BO CO GHP KNH TRONG GSM I.Lch s pht trin 1.

nh ngha: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) l h thng mng t bo s dng k thut TDMA (Time Division Multi Access) - a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian. Mi mt cuc gi c pht trn tn s chung nhng theo cc khong thi gian khc nhau. Khong thi gian ny b ngi s dng khng thy c s ri rc khi nghe ngi khc ni. H thng thng tin di ng ton cu (ting Anh: Global System for Mobile Communications; ting Php: Groupe Spcial Mobile; vit tt: GSM) l mt cng ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng. Dch v GSM c s dng bi hn 2 t ngi trn 212 quc gia v vng lnh th. Cc mng thng tin di ng GSM cho php c th roaming vi nhau do nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii. GSM l chun ph bin nht cho in thoi di ng (TD) trn th gii. Kh nng pht sng rng khp ni ca chun GSM lm cho n tr nn ph bin trn th gii, cho php ngi s dng c th s dng TD ca h nhiu vng trn th gii. GSM khc vi cc chun tin thn ca n v c tn hiu v tc , cht lng cuc gi. N c xem nh l mt h thng TD th h th hai (second generation, 2G). GSM l mt chun m, hin ti n c pht trin bi 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ng v pha quan im khch hng, li th chnh ca GSM l cht lng cuc gi tt hn, gi thnh thp v dch v tin nhn. Thun li i vi nh iu hnh mng l kh nng trin khai thit b t nhiu ngi cung ng. GSM cho php nh iu hnh mng c th sn sng dch v khp ni, v th ngi s dng c th s dng in thoi ca h khp ni trn th gii. LCH S Vo u thp nin 1980 ti chu u ngi ta pht trin mt mng in thoi di ng ch s dng trong mt vi khu vc. Sau vo nm 1982 n c chun ho

bi CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) v to ra Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM) vi mc ch s dng chung cho ton Chu u. Mng in thoi di ng s dng cng ngh GSM c xy dng v a vo s dng u tin bi Radiolinja Phn Lan. Vo nm 1989 cng vic qun l tiu chun v pht trin mng GSM c chuyn cho vin vin thng chu u (European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI), v cc tiu chun, c tnh phase 1 ca cng ngh GSM c cng b vo nm 1990. Vo cui nm 1993 c hn 1 triu thu bao s dng mng GSM ca 70 nh cung cp dch v trn 48 quc gia. GIAO DIN RADIO GSM l mng in thoi di ng thit k gm nhiu t bo do cc my in thoi di ng kt ni vi mng bng cch tm kim cc cell gn n nht. Cc mng di ng GSM hot ng trn 4 bng tn. Hu ht th hot ng bng 900 Mhz v 1800 Mhz. Vi nc Chu M th s dng bng 850 Mhz v 1900 Mhz do bng 900 Mhz v 1800 Mhz ni ny b s dng trc. V cc k him c mng no s dng tn s 400 Mhz hay 450 Mhz ch c Scandinavia s dng do cc bng tn khc b cp pht cho vic khc. Cc mng s dng bng tn 900 Mhz th ng uplink s dng tn s trong di 890-915 MHz v ng downlink s dng tn s trong di 935-960 MHz. V chia cc bng tn ny thnh 124 knh vi rng bng thong 25 Mhz, mi knh cch nhau 1 khong 200 Khz. S dng cng ngh phn chia theo thi gian TDM (time division multiplexing) chia ra 8 knh full rate hay 16 knh haft rate. C 8 khe thi gian gp li gi l 1mt khung TDMA. Tc truyn d liu ca mt knh l 270.833 kbit/s v khong thi gian ca mt khung l 4.615 m. Cng sut pht ca my in thoi c gii hn ti a l 2 watt i vi bng GSM 850/900 Mhz v ti a l 1 watt i vi bng GSM 1800/1900 Mhz. Mng GSM s dng 2 kiu m ho m thanh nn tn hiu m thanh 3,1 Khz

