‘Word’ = pdm! - in Samskrit, is defined as that meaningful collection of letters which ends in a sup!

-àTyy or it'œ-
àTyy. [sup!-it'Ntm! Pdm! 1.4.14]

àTyy is a suffix i.e. that is affixed after a xatu (root) or a àaitpidkm! (nominal base) [àTyy 3.1.1 & prí 3.1.2]

The àTyy that is affixed after a xatu is called it'œ-àTyy (personal termination).

The àTyy that is affixed after a àaitpidkm! is called sup!-àTyy (declensional affix).

Therefore –
xatu + it'œ àTyy  it'Ntm! pdm! = Finite form of verb
àaitidpidkm! + sup! àTyy  subNtm! pdm! = Fully formed noun

[àaitpidkm! (nominal base) to which a sup! àTyy (declensional affix) is added to make it into a subNtm! pdm! (fully
formed noun)]
àwm pué;> mXym pué;> %Äm pué;>
(Third Person) (Second Person) (First Person)
S D P S D P S D P
prSmEpdm! itp! ts! iH isp! ws! w imp! vs! ms!

AaTmnepdm! t Aatam! H was! Aawam! Xvm! #qœ vih mih'œ

it'œ affixes that are enumerated by Panini in the sutra above are called àk«it àTyy> (primary affixes). The first
nine are called prSmEpd-àTyy> and the second nine are called prSmEpd-àTyy>.

Panini later derives a set of 18 each for each of the 10 modes of conjugation. They are called ivk«it- (secondary
affixes).
prSmEpdI xatu are the xatu which take only prSmEpd - àTyya>.
AaTmnepdI xatu are the xatu which take only AaTmnepd - àTyya>.
%ÉypdI xatu are the xatu which take both prSmEpd and AaTmnepd - àTyya>.

prSmEpdI it'œ àTyya> for the lqœ (present tense) are -

Singular Dual Plural
àwm pué;> (Third Person) it t> AiNt
mXym pué;> (Second
is w> w
Person)
%Äm pué;> (First Person) im v> m>
gu[ Rules - Process of Conjugation
1. Add the it'œ àTyy to the root. e.g. –
 ÉU to exist ⇒ ÉU + it [ ivkr[m! = separator, separator specific to a group g[ivkr[m! of the first conjugation is
zp! = z! + A + p! [z! & p! are #t! letters -tag letters for information only, hence are dropped later]
2. Add g[ivkr[m! which is a àTyy, immediately after the roots i.e. between the roots and it'œ àTyy. Here zp!
is the g[ivkr[m! for the First Conjugation

⇒ ÉU + zp! + it

⇒ ÉU + A + it

⇒ Éae + A + it

Now Aae is followed by A therefore Ayav siNx will apply

⇒ Év! + A + it ⇒ Évit(he / she / it exists)

We have seen earlier that –

 àTyy is that which is added after a xatu
 àTyy is always added after a xatu or after a àitpadkm! only
We can call the àTyy that are added to the roots (to come immediately after the roots) as xatu-àTyy, These xatu-
àTyy are of two kinds -
1. savRxatuk-àTyy = izt!-àTyy - those having z! as #t! + it'œ àTyy (personal terminators) like it, t>, AiNt.
Sutra - it'œ-izt! savRxatukm! 3.4.113

2. AaxRxatuk- àTyy are the rest of the xatu-àTyy. Sūtra AaxRxatuk ze;> 3.4.114.
Only #, %, \, ¤ will take gu[ substitution.
#, %, \, ¤ - long or short, at the final position of the root will take gu[ substitution when a saRvxatuk or AaxRxatuk
àTyy follows immediately
e.g.1 ÉU to exist I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.
. ⇒ ÉU (É! + %) + it
. ⇒ ÉU + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it
. ⇒ Éae + A + it (gu[ has taken place)
. ⇒ Év! + Ait (Ayav siNx has taken place)
. ⇒ Évit
e.g.2 in to lead I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.
. ⇒ in (n! + #) + it
. ⇒ in + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it
. ⇒ ne + A + it (gu[a has taken place)
. ⇒ ny! + Ait (Ayav siNx has taken place)
. ⇒ nyit
e.g.3 ij to conquer I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.
. ⇒ ij (j! + #) + it
. ⇒ ij (j! + #) + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it
. ⇒ je + A + it (gu[a has taken place)
. ⇒ jy! + Ait (Ayav siNx has taken place)
. ⇒ jyit
2.1. The %pxa = penultimate (last but one letter) short #, %, \, ¤ of a root will take gu[ substitution when
savRxatuk àTyy follows –

e.g.1 bux! to know I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

. ⇒ bux! (b! + % + x!) + it

. ⇒ bux! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

. ⇒ baex! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position) ⇒ baexit .

e.g.2 jIv! to live I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

. ⇒ jIv! (j! + $ + v! ) + it

. ⇒ jIv! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

. ⇒ jIv! + Ait (gu[ rules do not apply here)

. ⇒ jIvit

e.g.3 inNdœ to blame I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

. ⇒ in (n! + # + n! + dœ ) + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

. ⇒ inNdœ + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

. ⇒ inNdœ + Ait (gu[ rules do not apply here)

. ⇒ inNdit

e.g.4 s& to more I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

. ⇒ s& (s!+ \) + it

. ⇒ s& + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

. ⇒ sr! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position)

. ⇒ srit

e.g.5 t¨ to swim I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

. ⇒ t¨ (t! + §) + it

. ⇒ tr! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

 . ⇒ tr! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position)

. ⇒ trit

e.g.6 k«;! to pull I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

. ⇒ k«;! (kœ + \ + ;!) + it

. ⇒ k«;! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

. ⇒ k;R! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position)

. ⇒ k;Rit

3. When short ‘A’, not at the end of a pdm!, is followed by a gu[ letter, then the preceding and the following are
together replaced by the following gu[ letter. Sutra Atae gu[e # 6.1.97. This is an exception to the dI"R siNx.

e.g. Év + AiNt ⇒ ÉviNt .

4. When an A¼ ending in a short A is followed by a savRxatuk àTyy beginning with m! or v! then the short A at
the end of the A¼ is replaced by a dI"R. Sutra Atae dI"aeR yi|, # 7.3.101.

e.g.1 ÉU to exist I.C. prSmEpd - I. Person. Singular.

. ⇒ É (É! + %) + im

. ⇒ ÉU (A¼ ending in a short A) + im ( savRxatuk àTyy beginning with a m!)

. ⇒ Éae + A + im (gu[ has taken place)

. ⇒ Év! + Aim (Ayav siNx has taken place)

. ⇒ Évaim
The collection of letters that precede a àTyy is called A¼ for that àTyy
e.g. ÉU + it – here ÉU is the A¼ for it

ÉU + zp! + it – here ÉU + zp! is the A¼ for it

ram> + su ⇒ ram> - here ram is the A¼ for ‘su’ àTyy