. Thng thng, thay i hng v xy ra trc s xut hin hnh nh hy (Cha xc nh, nm 2000). V vy, ngi tiu dng c cm thy t tin rng h s c mua mi ct sn xut vi cht lng cm quan tt mua lp li. i vi s pht trin tip tc ca hng v ny, cng nghip v thay i kt cu phi c hiu, v cht lng phi c theo di. Gic quan nh gi l rt quan trng hiu bit v theo di nhng thay i hng v v kt cu. Phn tch nh vy c th tn km, nhng n l iu cn thit hiu nhng g ang xy ra trong ming trc khi mi tng quan vi cc phng php c nn c gng (Muos et al, 1991.). nh gi cm quan c th c s dng cho mc ch m bo cht lng v kim sot cht lng, nhng phng thc c, nu c, c nhiu nomical sinh thi trn c s thng xuyn. nh gi da trn tiu dng l ch quan v ph thuc vo cc h bi ca ngi tiu dng ang c th nghim. Tr khi ngi tiu dng c la chn ng cch, kim tra c th c thin v (v d, nhn vin cng ty khng i din cho dn s ni chung).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Ngi tiu dng hay kim tra tnh cm khng cung cp thng tin v s khc bit nhn thc (Poste v cng s, 1991.). Chng ny s tp trung vo phn tch m t cm gic ca hng v v kt cu, l hiu qu hn o lng s thay i cht lng hn so vi s dng ngi tiu dng cha qua o to. ASTM (1992) hng dn MNL 13 m t cc phng php khc nhau ca phn tch m t. Mc ch ca chng ny l cung cp cho mt tng quan v nhng g lin quan n vic nh gi cm quan ca sn phm ti ct. iu ny khng c ngha l mt cuc tho lun compre-hensive v o to v iu hnh mt bng iu khin cm gic, nhng n s h tr trong vic hiu bit v nhng g lin quan.

Hng thm Hng v ca nhiu loi tri cy v rau qu l duy nht. Mt qu to l khc bit t mt qu cam. Mt s c im hng v Tuy nhin, ph bin trong tri cy v / hoc rau. Mu xanh l cy, ngt, chua, cay ng v lm se c ph bin nhn vt-istics trong hu ht tri cy v rau qu (13,1 v 13,2 bng). Hng v ph bin trong nhiu loi hoa qu c caramel / mt ong, ha cht, estery hoc tri cy v hoa / perfumy. Nhng hng v c nh ngha trong Bng 13.3. Off-hng v ph bin trong cc loi tri cy ang b suy thoi / thi v ln men. Earthy / mc t gp hn. C nhng hng v c duy nht cho tri cy nht nh. V d, c mt hng v da trong da , to hng v trong to v hng v thm trong da. Chng ti c i khi quan st cc ance-xut hin ca hng v tri cy noncharacteristic trong to, v b ng v da chut hng v trong da . iu ny c th xy ra bi v cc hp cht to nn hng v ny c mt trong tri cy v rau qu khc nng khc nhau. Cc bin th trong iu kin cli-matic, nhit lu tr v mc trng thnh l nhng v d ca condi-tions c th dn n vic sn xut ca cc hng v khng in hnh quan st. B hoc mi v da chut c quan st thy trong da cha trng thnh nhng t ph bin trong qu chn (Bett, nm 2000, cha cng b d liu). Thng thng, rau khng c xem l ngt ngo, vi mt vi ngoi l, chng hn nh c rt v khoai lang, nhng phn ln c cng thp v ngt. Bng ci xanh v ci bp c mt lu sulfury mnh. C ci c mt mouthfeel cay, v hnh c mt mi hng h hnh, ti. C rt c v ngt v c hng v cy inh hng. hng v ngt c s dng nh m t cho mi loi rau trong Bng 13.2, v mu xanh l cy / c c s dng m t mt s loi rau. Mt s thuc tnh c lit k trong Bng 13.2 c th xy ra trong cc

loi rau nhiu hn l ghi li. Rau qu c th c c hng v-off, gim phm cht / thi (khng c lit k trong Bng 13.2), nhng n c ghi nhn trong mt s loi tri cy c lit k trong Bng 13.1. Hng v cng l sc mnh m mt hng v c bit c trong thc phm. Cng c th o c cng trn mt quy m ton cu, quy m sn phm c th hoc quy m thuc tnh c th. Universal quy m c mt s li th. Mt nhm cc chuyn gia c o to c th s dng cng mt t l cho bt k tri cy hay rau qu, ch bin, nguyn liu. H c th nh gi cc sn phm khc. Ngoi ra, mt ngha en c th so snh to v cam (da trn cng ca cc m t thng thng). Cc quy m ton cn rng bao gm y cc thuc tnh nhng ri rc cng nhn s khc bit nh trong cng . Universal ti liu tham kho quy m l cc sn phm thc phm c hng v lun th hin cng c th. Nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau c th c s dng trong quy m ton cu mt. Meilgaard et al. (1999) lit k nhiu loi thc phm thng mi sn c c th c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cng , cng vi cc hng v v cng ca n i vi

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,1 Hng v v s thch n ung thng c bo co trong Type-Sn xut tri cy

Blueberry Cherry nho Strawberry Orange Apple Pear Mai Mai Peach u

Nim am m Qu da Cht lm se x x x x x x x x x x 1 x x ng X x x x x x x x x x x x Caramel / mt ong X x x x x x x x x

Ha cht X x x x x x x x x x B suy thoi / thi X x x x x x x x x x x x Estery X x x x x x x x x x x x Etheral X x x x x x x x x x Ln men X x x x x x x x x x x Hoa / perfumy X x x x x x x x x x x x Green X x x x x x x x x x x Chua X x x x x x x x x x x Sweet X x x x x x x x x x x Woody X x x x x x x x Mc / earthy x x x x x Tri cy sy kh x x x Citrus Artificial2 x x x x x x x xxx x Nguyn X x x x x x x x Fruity x x x x x x x 1Blank m t khng gian c ngha l khng c bo co trong loi qu ny trong ASTM (1996), nhng c th c th c tm thy trong . 2Not khuyn co nh l m t mt, bi v n c th c cp trong cc nh gi cng ca cc m t khc. Ngun: Phng vi s cho php t DS-66, Aroma v hng v t vng cho cm gic nh gi, bn quyn nm 1996, M Hi Th nghim v Vt liu (ASTM).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,2 Hng v v s thch n ung thng c bo co trong Type-Rau qu Sn xut

Bng ci xanh Ci bp C rt Cn ty da chut Onion

Chung Ht tiu Rau bina c ci

Ma h B c chua Cht lm se 1 x x x x ng x x x x x x x Earthy / mc x x x x x x Hoa x Mu xanh l cy / c x x x x x x x x Mn x x x x x Chua x x x x Sweet x x x x x x x x x x x Lu hunh / sulfide x x x Umami x x Ln men x x Kim x x x x Brown caramel / caramel x x x x x Woody x x B x x Thuc l / paprika x x Viney x x Ghi x x

1Blank m t khng gian c ngha l khng c bo co trong cc loi rau ny trong ASTM (1996), nhng c th c th c tm thy trong . Ngun: Phng vi s cho php t DS-66, Aroma v hng v t vng cho cm gic nh gi, bn quyn nm 1996, M Hi Th nghim v Vt liu (ASTM).