l m ho 6 v 13 kbps gi l full rate (13 kbps) v haft rate (6 kbps). nn h s dng h thng c tn l linear predictive coding (LPC). Vo nm 1997 th h ci tin thm cho mng GSM l b m GSM-EFR s dng full rate 12,2 kbps. C tt c bn kch thc cell site trong mng GSM l macro, micro, pico v umbrella. Vng ph sng ca mi cell ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng. Macro cell c lp trn ct cao hoc trn cc to nh cao tng, micro cell li c lp cc khu thnh th, khu dn c, pico cell th tm ph sng ch khong vi chc mt tr li n thng c lp tip sng trong nh. Umbrella lp b sung vo cc vng b che khut hay cc vng trng gia cc cell. Bn knh ph sng ca mt cell tu thuc vo cao ca anten, li anten thng th n c th t vi trm mt ti vi chc km. Trong thc t th kh nng ph sng xa nht ca mt trm GSM l 32 km (22 dm). Mt s khu vc trong nh m cc anten ngoi tri khng th ph sng ti nh nh ga, sn bay, siu th... th ngi ta s dng cc trm pico chuyn tip sng t cc anten ngoi tri vo. CU TRC MNG GSM Mt mng GSM cung cp y cc dch v cho khch hang cho nn n kh phc tp v vy sau y s chia ra thnh cc phn nh sau: * Trm gc v cc phn iu khin n Base Station Subsystem (BSS). * Mng v h thng chuyn mch Network and Switching Subsystem (phn ny gn ging vi mng in thoi c nh). i khi ngi ta cn gi n l mng li (core network). * Phn mng GPRS (GPRS care network) Phn ny l mt phn lp thm cung cp dch v truy cp Internet. * V mt s phn khc phc v vic cung cp cc dch v cho mng GSM nh gi, hay nhn tin SMS... * My in thoi - Mobile Equipment * Th SIM (Subscriber identity module)

2.nn trong ghp knh GSM 5.2 Cc phng php nn thoi GSM Cc knh ri hoc cc khung thoi ri c c im chung l u c th b loi b ra khi nhng ng truyn dn thoi trong mng backhaul. iu ny c th dn n mt bin php gim ti a di thng d tha, tit kim chi ph cho cc nh khai thc. Lucent PSAX l mt cng phng tin a dch v, hin thng mi ho, p dng hai k thut nn: 1. Nn knh ri GSM v 2. Nn khung thoi ri GSM. Nn knh ri GSM Bt k khi no khng c lu lng truyn i qua giao din v tuyn (v d knh khng c n nh cho cuc gi no, cc khung lp 2 ang c thu, ...), th mt knh s c coi l ri. Trong trng hp , knh ri s c gn cho knh trn giao din Abis. c tnh nn knh ri ca PSAX pht hin knh ri v loi b chng khi lung d liu c truyn i qua giao din Abis/Ater. S dng PSAX, truyn dn trong mng RAN c thc hin bng ATM do vy lu lng GSM phi c truyn i trn cc tuyn ATM gia cc h thng PSAX. Ghp knh tnh ATM c m rng vi c tnh nn s tit kim ng k di thng backhaul, trong trng hp l tng c th tit kim c 80%. iu ny gip cc nh khai thc ti thiu ho s lung E1 s dng mng backhaul. Nn khung thoi ri GSM Theo nguyn tc mt cuc gi thng thng th mt ngi ni 50 % thi gian, trong khi 50% thi gian cn li l khong lng nghe ngi kia ni. Thng tin thoi c th c truyn i bng cc khung thoi FR, EFR hoc AMR, nhng trong thi gian lng khng c thng tin no c truyn i, do nhng khung thoi ngh s c to ra v truyn i thay v cc khung FR hoc EFR. Nhng khung thoi ngh khng mang thng tin hu ch cn chim mt di thng nh nhng khung thoi mang thng tin FR hay EFR. PSAX do cc khung thoi ngh v nn nhng khung ny li khi chung c truyn i trn trung k ATM v khi phc li chng u kia ca mng ATM trn giao din Abis. iu ny gp phn tin kim di thng truyn dn.

Xem xt gim di thng truyn dn

Mc tit kim di thng ca hai gii php ny thc t nh th no ph thuc vo cu trc mng, s lng giao din E1 c ghp li vi nhau, loi trm gc ( th mt cao, thnh ph, nng thn hay ng giao thng), loi lu lng trn mng v hnh vi thoi ca ngi s dng nh hng n phn trm khung ri. Gp phn lm gim lng ph trn giao din Abis, cc phng php nn khung thoi ngh v knh ngh GSM c nh hng quan trng. Lu lng Abis khng c cp pht c nh theo cc khe thi gian trn giao din TDM, n c truyn i bng VBR (Variable Bit Rate) ATM AAL2 trn mng backhaul. iu ny gip lm gim di thng so do c ghp knh thng k. u im ca statistical multiplexing th hin rt r trong trng hp ghp lu lng trn ton b mt vng. Mt vng thng thng c BTS nm c khu vc thng mi mt cao, khu thnh ph, nng thn v ng giao thng, vi cc phn b theo ngy, theo thi gian trong nm, theo trm gc khng ging nhau. Kt qu thc t i vi vic ghp lu lng vng cho thy PSAX t c mc tit kim trung bnh khong 40% so vi