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,3 Danh sch M t vi nh ngha v Ti liu tham kho cho v gic, hng v v Mouthfeel ca Tri cy v Rau qu Ru thm c trng ca lp ha hc ca hp cht c bit n nh l ru. V / v: ethanol. H hnh, ti, gi nh ca ti hoc hnh ty, kt hp vi gia nh cc hp cht ha hc ca allyls. V / v: methyl anlyl trisulfide ti 0,05% trong nc hoc du (mi hng ch v chun b di mui xe l mt). Apple-thm c trng ca ging to khc nhau. V / v: to tp trung m khng c bn cht c thm vo. Cht lm se, cm gic yu t ha hc trn b mt li hay da khc ca khoang ming m t nh l nhn / kh v lin kt vi tannin hoc phn. V / v: 1% phn trong nc. Barny / chung-thm c trng ca kho hoc chung, kt hp phn, nc tiu, hay b mc, thc n, mi chn nui. V / v: Cn Cy, y sc mnh. t chung thm kt hp vi t chung xanh. V / v: 0,01 ppm 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine. Cn t ha, cm gic cm thy trn li hoc trong ming v c hng. V / v: 0,15% t trong nc. -Hng v ng trn li kch thch bi cc gii php ca caffeine, quinine v mt s ancaloit khc. V / v: 0,1% gii php ca caffeine hoc quinin. Ghi / yu t cm gic nhit ha hc kt hp vi nng cao ca cht gy kch ng cho nim mc ca khoang ming. V / v: 30% ru gii php, 10% NaCl gii php, dm trng. B / diacetyl-thm kt hp vi b nhn to. V / v: 0,5 ppm diacetyl trong nc. Bp ci, nguyn ngt ngo, thm earthy lin kt vi bp ci sng. V / v: ti, ra ci bp. Caramel

/ vng caramel, ngt thm c trng ca ng vng v carbohydrate khc. V / v: ng caramel. Cardboardy-thm kt hp vi oxy ha cht bo v cc loi du nh, gi nh v bao b cc tng t. V / v: malonaldehyde hoc cc tng t hoc giy lc. Ha cht-mt thut ng rt chung chung kt hp vi nhiu loi khc nhau ca cc hp cht, chng hn nh dung mi, lm sch cc hp cht v hydrocacbon. V / v: sn phm c th, thuc ty, cc gii php kim lm sch. Citrus-thm kt hp vi n tng chung ca tri cy. V / v: tinh du cam qut. inh hng-a, ngt mu nu-gia v, gn nh bc h thm kt hp vi inh hng. V / v: eugenol. Da chut, hng v c trng ca da chut ti. V / v: liu da chut. B suy thoi / hng thm-thi lin kt vi thi, tri cy b h hng xung cp, / nguyn liu. V / v: hoa qu thi (c th). Hng v tri cy sy kh kt hp vi tri cy sy kh. V / v: kh to, m, o, l, mn, qu sung. Earthy / mc-thm c trng ca t m t, tn l t hoc hi cha nu chn khoai ty luc. V / v: 0,3 g geosmin / L nc, 30 ppb 2-methyl isoborneol hoc alpha 0,4 ppm fenchol trong nc. Estery qu chn nhn vt lin kt vi cc este. V / v: 0,5 ppm ethyl butyrat trong nc hoc tri cy khc hp cht. Etheral-hng v kt hp vi chloroform. V / v: 5 ppm acetal trong nc. Ln men-thm kt hp vi hoa qu ln men hoc rau. V / v: nc to ln men hoc WONF 3RA654 (McCormick). Hoa-mt ngt, thm thm kt hp vi hoa. V / v: du hoa hng, geranoil ppm 1 trong nc, 2 trang / pht phenyl ethyl alcohol trong nc. Thm mi tri cy lin kt vi mt hn hp cc loi tri cy khng c hiu (qu mng, qu to / l, nhit i, da, thng khng c mi). V / v: 2 ppm ethyl butyrat, ethyl acetate caprilate v ethyl. (Tip theo)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,3 Danh sch M t vi nh ngha v Ti liu tham kho cho v gic, hng v v Mouthfeel ca Tri cy v Rau qu (tip theo) Mu xanh l cy to-the thm ti thu hoch lin kt vi cc ging mu xanh ca qu to. V / v: 5.0 ppm trans-2-hexen-1-al. Mu xanh l cy / c thm c trng ca l mi ct, c hoc rau xanh. V / v: 50 ppm cis-3-hexen-1-ol. Kim loi-mt cht ha hc phng cm gic yu t kch thch trn li bng kim loi. V / v: 0,1-1% st sulfate gii php trong nc. Mc-thm c trng ca nm mc hay nm mc. V / v: 10.000 ppm 2-etyl-1-hexanol trong glycol. Hnh ty thm kt hp vi hnh ty. V / v: 0,50 g bt c hnh trong nc ml 200. C chua chn thm kt hp vi c chua chn. Peely / v du hng v kt hp vi v hoc da hng v. V / v: to gt v, da nho hay du cam. Nguyn-thm kt hp vi cha qua ch bin v / hoc sn phm cha nu chn. V / v: tri cy hoc rau. Mn-hng v trn li kch thch bi cc mui natri, c bit l natri clorua. V / v: 0,3% NaCl trong nc. Seedy k t lin kt vi nhai v ging. V / v: qu mm xi v blackberry ht. Skunky / mecaptan-thm kt hp vi hp cht lu hunh, c trin lm mt nhn vt nh chn hi. V / v: 0,1% furfuryl mecaptan trong ru v nc. X phng, hng thm kt hp vi x phng khng mi. V / v: deconoic hoc dodeconic acid, Ivory Snow mnh. Hng v chua-c bn trn li kch thch bi axit. V / v: citric acid, gim, lactic acid. Sunfua, lu hunh-thm kt hp vi hydrogen sulfide, trng thi. V / v: hydrogen sulfide bt nc (s dng thn trng), hoc luc trng c. Hng v ngt trn li kch thch bi cc loi ng v cht ngt hiu lc cao. V / v: 5% sucrose trong nc. Terpeny-thm kt hp vi cht d bay hi thng. V / v: 0,05% beta-pinen hoc alpha tecpineol-trong nc (nh hi cn thn). Thuc l / t bt thm kt hp vi t bt. V / v: t bt. C chua-mt thut ng chung, kt hp nhng c im thng lin kt vi c chua. V / v: 2-5 ppm methional.

Umami / bt ngt yu t ha hc c th cm gic c kch thch bi bt ngt (MSG). V / v: 0,2% gii php ca bt ngt. Viney-thm kt hp vi cy xanh / tr nh chi nhnh hoc thn cy. V / v: alpha-lonone trn thanh ca nc hoa. Sp thm gi nh ca sp. V / v: gamma-undecalactone trn thanh ca nc hoa. Woody-thm kt hp vi kh, ti, ct g; thm hoc ging nh v cy. V / v: 10 ppb alpha-cu t chnh trong cc chip nc hoc ru hoc g. Ngun: Phng vi s cho php t DS-66, Aroma v hng v t vng cho cm gic nh gi, bn quyn nm 1996, M Hi Th nghim v Vt liu (ASTM).

Cng cc Spectrum quy m phn tch m t. Khng c cu trc quy m ng (6 inch hoc cm 15) thng c mt neo trn mi u c li th v quy m s trong khng c bc hoc "yu thch" s tn ti. Tham lun vin "c th c lp li kh khn hn t c, bi v cc v tr trn ng khng c lu tr trong b nh ging nh cc con s trong mt quy m s. Cc loi c quy m s dng c quyt nh bi cc nh lnh o ca bng iu khin, c tnh n mc tiu ca qun l ti khon.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

Chch Extreme

Kt cu Kt cu, tri vi hng v, l cu trc v nh hng ca thc phm v phn ng ca thc phm n mt lc lng p dng. Nh trong hng v c trng, cc thuc tnh kt cu khc nhau c gn nhn v c xc nh, tng t nh mi v c trng. kt cu Cc thuc tnh ca sn phm c th c chia thnh bn khu vc: tnh cht b mt, ti sn cn u tin, nhai nut xung v sau khi ti sn (Meilgaard et al, 1999.). Bng 13.4 lit k cc thuc tnh kt cu vi cc nh ngha vi vic cao v cng thp ti liu tham kho chung cho hu ht cc loi tri cy v rau qu. B mt m (t) v nhm b mt l ti sn. Bung, kt cu, denseness, cng, m pht hnh, tinh co nhiu nc, nt v

tnh thng nht ca cn l tt c xc nh trn cn u tin. Chewiness v kt cu ca khi lng c xc nh trong qu trnh nhai li. Ming ph c nh gi sau khi nut. Cc kt cu quy m cng l duy nht cho mi thuc tnh. Nhiu quy m thuc tnh cho cc phng php quang ph c cng b trn et al Meilgaard. (1999). Mt s cc thuc tnh tng th quan trng nht l gin, cng v m tinh co nhiu nc hoc pht hnh (c bin php hu nh cng mt thuc tnh). Crispiness l quan trng trong mt s loi tri cy hay rau qu, bi v n cho thy mc p lc turgor trong cc t bo hoc s tin ca ho din ra. cng ch ra s lo xy ra. Tinh co nhiu nc hoc pht hnh m c th l mt du hiu cho thy s tin b mt nc m xy ra. Quy m gii phng hi nc c pht trin ti Trung tm Nghin cu khu vc pha Nam (SRRC). Cc cng bao gm trong Bng 13.4 l i din ca cc u thp v cao quy m. Nhng quy m ton c th p dng cho tt c cc loi thc phm c nhng c im ny. i vi quy m s lng, tham lun vin c khuyn khch s dng phn mi gip xc nh s khc bit gia tri cy. Do , quy m c th cho cc loi tri cy v rau khng cn thit.

HOT m t cm gic PHN TCH THIT K PHNG Cc phng th nghim gic quan nn c thit lp ring cho mc ch nh gi sn xut mu. Cc phng th nghim nn c th truy cp nhng i t cc khu vc ng c, ni mc ting n c th c ln. Nu tham lun c rt ra t nhng ngi bn ngoi a im lm vic, cc phng th nghim nn c gn li vo mt nhng i t cc ca hng my mc, dy chuyn sn xut hoc nh bp phng n, ni m mi c th nh hng cng vic cm gic. Nu cc nhn vin c s dng nh tham lun vin, mt v tr tt s c c cc chuyn gia i qua cc phng th nghim cm gic trn ng n cc tim n hoc phng ngh ngi. Cc c s kim tra nn bao gm cc gian hng nh gi c nhn ca cc mu, bng mt hi ngh v o to v mu chun b phng ring bit. gian hng c bit tnh nng tng cng oper-ation bao gm mt h thng tn hiu nh sng v nhp d liu mt thit b (bn phm, my tnh bng s ha hoc my tnh c nhn). Cc phng hi ngh phi ln cha

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

BNG 13,4 Tri cy v rau Texture M t cm quan * Giai on / Descriptor Definition / Quy m tham kho Giai on I. Gi mu ln mi v vt qua li trn b mt. t Lng m do mt h thng dch nc trn b mt. Low = khng p mui cracker soda ==> cao = Oscar Mayer ham tht n tra nhm S tin ca cc ht trn b mt. Low = gelatin mn trng ming ==> cao = Finn Crisp la mch en wafer Giai on II. nh gi trc hoc cn u tin. Kt cu Mc m bin dng mu hn l crumbles, vt nt, v. Low = bp Muffin ==> cao = sun-kh nho kh khng ht gin Lc lng v ting n m sn phm b v hoc gy xng khi nn vi cc rng ci. Low = Quaker Low Fat chewy granola Chunk thanh ==> cao = Pepperidge Tri c vng bnh ph mai cng Lc lng ny t c mt s bin dng nht nh (lc lng nn gia cc rng hm). Low = kem pho mt ==> cao = LifeSavers ko cng Tinh co nhiu nc ** S lng nc / m cm nhn trong ming. Low = chui ==> cao = da hu m pht hnh ** S tin t / tinh co nhiu nc pht hnh t mu. Thp = (Betty Crocker) hay giai bay tm s ==> cao = nho Denseness Cc compactness ca mt ct ngang. Low = Tng thc phm Cool Whip ng u ==> cao = Farley Tri cy lt Giai on III. nh gi trong qu trnh nhai. Kt cu ca khi lng Mc m mt mu nhai gi cng nhau trong mt khi. Low = eo hp cam tho ==> cao = cng t v Cookies mm ma tt Chewiness Cc s lng cng vic nhai mu. m s nhai cn thit chun b cho nut.

Giai on IV. nh gi sau khi nut. Ming ph S d cn li trong ming v trn b mt rng sau khi expectorating hoc nut. Low = bt bp nu chn ==> cao = rng bt (bt k thng hiu) * Lu : Hu ht cc m t nm trong Meilgaard et al. (1999). ** Hai m t l tng t, nhng sau ny c pht trin ti SRRC, v trc y l t Meilgaard et al. (1999). tt c cc tham lun vin (10-15 ngi). Mt bn hi ngh (hoc bng b tr theo phong cch hi ngh) l mt bng iu khin y ch ngi v "in t vit bng" l cn thit. p sut thp n sodium, bng n mu hoc b lc gel nh ht trn n recessed c th c s dng khc bit mu mt n. Cc phng chun b cho ti ct gim sn xut s bao gm mt phng ring bit t cc gian hng v phng o to. Nu x l c thc hin trong mt nh my hoc phng th nghim chun b thc n, sau yu cu c bn ca khng gian truy cp, bn ra v mt n v lm lnh s l . bit thm thng tin chi tit, tham kho tiu chun ASTM (1986) v ISO (1988) hng dn. Gian hng v phng hi ngh nn c t chc vo 22-24 C (72-75 F) v 45-55% RH Mt p lc tch cc nh nn c duy tr ngn nga mi hi t c s n t xung quanh hoc chun b phng th nghim vo khu gian hng.

PHC V NGH NH TH Fresh-ct tri cy v rau qu c ct thnh tng ming c kch thc v t trong 0,178 lt (6 oz) ly sa trng knh v ph knh 125 mm xem. Trnh cc sa trng vi vin rnh trnh mt mt cht d bay hi. Xem knh cho php cc cht d bay hi headspace by nh hi. mu lnh nn c cho php hm nng nhit mi trng xung quanh trc khi c trnh by cc chuyn gia cho php cc cht d bay hi hn pht ra. l iu quan trng nht m tt c cc mu c phc v ti mt nhit . Cng mt s lng xp x cng mt kch thc khi nn c t trong mi cc sa trng. Mt da nha mi m khng pht ra mt hng thm hoc kim loi mt ng ba sch c s dng nm mi mu. Trnh t trnh by s c chn ngu nhin gim thiu s thin v t hng. Cc mu u tin phi l mt, nonexperimental khi mu gip chun ha cc bng iu khin v gim thiu nh hng v tr trn cc mu u tin. Tham lun vin nn mi mu u tin v sau nh gi hng v bng ming v / hoc

kt cu. Texture c mt th t hp l. thuc tnh b mt c nh gi u tin, tip theo cn u tin, sau nhai xung v cui cng, cc tnh cht o sau khi nut. Hng v c mt n t hng, cng. Mt s v nh ngt v mn v mt s ghi ch hng v c cm nhn ban u, trong khi nhng ngi khc c nhn thc sau ny.

Yu t nh hng ti-CUT cht lng cm Cy trng khc nhau c th c nh hng ng k hng v v kt cu. Vn ha v iu kin mi trng (kh hu, phn bn, ng dng, iu kin t ai) cng c th gy ra nhng thay i trong mt ging cy trng cho rng c th nh hng n hng v v kt cu. Mt s ging thng ngt ngo, c mt hng v mnh hn c tnh hoc kt cu mt nh nhng hn. Mt s ging gi li cht lng trong qu trnh ct ngt lu tr tt hn so vi nhng ngi khc. Gorny et al. (1999) quan st c 13 ging cy trng ca o ti ct trong lu tr v thy rng 'Flavorcrest,' 'Elegant Lady', 'Red Cal "v" cht lng gi li Cal ti ct trong lu tr di hn chn cy trng khc. Cng vic ny tp trung vo hnh thc trc quan v khng mi v v kt cu. Trong d liu cha c xut bn (Bett, nm 2000, cha cng b d liu), trong hai nm so snh ging cy trng da SRRC trong ct ngt lu tr, 'Pacstart' c kh hn v "Athena" c mt nm v vn cn mm hn cng mt nm. Kim et al. (1993)

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

bo co rng cng ca tri to ti ct gim vi lu tr, nhng "Golden Deli-cious 'to vn vng vng hn" Monroe,' 'Rhode Island xanh' v 'New York 674.' Mt s ging chu ng ct ngt lu tr tt hn so vi nhng ngi khc . Ging cy trng ang pht trin cc ngnh, ngh chn nui mi m tp trung vo cht lng ch bin ti ct. Ct trng thnh c mt tc ng ng k v cht lng ca sn phm ti ct. Gorny et al. (1998) bo co rng hoa qu chn c hn s dng ngn (hai ngy i vi o v 3-6 ngy cho xun o), trong khi tng trng thnh qu xanh v phn cng trong thi gian chn ti ct lu tr. Fresh-ct da trng thnh c nh gi SRRC gi li hng v tri cy ca n, trong khi cc qu da cha trng thnh tng cng tri cy vi lu tr. Tri cy cha trng thnh c xu hng c c kh khn hn trong thi gian lu

tr hn so vi tri cy trng thnh. Tri cy trng thnh nh hng n cht lng qu, ng k (Watada v Qi, 1999). Cha trng thnh thiu cm gic cht lng tri tt, v tri cy qu hn thanh ton c kh nng gii hn thi hn s dng. X l mi trng l rt quan trng hng v v cht lng kt cu cng nh gim thiu cc vn vi sinh vt. Nhit ca phng x l cn c duy tr 2,8 C. Lin b mt cn c thng xuyn lau chi v kh trng. Nhn cn phi s dng gng tay sch s, tp d sch s, tc v phu thut bao gm mt n (Sargent, 1998). Cht iu kin ch bin c th ng gp ti nng Bial vi dn n suy gim cht lng cng nh vn an ton c th. Ct gim sn xut thng gy ra t l h hp gia tng. Do , ti thiu l tt hn cho ct hn s dng bi v n gi cho h hp gn hn vi cc sn phm cn nguyn vn (Watada et al, 1996.). Loi b cc thn cy t nho v v t du ty thay i t l h hp di lt v ct lt to. L tng nht, sn xut phi c x l lm cho n thun tin, nhng vi tn thng m ti thiu. V sinh c th truyn t mt hng v vo sn xut nu c php li trn b mt. Clo c mi c trng quen thuc, hydrogen peroxide v tia cc tm truyn t t hoc khng c thay i mi v hoc mi thm. Ozone c mt hng thm ozone m, nhng n mt i nhanh chng. Peroxyacetic acid c mt acid acetic nh / hng v dm. Chiu x c xut nh mt phng tin ko di thi hn s dng, nhng trong ton b tri cy v rau qu, cc liu lng cn thit cho t bo vi sinh vt gy h hng phng lm mm (Maxie v cng s, 1971.). Browning ca b mt ct c th l mt vn trong sn xut mt s. Browning trong tri cy ct thng c gy ra bi qu trnh oxy ha xc tc bi enzym phenol polyphenol oxidase. Browning trong to c th lm tng hng thm ngt ngo hay hng v caramel. N thng c th c ngn chn trong tri cy ti ca lp ph b mt ct vi mt cht c ch nu, m trong mt s trng hp, c th truyn t mt hng v khc nhau cho sn xut. Sodium erythorbate v sodium lactate, v d, truyn t mt hng v mn trn b mt. Canxi clorua hoc lactate canxi c th truyn t mt hng v ng nh, nhng cng c, c th lm cho sn phm hi cng rn (Agar v cng s, 1999;. Luna-Guzmn v Barrett, 2000). Bao b thng thng to ra mt bu khng kh duy tr iu kin lm tng thi gian bo qun sn phm. Tnh thm ca b phim c th c la chn lm chm hoc tng cng s xung cp cht dip lc, iu khin mu nu, nm mc pht trin chm v tng trng chm ca mt s vi sinh vt (Cartaxo v cng s, 1997;. Senesi v cng s, 1999;. Watada, 1997). Tt c cc th nh hng n cc c tnh cm quan ca sn phm ti ct. La chn vt liu ng gi thch hp c th kim sot m tng i xung quanh qu

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

c th ngn nga mt nc ca m v kim sot s ngng t (Watada, nm 1997; Watada v Qi, 1999), c hai u gy ra suy gim cht lng cm quan. Nhit bo qun thch hp l rt quan trng cho cht lng vi sinh vt, nhng n cng nh hng n cht lng cm quan. Nhit cao thc y qu trnh h hp nh tng trng nu v vi khun. Vi sinh vt pht trin c th to ra ngoi v nh ln men, gim phm cht / thi v mc v c th tr nn mnh hn vi tc nhanh hn vi nhit cao hn (Abbey v cng s, 1988.). Cc hot ng enzim tng xy ra nhit cao lm tng tc v cc m mm mu nu (Watada, 1997). Lu tr nhit qu thp c th gy thng tch lm lnh. Lm lnh thng lm suy yu cc m, bi v h khng th thc hin qu trnh trao i cht bnh thng. Sau khi chn thng lnh, sn xut c th nhn m thanh, nhng khi nng ln mt cht, h pht trin cc triu chng nh r, vt da, i mu ni b hoc khng chn. Nhit gy ra mt s tin nh ca chn thng lm lnh c u tin hn nhit gy lo ha nhanh chng v suy gim vi khun (Watada v Qi, 1999).

Tm tt Hng v v kt cu ca sn phm ti ct rt quan trng n s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng. cht lng cm quan c th b nh hng tt c cc bc t sn xut n iu kin bo qun ni tiu th, v phn tch m t l mt cng c hiu qu o lng v gim st nhng khc bit ny. Sn xut ti u ha cn phi c xem xt ti mi im trong ch bin, sn xut v chui phn phi. Khi nh gi cm quan c thc hin trn ti ct gim sn xut, n phi c thc hin trong iu kin kim sot v nht qun. Chng ny a ra mt tng quan v nhng g c lin quan n phn tch cm gic m t v cch kha cnh khc nhau ca chui distri-bution ch bin v c th nh hng n c tnh cm quan. NI DUNG Bi cnh Chi ph c hi Cc c im ca ngnh nng nghip

Ngi tiu dng nh hnh cc lc lng th trng sn xut ti ct Cng ngh nui Fresh-ct Sn xut tiu dng Pht trin th trng p lc cnh tranh Qun l chui cung trong tng lai cn nhc Tm tt Tham kho BI CNH Ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm cung cp cho ngi tiu dng mt sn phm thc phm tin li theo nh hng mi gn nh mi ngy trong nm (Progressive tp ha, 1999). Vi chi ph cao ca s pht trin v tip th, cc cng ty tung ra cc sn phm ny phi tin rng sn phm ca h s c n nhn bi ngi tiu dng cho thy cuc sng ca h c thc hin tt hn bi s tin ch kt hp trong cc hng ha h mua. Hu ht cc chng trong cun sch ny tp trung vo vic pht trin cc quy trnh v vt liu cho php cc cng ty chuyn i rt d h hng hng ha nguyn liu nng nghip thnh cc sn phm mang nhn hiu mong mun. Nhng cu chuyn tuyt vi ca ngnh cng nghip mi ct l kh nng ph hp vi b quyt cng ngh cho ngi tiu dng mun. Tht khng may, vi cc cng ty rt nhiu c gng cng mt chin lc, cung cp thun tin khng bo m ca thnh cng. Gi tr, hoc li ch c chia theo gi, l mt yu t quan trng trong vic xc nh thnh cng ca mt sn phm vi ngi tiu dng, ch khi n c vi nhng ngi mua bn s v th ch.

2002 bi LLC bo CRC Vic nh gi gi tr xy ra tt c trong chui cung ng mi ct. Nh cc cng ty tm kim cc cch cung cp cc thuc tnh mong mun (v d, d s dng, hoc gi li gi tr dinh dng) s dng cng ngh mi v thnh lp, h cng nhn s cn thit m bo cht lng v tnh ng nht trong cc yu t u vo ca h. Vic p dng cng ngh mng mi, v d, l v dng nu sn xut s vo ti l km x l hoc nhn mnh bi thit hi su bnh hoc p lc t nhin khc. Cuc thi dnh cho ngi tiu dng thc phm expendi-tures, c nh v i-t-nh, l mt qu trnh thng t nh gi rng, ty thuc vo ni m mt trong nhng mong mun bt u, bt u trong lnh vc ny v kt thc vi ngi tiu dng, hay bt u vi ngi tiu dng v kt thc trong lnh vc ny. Trong trng hp u tin, cc nh phn tch theo cc sn phm vt l, v trong

trng hp sau, n i theo la c s dng nh tn hiu kinh t. Chng ny trnh by ngn gn cc yu t kinh t v th trng m ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti ct c th phi i mt khi n trng thnh v phn u pht trin. Mt phn quan trng ca s tng trng trong tng lai v s hin din ca ngnh cng nghip trong th trng thc phm s ph thuc vo kh nng cung cp gi tr cho ngi tiu dng, pht trin v thc hin cc cng ngh mi, v khen thng nhng ngi tham gia trong chui cung ng. Phn ln thnh cng gn y ca ngnh cng nghip l do s hi t ca nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng v nhu cu vi pht trin cng ngh v sn phm c nguyn liu. CHI PH C HI Ca ngnh cng nghip trin vng trong tng lai s ph thuc vo li nhun lin tc trong s hiu bit nhu cu tiu dng, pht trin cng ngh trong cc ngnh nng nghip v phi nng nghip, v nhng hnh ng v cc dch v ca cc ngnh cng nghip cnh tranh. Cc influ chnh-ence ca cc yu t v trin vng tng lai ca sn phm ti ct cng nghip pht sinh t mt khi nim kinh t rt c bn c gi l ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti ct khng c ngha l mt mnh i mt vi iu ny nh hng, bi v c hi "chi ph c hi." chi ph nh hng n quyt nh kinh t ca ngi tham gia mi th trng. Chi ph c hi ca ngi tiu dng, cc cng ty, v ngi trng xc nh mi trng kinh t trong cc-ti ct gim sn xut cng nghip pht trin v trong n s tn ti. Chi ph c hi l mt lin kt ph bin trong sut ny c m t, m bt u vi sn xut nng nghip v suy gim th phn ca la thc phm tiu dng. Vic s dng cc cng ngh mi v phi nng nghip u vo trong vic to ra cc sn phm ti, ct l mt trong nhng l do quan trng nht ca ngi nng dn nhn c mt t l gim ca mi ng la ca ngi tiu dng. Khi ngi tiu dng nhiu hn nhu cu chuyn i sn phm (bao b, ch bin, phn loi, vn chuyn, vv), phn chi ph ca sn phm / gi chim bi cc sn phm nng nghip lm gim nguyn liu. Vi m ni, s tr li cho ngi trng cn phi gi ngun ti nguyn trong tri cy v rau sn xut. Mi ma, ngi trng phi so snh tri cy ca h hoc tr v thc vt tt nht tip theo (hu ht li nhun c th) cc doanh nghip rng h c th hot ng bng cch s dng cc ngun lc m h s dng trong qu ca h hoc cc hot ng thc vt. C IM CA NGNH NNG NGHIP Mt yu t phc tp lm cho sn xut nng nghip duy nht trong s cc ngnh cng nghip l s ph thuc vo t nhin, thng khng kim sot u vo. Sn xut tri cy v rau etables i din cho mt s kt hp ca cc qu trnh sinh hc v vt l c b nh hng bi quyt nh s dng u vo, thi tit, v p lc t nhin khc. mc khc nhau,

 2002 bi LLC bo CRC sn xut ph thuc vo t l ny mm v qu trnh sinh hc xy ra trong ma c th v trong mt thi gian di trong ma nhng khng thuc hon ton iu kin nht nh. Gia hn thi gian b chm, nm trong trng hp ca mt s cy trng lu nm, tn ti gia quyt nh sn xut v thu hoch sn phm. Hn na, khi so snh vi cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut, quyt nh sn xut nng nghip gn nh khng gn lin vi ma thu hoch hoc quyt nh u ra. Kt qu l, nh sn xut a ra quyt nh da trn mt phn vo k vng v iu kin pht trin, gi c, v tip cn th trng trong tng lai. Vic s dng cc k vng v cung cp nhng phn ng chm tr c th dn n chu k gi c v sn xut theo thi gian. Vic s dng su rng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin (v d, t v nc) ng vai tr quan trng trong cc quyt nh sn xut. Trong lch s, s dng t tn ti cho cc ngun lc bn ngoi ca sn xut nng nghip. Tuy nhin, nng thn / th giao din m rng, thay th s dng ca nhng gia tng ngun lc (phn khu, sn xut, vv.) i li, s lng s dng thay th, v tr v cho nhng la chn thay th, c th tng ln. Trong khi ngun ti nguyn t ch c t t chuyn t s dng nng nghip, vn v c hi i mt vi s thay th lao ng ng k. Tr v t tri cy v rau i vi t sn xut, lao ng v vn phi c hp dn nh cc thay th tt nht k tip, hoc nhng yu t sn xut s chuyn sang cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Mt yu t phc tp thm l gi vt t bin ng v sn xut dn n thu nhp fluctuating. i ph vi nguy c thu nhp, sn xut c th a dng ha sn xut kt hp n nh gi c ngy cng tng i vi mt b sn phm c th b p gi gim cho cc sn phm khc. Tuy nhin, a dng ha lm gim chuyn mn, v c th dn n chi ph cao hn mc trung bnh. i vi tt c nhng trang tri ln nht nc M, a dng ha c th, v thng c, bao gm ng phi nng nghip. Tim nng lm phi nng nghip lm tng chi ph c hi s dng lao ng sn xut tri cy v rau qu, khng ch v nhng dng thu nhp, m cn v li ch tim nng nh bo him y t. Ma sn xut tha l c bit kh khn b p cho cc loi tri cy v rau qu d hng. Vic thiu cc la chn thay th th trng kt hp vi nhu cu khng n hi c mt p lc nng n i xung v gi. Ngay c nhng ngi trng vi cc hp ng vinh d c th nhn c mc gi thp hn trong lu di nu d tha vn cn. Khi gi gim, do , gi tr sn phm bin ca ngun ti nguyn, v khng c b p cng ngh INNOvations hoc ti phn b cc ngun lc, trang tri thu nhp gim. Chi ph c hi nh hng n s dng ti nguyn sn xut, kt hp sn xut, v vic lm nng nghip v phi nng nghip quyt nh. i li, ngi trng nh gi cc la chn thay th quyt nh nhng g v bao nhiu sn xut. Ngi trng thc hin nhng nh gi ca com-vo cua cu khoai s tr v tc "bn cnh" tt nht ca ngun ti nguyn ca h c th quay tr li nhn c s dng khc. S so snh c th c nhn t quan im di hay ngn hn, nhng d sao cng xy ra.

Ngi tiu dng u kia ca chui tip th, chi ph c hi nh hng n ngi tiu dng khi h ti a ha ca h "tin ch" bng cch lm cho s la chn v mua cho bp-b gii hn, mt lot cc c im h gia nh, v lun thay i mt tp hp cc s thch v thch-ences. chi ph c hi i vo chi cho ngi tiu dng khi h nh gi nhng li ch d kin hoc tin ch bt ngun t mt gi hng ha so vi mt b hng ho. 2002 bi LLC bo CRC Ngi tiu dng hi lng xut pht t tiu th thng l mt chc nng thu nhp, nn, li sng, thnh phn gia nh, v cc yu t cn dinh dng. Kt qu l, vic nh gi c thc hin bi mt ngi tiu dng c th khc vi mt h gia nh khc nhau cho hay c im c nhn. Hnh thnh lc lng ti-CUT SN XUT CNG NGH NUI TH TRNG Mt l do vic nh gi cc chi ph c hi l mt qu trnh lin tc trong ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti ct l nhiu lc lng nh hng hoc c th nh hng n ngnh cng nghip. Cc lc lng ny bao gm nhng thay i trong nhu cu tiu dng, pht trin cng ngh cho php cc cng ty cung cp cht lng sn phm mong mun, ng dng cng ngh thc phm mi trong ngnh cng nghip khc, hp nht ngnh cng nghip trn ton chui cung cp, v thay i trong mi trng qun l. Nh l trng hp cho hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip, ch bin v tip th cc cng ty dn u pht trin v s dng cc cng ngh mi. Khng ngc nhin, pht trin cng ngh v cc lc lng th trng hp nht thng c b sung. Cc chi ph lin quan pht trin cng ngh v tng kt qu u ra gim s lng cc cng ty c li nhun c th hot ng trong mt th trng c th. Cng ngh l mt ngun ca cc nn kinh t quy m cung cp nhng li th th trng cho cc cng ty ln hn. Cng ngh cng gip phn bit hng ho trn th trng. Nhng nhn hiu s dng cc cng ngh c th c th tr nn ni ting vi cc sn phm ti hn, xanh hn, hay an ton hn. Nhngacteristics char tr thnh nn tng m trn cc thng hiu tr nn khc bit. hu qu quan trng ca vic p dng cc cng ngh mi thng l cn nht qun hn nguyn liu u vo v hp nht trong ngnh cng nghip cng ngh thng qua. Ph hp tiu chun sn phm c yu cu khai thc cng ngh mi. Nhu cu giao hng sn phm ph hp v tiu chun sn phm nh hng n cch thc m ngi trng sn xut tri cy v rau qu v dn n s ph thuc nhiu hn vo cc giao dch hp ng qua th trng m. Hp nht dn n la chn thay th tip th t hn cho nhng ngi trng (v d, ti Express, Inc v Dole Rau qu ti, Inc kim sot hn 70% th trng rau ng gi). t la chn tip th thng c gii hn c hi khm ph gi, lm hn ch s tham gia th trng v tng tm quan trng ca hp ng.

Ti-CUT SN XUT ngi tiu dng Gn hai thp k ca M tng mc tiu th u ngi ca tri cy ti v car-bng i din cho mt v d tuyt vi ca cc nh cung cp c tn hiu ca ngi tiu dng. Nh trnh by trong chng 1, thay i thi quen n ung, li sng bn rn, tng sn phm c nguyn liu, v mt la chn m rng ca ti ct tri cy v rau qu thc hin ccti ct gim sn xut th trng pht trin nhanh nht trong ngnh cng nghip tri cy v rau. Trong ngn hn, tng trng nhanh chng ca sn phm ti ct cng nghip cho thy nhng g c th xy ra khi ngi tiu dng nhiu tin li v thc y "nhng nh tt, v cng ngh c th c p dng p ng nhng nhu cu . Fresh-ct tri cy v rau qu xut sc k thi-ples ca cc sn phm cung cp nhiu tin li nh h cung cp gi tr dinh dng. Tuy nhin, ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti ct khng khc vi hu ht Indus khc c gng. Ngnh cng nghip c s thnh cng ca n vo ngi tiu dng v dch v thc phm cho nhu cu ca n 2002 bi LLC bo CRC sn phm. Ngi tiu dng, nh cc h gia nh, c nhn, i din cho mt s kt hp gia nhu cu v thu nhp. Nhu cu dch v thc phm bt ngun t nhu cu tiu dng cho ba n thay th-ments c v i-t-nh. C hai dch v thc phm v ngi tiu dng tm kim cc sn phm mi hoc c o, tin li trong vic chun b / s dng, v gi c. S nh hng ca nhng mong mun trn th trng l trng bi thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng xc nh kh nng mua hng. Nhng mong mun v kh nng chi tr xc nh "hiu qu" nhu cu. Trong khi thu nhp l mt lc lng chnh li xe thay i trong nhu cu v cc sn phm ti ct, li sng, nhn khu hc, m hnh lc lng lao ng, v xem xt sc khe cng nh hng n nhu cu. Thu nhp l yu t c hiu qu mong mun v nhu cu chuyn i thnh effec-chnh kp nhu cu. Yu t nhn khu hc (v d, tui, gii tnh, gio dc, nn tng dn tc, v thnh phn h gia nh) ng k nh hng n ngi tiu dng mun. Single-cha nh c c tnh gi sn phm khc nhau cn so snh vi ngi cao nin. Cc yu t nh mt li sng v gi tr ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh ca ngi tiu dng mun. Cu tiu dng thng phn loi ngi tiu dng s dng ch yu l phong cch sng hoc v gi tr nh "Strivers", "B tng thch," v "Achievers," bi v ngi tiu dng m hnh tiu th nh vy l nh hng nhiu bi li sng v thi . ng di nh hng ca cc yu t ny l c bit quan trng, v chng c d kin s c trnh iu khin ca ngi tiu dng trong tng lai / xu hng dch v thc phm v cng ngh ct ngt pht trin,. V d, nh trong tui dn s Hoa K, cc nhm tui ln hn d kin sn phm mong mun cung cp nhng li ch ln hn ch n ung hoc thun tin hn.

Cc nh tip th c th s dng cc cu hnh ny pht trin sn phm bao gm mong mun nhn vt-istics hnh vi, chng hn nh thun tin hn hoc li ch sc khe. Tuy nhin, cc cng ty khng to ra cc sn phm ny, tr khi s tr li d kin s l m bo vic s dng u t v ti nguyn cn thit a sn phm ra th trng. Cc nh gi c s dng a ra quyt nh sn xut da trn k vng v hnh vi ca ngi tiu dng v b hn ch bi thc t v d kin pht trin cng ngh. Mc d cc cng ty him khi bit c chi ph c hi lin kt vi cc quyt nh sn xut vi s chc chn, h buc phi phn b ngun lc khan him ca mnh / u vo trong hot ng kinh doanh khc nhau. Thun tin v dinh dng s vn yu t nhu cu ln s nh hng n cc c tnh ca sn phm ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti ct cung cp. Mc d hu ht ngi tiu dng c th khng bit nhiu v ba n tip theo ca h, ngoi tr vic n s c sn sng trong vng cha y 30 pht, ngi tiu dng quan tm nhiu hn l ch tin li v d dng chun b. Gi tr dinh dng rt quan trng, nhng s ti mt, k cuc sng, ng gi, sn sng, v chc nng thuc tnh, khng phi l t nht trong l hng v, nhiu nh hng n quyt nh mua hng. Trong khi c im, chng hn nh s ti mt, dinh dng, v tnh cht chc nng, c coi l quan trng, h thng ch quan trng n mc m ngi tiu dng nhn thc c tm quan trng ca h. Ngi tiu dng thu thp thng tin t nhiu ngun, bao gm gia nh, bn b, cc nh cung cp chm sc sc khe, tp ch, ngun da trn web, qung co, vv S a dng v sn c ca ngun l tt nhng c th dn n kit sc ca ngi tiu dng v cc vn sc khe v dinh dng. Trong phm vi m cc ngun ny xc nh cc sn phm mi hay sc khe / khi nim phong cch sng, ngnh cng nghip mi ct s cn lm vic vi cc ngun ny v lng nghe thng ip ca h thay i. Cui cng, xut hin nhiu, v hng v vn cn nh hng quan trng v ch n ca con ngi. Y t yu cu v tin li ch c th i cho n nay hng dn u i v lng thc. Hng v v s xut hin cui cng xc nh khng co ca ngi tiu dng. Yu thch loi thc phm c th 2002 bi LLC bo CRC

c bit n ca tt c ngi tham gia. Nng c th lm gim chi ph giao dch lin quan n vic tm kim ngi mua trn th trng m, nhng n khuch i tm quan trng ca mi quan kinh doanh-tionships v cc hp ng v th trng khu trang thng tin. Khi tng nng , tip cn th trng ca sn xut cho ngi tham gia hn na trong chui cung ng (v d, bn bun, bn l, v ngi tiu dng) thng gim. C l lc lng quan trng nht i vi ngnh cng nghip mi ct s l evolu-tion ca mi quan h kinh doanh gia ngi trng v ch bin v s chnh lch r rng trong th

trng in do kch thc tng i ca h. S pht trin ca cc mi quan h s c tm hiu mt cht na trong phn qun l dy chuyn cung cp. Tuy nhin, trc khi chuyn sang phn tip theo, iu quan trng cn lu mt s lc lng khc ng k trong cc th trng mi ct. Hu ht ngi tham gia ngnh cng nghip hiu r nhng nh hng ca phn phi thu nhp, i sng-phong cch, thay i nhn khu hc, mi quan tm sc khe, v nhng thay i lc lng lao ng theo nhu cu cng nh h hiu nhng nh hng ca pht trin cng ngh v p dng vo phn ng cung cp. S an ton sn phm, quy nh, v cc vn hnh nh thng hiu c th s tr thnh quan trng nh nhu cu khc v xem xt cng ngh. Nu ngi tiu dng, bn l, hoc dch v thc phm ngi mua cu hi an ton hoc cht lng ca cc sn phm ca ngnh cng nghip, uy tn ca thng hiu c nhn, tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip s b cn tr. Trong khi hiu sut chuyn i sn phm v khng co, sn phm bt u tng v tng trng bn vng ngnh cng nghip ban u, ngnh cng nghip chuyn t mt h thng sn xut hng n mt h thng theo nhu cu m trong ngi s dng mong i nhng c im nhiu hn gi tr gia tng v cht lng cao hn. TNG LAI CHUI CUNG CP QUN L LU S pht trin v bo tr cc chui cung ng lin quan n vic tch hp cc bc cn thit cung cp cc sn phm m ngi s dng yu cu. Sn phm c im k thut, Nesstimeli, cht lng sn c, v gim thiu cc ca tng chi ph l tt c cc yu t ca chui cung ng hin i. chui cung cp chc nng qun l tng hp ti liu v cc sn phm t cc ngun u vo cho ngi tiu dng cui cng v gim thiu thi gian cn thit chuyn i u vo thnh hng ho. Khi thnh cng, phng php ny "i" p ng nhu cu con-Sumer v to ra mt li th cnh tranh cho nhng ngi trong chui. Ngnh cng nghip ti ct gim l khng c khc nhau t ngnh sn xut khc trong cng ty mi ct mun gim hng tn kho, h hng, vn chuyn, v chi ph phn phi. Fresh-ct cc cng ty cng cnh tranh da trn kh nng ca mnh ph hp vi hiu qu v chnh xc c im sn phm vi s thch ca ngi tiu dng, v h tr chui cung cp thc hnh p ng ny. Vic xt tc cho vic thng qua thc hnh chui cung cp c kh nng ci thin p ng mong mun ca ngi tiu dng thay i, gim thiu cc chi ph trn ton chui cung ng, v cung cp y tr cho tt c cc thnh vin tham gia chui. Kh khn cho nhng ngi trng l chui cung ng thng phc v li ch ca cc cung cp tt hn nhiu so vi li ch ca cc nh cung cp (ngi trng). Khi p dng thc tin x l chui cung cp, h thng bt u bng cch tm kim u vo ph hp m c thuc tnh sn phm c th m c th c giao khi cn thit. u vo tnh nht qun

2002 bi LLC bo CRC

c gi tr, bi v n ci thin hiu qu ch bin, v thi gian giao hng gim chi ph hng tn kho. Tng hiu qu v gim hng tn kho cng cho php b vi x l tp trung vo cc yu t tip th "ct li" ca doanh nghip ca h m gip h xc nh s thch ca ngi tiu dng v sn sng tr tin. Nhng mong mun ci thin cht lng sn phm nguyn liu, phng tin giao hng m b x l t sn sng sp xp, lu tr, hoc tri cy v rau qu v iu kin c nhiu kh nng nhn mnh rng ngi trng cung cp cc dch v ny nu h mun tip tc cung cp sn phm. Vic chuyn sang chui cung ng theo nhu cu c ngha l ngi trng s cm thy p lc tng to ra nhng c im trong sn phm ca h l to ra gi tr cao cho cc doanh nghip v ngi s dng sn phm ca h. Sn phm specifica-tion, cht lng, v, mt phn, an ton thc phm s c rt nhiu nh hng bi quyt nh ca ngi trng. nh hng ca h trn nhng c im ny s khng, tuy nhin, c ngha l ngi trng lun c hng li t th trng hp dn thng mi hoc sn xut ca h s nhn c ph bo him cho nhng c im mong mun. Kt qu l, mt lc lng quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct l trng thi ca cc mi quan h ngi trng, x l v mc m nhng ri ro v phn thng c chia s. Nu ngnh cng nghip mi ct l s tip tc pht trin, th qun l chui cung ng-ment thc hnh nn c li cho mi ngi tham gia trong chui. Tuy nhin, mc m li ch c phn phi l mt hm ca mc m thng tin v ri ro c chia s qua chui. Nu thng tin v ri ro khng c chia s, sau pro-cessors s t c quyn lc th trng ln hn, v ngi trng s phi i mt vi t tip th C hi-tunities, li nhun hp hn, v kim sot t hn so vi thc tin sn xut. C nhiu l do ti sao cc cng ty ct ngt c th p dng thc hnh chui cung ng. Mt s ngi cho rng cc thc hnh ny lm cho cc doanh nghip v ngi tham gia knh tip th hiu qu hn m khng quan tm n kch thc. H lu rng khong cch hiu sut gia cc cng ty hng u v cng nghip thc phm trung bnh l thu hp. Tt nhin, thu hp ny cng l mt hu qu ca hp nht. Tuy nhin, trao i thng tin chnh xc v phn ng nhanh chng vi nhng thay i th trng l nng lc c gi tr trong th trng theo nh hng ngi tiu dng. Do sn xut t nhin b chm kt hp vi tri cy v rau sn xut, ng dng thnh cng cc thc hnh qun l dy chuyn cung cp mt a im da nhiu hn vo nhu cu d bo, truyn thng, v k vng v nhng thay i trong cc s thch ca ngi tiu dng. Nhng d bo cn phi c chia s bi cc nh cung cp u vo v sn xut, nu kh nng p ng nhanh chng l thc s quan trng. Thi gian p ng nhanh hn rt quan trng trong th trng tiu dng ngy cng b phn mnh. Chui cung ng thc hnh qun l c th gip tng trng trong ngnh cng nghip mi ct. Tuy nhin, vic p dng cc thc hnh ny c th khng thc hin theo cc bc n gin kha phng php tip cn nhn thy trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut. Trc tin, ngi trng 'quan ngi v chi ph cht lng ngy cng tng v tnh linh hot sn xut cn c gii quyt. Chi ph tng cht lng sn xut c th cao v thng khng th on trc. p lc su bnh, thi tit, v cc vn khc c th li li k hoch tt

nht. Vic u t cn thit duy tr hoc tng tnh linh hot c th sn xut c u cm. Nu tng cht lng v tnh linh hot l quan trng, sau ngi trng cn phi khen thng. Tht khng may, cc phn thng chnh cho u t cht lng v tnh linh hot theo nh hng thng ch tip cn th trng. Tr li vi cc cuc tho lun trc ca chi ph c hi, com cc parison-of tr v tri cy v rau sn xut theo nhng iu kin ny c th khng gi cho ngun ti nguyn nng dn "trong tri cy v rau sn xut. iu ny c bit quan trng nh nc tri cy v rau gi ang ngy cng chu nh hng ca s pht trin th trng quc t. i vi bt k ngi trng cho, cc ty chn 2002 bi LLC bo CRC cho chi ph sn xut gim hoc la chn sn xut m rng l hn ch. Khi ngnh cng nghip mi ct di chuyn v pha trc, cn xem xt nhng cch m n c th tng cng trao i thng tin gia ngi trng v nh cung cp khc, v khi thch hp cng ngh chia s, v cc ri ro nng nghip. Tm tt Ngnh cng nghip sn phm ti ct tri qua mt thi gian di tng trng v bc vo mt th k mi vi k vng chnh ng ca s tng trng lin tc v thnh cng. S tp trung vo chuyn giao cng ngh v ti ct nghin cu c th v n lc pht trin mang li sn phm mi, thng hiu mi, bao b c ci thin, v tui th ko di trong ca hng v nh. Phn ln s tng trng ny c th c truy ngun t kh nng ca ngnh cng nghip tp trung vo c im sc khe v dinh dng trong khi ngi tiu dng cung cp cc sn phm tin li v nht qun. Kt qu l, ngnh cng nghip mi ct c, bng nhiu cch, pha trc ca cc phn on khc trong nn kinh t nng nghip n nhn ra rng cc quyt nh sn xut s bt u vi mt s hiu bit ca ngi dng cui (ngi tiu dng v dch v thc phm) nhu cu v s thch .